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1
Baiden, Bernard K., Kofi Agyekum, and Joseph K. Ofori-Kuragu. "Perceptions on Barriers to the Use of Burnt Clay Bricks for Housing Construction." Journal of Construction Engineering 2014 (July 21, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/502961.
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Burnt clay bricks can be readily manufactured in Ghana as all ten regions have significant clay deposits with the Ashanti region having the highest estimated deposit of 37.1 million metric tonnes. In recent times, burnt clay bricks have been regarded as old fashioned and replaced by other perceived modern walling units within Kumasi, the metropolitan capital of Ashanti Region, despite its availability, unique advantages (aesthetics, low maintenance cost, etc.), and structural and nonstructural properties. This study involved a questionnaire survey of 85 respondents made up of architects, brick manufacturing firms, and brick house owners or occupants in the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana and sought to examine their perceptions on barriers to the use of burnt clay bricks for housing construction. The findings revealed that the key factors inhibiting the use of burnt clay bricks for housing construction are low material demand, excessive cost implications, inappropriate use in construction, noncompatibility of burnt clay bricks with other materials, unreliable production, and transportation problems. The findings however provide a platform for stakeholders to address the barriers to enable the extensive use of clay bricks in housing constructions.
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Hussain, Zahid, and Shamshad Ali. "Comparative Study on Breaking Strength of Burnt Clay Bricks Using Novel Based Completely Randomized Design (CRD)." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 5 (2019): 1162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091320.
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The aim of this study is to present the results of breaking strength tests for burnt clay bricks from various historical deposits. The native clay bricks production technique is the known method of brick making, particularly in South Asian countries. Numerous studies have been conducted on hand-molded formed bricks. The clay bricks that were considered for the comparative study, were made from four different clays sources. Their breaking strength was determined using for examining the maximum load at failure and the effects were investigated subsequently. The basic objective of this experimental study was to compare the breaking strength of locally fired clay bricks using a novel based completely randomized design via a single factor with four levels of clay sources representing the factors. For this purpose, 24 brick samples were made from four different clay sources while the breaking strength of each sample was measured. Pairwise comparison trials, including Duncan’s multiple range, Newman–keuls, Fisher’s least and Tukey’s tests were conducted. Based on experimental investigations, the results revealed that using analysis of variance at 95% CI, the difference in breaking strength between clay source of Hyderabad (A) and Rawalpindi (B), followed by Kohat (C) and Peshawar (D) was significant and also the difference among the means of these clay courses was significant which clearly exposed that the clay site and chemical composition has a great impression of the breaking strength of the burnt bricks.
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Azam, Rizwan, Muhammad Rizwan Riaz, Ehtasham Ul Haq, Ayman Shihata, and Mohamed Zawam. "Development of Quality Assessment Criteria for Burnt Clay Bricks of Different Ages Based on Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test." Buildings 12, no. 8 (2022): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081069.
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Burnt clay bricks are widely used as a construction material in Pakistan, and their testing for quality confirmation is frequently needed for new and old bricks used in existing structures. The destructive testing methods are time-consuming and not always feasible for testing the bricks used in existing structures. The current study investigated the feasibility of using the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test as a non-destructive technique to assess the quality of both new and old bricks in masonry structures. A relationship was developed after performing the UPV test followed by a compression test on burnt clay brick samples of five different ages acquired from different sources. The acquired brick samples ranged from new to a century old. Consequently, as a novel contribution, brick quality assessment criteria based on UPV were proposed according to which a UPV value greater than 3000 m/s represents an excellent first-class brick whereas a UPV value lower than 2000 m/s shows a second-class brick. Further, the effectiveness of the UPV test to assess the compressive strength of old bricks was demonstrated with a case study of a 100-year-old masonry structure. The research concluded with the remarks that the compressive strength of bricks can be assessed with reasonable accuracy using the UPV test. The developed quality assessment criteria can be used to quickly check the quality of new and old burnt clay bricks.
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Amin, Faisal, Safeer Abbas, Wasim Abbass, et al. "Potential Use of Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludge in Fabrication of Burnt Clay Bricks." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (2022): 6711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116711.
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Water treatment plants produce a huge amount of sludge, which are ultimately disposed to the nearest water channel, leading to harmful effects. This unmanaged wastewater treatment plant sludge (WTS) results in social and environmental concerns. Therefore, the utilization of WTS in construction activities can be a viable option for the management of waste sludge, leading to sustainable infrastructures. The main aim of this study was to investigate the potential of WTS in the manufacturing of clay bricks at an industrial scale. WTS was procured from the Rawal Lake water treatment plant, Pakistan. Clay was collected from a local industrial brick kiln site. Brick specimens with varying percentages of WTS (i.e., 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30% and 40%) were casted and their mechanical and durability characteristics were evaluated. It was observed that the bricks incorporating WTS showed higher compressive and flexural strengths compared to that of the normal clay bricks. For instance, brick specimens incorporating 5% WTS by weight of clay showed a 10% increase in compressive strength. Furthermore, brick specimens incorporating 20% of WTS by clay weight satisfied the strength requirements as per local building codes for masonry construction. Scanning electronic microscopic (SEM) images confirm the porous microstructure of brick specimens manufactured with WTS, which results in 12% lighter clay bricks as compared to conventional clay bricks. Moreover, the durability characteristics of brick specimens incorporating WTS showed better performance. It can be concluded that bricks fabricated with a high proportion of WTS (i.e., 20%) will minimize the environmental overburden and lead to more durable and economical masonry construction.
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Biradar, Sangmesh V., A. Srujan Kumar, T. Vijaya Gowri, and Shaik Subhan Alisha. "Comparative Study on Properties of Plastic Bricks with Conventional Bricks." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2779, no. 1 (2024): 012088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2779/1/012088.
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Abstract Plastic brick is one of the innovative types of brick which is made up of plastic waste. Plastic bricks reduce pollution problem from garbage plastic. Since plastic bricks don’t require brick kilns, it’s possible to stop the pollution caused by these bricks and create them easily. So, to create a balance between environmental protection and pollution we made plastic bricks possible to suit this environment. This study uses plastic trash from plastic bottles composed of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and Poly Propylene (PP) in same proportions (1:1) called as fully plastic brick. After that, tests will be conducted on the bricks to examine compressive strengths, water absorption, thermal shrinkage, fire ignition, efflorescence, impact and to compare these properties with burnt clay bricks. The result found that plastic bricks has more compressive strength than clay bricks and with negligible water absorption. Thermal shrinkage and cost of the plastic brick less than the clay brick. Fire ignition value of plastic brick covered with aluminium sheet more than the normal clay brick.
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Mehta, Vikas, Sandip Mondal, Naresh Kumar, and Sushil Kumar. "Use of wood sawdust ash as effective raw material for clay bricks." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1110, no. 1 (2023): 012081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1110/1/012081.
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Abstract The world is gradually looking for waste material properties and finding a way out of using it as secondary raw materials for other industrial purposes because of increasing environmental understanding and guidelines on controlling industrial waste. In the present world, the researcher’s primary aim is to enhance the usage of environmentally friendly materials and protect the environment. This research proves the possibility of using wood sawdust ash (WSDA) partially replace clay and sand manufacturing bricks. This paper used WSDA obtained from controlled combustion to replace other construction materials for bricks. The feasibility study used WSDA as an admixture with five distinct replacement levels, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%, for non-modular bricks (230×110×70) mm. The brick was evaluated for various strength parameters to authenticate clay bricks’ compressive strength, efflorescence, and water absorption properties. The findings revealed that the compressive strength of WSDA bricks (11.01 N/mm2) is higher than fly ash-cement-based and burnt clay bricks, which are 6.93 N/mm2 and 9.56 N/mm2. Also, the water absorption is (31%) lower than clay burnt bricks.
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Abbass, Wasim, Safeer Abbas, Fahid Aslam, et al. "Manufacturing of Sustainable Untreated Coal Ash Masonry Units for Structural Applications." Materials 15, no. 11 (2022): 4003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15114003.
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Burnt clay bricks are one of the most important building units worldwide, are easy and cheap to make, and are readily available. However, the utilization of fertile clay in the production of burnt clay bricks is also one of the causes of environmental pollution because of the emission of greenhouse gases from industrial kilns during the large-scale burning process. Therefore, there is a need to develop a new class of building units (bricks) incorporating recycled industrial waste, leading toward sustainable construction by a reduction in the environmental overburden. This research aimed to explore the potential of untreated coal ash for the manufacturing of building units (coal ash unburnt bricks). Coal ash unburnt bricks were manufactured at an industrial brick plant by applying a pre-form pressure of 3 MPa and later curing them via water sprinkling in a control shed. Various proportions of coal ash (i.e., 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55%) were employed to investigate the mechanical and durability-related properties of the resulting bricks, then they were compared with conventional burnt clay bricks. Compressive strength, flexural strength, an initial rate of water absorption, efflorescence, microstructural analysis via scanning electron microscopy, and cost analysis were conducted. The results of the compressive strength tests revealed that the compressive strength of coal ash unburnt brick decreased with an increase in the content of coal ash; however, up to a 45% proportion of coal ash, the minimum required compressive strength specified by ASTM C62 and local building codes was satisfied. Furthermore, bricks incorporating up to 45% of coal ash also satisfied the ASTM C62 requirements for water absorption. Coal ash unburnt bricks are lighter in weight owing to their porous developed microstructure. The cost analysis showed that the utilization of untreated, locally available coal ash in brick production leads us on the path toward more economical and sustainable building units.
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Elhusna, Elhusna, Abdullah Abdullah, Sofyan Saleh, Muttaqin Hasan, Nelly Astriani, and Bimo Prakoso. "Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash Utilization to Enlarge Clay Brick Dimension." Proceeding of the International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research for Sustainable Innovation 1 (August 12, 2024): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/icmrsi.v1i.831.
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Burnt clay bricks, mostly used as non-structural wall unit materials in Indonesia, contain only clay in Bengkulu Province. A large amount of clay is used during clay brick production as a shrinkage effect of burning, while clay is a limited natural resource. Available non-plastic materials that can withstand combustion contraction are required to reduce the use of clay. Ash materials like fly ash and rice husk ash are non-plastic materials. The purposes of this research are to reduce clay usage, enlarge dimensions, and improve brick performance at the same time by adding coal fly ash (FA) and rice husk ash (RHA). This research is an experimental study of FA clay brick (FCB) and a combination of 50% FA and 50% RHA clay brick (FRCB). The ash was added to the mixture at weights of 10%, 20%, and 30% of clay. The factory-specified production method was used to create bricks. After the materials and water meltdown process to produce plastic material, bricks were molded, dried, and burned. Green and burnt brick measurements and weights were gathered. The Brick Indonesian Standard Code (SNI 15-2094-2000) was used while determining the bricks' compression strength and absorption. The mean values of the quantitative data were used after being analyzed through coefficient of variation values less than 10%. The result shows that the compressive strengths and absorption of 10% and 20% of the ash content of FCB meet the Indonesian code. Both brick volumes expand as the ash content increases. FRCB volume weight is 11%, 7.8%, and 8.1% lighter than FCB for 10%, 20%, and 30% ash content, respectively. Both brick varieties meet the ASTM code for nonload-bearing concrete masonry units. The use of FA and a mixture of FA and RHA enhances shrinkage, increases brick dimensions, and simultaneously lowers brick weight. Using lighter and larger bricks for the walls helps to recycle waste, reduce the mass of the building, and reduce the use of clay resources. Application 10% and 20% fly ash is recommended for increasing the size of clay bricks in Bengkulu Province, Indonesia.
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A.Y., Iorliam, Chenge R.A., and Kuhwa D.S. "Treatment of Clay with Oil Palm Fibre Ash and Rice Husk Ash Mixture for Burnt Clay Bricks Production." International Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 5, no. 1 (2022): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ijmce-qqxkew59.
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The current study examines the use of oil palm fibre ash (OPFA) and rice husk ash (RHA) mixture in the treatment of A-6 Makurdi clay for burnt brick production. The results show that the compressive strength of 9.4 MN/m2 for burnt untreated brick increased to 10.86 MN/m2 for burnt 2%OPFA+2%RHA treated brick. The corresponding water absorption of 14.9% for the burnt untreated brick increased to 16.2% for burnt 2%OPFA+2%RHA treated brick. The strength value of 10.86 MN/m2 is greater than 10.3 MN/m^2 which is the minimum strength value for negligible weather (NW) conditions. The water absorption of 16.2% is less than 17%, 22% and ‘no limit’ which are the maximum values for severe weather (SW), moderate weather (MW) and NW respectively. Based on combined strength and water absorption criteria, burnt bricks production with 2%OPFA+2%RHA treated A-6 Makurdi clay is adequate for use as a load-bearing brick in wall areas of NW condition.
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Mishra, Renu, and Praveen Kumar. "Behaviour of Masonry with Flyash Bricks." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1326, no. 1 (2024): 012083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1326/1/012083.
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Abstract Bricks will always be needed for construction, but as land use intensifies, soil for making bricks will become scarcer. Though fly ash bricks are available from last few years, but the experimental data regarding behaviour of masonry made with such bricks are limited. In the realm of structural design, the compressive strength of masonry stands as a crucial property, while the modulus of elasticity under uniaxial compression assumes equal importance, particularly when addressing concerns related to the deformation of masonry structures. The aim of the experimental investigation reported in this paper is to determine modulus of Elasticity (E) for fly ash brick masonry under axial compression through testing prisms with height to the least lateral dimension ratio of prisms between 2 to 4. Comparison of the same is reported with that of the masonry with conventional burnt clay bricks. The test results revealed that the strength and E of masonry with the alternative bricks (flyash) are in almost similar range to those with burnt clay bricks.
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Abbas, Safeer, Arslan Baig, Rashid Hameed, Syed Minhaj Saleem Kazmi, Muhammad Junaid Munir, and Sbahat Shaukat. "Manufacturing of Clay Bricks Using Hybrid Waste Marble Powder and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash: A Sustainable Building Unit." Sustainability 15, no. 20 (2023): 14692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152014692.
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In masonry construction, the most commonly used building unit all over the world is the burnt clay brick. Adding waste materials in certain percentages to these bricks helps in eliminating the environmental burden occurring in the form of excessive waste accumulation on open land sites, leading to sustainable and economical construction. This research program aimed to examine the feasibility of using waste marble powder (WMP) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) in the manufacturing of clay bricks. WMP was collected from local marble cutting workshops, whereas SBA was prepared by burning the waste sugarcane obtained from various sugar mills in the local area. Brick specimens incorporating 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of hybrid WMP and SBA were prepared at a local brick kiln. Burnt clay bricks were transported to the laboratory, and their mechanical and durability properties were evaluated. A reduction in weight per unit area of brick specimens incorporating waste materials was observed, allowing them to be easily handled and transported. Decreased compressive strength was due to the addition of waste materials in comparison with conventional clay bricks. However, waste percentages up to 15% satisfied the criteria for the minimum compressive strength as per the Building Code of Pakistan (BCP). All tested samples showed flexural strength greater than 0.65 MPa. Tested bricks incorporating 10% and 20% of waste materials had water absorption values of 18% and 21%, respectively, which are higher than that of conventional clay bricks. Moreover, bricks incorporating waste materials exhibited a higher initial rate of absorption than conventional clay brick; therefore, such bricks need to be wet well before use in masonry construction. Brick specimens showed less than 1% weight loss, and bricks exhibited no signs of distress and cracking after 50 freeze-thaw cycles. A decrease in compressive strength was observed due to sulphate exposure. However, specimens with 10% waste materials still satisfied the minimum compressive strength requirement of BCP. Based on this study, it can be concluded that bricks with up to 10% hybrid waste materials (WMP and SBA) will assist in the environmental issues of these wastes, leading to more sustainable and economical masonry construction.
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Tamang, Sonam, Leki Dorji, Tshering Dorji, et al. "Cogon Fiber in Earth Brick as a Sustainable Building Material." Zorig Melong | A Technical Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 5, no. 1 (2021): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.17102/zmv5.i1.001.
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Abstract The study on earth brick mixed with cogon fiber and cow dung as a sustainable building material was carried out by an experimental method by field and laboratory set up. The study aims to technically analyze earth brick reinforced with cogon fiber and cow dung, determine favorable soil parameters, fiber length, fiber percentage, compare water absorption, CO2 emissions, and cost per unit brick with that of commercial burnt clay bricks. The scope of study covers the physical and mechanical properties of soil and earth brick, design mix proportion for cogon fiber-reinforced earth brick as an alternative to burnt clay bricks in rural areas. The study area covers the locality of Phuntsholing and Tading Gewog. From the experimental tests, suitable soil findings are well graded sandy soil with a specific gravity of 2.69, MDD of 1.34g/cc, and OMC of 18.75%. In the case of earth brick fiber length of 30mm and fiber percentage of 4% resulted in maximum flexural and compressive strength. The average water absorption of cogon fiber-reinforced earth brick was 25.38% determined, indicating that this earth brick is suitable only in dry environment or otherwise a better stabilizer is required to limit the water absorption and the unit cost of earth brick at Tading gewog was 25% cheaper in comparison to 3nd class burnt clay bricks. The future study required are durability, provision of interlocking mechanism, and strength variation with arrangement of fibers in the earth brick.
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Ali, Ahsan, Fatima Hanif, Nazam Ali, Muhammad Nadeem, and Muhammad Usman Rashid. "Mutations in Burnt-Clay Brick Properties attributable to Waste Glass." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 40, no. 4 (2021): 898–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2104.20.
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Recently, the need of high living standards and developments in modern technology have significantly increased the usage of throwaway glass products. The use of these waste glass products in the production of construction materials (especially bricks) is ultimately very wholesome approach towards sustainable development. In this study, wasted glass up to 20% by weight was added to observe its impacts on bricks. The bricks containing powder glass were burnt along with ordinary bricks (with no powder glass) in same kiln and under same condition (type of fuel, temperature, duration etc.). The results illustrated that the properties of bricks vividly improved such as areal density, water absorption and efflorescence. The 20% increase of waste glass in the brick samples resulted in 14% decrease in areal density. The addition of fine powder glass filled the pores and reduced porosity of bricks. The substantial reduction in water absorption of 26.14% were observed with 20% addition of waste glass content. Also efflorescence was less in specimens having less quantity of waste glass burnt at higher temperatures. The present study presented a comprehensive analysis of waste glass as a mixing component for producing light weight sustainable bricks with improved water absorption properties.
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Rashid, Fahad. "Mechanical Properties Evaluation of Fly Ash Bricks in Masonry Construction." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 10 (2024): 414–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.64526.
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Abstract: In the context of sustainable construction practices, the utilization of industrial by-products like fly ash in brick manufacturing is gaining popularity. This study aims to evaluate the mechanical properties of fly ash bricks, such as compressive strength, water absorption, flexural (rupture) strength, density, and efflorescence, and compares them to traditional burnt clay bricks commonly used in Pakistan. Experimental results show that fly ash bricks exhibit higher compressive and rupture strength and lower water absorption compared to conventional clay bricks. However, moderate levels of efflorescence in fly ash bricks suggest room for improvement in certain applications. The percent difference between fly ash and clay bricks has been calculated to quantify their suitability for masonry construction in Pakistan. This research contributes to the understanding of how fly ash bricks could serve as an alternative in construction materials with a lower environmental footprint.
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Guljit Singh, Varinder Singh Kanwar, and Anshu Tomar. "Heritage clay brick characterization and assessment with compatible contemporary bricks for retrofitting of heritage monuments." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 62, no. 5 (2024): 915–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/18868.
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Various mughal architecture clay brick masonry monuments were built in the Punjab state of northern India from the late 14th to late 19th centuries. Nanakshahi monuments (era of 1st Sikh Guru-Guru Nanak Dev Ji) are gigantic clay brick masonry structures constructed of lime and lime surkhi mortar (a powdered form of red burnt clay brick). Currently, this study is focused on identifying a suitable material for repairing and strengthening heritage clay brick monuments. Using the mineralogical composition of heritage Nanakshahi clay bricks (NSCB), the study compares them with contemporary clay bricks (CCB) from the same region, and then compares them to newly prepared clay bricks (NPCB), which have similar composition and dimensions to NSCB. The X-ray fluorescence confirms that the NSCB samples of southeast Punjab have an elemental composition consisting of filler SiO2 and binding elements like Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, K2O and MgO. The average density of ancient NSCB and CCB has been found to be similar; the ancient NSCB has a lower water absorption rate and porosity in contrast to the present-day clay bricks. The Initial rate of absorption of an ancient NSCB is quite higher. In comparison to the heritage NSCB, the CCB's compressive strength value is lower and uniaxial compression strength of newly prepared clay bricks (NPCB) of similar mineralogical composition and dimensions is comparable to that of the heritage NSCB from Punjab districts. The significance of the study is to suggest a compatible material for strengthening of heritage clay brick monuments of northern India.
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Hameed, Rashid, Maryam Imran, M. Irtaza Hassan, Khadija ., and Eman Arshad. "Mechanical performance of 100% recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) bricks." Revista de la construcción 22, no. 1 (2023): 203–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/rdlc.22.1.203.
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Urbanization and modern development of expanding infrastructure have resulted in large construction activities. With the expeditious growth in the construction industry, the rate of demolition has also increased. This is causing considerable increase in Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste all around the globe. To minimize its impact on society and environment, preventive measures are required to be taken on urgent basis, and for this reason construction industry has proposed the use of recycle concrete aggregates in different applications and there is dire need to investigate experimentally the properties of concrete products made using Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC). In this regard, this study focused to investigate the mechanical properties of 100% RAC bricks prepared with two different compositions with respect to coarse to fine aggregates ratio (i.e., 70:30 and 60:40), cement dosage (i.e., 10% and 15% by weight of total aggregates) and casting pressure (i.e., 25 MPa and 35 MPa). Recycled concrete aggregates required for this study were produced by crushing tested concrete samples having compressive strength of 21 MPa to 28 MPa. Mechanical tests were performed on bricks to determine their compressive strength, flexural strength, shear strength, impact energy in compression and flexure. In addition to these destructive tests, non-destructive (rebound hammer and ultra-sonic pulse velocity) tests were also performed. To draft a comparison, Natural Aggregate Concrete (NAC) bricks and first class burnt clay bricks were also tested. The results indicated that the compressive strength of NAC bricks was about 30% higher than the compressive strength of RAC bricks. However, RAC bricks exhibited higher compressive strength as compared to burnt-clay bricks. The flexural strength of RAC bricks containing 60% coarse aggregates and 40% fine aggregates and RAC bricks containing 70% coarse aggregates and 30% fine aggregates was found to be almost similar but their flexure strength was 37.3% and 20.7% lesser than their corresponding NAC bricks. Flexure strength of RAC bricks and burnt clay bricks was found to be almost same. Qualitative assessment by ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) tests showed that the NAC and RAC bricks were of good quality as per the standard criteria. The findings of this study indicated that RAC bricks satisfied the strength requirements as stated by local and international standards. Further, RAC bricks performed better than commonly used first class burnt clay bricks. Production and use of RAC bricks in masonry structures will not only help to conserve the depleting resources of natural aggregates and clay but also help to protect our environment from pollution by reducing CO2 emission caused by the coal-burning as fuel in kilns for the manufacturing of burnt-clay bricks.
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Sajath, S. H. M., A. R. Nihmiya, and U. S. P. R. Arachchige. "Handling the Sludge When Using Polyaluminum Chloride as a Coagulant in the Potable Water Treatment Process." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 2 (2022): 617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i02.020.
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The sludge produced in the treatment process depends on the type of coagulant and other chemicals used and the suspended particles present in raw water. Discarding this sludge in the landfills poses pollution of both ground and surface water, disturbing the lives in the water and the water quality. The primary potable water provider in Sri Lanka is the National Water Supply and Drainage Board. It focuses on finding ways of disposal, sustainable practices, and possible applications of the water treatment sludge. This research aims to identify the aluminum level in the potable water treatment sludge of the Konduwattuvana water treatment plant in Ampara and to utilize that sludge as an alternative raw material in burnt clay brick manufacturing. The national standards and limitations of the sludge content and the standard brick manufacturing process were followed. To reach the aim, a sequence of tests was conducted, and the brick characteristics are subjected to test for different sludge ratios according to the Sri Lankan Standard of 36:1978 for burnt clay bricks. Experimental results show that the aluminum content in liquid sludge and sludge cake was found to be 231.6 mg.L-1 and 54.9 mg.L-1, respectively, which implies that the sludge contains aluminum. The optimum sludge ratio to produce burnt clay bricks was found to be 10% of the total weight of the brick.
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Kumar, Aneel, Tauha Hussain Ali, Rabinder Kumar, Waseem Rattar, and Mohsin Ali. "Developing sustainable burnt clay bricks incorporating agro-industrial waste." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 44, no. 2 (2025): 47–61. https://doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.0072.
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The study addresses environmental pollution and waste disposal issues resulting from rapid industrialization by investigating the use of agro-industrial waste materials to improve the quality of burnt clay bricks. The research evaluated the effects of incorporating fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), rice husk ash (RHA), and sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) in proportions ranging from 2% to 8% into brick earth. Results showed that in the Hyderabad zone, the compressive strength increased by 28%, 31%, 16%, and 8% with the addition of 4% FA, 4% SF, 2% RHA, and 2% SBA, respectively. However, in the Kandhkot locality, compressive strength enhancements were noted at 24%, 36%, 23%, and 27%, respectively, with consistent raw material ratios. For long-term durability, water absorption and efflorescence tests were conducted, which showed a reduction because of the addition of these waste materials. In both locations, the brick dimensions remained within the allowed range. In conclusion, the results suggest that the construction sector has the potential to enhance the properties of bricks by employing these agro-industrial waste materials and promoting sustainable methods for controlling environmental factors.
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shah, Suehail Aijaz. "Over-Burnt Bricks in Sustainable Construction a Viable Alternative to Natural Aggregates." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 12 (2024): 577–85. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.65834.
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Brick production plays a vital role in the construction industry, where high temperatures are used to shape and fire clay or shale into durable building materials. However, over-burnt bricks—resulting from excessive or prolonged heating—often become brittle, darkened, and structurally compromised, making them unsuitable for typical construction applications. These over-burnt bricks are commonly discarded as waste, contributing to landfill build up and environmental concerns. In contrast, repurposing over-burnt bricks offers an opportunity for sustainable waste management and resource conservation. When crushed into a material known as brick blast, these over-burnt bricks can serve as a substitute for coarse aggregates in concrete or partially replace coarse aggregate, reducing the dependence on natural resources. An experimental investigation was conducted to assess the potential of using brickblast in concrete production, focusing on its impact on mechanical properties, workability, and durability. Early results indicated that brickblast not only serves as an effective waste disposal method but also enhances concrete strength and durability, offering a more eco-friendly alternative to conventional concrete. By incorporating brickblast, energy consumption and carbon emissions from cement production can be minimized, while contributing to a circular economy. This innovative approach supports sustainability in the construction industry by reducing landfill waste, conserving natural aggregates, and providing a cost-effective solution to enhance concrete performance. Ultimately, utilizing over-burnt bricks in concrete production can lead to more sustainable and environmentally responsible building practices.
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Shivaraju, G. D., and Asha K. Dr. "Study of Physical, Durable and Microstructural Behaviour of Laterite Soil Based Geopolymer Bricks." Applied Science & Engineering Journal for Advanced Research 3, no. 2 (2024): 50–57. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10910461.
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Bricks are the major building materials used in the field of construction. The most commonly used bricks are clay bricks and concrete blocks. The discharge of carbon di oxide into the atmosphere has been increasing day by day. For the production of burnt bricks, usually 22 tons of coal were burnt which produces nearly equal amount of carbon di oxide. The most vital role in terms of construction material is usually associated with Portland cement. Since the manufacture of cement leads to the liberation of CO2 in large quantity. So, an alternate is required to replace cement in the place as binding agent. Therefore, the alternative to these is the Geopolymer bricks. Geopolymers have great mechanical properties, and has the synthetic temperature of 250C to 800C. In this study, Laterite soil is used to prepare the bricks by using Geopolymer as a binding material by varying NaOH to Na2SiO3 ratio in Geopolymer precursor. Strength, durable and microstructural behavior of the brick is studied.
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Sahu, Vaishali, Rounak Attri, Prashast Gupta, and Rakesh Yadav. "Development of eco friendly brick using water treatment plant sludge and processed tea waste." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 18, no. 3 (2019): 727–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-06-2019-0168.
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Purpose This paper aims to study the effect of the addition of water treatment plant sludge (WTPS) and processed tea waste (PTW) on the properties of burnt clay bricks. The reuse of WTP sludge as a raw material for brick production is a long-term approach, to sludge disposal, for economic and environmental sustainability. Sludge have been added at 10, 20, 30 and 40% and processed tea waste at 5% (by weight) in replacement of clay for brick manufacturing. Each batch of hand-moulded bricks was fired in a heat controlled furnace at a temperature of 990°C. The compressive strength has been found to increase with the sludge content, however, a slight decrease in compressive strength was observed with tea waste addition. Further, PTW addition has improved the thermal insulation of bricks as compared to controlled bricks. The study shows that 40% WTPS, 5% PTW and 55% natural clayey soil can be considered as an optimum mix for bricks with good compressive strength as well as improved thermal insulation property. Design/methodology/approach Four different mixing ratios of sludge at 10, 20, 30 and 40% of the total weight of sludge-clay mixtures were used to make bricks. Similarly, PTW was investigated as a substitute of natural clayey soil in brick manufacturing. Each batch of hand-moulded bricks was fired in a heat controlled furnace at a temperature of 990°C. The physical, mechanical and engineering properties of the produced WTPS bricks and PTW bricks were determined and evaluated according to various Indian Standard Codes of Specification for burnt clay bricks and certain reference books. Findings The results exhibited that WTP sludge and PTW can be used to produce good quality brick for various engineering applications in construction and building. Increasing the sludge content increases the compressive strength. Moreover, thermal insulation of PTW bricks depicted an upward trend when compared to controlled bricks. Hence, an optimum mixture of 40% WTPS, 5% PTW and 55% natural clayey soil was found, at which bricks showed good compressive strength as well as improved thermal insulation property of the building material. Research limitations/implications The present work provides a sustainable solution for disposal of WTP sludge and tea waste. Utilization of these waste materials in brick manufacturing is viable and economic solution. Practical implications Bricks with 40% WTP sludge and 5% processed tea waste proved to be economic, technically sound for construction purposes with added thermal insulation properties. Social implications Bulk amount of waste such as WTP sludge is a threat to society owing to its environmental implications of disposal. Authors propose to use WTP sludge and tea waste for brick manufacturing and provide a solution to its disposal. Originality/value Water treatment plant sludge along with tea waste have not been tried for brick manufacturing so far. Hence, the composition is new in itself and also have resulted into good performance.
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Amin, Muhammad Nasir, Izaz Ahmad, Asim Abbas, et al. "Estimating Radiation Shielding of Fired Clay Bricks Using ANN and GEP Approaches." Materials 15, no. 17 (2022): 5908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15175908.
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This study aimed to determine how radiation attenuation would change when the thickness, density, and compressive strength of clay bricks, modified with partial replacement of clay by fly ash, iron slag, and wood ash. To conduct this investigation, four distinct types of bricks—normal, fly ash-, iron slag-, and wood ash-incorporated bricks were prepared by replacing clay content with their variable percentages. Additionally, models for predicting the radiation-shielding ability of bricks were created using gene expression programming (GEP) and artificial neural networks (ANN). The addition of iron slag improved the density and compressive strength of bricks, thus increasing shielding capability against gamma radiation. In contrast, fly ash and wood ash decreased the density and compressive strength of burnt clay bricks, leading to low radiation shielding capability. Concerning the performance of the Artificial Intelligence models, the root mean square error (RMSE) was determined as 0.1166 and 0.1876 nC for the training and validation data of ANN, respectively. The training set values for the GEP model manifested an RMSE equal to 0.2949 nC, whereas the validation data produced RMSE = 0.3507 nC. According to the statistical analysis, the generated models showed strong concordance between experimental and projected findings. The ANN model, in contrast, outperformed the GEP model in terms of accuracy, producing the lowest values of RMSE. Moreover, the variables contributing towards shielding characteristics of bricks were studied using parametric and sensitivity analyses, which showed that the thickness and density of bricks are the most influential parameters. In addition, the mathematical equation generated from the GEP model denotes its significance such that it can be used to estimate the radiation shielding of burnt clay bricks in the future with ease.
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Mukhtar, Ahmad, Asad Ullah Qazi, Qasim Shaukat Khan, Muhammad Junaid Munir, Syed Minhaj Saleem Kazmi, and Asif Hameed. "Feasibility of Using Coal Ash for the Production of Sustainable Bricks." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (2022): 6692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116692.
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In this research study, environmentally friendly unburnt coal ash (CA) bricks were investigated as an alternative to conventional burnt clay bricks. In this research study, various physical and mechanical properties of unburnt CA bricks were investigated. The unburnt CA bricks were prepared by using 60% CA and 10% lime by weight. In these unburnt CA bricks, varying cement contents (5%, 10%, and 15%), sand contents (10% and 15%), and quarry dust contents (5% and 10%) by weight were used. A forming pressure of 29 MPa was applied through an automatic pressure control system either for 3 s or 6 s. The prepared bricks were moist cured for 28 days. The experimental results exhibited that unburnt CA bricks with 10% cement, 10% sand, and 10% quarry dust subjected to forming pressure for 3 s exhibited the highest compressive strength of 19 MPa and flexural strength of 2.1 MPa. The unburnt CA bricks exhibited reduced water absorption, reduced efflorescence, and lower weight per unit area than the conventional clay bricks. A cost comparison of unburnt CA bricks and clay bricks exhibited that unburnt CA bricks are cost-effective compared to clay bricks.
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Bhusal, Gaurav, Badal Koirala, Sunita Kharbuja, and Rajan Duwal. "Comparative Analysis of Water Infiltration Potential: A Study of Precast Permeable Blocks, Precast Impermeable Blocks, and Traditional Bricks." Journal of Science and Engineering 11 (December 31, 2024): 35–42. https://doi.org/10.3126/jsce.v11i01.73527.
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Groundwater depletion is a global issue leading to shrinking aquifers and sinking lands. The increase in the rate of usage of groundwater and the decrease in recharge rate is its main cause. Conversion of natural lands to concrete and bituminous roads, urbanization, and industrialization are blocking groundwater infiltration. In such an intricate scenario, the use of permeable blocks in the pavement could be a viable solution. With the use of permeable blocks in areas like low-traffic roads, parking lots and pedestrian walkways, the groundwater table will get recharged to some extent. Permeable blocks could be an eco-friendly paving material reducing surface runoff, ponding of water and flood risk too. This study has experimentally determined and compared the two major characteristics contributing to groundwater infiltration- porosity and infiltration rate of permeable blocks, impermeable blocks, and bricks used generally in pavement design. We found that permeable concrete blocks are 6.89 and 2.19 times more porous than impermeable concrete blocks and burnt clay bricks respectively. Moreover, the permeable concrete blocks infiltrate 816.96 and 171.89 times more water in an hour than impermeable concrete blocks and burnt clay bricks respectively through the center of the blocks and 320.96 and 38.26 times more water in an hour than impermeable concrete blocks and burnt clay bricks respectively at the joints.
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Maryana, Okky Fajar Tri, Rifqi Ikhwanuddin, Safitri Anggini, and Ridho Barna. "Banner Waste Mixture: The Impact on Quality of Traditional Brick’s Compressive Strength." Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika Al-Biruni 9, no. 2 (2020): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/jipfalbiruni.v9i2.5418.
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The regional election in Lampung province has finished. The events left the amount of ex-campaign props such as banner to become waste. The final landfills and the waste reuse system are still an unsolved issue in Lampung province. A study of materials composition is required to find potential reuse of the waste. One of the traditional products in Lampung province is conventional bricks. Previous studies show that mixing local clay with additional materials such as Rice Husk Ash (RHA) could improve its characteristics, especially water absorption potentiality. This study reported the prototype of bricks with banners waste mix produced employing a conventional method. The method obtains the best admixture composition is 0.002 kilograms banner waste/volume 0.125 liters or 0.02% total weight of clay-dough. The morphology of the prototype shows a similar texture with a non-waste mixture of traditional brick. It is burnt-clay red-bricks, which is used as a control in this study. The prototype bricks show smooth texture and nearly flat on all sides. The addition waste composition ratio of more than 0.002 kilograms indicated cracking texture that affects the market tend to buy bricks, which has good appearance and texture. This study also reported that the mixture's effect is decreasing compressive strength, almost 20% from the control sample.
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Malkanthi, S. N., K. G. K. Sathsara, P. D. Dharmaratne, and H. Galabada. "Proposed mix design improvements of compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEB) with particle packing optimization and coir reinforcement." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 52, no. 2 (2024): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v52i2.11495.
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The use of the earth as a building material has been practiced since the beginning of human civilization. Unburnt bricks, rammed earth, adobe, and burnt bricks are some of them. As a result of technological development, adobe has developed into a compressed stabilized earth block (CSEB). The clay percentage of the soil significantly affects the strength of the CSEB. This study focused on controlling the clay percentage by adding larger particles externally using building construction waste and reinforcing them with coconut coir. Different coir amounts by weight from 0.1% to 0.5% with different lengths of 2 cm, 4 cm, 6 cm, and 8 cm were considered for block production. For dry compressive strength and wet compressive strength, the combination of 0.3% coir amount with 6 cm coir length gave the maximum strength, and it also satisfied the required water absorption limit as per the Grade 1 category of the SLS 1382, part 1. After that, using the above combination, the industrial scale (350 × 100 ×175) mm size block was prepared, and its strength also satisfied the SLS 1382 Grade 1 requirements. According to the study, the manufacturing cost for the CSEB is lower than that of cement blocks and clay bricks. The cost for a 1 m2 wall panel preparation using CSEB is 41.52% lower than preparing using burnt clay brick and 8.56% lower than preparing using cement blocks. Therefore, the CSEB can be used as a load-bearing walling material at a low cost and with eco-friendliness.
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Asha Sapna, A. P., and C. Anbalagan. "Sustainable Eco-Friendly Building Material – A Review Towards Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks and Fire Burnt Clay Bricks." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1210, no. 1 (2023): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1210/1/012023.
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Abstract The aim of the current research article is to provide a comprehensive review and discuss and conclude on two types of earth blocks i.e., stabilized compressed earth blocks and fire-burnt clay bricks. A direct correlation exists between the number of greenhouse gases emitted and the amount of coal used to manufacture the fire-burnt clay bricks. To address this issue, new construction materials have been developed. Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEBs) is an enhanced earth-based masonry material as it is not burnt. CSEBs are manufactured by compressing the soil under pressure. Coal and other burning fuels are not used at any point in the manufacturing process of CSEBs. Environment-friendly and energy-efficient construction materials that encourage the sustainable development have grown significantly in the recent years, as the public have become highly conscious. Since the building materials are produced in local communities, the local resources are efficiently used, transportation costs get reduced and high-quality housing is made available to a large spectrum of people. Less time-consuming construction techniques and low labour demand results in increased strength, insulation and thermal characteristics, lower carbon emissions and embodied energy during the life cycle of the materials and exceptionally low levels of trash that can be easily disposed of. When locally-produced materials are used for building purposes, it creates jobs and is more eco-friendly, during the times of crisis. CSEB and conventional bricks require different amounts of energy and release significantly different amounts of carbon dioxide throughout the production process. A review of the construction process that utilizes clay bricks and CSEBs has been conducted using the data and reports from numerous research papers and organizations. According to this review, the Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks outperform the fire-burnt clay bricks in terms of advantages. When it comes to creating new environment-friendly construction materials, the CSEBs remain a viable option.
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Vlasova, Marina, Aguilar Márquez, Veronica González-Molina, Ariadna Trujillo-Estrada, and Mykola Kakazey. "Development of an energy- and water-saving manufacturing technology of brick products." Science of Sintering 50, no. 3 (2018): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1803275v.
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In the work, the carrying of realizing three problems in the manufacture of brick products, namely, energy saving, water saving, and processing of large-scale waste (ecological problem), are considered. Four types of bricks have been obtained and investigated: red clay, red clay-milled cullet mixture, red clay-milled basalt (tezontle) mixture, and red clay-milled glass-milled tezontle mixture. To form the semi-finished products, water or wet waste of activated sludge were added to the dry mixtures. It is established that the presence of low-melting glass into double and triple compositions reduces the sintering temperature of ceramic products down to 900-1000 ?C and sintering time to 8-12 h while maintaining good strength properties of ceramics. This means that the energy-saving technology is provided. The use of waste activated sludge (biowaste) with high water content allows us to exclude the introduction of water into dry mixtures at the stage of molding. This means that the water-saving technology is achieved. The introduction of a different content of burnt out bio waste contributes to the formation of brick products of different porosity. Variations on mixtures compositions and sintering modes make possible to synthesize ceramics of different applications: as a stone products, bricks for external and internal walls, porous bricks, and a filtering ceramics.
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Iftikhar, Sahar, Khuram Rashid, Ehsan Ul Haq, Idrees Zafar, Fahad K. Alqahtani, and M. Iqbal Khan. "Synthesis and characterization of sustainable geopolymer green clay bricks: An alternative to burnt clay brick." Construction and Building Materials 259 (October 2020): 119659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119659.
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Jain, Gunjan, Shweta Manchanda, and Mandeep Singh. "Embodied Energy and Thermal Performance of Alternate Walling Materials in Affordable Housing in the Composite Climate of Delhi." Current World Environment 19, no. 1 (2024): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.19.1.13.
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Meeting the affordable housing shortage in India in a short time has its environmental and social challenges. It not only requires huge resources but is also a big social responsibility to provide economical and comfortable housing for the marginalized section of society. Improper selection of construction materials may lead to the locking up of massive energy as embodied energy of materials and uncomfortable indoor living conditions. The present study focuses on the need for consideration of both embodied energy and thermal performance in the selection of materials for the building envelope in naturally ventilated affordable housing in India. Walling materials form a major part of the building envelope and thus it's crucial to assess their performance. This paper presents an analysis of embodied energy and thermal performance of fly ash Bricks, AAC blocks, and RCC precast panels as walling options in comparison to conventional walling material of burnt clay brick in the composite climate zone of Delhi. This analysis is being carried out for the alternate walling solutions in practice or emerging for mid to high-rise EWS housing construction in this region. The embodied energy values per cubic meter are compared for each wall assembly for the lifecycle stage cradle to gate. Thermal simulation results are presented in terms of indoor operative temperatures achieved by each wall type material and compared with the comfort temperature range prescribed by the comfort model IMAC-R, 2022 to find out the ‘discomfort degree hours’. The results of the study underscore the suitability of fly ash bricks and AAC blocks as sustainable alternatives due to their lower embodied energy compared to traditional burnt clay bricks base case. Fly ash bricks even outperform the base case in terms of thermal comfort. The study discourages the use of burnt clay bricks due to very high embodied energy. The study also strongly discourages the use of RCC panels in the composite climate as they exhibit both poor thermal comfort and high embodied energy. The study findings would help government agencies to make environmentally and socially conscious decisions about the use of walling materials on a large scale in meeting the affordable housing demand.
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Buravchuk, N. I., and O. V. Guryanova. "USE OF TECHOGENIC RAW MATERIALS IN THE TECHNOLOGY OF CERAMIC BRICKS PRODUCTION." Innovatics and Expert Examination, no. 2(30) (December 3, 2020): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.35264/1996-2274-2020-2-160-169.
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The article presents the results of a study of burnt rocks of mine dumps, ash and slag waste and clay raw materials for the purpose of their use in the technology of manufacturing ceramic bricks. Indicators of their quality are given. In terms of properties and composition, this raw material is close to clay. Compositions and technological modes for the manufacture of ceramic bricks using burnt rocks of mine dumps and ash and slag waste have been developed. The results of laboratory research and industrial tests are presented. The possibility of using this technogenic raw material in the technology of manufacturing ceramic bricks has been proven. The use of burnt rocks and ash and slag waste in the compositions for the manufacture of ceramic bricks can improve its quality, including strength and frost resistance. In all respects, prototypes of ceramic bricks meet the requirements of regulatory documents. The involvement of technogenic raw materials in production allows you to save part of natural raw materials, reduce the cost of products while improving their quality, and help reduce the negative impact of waste on the environment in the areas of their location.The involvement of technogenic raw materials in production allows you to save part of natural raw materials, reduce the cost of products while improving their quality, and help reduce the negative impact of waste on the environment in the areas where they are located.
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Sapna, A. P. Asha, and C. Anbalagan. "Towards a better living environment-compressive strength and water absorption testing of mini compressed stabilized earth blocks and fired bricks." Scientific Temper 14, no. 04 (2023): 1251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.58414/scientifictemper.2023.14.4.28.
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The escalating demand for eco-friendly and energy-efficient building materials underscores a pivotal shift towards sustainable development catalyzed by heightened public consciousness. Leveraging community production optimizes local resources and curtails transportation overheads, fostering broader access to superior housing solutions. Emphasizing less-intensive construction techniques enhances material strength, insulation, and thermal attributes while significantly shrinking carbon footprints and waste generation. Particularly vital during crises, these methods invigorate local employment and champion environmental conservation. This study juxtaposes the performance metrics of Mini Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (MCSEB) and fire-burned clay bricks, focusing primarily on their compressive strength. The conventional production of fire-burned clay bricks poses notable challenges, especially regarding energy consumption and pollution. Their manufacturing, anchored in coal utilization, directly exacerbates greenhouse gas emissions. Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEBs) emerge as a promising alternative in this context. Crafted by pressure on soil, their production eschews the need for coal or other combustibles, resulting in a significantly reduced carbon and energy footprint. When benchmarked against traditional fire-burned bricks, CSEBs, if demonstrating analogous compressive strengths, emerge as a viable replacement. A pivotal element in assessing compressive strength lies in factoring in the specimen’s dimensions, with platen restraint effects as a crucial metric. This research harnesses the platen test to comprehensively compare the compressive strengths of Fire Burnt Clay Bricks and Mini Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks. This correlation suggests that Mini Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks, when adjusted for size, can be deemed comparable in strength to Fire fire-burnt clay Bricks, making them a promising sustainable alternative in construction.
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Pruthvi Raj, G., Mehar B. Ravula, and Kolluru V. L. Subramaniam. "Failure in Clay Brick Masonry with Soft Brick under Compression: Experimental Investigation and Numerical Simulation." Key Engineering Materials 747 (July 2017): 472–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.747.472.
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An experimental investigation of compressive failure in masonry made of soft clay bricks is presented. The research attempts to address the concern of strong/stiff mortars available in the market today in combination with poor quality burnt clay bricks available in India. Masonry assemblages are tested to evaluate the influence of the relative strength of mortar on the observed damage evolution and compressive failure. Damage evolution associated with the formation and propagation of vertical splitting cracks during the compressive load response of masonry assemblages in the stack bonded arrangement are studied using a full-field optical technique based on digital image correlation. The stress state in the composite material produces tension in the mortar and confined compression in brick. Using image correlation clear evidence of the crack forming in the mortar and propagating into the brick is established. Failure is produced by vertical splitting and the number of cracks depend upon the tensile strength of the mortar relative to the brick and the number of head joints. Head joints act as stress risers, leading to high tensile stress.
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Paikara, Ramesh Kumar, and Tek Raj Gyawali. "Study of Aerated Lightweight Mortar Using Aluminium Powder and Local Materials." Himalayan Journal of Applied Science and Engineering 4, no. 1 (2023): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hijase.v4i1.56868.
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Conventional burnt clay bricks are still mostly used as building materials for both load-bearing and non-load-bearing walls in Nepal. The use of brick walls not only increases the dead loads on the structures but also becomes the main cause of casualties during the earthquake. This paper describes the development of an alternative lightweight mortar using aluminium powder to replace the bricks. The base mixture of the mortar was experimentally determined and the properties were studied with the ranging content of the aluminium powder by weight of cement. The result showed a decrease in the density and compressive strength but an increase in the water absorption while increasing aluminium powder content. The density was possible to decrease by about 52% with the use of 0.9% aluminium powder. The decrease was very less while increasing the aluminium content from 0.6% to 0.9%. The 28-day compressive strength was decreased by 59% and 63% at aluminium content of 0.6% and 0.9% respectively. With the achievement of a density of less than 1000 kg/m3 and a 28-day compressive strength of more than 7.5 MPa, the optimum content of the aluminium powder was 0.6%. The implementation of this result implies producing lightweight bricks, blocks and panels replacing the burnt clay bricks. It not only lightens the building structures and avoids the casualties during big earthquakes but also saves the environment by minimizing the carbon-di-oxide, avoids the degrading of agricultural soils and even minimizes the risk of climate change.
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Bhattacharjya, anindita. "Conventional Burnt Clay Bricks Vs AAC Blocks in Construction Projects: A Comparative Study." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 4 (2023): 2151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50578.
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Abstract: AAC blocks and red clay bricks are two of the more majorly used blocks used in buildings all over the world. Both the block categories have a definite set of pros and cons. A comparative analysis of them is essential to understand and determine which of the two is a superior product, both technically and economically. Experimentation was done on samples of both blocks. Although, some defective set of samples didn’t provide the expected results, it did provide an insight in the technicalities associated with the blocks. It further allowed a comparison between the observed data and the expected data, highlighting how defects within the blocks could affect the properties. Further, some tests were analysed by studying available reports, thesis, articles prepared by various research workers working on the behaviour and properties of AAC blocks and red clay bricks. The overall study proved that AAC blocks, though weaker in compressive strength are much superior in most other properties than the red clay bricks
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Ebadi-Jamkhaneh, M., M. Ahmadi, and D.-P. N. Kontoni. "Experimental study of the mechanical properties of burnt clay bricks incorporated with plastic and steel waste materials." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 899, no. 1 (2021): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/899/1/012042.
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Abstract Traditional masonry bricks are made of clay burnt under high temperatures, resulting in high energy consumption, environmental contaminations and decreased natural raw materials. In order to limit nature risks, inorganic materials have been used to make brick. Four types of materials, including fine and coarse plastic, cast iron, and iron swarf, have been used to make bricks. A total number of 64 specimens were made and tested. The tests results were presented in the form of compressive strength, rupture module, water absorption percentage, and initial water absorption ratio. The result showed that using cast iron powder caused the maximum compressive strength amongst all the samples, and was 46% larger than for the reference bricks. On the other hand, the maximum initial water absorption occurred within the first three hours, while the maximum rate was associated to samples with higher coarse plastic contents.
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Zalyhina, Volha S., Victoria I. Cheprasova, and Daria P. Novitskaya. "Processing of burnt molding earth." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Ecology., no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/2521-683x/2022-3-89-101.
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At present, the metallurgical industry occupies one of the leading positions in the economy of many countries. At the same time, a large amount of solid wastes is generated in the metallurgical industry. The most large-tonnage includes burnt molding earth, which is formed at the stage of knocking out castings from foundry molds. The properties of burnt molding earth (humidity, loss on ignition, elemental, phase and grain composition) were studied and the possibility of its regeneration was confirmed. The simplest and cheapest is the dry mechanical method of regeneration, which is used in most enterprises of the Republic of Belarus. The paper shows that when this method is implemented, about 80 % of the burnt molding earth is returned to the technological process at the stage of casting molds, and about 20 % is converted into a fine pulverized fraction, which is a waste product and is currently being disposed of for disposal. On the basis of experimental studies, it has been established that this fraction of burnt molding earth can be used in the production of ceramic bricks as a lean additive. Were obtained samples of ceramic bricks containing 80 wt. % clay field «Lukoml», as well as sand and a fine fraction of the molding burnt earth in various proportions. The properties of the obtained samples, their structure and phase composition have been studied. It has been established that with an increase in the content of waste, the properties of ceramic bricks change insignificantly. Therefore, it is proposed to use 20 wt. % of the finely dispersed fraction of the burnt molding earth, i.e., completely replace the quartz sand with waste. On the basis of experimental studies, firing at a temperature of 1000 °C with isothermal holding for 60 minutes was chosen. It has been established that the obtained samples of ceramic bricks correspond to GOST 530-2012 «Ceramic brick and stone. General Specifications», stamp 300.
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Bassah, E. J., and W. K. Joshua. "Assessing the Correlation between Brick Properties and Firing Hours of Locally Produced Clay-burnt Bricks in Taraba State, Nigeria." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 1 (2021): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2021.6.1.2324.
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The use of burnt-clay bricks is increasing in rural areas because of its availability and low cost. However, the burning of bricks locally at unknown temperatures will likely result in the production of bricks that are unfit for construction purposes. The study assesses the minimum number of days bricks require to attain the minimum stipulated standards for compressive strength and water absorption. The results obtained were compared to the NIS 87: 2000 standards to assess their conformity. From the study results, the mean compressive strength of bricks (1.576 N/mm², 2.306 N/mm², 3.634 N/mm²) at 48, 72 and 96 hours of firing fails to attain the target value of 5N/mm² as stipulated by the NIS building code. However, the mean compressive strength after 120 hours (5.386 N/mm²) attains the stipulated unit value. The water absorption rate displayed similar findings with mean values of 37.12%, 34.2%, 28.88% failing to conform with the stipulated 20% standards. However, the mean of water absorption after 120 hours (21.02%) has no significant difference and hence conforms to the stipulated value. This therefore means that bricks should be burnt far beyond the 120 hours in order to safely conform to 5N/mm² and 20% compressive strength and water absorption respectively.
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Bassah, E. J., and W. K. Joshua. "Assessing the Correlation between Brick Properties and Firing Hours of Locally Produced Clay-burnt Bricks in Taraba State, Nigeria." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 1 (2021): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2021.6.1.2324.
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The use of burnt-clay bricks is increasing in rural areas because of its availability and low cost. However, the burning of bricks locally at unknown temperatures will likely result in the production of bricks that are unfit for construction purposes. The study assesses the minimum number of days bricks require to attain the minimum stipulated standards for compressive strength and water absorption. The results obtained were compared to the NIS 87: 2000 standards to assess their conformity. From the study results, the mean compressive strength of bricks (1.576 N/mm², 2.306 N/mm², 3.634 N/mm²) at 48, 72 and 96 hours of firing fails to attain the target value of 5N/mm² as stipulated by the NIS building code. However, the mean compressive strength after 120 hours (5.386 N/mm²) attains the stipulated unit value. The water absorption rate displayed similar findings with mean values of 37.12%, 34.2%, 28.88% failing to conform with the stipulated 20% standards. However, the mean of water absorption after 120 hours (21.02%) has no significant difference and hence conforms to the stipulated value. This therefore means that bricks should be burnt far beyond the 120 hours in order to safely conform to 5N/mm² and 20% compressive strength and water absorption respectively.
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Jayasinghe, C. "Comparative Performance of Burnt Clay Bricks and Compressed Stabilized Earth Bricks and Blocks." Engineer: Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka 40, no. 2 (2007): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v40i2.7137.
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Selwyn Babu, J., and D. Hemanth. "Revolutionizing concrete construction: Harnessing the potential of low-shrinkage over-burnt clay bricks as sustainable coarse aggregate." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1409, no. 1 (2024): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1409/1/012029.
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Abstract This paper presents a study on the feasibility of using low-shrinkage over-burnt clay bricks as a sustainable coarse aggregate in concrete mixes. The research encompasses a thorough evaluation of mechanical and durability properties to assess the performance of these mixes in structural and durable applications. Mechanical strength tests, including compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity, were conducted to evaluate structural behaviour. The results indicate that the mix with 30% brick aggregate replacement demonstrated competitive compressive strength at 28 days, showing promise for structural use. Additionally, split tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity displayed favourable trends over time, suggesting improved structural performance. Durability properties assessment focused on concrete bond strength, water absorption, permeable voids, sorptivity, and resistance to chloride diffusion. The mix with 30% replacement exhibited the highest bond strength at 28 days and the lowest water absorption, indicating enhanced durability. Sorptivity values showed reduced water absorption rates, particularly for mixes with higher replacement levels, highlighting improved resistance to moisture ingress. Resistance to chloride diffusion varied with replacement levels, with the 30% replacement mix demonstrating satisfactory performance. Overall, the concrete mixes with varying levels of brick aggregate replacement, particularly the 30% replacement mix, exhibited favourable performance across mechanical and durability tests. These findings suggest the potential of low-shrinkage over-burnt clay bricks as a sustainable alternative in concrete production, offering enhanced structural strength and durability for sustainable construction practices.
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Hossain, MB, Z. Barman, and M. Dey. "Properties of locally available river dredged soil stabilized with cement." Progressive Agriculture 32, no. 1 (2021): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v32i1.55717.
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In Bangladesh, the topsoil of agricultural land is being used to manufacture burnt clay bricks for a long time. This is one of the major reasons for reducing the cultivable land every year. But, we have a huge amount of River Dredged Soil (RDS) available that could be used for manufacturing building materials as an alternate to the conventional bricks. In this regard, the present study has been performed to investigate various properties of RDS from the Brahmaputra River and different mixes of RDS containing different percentages of cement content. The physical properties such as specific gravity, unit weight, mean diameter, maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of RDS were determined following standard procedures. Cylindrical specimens of RDS were prepared by mixing with different amounts of cement content. All the specimens were cured for 7, 14, and 28 days before testing. Water absorption of the RDS-cement specimens after 28 days was found between 14 to 18% which is in the range of first-class burnt clay brick. It was found that the water absorption decreases with the increase in the percentages of cement content. The unconfined compressive strength was observed to increase with the increment of cement content as well as curing age. The maximum unconfined strength was recorded for the specimens containing 14% cement and the rate of strength increment was about 45% in two weeks. It means the addition of cement with RDS will definitely increase the strength. But, the maximum use of cement must be decided based on the required strength and economic consideration. The deformation at failure was found decrease with the increase in cement content. This indicates that the stiffness of the stabilized RDS would increase upon the increment of cement content. Based on the above test results, it is concluded that the dredged soil from Brahmaputra River can be stabilized with cement for making compressed earth block which would be an alternative to the burnt clay brick that uses valued agricultural soil as raw material.
 Progressive Agriculture 32 (1): 71-77, 2021
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Vaknin, Yoav, Ron Shaar, Oded Lipschits, Adi Eliyahu Behar, Aren M. Maeir, and Erez Ben-Yosef. "Applying thermal demagnetization to archaeological materials: A tool for detecting burnt clay and estimating its firing temperature." PLOS ONE 18, no. 10 (2023): e0289424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289424.
Full textAbstract:
Burnt materials are very common in the archaeological record. Their identification and the reconstruction of their firing history are crucial for reliable archaeological interpretations. Commonly used methods are limited in their ability to identify and estimate heating temperatures below ~500⁰C and cannot reconstruct the orientation in which these materials were burnt. Stepwise thermal demagnetization is widely used in archaeomagnetism, but its use for identifying burnt materials and reconstructing paleotemperatures requires further experimental verification. Here we present an experimental test that has indicated that this method is useful for identifying the firing of mud bricks to 190⁰C or higher. Application of the method to oriented samples also enables reconstruction of the position in which they cooled down. Our algorithm for interpreting thermal demagnetization results was tested on 49 miniature sun-dried “mud bricks”, 46 of which were heated to a range of temperatures between 100⁰C to 700⁰C under a controlled magnetic field and three “bricks” which were not heated and used as a control group. The results enabled distinguishing between unheated material and material heated to at least 190⁰C and accurately recovering the minimum heating temperature of the latter. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) on the same materials demonstrated how the two methods complement each other. We implemented the thermal demagnetization method on burnt materials from an Iron Age structure at Tell es-Safi/Gath (central Israel), which led to a revision of the previously published understanding of this archaeological context. We demonstrated that the conflagration occurred within the structure, and not only in its vicinity as previously suggested. We also showed that a previously published hypothesis that bricks were fired in a kiln prior to construction is very unlikely. Finally, we conclude that the destruction of the structure occurred in a single event and not in stages over several decades.
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Hassan, Ali, Md Atowar Rahman Prodhan, Saydur Rahman Rayad, Md Zakaria, Abdullah Al Mamun, and Mst Julia Akter. "Enhancing the Mechanical and Durability Properties of Burnt Clay Bricks Using Waste Glass Powder." European Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology 2, no. 6 (2024): 234–46. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(6).25.
Full textAbstract:
The increased demand for construction materials and environmental hazards due to industrial-associated wastes provide scope for sustainable solution pathways. Hence, this study focused on determining the possibility of using waste glass powder as a replacement for clay in burnt clay bricks for improved mechanical performance and durability. According to the tests performed under ASTM, the bricks were executed for compressive strength, modulus of rupture, water absorption, apparent porosity, efflorescence resistance, and ultrasonic pulse velocity for various WGP substitutions starting from 0% and ending with 25%. The results of the tests indicated that samples with up to 20% recorded the highest increase in compressive strength and modulus of rupture of approximately 25% and 41%, respectively. Excellent results proved that WGP improved structure integrity and durability, enhancing their potential as a waste management solution as an eco-friendly additive that reduces dependence on natural clay. This study concluded that the WGP-modified bricks can be a valid replacement for sustainable construction applications. To enhance the suitability of WGP for sustainable construction, more studies must be carried out on optimizing firing parameters, long-term durability evaluation, and scaling up production processes to facilitate broader industrial adoption.
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Hassan, Ali, Md Atowar Rahman Prodhan, Saydur Rahman Rayad, Md Zakaria, Mamun Abdullah Al, and Mst Julia Akter. "Enhancing the Mechanical and Durability Properties of Burnt Clay Bricks Using Waste Glass Powder." European Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology 2, no. 6 (2024): 234–46. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(6).25.
Full textAbstract:
The increased demand for construction materials and environmental hazards due to industrial-associated wastes provide scope for sustainable solution pathways. Hence, this study focused on determining the possibility of using waste glass powder as a replacement for clay in burnt clay bricks for improved mechanical performance and durability. According to the tests performed under ASTM, the bricks were executed for compressive strength, modulus of rupture, water absorption, apparent porosity, efflorescence resistance, and ultrasonic pulse velocity for various WGP substitutions starting from 0% and ending with 25%. The results of the tests indicated that samples with up to 20% recorded the highest increase in compressive strength and modulus of rupture of approximately 25% and 41%, respectively. Excellent results proved that WGP improved structure integrity and durability, enhancing their potential as a waste management solution as an eco-friendly additive that reduces dependence on natural clay. This study concluded that the WGP-modified bricks can be a valid replacement for sustainable construction applications. To enhance the suitability of WGP for sustainable construction, more studies must be carried out on optimizing firing parameters, long-term durability evaluation, and scaling up production processes to facilitate broader industrial adoption.
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Logvyn, Natalia. "SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF BUILDING MATERIALS OF ANCIENT KYYIVAN MONUMENTS OF THE X-TH - THE XIІ-TH CENTURIES". Current problems of architecture and urban planning, № 58 (30 листопада 2020): 260–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2020.58.260-271.
Full textAbstract:
The development of brickwork technique in ancient Kyyiv dates back to the X- th century. Old Rus` monuments’ masonry was made of large thin bricks called “plynfa” and lime-and-ceramic mortar. The size of the X-th – the XII-th brick sides varies from 27 to 36 cm, its thickness – from 2.5 to 4.5 cm.
 Different kinds of clay and loess extracted from the territory of Kyyiv and its vicinities were used as a raw material for brick and ceramic addition to mortar. That is why bricks in Kyyivan monuments differ in colour from light yellow to orange and dark red. Some gruss or cut straw were used as addition to fat clay.
 Limestone was brought to Kyyiv from Chernihiv area and lime mortar was produced in lime kilns situated near building sites. Ceramic addition to mortar called “tsemianka” was of refined clay, and crushed brick waste was used as well.
 Bricks were burnt under the temperature of 1000 – 1200 degrees C. That’s why bricks were very firm regardless of chink-like pores appeared as a result of hand-moulding of brick.
 The author took some investigation for the purpose to determine physical and mechanical properties of ancient bricks of Kyyivan monuments. Bricks were picked out of excavations or waste after building repairs. Small cubes were cut out of bricks with the height equal to brick thickness. Those samples were examined concerning their strength by compressing them perpendicularly to the sides the bricks were bedded in mortar.
 The strength of samples varied from 100 to 200-300 kg per sq.cm, water absorption was 10 % to 20 %. Some bricks taken from the Cathedral of the Assumption of Kyyiv-Pechersk monastery were the most firm. The strength of those samples was about 400-500 kg per sq. cm, their water absorption was the smallest, about 5.6 %.
 Because of high porosity and water absorption of building materials the surface of ancient masonry was exposed to destruction under the influence of temperature overfalls and precipitation, as it can be seen on the open parts of walls of the Old Rus` monuments. To prevent destruction of masonry, the walls of ancient monuments were covered with fine lime-and-ceramic mortar. Fragments of original plaster can be found on the walls of the XI-th century monuments St.Sophia Cathedral and St.Michael Church of Vydubychy monastery in Kyyiv.
 High level of well-developed building technique and high quality of building materials caused durability of ancient masonry and constructions in Kyyivan monuments, which preserved until nowadays.
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Govindan, Balaji, Mukesh P, Nitheesh R S, et al. "Performance assessment on manufacturing of unfired bricks using industrial wastes." E3S Web of Conferences 399 (2023): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339903001.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents eco-friendly unburnt bricks made up of fly ash, waste plastic powder, waste glass powder, lime, gypsum and crusher sand as alternatives to conventional burnt clay bricks for sustainable development. The research focuses on the maximum utilization of industrial waste in eco-friendly unburnt brick production. Materials are characterized according to their chemical and geotechnical properties. In this research, we use a milled waste glass powder of size less than 600μm and plastic powder obtained from plastic waste of size less than 600μm are added along with crushed sand, gypsum, lime and fly ash with various mix proportions concerning FaL-G mix concept. All the proportions were taken on a weight basis. Compressive strength, water absorption, and efflorescence are the key parameters chosen for comparing the innovative brick with conventional fly ash brick. There are five different mixes (Type A, B, C, D & E) are made in this research. The plastic and glass powders are replaced by crusher sand at the increased rate of 2% in every mix whereas 2%,4%,6%,8%, and 10%. It was found that the type B bricks have 17.63% strength was increased when compared to base mix. From the test results, type B bricks have enhanced mechanical performance when compared to all other mixes.
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Ranjan, Satish, and Tarun Sharma. "Evaluating the properties of compressed soil earth blocks after the addition of bagasse ash, marble powder and paddy straw." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1110, no. 1 (2023): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1110/1/012005.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Constructing structures and their establishments with the help of non-toxic and ecological materials that reduce the environmental damages caused in the process and help protect nature can be termed sustainable construction. Red burnt clay bricks are being used for the construction which requires a lot of energy in the process. For the preparation of these bricks, cement is used as a stabilizer and we all are aware that the production of cement releases a lot of energy. Red burnt clay bricks are burnt in kilns which pollutes the environment. Many countries have started using compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEBs) to overcome these situations. CSBEs are the blocks consisting of clay and one or more stabilizers which are compressed together with the help of a manual press or machines. This study used waste materials like rice straw, marble dust, and bagasse ash as stabilizers. Using waste materials in CSEBs can help us in sustainable development and also will help in reducing the cost of construction. In this study, rice straw is used in the percentages 0.75%, 0.90%, and 1.05%. Marble dust is used in the percentages of 8%, 10%, and 12%. And bagasse ash is used in the percentages of 27%, 32%, and 37%. A total of 27 combinations were selected with these percentages. And for each test, 2 blocks of size 220mm x 100mm x 100mm and beams of size 500mm x 100mm x 100mm were prepared. These blocks were cured by the sprinkling of water for 28 days. Various tests like OMC & MDD, and Flexural Strength were performed in this study.
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Afzal, Qasim, Safeer Abbas, Wasim Abbass, Ali Ahmed, Rizwan Azam, and M. Rizwan Riaz. "Characterization of sustainable interlocking burnt clay brick wall panels: An alternative to conventional bricks." Construction and Building Materials 231 (January 2020): 117190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117190.
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Nazimi, Karishma, Juan Jose Castro, Shogo Omi, and Mohammad Ajmal Stanikzai. "Investigating the Compressive Strength of Clay Brick Masonry: A Case Study of Nangarhar, Afghanistan." Buildings 14, no. 12 (2024): 3882. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14123882.
Full textAbstract:
In Afghanistan, masonry structures using burnt clay bricks have long been used for public and private buildings. However, still, there is no standard for masonry structural design based on local material properties. This study investigated the compressive strength of clay brick masonry prisms in Nangarhar, Afghanistan, through experimental testing and finite element modeling (FEM). Three brick classes, with compressive strengths between 8 and 14 MPa, were used to construct prism specimens. The research aimed to propose specific values for masonry compressive strength using local materials and examine the effects of brick strength (fb), mortar strength (fj), joint thickness (tj), and slenderness ratio (h/t) on masonry compressive strength (fm). Test results showed fm values of 17.2 MPa for first-class, 10.0 MPa for second-class, and 7.6 MPa for third-class brick masonry, indicating the influence of the brick’s quality. Key findings showed that an increase in fb causes an equal increase in fm, a 5% increase in fj leads to a 1% increase in fm, a 5 mm increase in tj gives an 8% fm increase, and a 5.5% increase in h/t results in a 1% decrease in fm. The research provides valuable information for evaluating the compressive strength of masonry structures based on the quality of local materials, which can be used to revise Chapter 7 of the Afghanistan Building Code, 2012.