Academic literature on the topic 'Burnt clay'
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Journal articles on the topic "Burnt clay"
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Baiden, Bernard K., Kofi Agyekum, and Joseph K. Ofori-Kuragu. "Perceptions on Barriers to the Use of Burnt Clay Bricks for Housing Construction." Journal of Construction Engineering 2014 (July 21, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/502961.
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Burnt clay bricks can be readily manufactured in Ghana as all ten regions have significant clay deposits with the Ashanti region having the highest estimated deposit of 37.1 million metric tonnes. In recent times, burnt clay bricks have been regarded as old fashioned and replaced by other perceived modern walling units within Kumasi, the metropolitan capital of Ashanti Region, despite its availability, unique advantages (aesthetics, low maintenance cost, etc.), and structural and nonstructural properties. This study involved a questionnaire survey of 85 respondents made up of architects, brick manufacturing firms, and brick house owners or occupants in the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana and sought to examine their perceptions on barriers to the use of burnt clay bricks for housing construction. The findings revealed that the key factors inhibiting the use of burnt clay bricks for housing construction are low material demand, excessive cost implications, inappropriate use in construction, noncompatibility of burnt clay bricks with other materials, unreliable production, and transportation problems. The findings however provide a platform for stakeholders to address the barriers to enable the extensive use of clay bricks in housing constructions.
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Kruty, Paul. "Wood Bungalows and Burnt‐Clay Cottages." Winterthur Portfolio 40, no. 2/3 (2005): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/504856.
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Hussain, Zahid, and Shamshad Ali. "Comparative Study on Breaking Strength of Burnt Clay Bricks Using Novel Based Completely Randomized Design (CRD)." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 5 (2019): 1162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091320.
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The aim of this study is to present the results of breaking strength tests for burnt clay bricks from various historical deposits. The native clay bricks production technique is the known method of brick making, particularly in South Asian countries. Numerous studies have been conducted on hand-molded formed bricks. The clay bricks that were considered for the comparative study, were made from four different clays sources. Their breaking strength was determined using for examining the maximum load at failure and the effects were investigated subsequently. The basic objective of this experimental study was to compare the breaking strength of locally fired clay bricks using a novel based completely randomized design via a single factor with four levels of clay sources representing the factors. For this purpose, 24 brick samples were made from four different clay sources while the breaking strength of each sample was measured. Pairwise comparison trials, including Duncan’s multiple range, Newman–keuls, Fisher’s least and Tukey’s tests were conducted. Based on experimental investigations, the results revealed that using analysis of variance at 95% CI, the difference in breaking strength between clay source of Hyderabad (A) and Rawalpindi (B), followed by Kohat (C) and Peshawar (D) was significant and also the difference among the means of these clay courses was significant which clearly exposed that the clay site and chemical composition has a great impression of the breaking strength of the burnt bricks.
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Otitigbe, F. E. "Evaluation of pH of Drilling Fluid Produced from Local Clay and Additives." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, no. 4 (2021): 561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i4.11.
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Maintaining the pH of drilling fluid with suitable additives is one of the important operation for efficient drilling operations. However, commercial hydroxides are mostly used to control the pH of the drilling fluid. This paper evaluates locally sourced pH additives of burnt plantain heads (BPH), burnt ripe burnt ripe plantain peels (BRPP), and burnt banana plantain peels (BBPP) in comparison with conventional potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as suitable agents to control pH of drilling fluid. The drilling fluid as prepared with bentonite and local clay in different concentrations of KOH, NaOH, BPH, BRPP and BBRPP including Traona. The result of the study showed that pH of the drilling improved with respective use of conventional KOH, NaOH, BPH, BRPP and BBRPP as additives. In addition, KOH showed the maximum percentage of degree (%) of improvement on the drilling fluid with 38.46-45.45% compared with 27.2-40% for NaOH. On the other hand, BRPP achieved 27.2-41.2%, followed with 20-33% and 20-29.4% for BPH and BBPP respectively. Thus, the locally sourced additives could be used to enhance the pH and properties of drilling fluid.
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Al-Rawas, Amer Ali, and Abdel Wahid Hago. "Evaluation of field and laboratory produced burnt clay pozzolans." Applied Clay Science 31, no. 1-2 (2006): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2005.07.009.
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Torosyan, V. F., and E. S. Torosyan. "Development of Mixture "Clay – Electro-Smelting Slag" for Ceramic Brick." Applied Mechanics and Materials 682 (October 2014): 480–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.682.480.
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Industrial transition to a totally new level of resources and energy saving necessitates improving the technical level of building materials manufacturing, growing their raw materials base, the assortment, enhancing the quality of manufactured products, cutting their cost price. It requires, first of all, carrying out more detailed research in properties of clay and clay loams, and selecting optimal additives for pottery works. Such disadvantages of clays as burning sensitivity, low compression resistance and flexural strength in a burnt state, low frost resistance cause the impossibility of their application without corrective additives. It is quite difficult to find an additive which can solve all the technological problems mentioned above. This paper provides the development of mixture "clay – electro-melting slag" for ceramic brick, moreover, addition of a steel-smelting slag in the fusion mixture results in the change in mixing water content of ceramic masses, strength and coloration of ceramic samples.
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Karkanas, P., M. Koumouzelis, J. K. Kozlowski, et al. "The earliest evidence for clay hearths: Aurignacian features in Klisoura Cave 1, southern Greece." Antiquity 78, no. 301 (2004): 513–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00113195.
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The authors describe clay features dating from c. 34-23 000 years ago discovered in a stratified occupation sequence in a Greek cave. The clay was brought from outside the cave, puddled with water and shaped into shallow basins. Laboratory analyses have shown that these clay features were burnt. This together with the occurrence of fragments of wood ash and phytoliths lying on their surfaces suggest that these features were hearths used for cooking, including the roasting of wild grasses.
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Riza, Fetra Venny, Ismail Abdul Rahman, Ahmad Zaidi Ahmad Mujahid, and Lee Yee Loo. "Effect of Soil Type in Compressed Earth Brick (CEB) with Uncontrolled Burnt Rice Husk Ash (RHA)." Advanced Materials Research 626 (December 2012): 971–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.626.971.
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Compressed Earth Brick (CEB) as building material has many advantages compared to conventional fired clay brick in the view of sustainability, moreover if incorporated uncontrolled burnt RHA waste that usually dumped off since it has no commercial value. This paper tried to assess the effect of soil types of clay and laterite in CEB properties which abundantly available in Malaysia. The result showed that the compressive strength of CEB with 20% RHA using clay at 5.5 MPa is better than that of laterite 4.9 MPa, and both exceed that of commercial unfired clay brick from UK.
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Iftikhar, Sahar, Khuram Rashid, Ehsan Ul Haq, Idrees Zafar, Fahad K. Alqahtani, and M. Iqbal Khan. "Synthesis and characterization of sustainable geopolymer green clay bricks: An alternative to burnt clay brick." Construction and Building Materials 259 (October 2020): 119659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119659.
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Jordanova, Neli, Eduard Petrovsky, Mary Kovacheva, and Diana Jordanova. "Factors Determining Magnetic Enhancement of Burnt Clay from Archaeological Sites." Journal of Archaeological Science 28, no. 11 (2001): 1137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2000.0645.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Burnt clay"
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Skoulikari, Dimitra B. "Archeomagnetic study of baked clays from a neolithic site in thessaly, Greece." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/31085.
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Abstract
The study conducted for this thesis was a classical archaeomagnetic study with the
aim of obtaining archaeodirectional data to enrich the poorly covered Neolithic period in the
Greek directional SVCs. Burnt clay samples, from the kiln complex at the Middle Neolithic
site Koutroulou Magoula located in Thessaly, Greece, were studied. The grouping of the
initial NRM measurements was satisfactory, thus indicating that the majority of the samples
were burnt in situ. Stepwise thermal demagnetization was employed to isolate the ChRM of
the samples, which in most cases revealed one characteristic component of magnetization.
Rock magnetic measurements were also employed to access the mineralogical composition
and stability of the sampled material. Specifically, thermomagnetic analysis and coercivity
spectrum analysis (i.e., acquisition of isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM), indicated
that the samples contained mainly low-coercivity magnetic minerals (such as magnetite or
titanomagnetite). Some samples did contain a small portion of high-coercivity minerals as
well, most likely haematite. Overall, the experimental procedures proved to be successful and
the mean directions (declination – D, inclination – I, and confidence parameter - α95) for the
site were calculated: D [°]= 6.9; I [°] = 55.9; and α95 [°] = 4.5. From the mean directions
calculated a final date was purposed for the site by comparing the obtained directions to the
Balkan and Neolithic reference curves. Date interval (Balkan curve) = 5463 – 5200 BC; date
interval (Neolithic curve) = 5488 – 5187 BC, both at a 95% confidence level. Both dating
intervals are similar suggesting a reliable date was obtained.
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Soukupová, Eva. "Omítky modifikované příměsí pálených jílů." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234557.
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The doctoral thesis deals with the reactivity of burnt clays in connection with modified lime mortars. The theoretical part of the doctoral thesis provides an overview of the properties of lime mortars, their quality and ways of their degradation. The different types of burnt clays (brick powder, bentonites and burnt clay shale), their origin, properties and factors affecting their reactivity and methods of its evaluation are stated. The properties and reactivity of burnt clays are evaluated on the basis of determination of pozzolanic activity, mineralogical and chemical composition, surface area, density, content of the amorphous phase and granulometry in the experimental part of the doctoral thesis. The compositions of lime mortars containing burnt clays and evaluation of an impact of burnt clay on the properties of mortars in the fresh and hardened state are given. Consistency, bulk density, workability and air content of mortars in the fresh state are evaluated. Strength characteristics depending on the time, water absorbability, porosity, capillary attraction, adhesion, coefficient of diffusion resistance, frost resistance, shrinkage, mineralogical composition and microstructure of mortars in the hardened state are evaluated. Attention is also paid to the influence of the cellulose ether addition into the modified lime mortars.
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Jalia, Aftab. "Innovative masonry shell construction in India's evolving building crafts : a case for tile vaulting." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/271686.
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This thesis uses the lens of building technology to examine cultural exchange and its relationship to the building crafts. By focusing on masonry vaulting in India, my research brings together two worlds – one that shines light on the variety of innovative masonry shell construction techniques that exist in the county and another that seeks to evaluate the scope of tile vaulting, an over 600-year old Mediterranean building technique, within India’s evolving building crafts culture. This thesis is organized in three parts: PART ONE Tile Vaulting and Relevance Today | A Brief History of Masonry Shells in India Part one introduces tile vaulting’s unique principles compared to other vaulting traditions while contextualizing its relevance to present day India. A survey of varied masonry vaulting techniques and modules, endemic and imported, practiced across India is presented against the backdrop of what is a predominantly reinforced concrete-based construction industry. PART TWO Modules, Methods and Motivations The second part of this research comprises case studies that include some of India’s most iconic buildings such as the Villa Sarabhai by Le Corbusier, the National Institute of Design by Gautam Sarabhai and Sangath by B.V. Doshi, each of which employed innovative construction techniques for its vaults. The production and use of the enigmatic ceramic fuses in India is examined for the first time alongside their indigenous cousins: burnt clay tubes. Together with Muzaffarnagar vaulting, the case studies reveal cultural motivations for architectural expression and production in postcolonial India. PART THREE Prototypes | Comparatives | Limitations & Extension of Research Part three presents five tile vaulting prototypes in India constructed with local artisans to gain understanding of its cultural reception, assess effective transfer of skills and potential internalisation. Recommendations for tile vaulting’s potential uptake into mainstream architectural production is evaluated by comparing findings against prevalent building methods and by contextualizing current architectural trends and social policy. Limitations and scope for extension of research are also discussed.
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Bragatto, Michel Silveira. "Monitoramento terapêutico de fluconazol com suporte farmacocinético em pacientes grandes queimados com internação prolongada para controle das infecções fúngicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-05042013-100026/.
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A sepse é a maior causa de morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes queimados, uma vez que profundas alterações ocorrem na farmacocinética de agentes anti-infecciosos prescritos para o controle das infecções. Além disso, pacientes queimados podem apresentar quadro de infecção por germes da comunidade, numa fase precoce de internação na UTI, devendo receber antimicrobianos que diferem daqueles indicados na infecção sistêmica causada por germes hospitalares. Adicionalmente, na vigência de infecção fúngica, o quadro se torna ainda mais grave para os pacientes queimados de prolongada internação e imunocomprometimento. No presente trabalho deve como objetivo realizar o monitoramento plasmático de fluconazol prescrito aos pacientes com infecção sistêmica fúngica internados na UTI e investigar a farmacocinética para o ajuste do regime de dose no controle da infecção fúngica nos pacientes queimados. Investigaram-se 12 pacientes queimados internados na UTI/ Unidade de Queimados - Divisão de Cirurgia Plástica do HC FMUSP, portadores de infecção fúngica recebendo fluconazol através de infusão. Os pacientes receberam o antifúngico geralmente em associação a outros antimicrobianos para o controle das infecções seguindo a recomendação da CCIH do hospital relativa ao regime de dose empírica inicial do controle de infecção na UTI de Queimados. Realizou-se o monitoramento plasmático do fluconazol através da coleta de amostras sanguíneas de pico e vale. Complementarmente, a critério Clínico, foram colhidas amostras seriadas de sangue (pico, 1ª, 2ª, 4ª, 6ª e vale), totalizando seis coletas, para investigação da farmacocinética do agente que requereu ajuste de dose e individualização de terapia no paciente queimado. As coletas de sangue foram realizadas através de cateter venoso (2 mL/coleta em tubos contendo EDTA sódico) pelo médico intensivista de plantão na UTI; o plasma foi obtido pela centrifugação para análise do fármaco de interesse ou então armazenado no congelador (-80° C) até o ensaio. Previamente à realização da Etapa Clínica, foi realizado no Laboratório a validação do método bioanalítico para quantificação do fluconazol no plasma com base na legislação nacional e boas práticas de laboratório, empregando a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) com detector ultravioleta. A estatística foi realizada pelo tratamento estatístico com utilização do software GraphPad Instat 4.0., GraphPad Prism 4.0, pela utilização de testes não paramétricos. A modelagem farmacocinética foi realizada através da aplicação do software NonCompartmental Analysis, PK Solutions 2.0, aos pares de dados (C vs T) para o agente antifúngico investigado. Os pacientes queimados incluídos no protocolo eram adultos de ambos os sexos 8M/4F, 46,8 ± 20,6 anos, 69,9 ± 11,5 kg, 38,8 ± 24,0% de superfície corporal queimada, e os agentes da queimadura foram para 10 pacientes/ térmico-fogo e para dois pacientes/trauma elétrico; a lesão inalatória foi registrada em 50% pacientes com queimadura pelo fogo. Foram realizados 31 seguimentos farmacoterapêuticos com a emissão de laudos de resultado de exame para o fluconazol. Registrou-se alta variabilidade na farmacocinética para todos os parâmetros investigados. Adicionalmente, registrou-se alteração significativa na farmacocinética do fluconazol nos diversos seguimentos realizados nos pacientes queimados com disfunção renal dialítica quando comparados aqueles em que se registrou função renal preservada. O método bioanalítico mostrou-se adequado ao monitoramento das concentrações plasmáticas do fluconazol através cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção UV. Registrou-se alta variabilidade na farmacocinética desse agente que justificou em parte a substituição da terapia empírica inicial pela dose ajustada para garantia de terapia eficaz ao paciente queimado.The sepsis is a main cause of morbidity and mortality in burn patients, once pharmacokinetics of anti-infective drugs prescribed for the control of systemic infections are significantly altered in those patients. In addition, burn patients in the ICU, initially can present infections by community microbial and must receive different antimicrobials than those prescribed for sepsis. On the other hand, burn immunocompromized patients with prolonged staying in the ICU, re-incidence of sepsis and fungal infection requires an effective antifungal agent that must be associated to the antimicrobials prescription. The objective of the study was to therapeutic plasma monitoring of fluconazole largely prescribed to burn patients from the ICU with fungal infection, Pharmacokinetic modeling for dose adjustment and for the control of infection. Twelve burn inpatients with systemic fungal infections from the ICU Burns- Division of Plastic Surgery of Clinics Hospital Medical School University of Sao Paulo received systemically antimicrobials/ antifungal agents. In general burn patients received several antimicrobial agents as recommended by the Control of Hospital Infection Committee as empirical dose at the beginning of therapy and also afterwards in the ICU. The control of infections by community microbial or yet by hospital microbial, and also for fungal infection, was performed by drug plasma after blood sample collection at the peak and at the trough. Complementary, usually by clinical criteria, six blood sample collections were performed at time dose interval (end of drug infusion 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th and at the trough) for pharmacokinetic purposes, dose adjustment and individualization of drug therapy for burn patients. Blood sample collection was done by the physician from the ICU by venous catheter (2mL/each into blood collection tubes sodium EDTA); plasma obtained by centrifugation of blood tubes were analyzed in the same day or in a deep freezer to storage (-80° C) until assay. Bioanalytical method reported previously was re-validated as recommended by good laboratory practices (GLP). Parameters as linearity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy, recovery and stability, specificity and selectivity were determined for all drugs investigated to guaranteed drug plasma measurements during the pharmacotherapeutic follow up in the ICU. Descriptive statistics was performed by applying the software GraphPad Instat 4.0., GraphPad Prism 4.0 non parametric tests. Pharmacokinetics was estimated by applying the software NonCompartmental Analysis, PK Solutions 2.0, to data (C vs T) for each antimicrobial agent. Burn patients included in the protocol were of both genders 8M/4F, 46.8+/- 20.6 yrs, 69.9+/- 11.5 kg, 38.8+/-24.0% TBSA; agents of the accident were fire/ alcohol for 10 patients and electrical trauma for two patients; inhalation injury were described for 50% of patients with fire. High pharmacokinetic variability was registered for the antifungal agent investigated. In addition, significant changes on pharmacokinetic parameters were described for fluconazole for burn patients with dialytic renal dysfunction compared to those with renal function preserved. Bioanalytical methods validated with basis on good laboratory practices (GLP), recommended by the national and international guidelines were adequate for drug plasma monitoring by liquid chromatography, UV detection. High pharmacokinetic variability was obtained for fluconazol. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that PK modeling of antimicrobial is an important tool for the control of severe systemic fungal infection in burn patients.
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Bertoluci, Daniele Ferreira de Faria. "Uso da vancomicina nas infecções por \'Staphylococcus aureus\' e epidermides em pacientes queimados: monitoramento das concentrações plasmáticas após infusão intermitente." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-13092007-100702/.
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O paciente grande queimado está entre os de maior risco de contrair infecção hospitalar, sendo que, aproximadamente 80% dos óbitos nestes pacientes são decorrentes de infecção. Devido à prevalência de S. aureus meticilina resistente (MRSA) nas unidades de queimados prescreve-se a vancomicina como fármaco de 1ª linha. Entretanto como a farmacocinética se encontra profundamente alterada geralmente ocorre a falência terapêutica e surgimento de resistência antimicrobiana. O objetivo do presente estudo foi monitorar as concentrações plasmáticas através da análise em CLAE-UV e realizar a modelagem farmacocinética da vancomicina, administrada nestes pacientes. Para tanto, validou-se método analítico que se mostrou linear, preciso, exato e suficientemente sensível para o monitoramento das concentrações plasmáticas da vancomicina nos pacientes. Investigaram-se 9 pacientes adultos grandes queimados após cirurgia de debridamento; os pacientes foram informados em detalhes sobre o estudo e assinaram o TCLE, e incluídos no protocolo. Coletaram amostras sangüíneas seriadas para a farmacocinética (PK solutions 2.0). A estatística descritiva (Microsoft Excell, Office for Windows, versão 2000) forneceu os resultados expressos através da média +/- DP: 16 mg/L±11, para o pico (referência 20-40mg/L) e 2,6 mg/L±1,5 para o vale (referência,5-10mg/L), abaixo da CME nestes pacientes. Os parâmetros farmacocinéticos foram o volume aparente de distribuição que se mostrou aumentado em cerca de 3,5 vezes, (1,4 L/Kg ± 0,8 versus 0,33-0,45L/kg, referência, a depuração plasmática mostrou-se aumentada em cerca de 2,5 vezes (3,2±1,65 mL/min.kg versus 1,3 - 1,5mL/min.kg, referência, enquanto a constate de eliminação e a meia-vida biológica se mantiveram inalteradas. Este estudo indica que o regime posológico e tipo de infusão endovosa devam ser revistos, utilizando a farmacocinética como ferramenta importante. Recomenda-se ainda que a terapia dose ajustada seja baseada no controle terapêutico destes pacientes em todas as fases da internação, principalmente após cada cirurgia de debridamento.Nosocomial infections shows high incidence in burn patient, and approximately 80% of mortality of them is due to severe infections and sepse. High prevalence of methycilin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) occurs in the intensive care units for burn patients and vancomycin is largely prescribed as first choice drug for severe infections and sepse. In general occurs therapeutic fail, since the pharmacokinetics is altered in these patients and arise the antimicrobial resistance. The main of the present study was to perform therapeutic plasma vancomycin monitoring by HPLC-UV and also PK- modelling after 1g every 12 hours, 1 hour infusion. Bioanalitical method was validated showing good linearity, precision, accuracy, good stability and robustness. Additionally method required 200µL of plasma and showed sensitivity enough for vancomycin plasma monitoring. Nine large burn patients were included in the study after they signed the informed written consent term to participate of the protocol. The follow up was done after debridment surgery. Blood samples were collected from venous catheter at time dose interval to investigate the pharmacokinetics (PK solutions 2.0) and also to determine the peak and trough. Descriptive statistics was performed applying Microsoft Excell, Office for Windows, versão 2000. Data obtained were 16 mg/L±11 peak (reference 20-40mg/L) and 2.6 mg/L±1.5 trough that was lower than MEC since the reference ranges from 5 to 10mg/L). Pharmacokinetic parameters were volume apparent of distribution, that was increased by 3.5 times (1.4 L/Kg ± 0,8 against the reference values 0.33-0.45L/kg), plasma clearance was also increased by 2.5 times (3.2±1.7mL/min.kg versus 1.3 - 1.5mL/min.kg, reference values), while elimination rate constant and biological half-life remained unchanged in those patients. Based on data obtained in the study, author recommends a revision on dose schedule and also concerning intravenous drug infusion using the pharmacokinetics as a powerful tool and the therapeutic plasma vancomycin monitoring for dose adjustments in all phases of the follow up of burn patient, mainly after each surgery debridement.
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Nekesa, Solophina. "Policy responses to the escalating environmental impacts of the construction materials sector in Uganda. Case studies of burnt clay bricks and cement." Thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/26771.
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A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Architecture in Sustainable and Energy Efficient Cities, 2018The last two decades have witnessed the steady growth of the construction industry in Uganda and with it the increase in demand and supply of construction materials to support the industry. However, this trend in the two industries has been marred with escalating environmental impacts and high embodied energy along their life cycle processes. In addition, effective policies have not co-evolved fast enough towards facilitating the sustainable growth of the two sectors. This study aimed to investigate this scenario based on a qualitative study approach focusing on cement and burnt clay bricks as the two most extensively used and locally produced construction materials in Uganda. The study applies the concept of life cycle impact analysis based on the systems and processes adopted by two case study producers (Hima Cement Limited for cement and Butende Brick Works for burnt clay bricks) in order to assess the environmental impacts of the materials. This is followed by an assessment of how the respective policies have evolved towards ensuring the sustainable cradle to gate processes for the sector. Primary data from interviews and direct field observations were complemented with secondary data from statistics archives, policy documents, print media, and published academic articles on both sectors. The study finds that the construction industry’s contribution to the GDP grew from 800 million to 41 billion shillings over the 2001 to 2016 period while the respective production of brick and cement products grew by 94% over the same period. The accompanying environmental impacts findings indicate high GHG and particulate matter emissions, wastes and ecological habitat degradation as the critical ones for cement and high levels of deforestation as well as ecological habitat degradation for the bricks. Additionally, the data did not reveal any coordinated efforts towards incentivising the emergence and promotion of alternative materials. On the co-evolution of responsive policies, the study finds a pattern of fragmented and incoherently executed policy frameworks in spite of the reported evidence of the escalating negative impacts. The key recommendations include more systematic reporting and tracking of related growth and impacts, co-evolution of more coherent and systematic policy response, incentivising emergence of alternative materials as well as improved efficiencies across both production and use-disposal stages of both materials. Key words: Uganda, construction materials sector, co-evolution of policies, burnt clay bricks, cement, life cycle impact assessment, embodied energy.
XL2019
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Pavan, G. S. "Behaviour Of FRP Strengthened Masonry In Compression And Shear." Thesis, 2012. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2005/2292.
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Masonry structures constitute a significant portion of building stock worldwide. Seismic performance of unreinforced masonry has been far from satisfactory. Masonry is purported to be a major source of hazard during earthquakes by reconnaissance surveys conducted aftermath of an earthquake. Reasons for the poor performance of masonry structures are more than one namely lack of deformational capacity, poor tensile strength & lack of earthquake resistance features coupled with poor quality control and large variation in strength of materials employed. Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP) composites have emerged as an efficient strengthening technique for reinforced concrete structures over the past two decades. Present thesis is focused towards analysing the behaviour of Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP) strengthened masonry under axial compression and in-plane shear loading. Determination of in-planes hear resistance of large masonry panels requires tremendous effort in terms of cost, labour and time. Masonry assemblages like prisms and triplets that represent the state of stress present in masonry walls and masonry in-fills when under the action of in-planes hear forces present an alternative option for research and analysis purposes. Hence, present research is focused towards analysing the performance of FRP strengthened masonry assemblages and unreinforced masonry assemblages.
Chapter1 provides a brief review on the behaviour of masonry shear walls and masonry in-fills under the action of in-plane shear forces in addition to the performance of masonry structures during past earthquakes. Review of available literature on FRP confinement of masonry prisms with bed joints inclined from 00 to 900 to the loading axis under axial compression, analytical models available for FRP confined concrete, shear strength of masonry triplets attached with FRP is presented.
Chapter 2 primarily focuses on determining the various properties of the materials involved in this research investigation. Test procedure and results of the tests conducted to determine the mechanical and related properties of the materials involved are presented. Elastic properties and stress-strain response of burnt clay brick, mortar and FRP laminates are presented.
Studies conducted on behaviour of GFRP confined masonry prisms under monotonic axial compression are included in Chapter 3. The study comprised of testing masonry prisms, both unconfined and FRP confined masonry prisms under axial compression. Stretcher bond and English bond prisms, with bed joints normal and parallel to loading axis are included in this study. Two grades of GFRP,360g/m2 and 600 g/m2 are employed to confine masonry prisms. The experimental program involved masonry prism types that accounted for variations in masonry bonding pattern, bed joint inclination to the loading axis and grade of GFRP. Review of the available analytical models predicting compressive strength of FRP confined masonry prism is presented. Available models for FRP confinement of masonry are re-calibrated using the present experimental data generating new coefficients for the already existing model to develop new expression for predicting the compressive strength of FRP confined prisms. In addition to the prism types mentioned earlier, behaviour of unconfined and GFRP confined stretcher bond prisms with bed joints inclined at 300, 450 & 600 to the loading axis are further investigated.
Chapter 4 primarily deals with the shear strength and deformational capacity of masonry triplets that represent joint shear failure in masonry. An experimental program involving masonry triplets attached with different types of FRP(GFRP and CFRP), grade of FRP, percentage area covered by FRP and reinforcement pattern is executed. This exercise determined the influence of these parameters over the enhancement achieved in terms of shear strength and ultimate displacement. Results of tests conducted on stretcher bond prisms presented in chapter 3 and results of tests on shear triplets presented in this chapter are combined to study the interaction between shear and normal stresses acting along the masonry bed joint at different angles of inclination.
The thesis culminated with chapter 5 as concluding remarks highlighting the salient
Information pertaining to the behaviour of FRP strengthened masonry under axial compression and in-plane shear loading obtained as an outcome of the research conducted as a part of this thesis.
Book chapters on the topic "Burnt clay"
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Gupta, Ankita, and Piyali Debnath. "Comparing the Emerging Walling Materials to the Burnt Clay Brick." In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Architecture, Materials and Construction. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94514-5_20.
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Floresta, D. L., J. D. Ardisson, M. Fagundes, J. D. Fabris, and W. A. A. Macedo. "Oxidation states of iron as an indicator of the techniques used to burn clays and handcraft archaeological Tupiguarani ceramics by ancient human groups in Minas Gerais, Brazil." In LACAME 2012. Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6482-8_14.
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Jucha, Mariusz A. "MADE OF BURNT CLAY TILES:." In Remove that Pyramid! Peeters Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv27vt57q.38.
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Mušič, Branko, and Barbara Horn. "Results of Geophysical Investigations Related to the Excavated Remains of the Late Antique and Early Mediaeval Iron Production Sites in the Podravina Region, Croatia." In Interdisciplinary Research into Iron Metallurgy along the Drava River in Croatia. Archaeopress Archaeology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/9781803271026-3.
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Several sites containing relatively high quantities of waste products from the bloomery iron production collected during archaeological field surveys in the Podravina region as part of the TransFER project were subsequently investigated by magnetic prospecting and topsoil apparent magnetic susceptibility mapping. The magnetic method proved to be very effective in identifying various archaeological remains of iron production activity in situ due to the high magnetic susceptibility of materials present in iron production workshops, which was confirmed in relation to the results of archaeological excavations at Sušine near Virje as well as Velike Hlebine and Dedanovice near the Hlebine sites. Reasons for the higher magnetic susceptibility include, in addition to the strongly magnetic minerals in iron production waste, fragments of fired clay from furnace construction and features such as shallow pits with burnt bottoms, as well as any other materials that have been exposed to high temperatures (burnt house plaster, etc.). The sites with remains of bloomery iron production were therefore reliably identified on the basis of their magnetic properties and the results were evaluated in relation to the excavated features. This study has also demonstrated that the sites with iron production activity present can also be reliably identified on the basis of changes in the apparent magnetic susceptibility of the topsoil to a depth of only 5 cm, after partial destruction of the archaeological layers by deep ploughing. These anomalies generally have a wider spatial distribution than those detected by magnetometers, due to a wide dispersion of material by ploughing mechanisms. With the aim of identifying layers with major enrichments of bog iron ore, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) measurements were carried out at the site Novigrad Podravski–Milakov Berek, where pieces of bog iron ore appeared on the surface. Based on these results, we have not been able to reliably identify ore deposits, but it has been shown that it is possible to identify layers of relatively low resistivity on ERT profiles that have increased iron mineral content, as confirmed by X-ray analysis of core samples from shallow drillings at several other locations in the Podravina region.
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Sakhlecha, Manish, Samir Bajpai, and Rajesh Kumar Singh. "Evaluating the Environmental Impact Score of a Residential Building Using Life Cycle Assessment." In Research Anthology on Environmental and Societal Well-Being Considerations in Buildings and Architecture. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9032-4.ch006.
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Buildings consume major amount of energy as well as natural resources leading to negative environmental impacts like resource depletion and pollution. The current task for the construction sector is to develop an evaluation tool for rating of buildings based on their environmental impacts. There are various assessment tools and models developed by different agencies in different countries to evaluate building's effect on environment. Although these tools have been successfully used and implemented in the respective regions of their origin, the problems of application occur, especially during regional adaptation in other countries due to peculiarities associated with the specific geographic location, climatic conditions, construction methods and materials. India is a rapidly growing economy with exponential increase in housing sector. Impact assessment model for a residential building has been developed based on life cycle assessment (LCA) framework. The life cycle impact assessment score was obtained for a sample house considering fifteen combinations of materials paired with 100% thermal electricity and 70%-30% thermal-solar combination, applying normalization and weighting to the LCA results. The LCA score of portland slag cement with burnt clay red brick and 70%-30% thermal-solar combination (PSC+TS+RB) was found to have the best score and ordinary Portland cement with flyash brick and 100% thermal power (OPC+T+FAB) had the worst score, showing the scope for further improvement in LCA model to include positive scores for substitution of natural resources with industrial waste otherwise polluting the environment.
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Cox, Karen L. "Hollow Victory." In Goat Castle. University of North Carolina Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469635033.003.0011.
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In the year following the trial to convict Emily Burns, Octavia Dockery seethed with resentment for the sheriff of Adams County. One year to the day of her arrest and that of Dick Dana, she filed lawsuits for herself and on Dick’s behalf, seeking damages from Book Roberts for their unlawful arrest and humiliation. Roberts, who believed the pair was involved in the murder, re-arrested them on murder charges. During arguments among the attorneys it was revealed that the previous grand jury had voted to indict the pair for murder, but Adams County district attorney Clay Tucker would not prosecute. The case had exhausted the town of Natchez. A venire of more than 200 men was passed over so there were not enough to field a jury of 12. The judge declared a mistrial, but the murder charges against Dana and Dockery remained.
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Zalasiewicz, Jan, and Mark Williams. "The Glacial World." In The Goldilocks Planet. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199593576.003.0014.
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It is a scene of devastation, as far as the eye can see. Swathes of bleak landscape, with strewn boulders embedded in a sticky mass of sandy clay. Here and there are signs of a little more order—distinct spreads of gravel or patches of fine sand. Mostly, though, it looks as though every type of sediment, from fine clay to house-sized blocks, has simply been stirred together and spread across the land. Remove the crops and topsoil of gentle Leicestershire and Suffolk, or of central Germany or Kansas, and this is what lies beneath. Between the ordered sedimentary strata of the distant geological past and the ordered calm of the present is evidence of an only-just-elapsed catastrophe, and two centuries ago, when the science of the Earth was young, the naturalists of those days pondered on what it might mean. There were those like the young William Buckland, both Reader in mineralogy at Oxford and priest (he went on to become Dean of Westminster), who saw in it evidence of the biblical Deluge. Or Jean André de Luc, mentor to the wife of George III, who considered that the large blocks had been fired, like Roman ballista, from the mountains by some powerful but mysterious explosions. Or Sir James Hall, a savant of Edinburgh, who thought that the blocks had been carried into position by tsunamis, generated when large areas of sea floor (he supposed) suddenly popped up like blisters—he was clearly of an intellectually playful disposition. Or Leopold von Buch, who invoked catastrophic mudflows (one such, indeed, did take place in an Alpine valley, the Val de Bagnes, just after von Buch’s paper on this topic was published, when a natural dam burst, scattering mud and boulders far down the valley, and killing many people). But it was that extraordinary polymath, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (a one-time Superintendent of Mines, if you please) who was among the first to sense what had been going on, when he associated the scattered blocks with a great expansion of the Alpine glaciers he was familiar with, and coined the term Eiszeit —the Ice Age.
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Zalasiewicz, Jan, and Mark Williams. "Earth as a Snowball." In The Goldilocks Planet. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199593576.003.0008.
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Our attempts to reconstruct the climate of the distant Archaean in Chapter 1 might seem a little like reading a volume of Tolstoy’s War and Peace recovered from a burnt-out house. Most of the pages have turned to ash, and only some scattered sentences remain on a few charred pages. The Proterozoic Eon that followed began 2.5 billion years ago, thus is not quite so distant from us in time. We know it a little better than the Archaean—at least a handful of pages from its own book have survived. And this book is long—the Proterozoic lasted nearly two billion years. This is as long as the Hadean and Archaean together, and not far short of half of Earth’s history. Like many a soldier’s account of war, it combined long periods of boredom and brief intervals of terror—or their climatic equivalents, at least. The latter included the most intense glaciations that ever spread across the Earth. Some of these may have converted the planet into one giant snowball. The earliest traces of glaciation on Earth are seen even before the Proterozoic, in rock strata of Archaean age, 2.9 billion years old, near the small South African town of Pongola. These rocks include sedimentary deposits called tillites, which are essentially a jumble of rock fragments embedded in finer sediment. The vivid, old-fashioned term for such deposits is ‘boulder clays’, while the newer and more formal name is ‘till’ for a recent deposit and ‘tillite’ for the hardened, ancient version. Many of the ancient blocks and boulders in the tillites of Pongola are grooved and scratched—a tell-tale sign that they have been dragged along the ground by debris-rich ice. This kind of evidence is among the first ever employed by scientists of the mid-nineteenth century, such as Louis Agassiz and William Buckland, to tell apart ice-transported sediments from superficially similar ones that had formed as boulder-rich slurries when rivers flooded or volcanoes erupted. Ice, then, appeared on Earth in Archaean times.
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Lienhard, John H. "The Common Place." In The Engines of Our Ingenuity. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195135831.003.0006.
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A contradiction swirls around invention. While invention flows from an uncommon quarter of the mind, it ultimately comes to rest in the day by day world where we live our lives. Invention defines the commonplace world that we all share. The creative imperative is a unique and wonderful thing, yet it grows in the common clay of coping and of play, and that is also where it comes to rest. We celebrate the magnificent steam engines, airplanes, and cathedrals. But look around your room for a moment. When I do that I see paper, windowpanes, wood screws, a pencil sharpener, paint, and carpeting. Everything but the cat sleeping on the window ledge came into being after long sequences of invention by many people. Even the cat’s subtle gestures and communications maybe partly the stuff of my own contrivance. When we look with the eye of the mind at the everyday world around us, we see how much human imagination has run riot through it. We realize how imagination has invested the basest elements of our lives with possibilities. Try counting the cost of the ordinary world in the coin of human ingenuity. Cartographers who invented the globe on my bookshelf gave me a way to visit Fiji, Chad, and Tibet—places where fortune is unlikely to take me. The simple crank mechanism on my pencil sharpener represents a huge leap of the mind that took place only about twelve hundred years ago (a matter we talk about in Chapter II). Imagination has enriched every corner of those common places where we all live out our lives. For example, a hassled secretary hacks out a living on a new IBM typewriter in 1951. The typewriter’s ribbon ink leaves nasty smudges when she erases an error. In a burst of creative frustration, she goes home and invents a liquid for painting out mistakes. Its base is white tempera paint, the woman’s name is Betsy Nesmith, and the liquid is an immediate hit with other typists. By 1956 she is running a cottage industry, mixing the brew for other secretaries.
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Hanson, Robin. "Variations." In The Age of Em. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754626.003.0038.
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This book has mostly discussed what the em era is like as if that era is stable and never changes. But we expect many changes and trends over the em era. For example, the size of the em economy grows exponentially, although this growth may fluctuate more than it does today because of concentration in a few key cities. Also, the cost of computing hardware falls exponentially, and with it the energy used per computing operation, and the natural em body size. parallel computing costs fall faster than serial computing costs, and also faster than the cost of non-computer tools. So there is a trend in workplaces away from using serial computer tools and noncomputer tools, and toward using em minds and parallel computer tools. parallel software becomes more efficient relative to the emulation process, inducing ems to use more software tools. The cost of communication rises relative to the cost of memory and computing, increasing communication delays, and reducing the rate of travel, meetings, and distances between meeting participants. As computing hardware is the main em labor cost, em subsistence wages and median wages fall with computing costs. Thus the speed-weighted size of the em population grows even faster than does the em economy. The typical sizes of firms, clans, and cities grow both with the size of the population, and with the size of the economy. While the first ems run near the speed of ordinary humans, there is an early transition to most ems running at a much faster common speed, estimated in Chapter 18 , Choosing Speed section to be within a factor of four of 1000 times human speed. But during the em era typical em speeds may slowly decline, as the growing em economy creates spatially larger em cities which signals take longer to cross. After an initial burst of exploration, the space of feasible tweaks of em minds slowly grows, but perhaps does not add much value. Added tweaks, random drift in capital per clan, and learning about which clans are best at which jobs should all contribute to a slow increase in the dominance of economy activity by the top few clans. The top clans slowly hold a larger fraction of the jobs, and own a larger fraction of capital.
Conference papers on the topic "Burnt clay"
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Mohammed, Tarek, Aziz Mahmood, Syed Ahmed, and Mosabbir Pasha. "Clay-burnt course aggregate: Production and utilization in concrete." In Fifth International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies. Coventry University and The University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Centre for By-products Utilization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18552/2019/idscmt5137.
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Reiterman, P. "Scaling resistance of special high performance composites with burnt clay additive." In CMEM 2015, edited by M. Jogl and P. Konvalinka. WIT Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/cmem150291.
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Yin, Shengjun (Sean), B. Richard Bass, Wallace J. McAfee, and Paul T. Williams. "Experimental Program for Investigating the Influence of Cladding Defects on Burst Pressure." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93272.
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An experimental program was conducted by the Heavy-Section Steel Technology Program at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to evaluate the structural significance of defects found in the unbacked cladding of the Davis-Besse vessel head. ORNL conducted total 13 clad burst tests with unflawed/flawed specimens. Failure pressure data from those tests indicated a high degree of repeatability for the tests performed in the clad burst program. Unflawed clad burst specimens failed around the full perimeter of the disk from plastic instability; an analytical model for plastic collapse was shown to adequately predict those results. The flawed specimens tested in the program failed by ductile tearing of the notch defect through the clad layer. Analytical interpretations that utilized 3-D finite element models of the clad burst specimens were performed for all tests. Fractographic studies were performed on failed defects in the flawed burst specimens to verify the ductile mode of failure. Comparisons of computed results from 3-D finite element models with measured gage displacement data (i.e., center-point deflection and CMOD) indicated reasonably good agreement up to the region of instability. For tests instrumented with the CMOD gage, good agreement between calculated and measured CMOD data up to the onset of instability implies that ductile tearing initiated near the maximum load and (with a small increase in load) rapidly progressed through the clad layer to produce failure of the specimen.
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Nanstad, Randy K., and Mikhail A. Sokolov. "Fracture Toughness of Stainless Steel Cladding for Evaluation of the Degraded Davis-Besse RPV Head." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93308.
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Boric acid attack in the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) head of the Davis-Besse (D-B) nuclear plant led to wastage through the 150-mm low alloy steel head such that the stainless steel cladding was exposed. The Heavy-Section Steel Technology (HSST) Program at Oak Ridge National Laboratory was commissioned by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to conduct a program of testing and analysis to enable an evaluation of the structural significance of cladding defects found in the wastage cavity of the D-B head. The overall test program consisted of material characterization at 316°C (600°F) of cladding materials, pressure vessel burst tests of cladding discs with and without flaws, and extensive analytical studies. Three different cladding materials were tested and evaluated, one from an unused commercial RPV that was used for the clad-burst experiments, an archival cladding previously used for various experimental and irradiation experiments, and the cladding from the D-B head. This paper compares and discusses the fracture toughness test results conducted with the three claddings, and the fractographic analyses conducted on the clad-burst discs. Comparison of J-resistance curves for the three clad materials shows significant material variability and disparity in the results from two test specimen types. Fractographic examinations of clad-burst discs showed transition from ductile tearing to shear mode of fracture. The relationship of the cladding test results with the clad-burst results is discussed.
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Diegel, Olaf, Andrew Withell, Deon Debeer, and Mark Wu. "A Case Study in 3D Printed Porous Ceramics: Infant Incubator Humidification System." In ASME/ISCIE 2012 International Symposium on Flexible Automation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isfa2012-7114.
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This paper describes research in adapting 3D printers to operate with low-cost ceramic materials. The components produced with these clay-based ceramic powders can be fired to produce strong, complex and lightweight ceramic parts. The final material properties, including the porosity of the parts, can be controlled through the part design and, potentially, through additives to the material that burn out during firing. The paper begins with a brief description of the 3D printing process and how it can be used with clay powders. It then introduces a factorial design experiment initiated to explore the effect of ingredient and parameter variations on the dimensional stability and material properties of green and fired ceramic parts. It then presents a case study in which 3D printed ceramic parts are used in the humidification system for an infant incubator for developing countries.
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Rajan, S., and J. K. Raghavan. "Coal Mineral Matter Transformation During Combustion and its Implications for Gas Turbine Blade Erosion." In ASME 1990 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/90-gt-169.
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The transformation of mineral matter during combustion and the characteristics of the ash formed are important from the standpoint of coal fired gas turbine operation. Using a novel FT-IR technique and EDX analysis, these mineral matter transformations are investigated when the coal is burnt in a one-dimensional pulverized coal-dust-air flame. The role of clays, pyrite, quartz, potassium and other compounds in the ash are discussed with particular reference to deposit buildup and erosion of gas turbine blades.
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Ma, Zehua, Koroush Shirvan, Wei Li, and Yingwei Wu. "Modeling Axial Relocation of Fragmented Fuel During Loss of Coolant Conditions by Using ABAQUS." In 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering collocated with the ASME 2020 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone2020-16291.
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Abstract In a light-water reactor, during normal operating condition, the UO2 nuclear fuel pellets undergo fragmentation primarily due to presence of thermal stresses, fission gas development and pellet-clad mechanical interaction. Under Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA) conditions, a portion of fuel fragments can freely move downwards to the ballooning region due to the significant cladding deformation. The fuel relocation can localize the heat load and in turn accelerate the cladding balloon and burst process. Cladding burst is of great concern because of the potential for fuel dispersal into coolant and clad structural stability. In our work, we built up a finite element model considering cladding balloon, fuel relocation and its resultant thermal feedback during LOCA condition with ABAQUS. The clad balloon model includes phase transformation, swelling, thermal and irradiation creep, irradiation hardening and annealing and other important thermal-mechanical properties. The mass of relocation model was verified against the analytical cases of single balloon and twin balloons. The cladding balloon model combined with fuel thermal conductivity degradation was verified against fuel performance code, FRAPTRAN. Finally, with the evolution of pellet-cladding gap, the fuel mass relocation was calculated and compared against the IFA-650.4 transient test from the Halden reactor.
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Varatharajan, S., K. V. Sureshkumar, K. V. Kasiviswanathan, and G. Srinivasan. "Progressive Evolution of the Core of the Fast Breeder Test Reactor." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29404.
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The second stage of Indian nuclear programme envisages the deployment of fast reactors on a large scale for the effective use of India’s limited uranium reserves. The Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) at Kalpakkam is a loop type, sodium cooled fast reactor, meant as a test bed for the fuels and structural materials for the Indian fast reactor programme. The reactor was made critical with a unique high plutonium MK-I carbide fuel (70% PuC+30%UC). Being a unique untested fuel of its kind, it was decided to test it as a driver fuel, with conservative limits on Linear Heat Rating and burn-up, based on out-of-pile studies. FBTR went critical in Oct 1985 with a small core of 23 MK-I fuel subassemblies. The Linear Heat Rating and burn-up limits for the fuel were conservatively set at 250 W/cm & 25 GWd/t respectively. Based on out-of-pile simulation in 1994, it was possible to raise the LHR to 320 W/cm. It was decided that when the fuel reaches the target burn-up of 25 GWd/t, the MK-I core would be progressively replaced with a larger core of MK-II carbide fuel (55% PuC+45%UC). Induction of MK-II subassemblies was started in 1996. However, based on the Post-Irradiation Examination (PIE) of the MK-I fuel at 25, 50 & 100 GWd/t, it became possible to enhance the burn-up of the MK-I fuel to 155 GWd/t. More than 900 fuel pins of MK-I composition have reached 155 GWd/t without even a single failure and have been discharged. One subassembly (61 pins) was taken to 165 GWd/t on trial basis, without any clad failure. The core has been progressively enlarged, adding MK-I subassemblies to compensate for the burn-up loss of reactivity and replacement of discharged subassemblies. The induction of MK-II fuel was stopped in 2003. One test subassembly simulating the composition of the MOX fuel (29% PuO2) to be used in the 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor was loaded in 2003. It is undergoing irradiation at 450 W/cm, and has successfully seen a burn-up of 92.5 GWd/t. In 2006, it was proposed to test high Pu MOX fuel (44% PuO2), in order to validate the fabrication and fuel cycle processes developed for the power reactor MOX fuel. Eight MOX subassemblies were loaded in FBTR core in 2007. The current core has 27 MK-I, 13 MK-II, eight high Pu MOX and one power reactor MOX fuel subassemblies. The reactor power has been progressively increased from 10.5 MWt to 18.6 MWt, due to the progressive enlargement of the core. This paper presents the evolution of the core based on the progressive enhancement of the burn-up limit of the unique high Pu carbide fuel.
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Kamichetty, Krishna Kumar, Miles Greiner, and Venkata V. R. Venigalla. "Use of Geometrically-Accurate Models to Predict Spent Nuclear Fuel Cladding Temperatures Within a Truck Cask Under Normal and Fire Accident Conditions." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25991.
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The temperature of spent nuclear fuel cladding within transport casks must be determined for both normal conditions of transport and hypothetical fire accident conditions to assure that it does not exceed certain limit conditions. In the current work a two-dimensional finite-element thermal model of a legal-weight truck cask is constructed that accurately models the geometry of the fuel rods and cover gas. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are performed that include buoyancy induced motion in, and radiation and natural convection heat transfer across the cover gas, as well as conduction in all solid components. Separate simulations are performed using helium or nitrogen cover gas. Stagnant-gas CFD (SCFD) simulations are preformed and compared to CFD simulations to determine the effect of gas motion. For normal conditions of transport, the peak clad temperature is determined for a range of fuel heat generation rates to determine the thermal dissipation capacity based on peak cladding and surface temperature, QC and QS. These are respectively, the fuel heat generation rates that bring the peak cladding temperature to 400°C, or the peak surface temperature to 85°C (their allowed limits for normal transport). Transient fire/post fire simulations are then performed for a range of fire durations to determine the critical durations for cladding Creep Deformation or Burst Rupture, DCD or DBR. These are the fire durations that bring the cladding temperature to 570°C or 750°C, respectively. When the cladding temperature is used to select the fuel heat generation rate, the thermal dissipation capacity is 3265 W/assembly when helium is the cover gas, which is 30% higher when nitrogen is used (due to helium’s higher thermal conductivity). When nitrogen is the cover gas, the critical fire durations for creep deformation and burst rupture are, respectively, 3.3 and 7.2 hours. These durations are 18% and 14% shorter for helium (because the allowed fuel heat generation rate is higher for helium). When the fuel heat generation is chosen based on the package surface temperature, for helium, the thermal dissipation capacity is 1040 W/assembly, and the critical fire durations for creed deformation and burst rupture are, respectively, 4.7 and 11.6 hours. The values for nitrogen are all within 4% of these values. The CFD and SCFD simulations give essentially the same results. This indicates that gas motion does not significantly affect the cladding temperature, and the future calculations may not need to incur the increased computation expense required to model that motion.
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Chineke, Joseph Junior, Tunde Alabi, and Hope Dafe Okwa. "Cost Saving Through Casing Design Optimization ALA-3 as Case Study." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208226-ms.
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Abstract First E&P commenced her development drilling campaign in the ALA field with a set of four batch wells (ALA west Phase 1A). Casing design and well architecture for the four wells were determined using standard design software, as the field had significant appraisal activities. However, actual drilling of the top-hole section on the four wells were very challenging such that, only in one of the four wells was the surface casing successfully run to depth and cemented as planned. Issues encountered included but not limited to: Trouble drilling through very reactive gumbo clay. Trouble pulling out of hole drilling BHA. Trouble running surface casing through long section of reactive clay causing stuck pipe (Casing got stuck while running in hole). Although, a leading contribution to getting stuck was differential sticking which can be attributed to not being able to run the casing with centralizers installed (bow spring centralizers) because they got hung up at the conductor shoe which was a buckled at the shoe due to piling effects. As a result, this study was carried out to investigate the possibility of mitigating the identified challenges, while optimizing the drilling of the top holes to improve casing and cementing operations. A starting point was to estimate the theoretical minimum casing setting depth. Using a Pressure Balance method, calculations were made to derive a mathematical model for the kick tolerance. The kick tolerance requirements were then derived in line with company policy and pore/fracture pressure information from offset wells and studies data (MDT & LOT) to arrive at the minimum casing setting depth. A second mathematical model based on limited gas kick model load case was also derived from pressure balance calculations, to estimate casing internal pressure profile when a gas bubble reaches surface during well control circulation using drillers method. A realistic criterion for estimating burst load, consistent with the definition of kick tolerance, was then proposed, to optimize the casing design. The study estimated cost savings of up to $1 million/well could be realized. The approach confirms huge cost savings can be realized by optimizing casing setting depths, and that illustrates the impact of safety factors. The depth proposals from this study were like the depths planned for the new drilling campaign of phase 1A+ wells, the result of actual drilling of the phase 1A+ wells (ALA-5 & ALA-6) confirmed the following, Surface holes in ALA field can be drilled to shallower depths. This may have shortened the time to run the casing to depth given historical challenges. The actual depths of the surface casings are like the depth proposed by this study. Problems of drilling with water-based mud can be mitigated if drilling intervals are short. A price comparison of top-hole actual drilling and running casing of ALA-3 a phase 1 well and ALA-5 & 6 phase 1A+ wells showed significant cost saving estimated above $1 million. This is like the cost saving estimated from the initial study. The surface hole drilled total depth and casing shoe depth on the phase 1A+ wells confirmed the pre-drill kick tolerance estimated in the study for these depths in the phase 1A+ wells.