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Journal articles on the topic 'Burrowing mammal'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Haussmann, Natalie S. "Soil movement by burrowing mammals." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 41, no. 1 (2016): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133316662569.

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Mammal burrowing plays an important role in soil translocation and habitat creation in many environments. As a consequence, many burrowing mammals have at some point been studied in an ecosystem engineering context. From a geomorphological point of view, one of the focus areas of burrowing mammal research is on the amount of soil that is excavated and the rate at which this happens. As such, reviews exist on the volumes and rates of sediment removal by burrowing mammals in specific environments or for specific groups of species. Here, a standardised comparison of mammal burrowing across a broad range of burrowing mammal species and environments is provided, focussing on both burrow volume and excavation rate. Through an ISI Web of Science-based literature search, articles presenting estimates of burrow volumes and/or excavation rate were identified. Relationships between species body size and burrow volume/excavation rate were explored and the influence of sociality and method of burrow volume estimation were assessed. The results show that, although larger species construct larger burrows, it is the smaller species that remove more sediment per unit time at larger, site-level spatial scales. Burrow volume estimates are, however, independent of species sociality (solitary versus group-living) and method of burrow volume estimation (excavation-based versus mound-based). These results not only confirm previously established relationships between species body size and burrow volume, but, more importantly, they also add to this, by exploring larger scale impacts of burrowing mammals along a body size gradient.

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2

Baláž, Ivan, and Martina Zigová. "Flea Communities on Small Mammals in Lowland Environment." Ekológia (Bratislava) 39, no. 3 (2020): 260–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eko-2020-0020.

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AbstractThe landscape of south-western Slovakia is characterised by anthropogenous reshaping, while fragments of undisturbed, waterlogged habitats have been preserved in what remains of the meandering ancient Žitava River. These refuges are inhabited by various small mammal species and their blood-sucking ectoparasites. Between 2014 and 2018, research on them was carried out in Slovakia’s Danubian Lowland (Podunajská nížina) during three out of the four seasons (spring, summer and autumn). The small mammals were captured at 27 localities. The occurrence of nine flee species from the Hystrichopsyllidae, Ctenophthalmidae and Ceratophyllidae families was documented on 12 small burrowing mammals. During the course of all the seasons in which research was conducted, Ctenophthalmus agyrtes, C. assimilis, Megabothris turbidus a Nosopsyllus fasciatus were found, among the most dominant species to be seen on small burrowing mammals.

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3

Thornett, Elizabeth, Bertram Ostendorf, and David A. Taggart. "Interspecies co-use of southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) burrows." Australian Mammalogy 39, no. 2 (2017): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am15052.

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Burrows can provide refuge for both burrowing and non-burrowing species within harsh environments through protection from climatic extremes, water loss and predation. In Australia, however, despite having a rich diversity of burrowing mammals, little is known about the use of burrows by non-burrowing species. This study aimed to identify the extent of co-use of southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) burrows on Wedge Island off the coast of South Australia. Burrow use was monitored using 34 motion-activated cameras placed outside wombat burrows between March and September 2015. Eleven species were found to use burrows, with six commensal species observed using burrows on numerous occasions. These included two mammal species (black-footed rock-wallaby, Petrogale lateralis pearsoni; brush-tailed bettong, Bettongia penicillata), three reptile species (peninsula dragon, Ctenophorus fionni; southern sand-skink, Liopholis multiscutata; White’s skink, Liopholis whitii), and one avian species (little penguin, Eudyptula minor). The most common species observed using burrows was the black-footed rock-wallaby, which was recorded using burrows 1795 times. Observations of wombats using burrows were made 1674 times. The prevalent use of burrows on Wedge Island by species other than wombats is an observation with potentially important and broad ecological, conservation, and management implications across Australia’s arid and semiarid zones.

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Smith, Matthew Denman, and Courtney J. Conway. "Collection of Mammal Manure and Other Debris By Nesting Burrowing Owls." Journal of Raptor Research 45, no. 3 (2011): 220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3356/jrr-10-63.1.

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5

Woodroffe, Rosie, and John L. Hoogland. "The Black-Tailed Prairie Dog: Social Life of a Burrowing Mammal." Journal of Animal Ecology 65, no. 3 (1996): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/5887.

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6

Nunes, Scott. "The black-tailed prairie dog: Social life of a burrowing mammal." Animal Behaviour 50, no. 4 (1995): 1138–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(95)80115-4.

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7

Koprowski, John L., and John L. Hoogland. "The Black-Tailed Prairie Dog: Social Life of a Burrowing Mammal." Journal of Wildlife Management 60, no. 4 (1996): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3802401.

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8

Thapa, Prakash. "An Overview of Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla): Its General Biology, Status, Distribution and Conservation Threats in Nepal." Initiation 5 (April 19, 2014): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10267.

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Chinese Pangolin is nocturnal, shy, non-aggressive, solitary, strange and burrowing mammal which has received low scientific attention. Little information is known about its biology, distribution and status. In Nepal it is distributed in many districts and protected areas. The status of this mammal is decreasing in the country but there is no any research regarding its biology, status and distribution. Although, this mammal is protected nationally and internationally, it is facing too much problems due to habitat destruction and illegal trade. This article mainly focuses on the biology, status, distribution and conservation threats of this ecologically beneficial handsome creature. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10267 The Initiation 2013 Vol.5; 164-170

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9

Smith, Matthew D., and Courtney J. Conway. "Use of mammal manure by nesting burrowing owls: a test of four functional hypotheses." Animal Behaviour 73, no. 1 (2007): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.05.012.

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10

Bannister, Hannah L., Catherine E. Lynch, and Katherine E. Moseby. "Predator swamping and supplementary feeding do not improve reintroduction success for a threatened Australian mammal, Bettongia lesueur." Australian Mammalogy 38, no. 2 (2016): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am15020.

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Broad-scale Australian mammal declines following European settlement have resulted in many species becoming regionally or globally extinct. Attempts to reintroduce native mammals are often unsuccessful due to a suboptimal number of founders being used, high rates of predation and a lack of knowledge of the reintroduction biology for the species concerned. We trialled predator swamping and supplementary feeding in an attempt to offset predation and improve reintroduction success for the burrowing bettong (Bettongia lesueur) in arid South Australia. We compared population longevity of a large release group (1266 animals) with five releases of smaller groups (~50 animals at each). We compared release sites with (n = 5) and without (n = 1) supplementary food to determine whether site fidelity, body condition and reproduction were affected, and whether these traits aided population establishment. Predator swamping did not facilitate reintroduction success, with no bettongs detected more than 122 days after release. While supplementary food increased site fidelity and persistence at release sites, bettongs failed to establish successfully at any site. Neither predator swamping nor supplementary feeding enhanced reintroduction success at our sites but results suggested that supplementary feeding should be explored as an aid to reintroduction success for Australian mammals.

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11

Benshemesh, Joe. "Backfilled tunnels provide a novel and efficient method of revealing an elusive Australian burrowing mammal." Journal of Mammalogy 95, no. 5 (2014): 1054–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/14-mamm-a-051.

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12

Finlayson, GR, GA Shimmin, PD Temple-Smith, K. Handasyde, and DA Taggart. "Monitoring the activity of a southern hairy-nosed wombat, Lasiorhinus latifrons, using temperature dataloggers." Australian Mammalogy 25, no. 2 (2003): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am03205.

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THERE is limited information on the activity of the southern hairy-nosed wombat, Lasiorhinus latifrons, due predominantly to the cryptic nature of this species and its burrowing lifestyle. As part of a recent field study of L. latifrons, temperature data loggers were employed to determine the usefulness of this equipment for studying activity patterns in this species including; emergence times, total length of bouts of activity, patterns and variation in activity throughout the year. Data from this pilot study suggest that temperature dataloggers provide an extremely useful and relatively non-invasive means of determining activity patterns in a semi-fossorial mammal.

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13

Louw, M. A., P. C. le Roux, E. Meyer-Milne, and N. S. Haussmann. "Mammal burrowing in discrete landscape patches further increases soil and vegetation heterogeneity in an arid environment." Journal of Arid Environments 141 (June 2017): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.02.007.

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14

Holtze, Susanne, Rosie Koch, Thomas Bernd Hildebrandt, et al. "Hematologic adaptation to the subterranean environment by the naked mole-rat, Heterocephalus glaber (Ctenohystrica: Heterocephalidae)." Journal of Mammalogy 101, no. 4 (2020): 1000–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyaa053.

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Abstract One method burrowing animals are hypothesized to use in adapting to the presumed hypoxic subterranean environment is increasing the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. A number of recent studies have examined hematologic parameters in laboratory-reared naked mole-rats, but not in animals living under natural atmospheric conditions. To our knowledge, blood chemistry parameters have never been systematically assessed in a fossorial mammal. In this study we examined the blood of wild naked mole-rats in Kenya and Ethiopia to determine whether their blood chemistry differs significantly from naked mole-rats born and living in captivity. We also compared our results to published values for hystricomorphs, other subterranean rodents, and surface-dwelling rodents of similar size.

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15

Legendre, Lucas J., and Jennifer Botha-Brink. "Digging the compromise: investigating the link between limb bone histology and fossoriality in the aardvark (Orycteropus afer)." PeerJ 6 (July 11, 2018): e5216. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5216.

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Bone microstructure has long been known as a powerful tool to investigate lifestyle-related biomechanical constraints, and many studies have focused on identifying such constraints in the limb bones of aquatic or arboreal mammals in recent years. The limb bone microstructure of fossorial mammals, however, has not been extensively described. Furthermore, so far, studies on this subject have always focused on the bone histology of small burrowers, such as subterranean rodents or true moles. Physiological constraints associated with digging, however, are known to be strongly influenced by body size, and larger burrowers are likely to exhibit a histological profile more conspicuously influenced by fossorial activity. Here, we describe for the first time the limb bone histology of the aardvark (Orycteropus afer), the largest extant burrowing mammal. The general pattern is very similar for all six sampled limb bones (i.e., humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, and fibula). Most of the cortex at midshaft is comprised of compacted coarse cancellous bone (CCCB), an endosteal tissue formed in the metaphyses through the compaction of bony trabeculae. Conversely, the periosteal bone is highly resorbed in all sections, and is reduced to a thin outer layer, suggesting a pattern of strong cortical drift. This pattern contrasts with that of most large mammals, in which cortical bone is of mostly periosteal origin, and CCCB, being a very compliant bone tissue type, is usually resorbed or remodeled during ontogeny. The link between histology and muscle attachment sites, as well as the influence of the semi-arid environment and ant-eating habits of the aardvark on its bone microstructure, are discussed. We hypothesize that the unusual histological profile of the aardvark is likely the outcome of physiological constraints due to both extensive digging behavior and strong metabolic restrictions. Adaptations to fossoriality are thus the result of a physiological compromise between limited food availability, an environment with high temperature variability, and the need for biomechanical resistance during digging. These results highlight the difficulties of deciphering all factors potentially involved in bone formation in fossorial mammals. Even though the formation and maintaining of CCCB through ontogeny in the aardvark cannot be unambiguously linked with its fossorial habits, a high amount of CCCB has been observed in the limb bones of other large burrowing mammals. The inclusion of such large burrowers in future histological studies is thus likely to improve our understanding of the functional link between bone growth and fossorial lifestyle in an evolutionary context.

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Koshkina, Alyona, Irina Grigoryeva, Viktor Tokarsky, et al. "Marmots from space: assessing population size and habitat use of a burrowing mammal using publicly available satellite images." Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation 6, no. 2 (2019): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rse2.138.

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17

Villablanca, Francis X., Christopher P. Kofron, Lauralea Oliver, Michael J. Walgren, Lisa E. Andreano, and Alexandra Thiel. "Survey for Morro Bay Kangaroo Rat: A Rare Mammal of Uncertain Status." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 12, no. 1 (2020): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-20-022.

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Abstract The Morro Bay kangaroo rat Dipodomys heermanni morroensis is a small, nocturnal, burrowing rodent endemic to the vicinity of Morro Bay in San Luis Obispo County, California. It was listed as endangered pursuant to the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 1973. Despite many searches over three decades, the Morro Bay kangaroo rat has not been captured or sighted in the wild since 1986. While recognizing that the Morro Bay kangaroo rat may be extinct, two of us in a previous paper also speculated it may be persisting at extremely low density in isolated colonies and recommended surveying with wildlife scent-detection dogs and baited camera traps. We searched with a wildlife scent-detection dog and baited camera traps in four historically occupied areas and detected no Morro Bay kangaroo rats. Unfortunately, our data combined with all other existing data do not allow us to conclude whether the Morro Bay kangaroo rat is extinct or extant. Essentially, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature international standard has not been met to make a definitive determination of extinction. That is, a species should be considered extinct only when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. We acknowledge that because of resource limitation we surveyed only a small sample of the numerous patches of habitat in the expansive landscape. Further, we now consider the Morro Bay sand spit (total area 4.35 km2, foredunes 3.75 km2), a peripheral area, as potentially part of the geographic range with suitable habitat, and it has never been searched. Therefore, considering all available information, we conclude that the Morro Bay kangaroo rat must be considered as possibly extant. We recommend that search efforts continue in several specific areas, including the Morro Bay sand spit. If the Morro Bay kangaroo rat still exists, it will be challenging and difficult to rediscover because of its likely low density and patchy distribution in the expansive landscape, combined with its small size, nocturnal nature, and secretive lifestyle.

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18

Cuthbert, Richard J., Ross M. Wanless, Andrea Angel, et al. "Drivers of predatory behavior and extreme size in house mice Mus musculus on Gough Island." Journal of Mammalogy 97, no. 2 (2016): 533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyv199.

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Abstract In comparison to the mainland, populations of rodents on islands are often characterized by a suite of life history characteristics termed the “island syndrome.” Populations of rodents introduced to islands are also well known for their impacts on native species that have evolved in the absence of mammalian predators. We studied the ecology and behavior of introduced house mice Mus musculus on Gough Island where they are the only terrestrial mammal and where their predatory behavior is having a devastating impact on the island’s burrowing petrel (order Procellariiformes ) population and the Critically Endangered Tristan albatross Diomedea dabbenena . Mice on Gough exhibit extreme features of the island syndrome, including: a body mass 50–60% greater than any other island mouse population, peak densities among the highest recorded for island populations, and low seasonal variation in numbers compared to other studied islands. Seasonal patterns of breeding and survival were linked to body condition and mass, and mice in areas with high chick predation rates were able to maintain higher mass and condition during the winter when mouse mortality rates peak. Within-site patterns of chick predation indicate that proximity to neighboring predated nests and nesting densities are important factors in determining the likelihood of predation. We conclude that selection for extreme body mass and predatory behavior of mice result from enhanced overwinter survival. Small mammal populations at temperate and high latitudes are normally limited by high mortality during the winter, but on Gough Island mice avoid that by exploiting the island’s abundant seabird chicks.

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19

Gür, H., and M. Kart Gür. "Is spatial variation in food availability an explanation for a Bergmannian size pattern in a North American hibernating, burrowing mammal? An information-theoretic approach." Journal of Zoology 287, no. 2 (2012): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00893.x.

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20

Mahmood, Tariq, Faraz Akrim, Nausheen Irshad, et al. "Distribution and illegal killing of the Endangered Indian pangolin Manis crassicaudata on the Potohar Plateau, Pakistan." Oryx 53, no. 1 (2017): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317000023.

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AbstractThe Endangered Indian pangolin Manis crassicaudata, a burrowing, armoured mammal, plays an important role in the food web by consuming insects and termites. In Pakistan the species’ range includes the 22,000 km2 Potohar Plateau, where it is under pressure from illegal hunting for its scales and requires conservation attention. We used a geographical information system to quantify the range of the Indian pangolin on the Plateau and to compare this with the range estimated in the IUCN Red List assessment of the species. We found that the species occupies c. 89% of the Plateau, in eight of the 10 protected areas, compared with the IUCN estimate of 71%, and we recorded the species at 40 locations on the Plateau outside the range predicted by the IUCN assessment. We collected data on the illegal capture and killing of the species, recording 412 individuals that had been killed at 48 locations between January 2011 and the end of April 2013. The highest number of killings was recorded in Chakwal District (n = 156, at 13 sites) followed by the Attock District (n = 149, at eight sites). Although the Indian pangolin's range on the Potohar Plateau is c. 18% larger than that estimated in the IUCN assessment, the species is under pressure from illegal killing and requires urgent conservation measures to save the small remaining population and avoid the extirpation of this vital insectivorous predator from the area.

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21

GORMAN, MARTYN. "HOOGLAND, J. The black-tailed prairie-dog. Social life of a burrowing mammal. The University of Chicago Press: 1995. Pp 223. Price £71.95. ISBN 0-226-35117-3." Archives of Natural History 23, no. 2 (1996): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.1996.23.2.307.

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22

Machicote, Marcela, Lyn C. Branch, and Diego Villarreal. "Burrowing owls and burrowing mammals: are ecosystem engineers interchangeable as facilitators?" Oikos 106, no. 3 (2004): 527–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13139.x.

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23

Beresford, N. A., C. L. Barnett, J. Vives i Batlle, et al. "Exposure of burrowing mammals to 222Rn." Science of The Total Environment 431 (August 2012): 252–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.023.

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24

Dmitriev, P. P. "ZOOLOGICAL GEOMORPHOLOGY OR GEOECOLOGY OF BURROWING MAMMALS." Geomorphology RAS, no. 2 (July 23, 2015): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.15356/0435-4281-2007-2-3-18.

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25

Hubbs, Anne H., Tim Karels, and Rudy Boonstra. "Indices of Population Size for Burrowing Mammals." Journal of Wildlife Management 64, no. 1 (2000): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3803002.

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26

Харченко and Nikolay Kharchenko. "Trophic characteristics of burrowing animals of different ecological groups in the conditions of the central forest steppe." Forestry Engineering Journal 4, no. 3 (2014): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/6275.

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Allocation to food spectra of burrowing ani-mals of different ecological groups has its own specifics that reflect their biotopical distribu-tion. Burrowing mammals of the region is cha-racterized by a combination of different types of plant and animal feeds. Heterophagous and omnivorous in a region of anthropogenic land-scapes is in progress. Burrowing animals, with permanent and long-lasting relationship with burrow (geoaerobionts and geobionts) trophic relations maintain the high level of stability and clear trophic specialization (zoophages or herbivores).

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27

Black, Thomas A., and David R. Montgomery. "Sediment transport by burrowing mammals, Marin County, California." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 16, no. 2 (1991): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290160207.

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28

Markwiese, James T., Brett Tiller, Randall T. Ryti, and Roy Bauer. "Using Artificial Burrows to Evaluate Inhalation Risks to Burrowing Mammals." Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 4, no. 4 (2008): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/ieam_2008-013.1.

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29

Rosario Carotenuto, Angelo, Federico Guarracino, Radim Šumbera, and Massimiliano Fraldi. "Burrowing below ground: interaction between soil mechanics and evolution of subterranean mammals." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 17, no. 162 (2020): 20190521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0521.

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The evolution of species is governed by complex phenomena in which biological and environmental features may interact dynamically. Subterranean mammals dig tunnels whose diameter minimizes energetic costs during excavations and display anatomical adaptations in order to burrow structurally stable tunnels according to specific features of the soil. These animals weight from less than 50 g up to 1–2 kg, and dig tunnels with diameters from 3 to 15 cm. The use of allometric laws has enabled these data to be correlated. However, since tunnels need to be stable with respect to the geomechanical characteristics of the resident soils, a mathematical treatment linking the admissible dimensions of tunnels to the environment here suggests a mechanically grounded correlation between the body mass of subterranean mammals and the maximum dimensions of tunnels. Remarkably, such theoretical findings reflect very well the empirical allometric relationship and contribute to explain the wide differences observed in body sizes of subterranean mammals. In this respect, a far from ancillary role of environmental mechanics on the morphological evolution of subterranean mammals can be hypothesized.

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Gambaryan, P. P., O. V. Zherebtsova, and V. V. Platonov. "Morphofunctional analysis of the cervical-thoracic region in some burrowing mammals." Russian Journal of Theriology 4, no. 1 (2005): 13–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15298/rusjtheriol.04.1.02.

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Archer, Michael, Robin Beck, Miranda Gott, Suzanne Hand, Henk Godthelp, and Karen Black. "Australia's first fossil marsupial mole (Notoryctemorphia) resolves controversies about their evolution and palaeoenvironmental origins." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1711 (2010): 1498–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1943.

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Fossils of a marsupial mole (Marsupialia, Notoryctemorphia, Notoryctidae) are described from early Miocene deposits in the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, northwestern Queensland, Australia. These represent the first unequivocal fossil record of the order Notoryctemorphia, the two living species of which are among the world's most specialized and bizarre mammals, but which are also convergent on certain fossorial placental mammals (most notably chrysochlorid golden moles). The fossil remains are genuinely ‘transitional', documenting an intermediate stage in the acquisition of a number of specializations and showing that one of these—the dental morphology known as zalambdodonty—was acquired via a different evolutionary pathway than in placentals. They, thus, document a clear case of evolutionary convergence (rather than parallelism) between only distantly related and geographically isolated mammalian lineages—marsupial moles on the island continent of Australia and placental moles on most other, at least intermittently connected continents. In contrast to earlier presumptions about a relationship between the highly specialized body form of the blind, earless, burrowing marsupial moles and desert habitats, it is now clear that archaic burrowing marsupial moles were adapted to and probably originated in wet forest palaeoenvironments, preadapting them to movement through drier soils in the xeric environments of Australia that developed during the Neogene.

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Newediuk, Levi J., and James F. Hare. "Burrowing Richardson’s ground squirrels affect plant seedling assemblages via environmental but not seed bank changes." Current Zoology 66, no. 3 (2019): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoz047.

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Abstract In grassland ecosystems, burrowing mammals create disturbances, providing habitat for animal species and increasing plant community diversity. We investigated whether seedling assemblages on Richardson’s ground squirrel Urocitellus richardsonii mounds result from seed rearrangement or environmental changes that favor germination of certain species over others. To test whether ground squirrels rearrange the seed bank by burrowing, we compared seed compositions among mounds, burrows, and undisturbed soil. To test whether ground squirrels change environmental conditions, we compared soil nitrate and bare ground cover on and off mounds. We also compared seedlings that germinated on mounds with seedlings that germinated on artificial disturbances from which we removed aboveground vegetation. Soil nitrate and bare ground cover were significantly higher on mounds than artificial disturbances. While seed richness and abundance did not differ among mounds, burrows, and undisturbed soil, seedling richness was reduced on mounds relative to artificial disturbances. Burrowing disturbance favors seedlings that can capitalize on bare ground availability but are less able to immobilize nitrate, as opposed to perennial species that immobilize more nitrate but take longer to establish. Our results suggest that Richardson’s ground squirrels act as ecosystem engineers, although future research following succession on ground squirrel mounds is necessary to understand how they influence plant communities past the seedling stage.

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Blanco, Guillermo, Pedro Romero-Vidal, Martina Carrete, et al. "Burrowing Parrots Cyanoliseus patagonus as Long-Distance Seed Dispersers of Keystone Algarrobos, Genus Prosopis, in the Monte Desert." Diversity 13, no. 5 (2021): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13050204.

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Understanding of ecosystem structure and functioning requires detailed knowledge about plant–animal interactions, especially when keystone species are involved. The recent consideration of parrots as legitimate seed dispersers has widened the range of mechanisms influencing the life cycle of many plant species. We examined the interactions between the burrowing parrot Cyanoliseus patagonus and two dominant algarrobo trees (Prosopis alba and Prosopis nigra) in the Monte Desert, Argentina. We recorded the abundance and foraging behaviour of parrots; quantified the handling, consumption, wasting, and dispersal of ripe and unripe pods; and tested the viability of soft and hard ripe seeds wasted and transported by parrots. We found a high abundance of burrowing parrots. They predated on soft seeds from unripe pods while exclusively feeding upon pulp wrapping hard seeds from ripe pods. Frequent pod wasting beneath the plant or transport at a distance invariably implied the dispersal of multiple seeds in each event. Moreover, soft seeds retained viability after desiccation outside the mother plant, suggesting effective seed dispersal after partial pod predation due to a predator satiation effect. In about half of the foraging flocks, at least one parrot departed in flight with pods in its beak, with 10–34% of the flock components moving pods at distances averaging 238 m (P. alba) and 418 m (P. nigra). A snapshot sampling of faeces from livestock and wild mammals suggested a low frequency of seed dispersal by endozoochory and secondary dispersal by ants and dung beetles. The nomadic movements and long flights of burrowing parrots between breeding and foraging sites can lead to the dispersal of huge amounts of seeds across large areas that are sequentially exploited. Further research should evaluate the role of the burrowing parrot as a functionally unique species in the structure of the Monte Desert woods and the genetic structure of algarrobo species.

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LONG, RYAN A., ROELOF A. HUT, and BRIAN M. BARNES. "Simultaneous Collection of Body Temperature and Activity Data in Burrowing Mammals: a New Technique." Journal of Wildlife Management 71, no. 4 (2007): 1375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2006-399.

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Davidson, Ana D., James K. Detling, and James H. Brown. "Ecological roles and conservation challenges of social, burrowing, herbivorous mammals in the world's grasslands." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10, no. 9 (2012): 477–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/110054.

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Page, M. J., J. Kuiper, A. P. Kabat, and S. Legge. "A way to reduce interference with Elliott traps." Australian Mammalogy 35, no. 1 (2013): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am11045.

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Elliott traps are widely used in Australia to capture small terrestrial mammals. However, in some situations non-target species disturb the traps, resulting in fewer traps being available for the target species. This situation occurred on Faure Island Wildlife Sanctuary (Western Australia) where boodies (burrowing bettongs) were disturbing the Elliott traps deployed to monitor populations of shark bay mice and western barred bandicoots. This note presents the method used to alleviate this problem on Faure Island but would be more widely applicable in other situations where Elliott traps are disturbed by animals other than the target species.

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37

Short, J., and B. Turner. "The distribution and abundance of the burrowing bettong (Marsupialia : Macropoidea)." Wildlife Research 20, no. 4 (1993): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930525.

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The burrowing buttong (Bettongia lesueur) has been extinct on mainland Australia since the early 1960s, but was believed to persist on four islands off the coast of Western Australia-Bernier, Dorre, Barrow and Boodie. We surveyed these islands in 1988-89 to ascertain the status of bettongs and other endangered mammals. Bettongs were widespread and comparatively abundant on three islands but absent from the fourth. Bettongs occurred at estimated densities of c. 14-17km-2 on Bernier, Dorre and Barrow Islands, suggesting approximate minimum populations of 650, 1000 and 3400 respectively and a total minimum population for the species of c. 5000 individuals. It would appear that a poisoning campaign in 1985 to eliminate Rattus rattus from Boodie Island also eliminated the bettong. The burrowing bettong has apparently been absent from a fifth island and its type locality, Dirk Hartog Island in Shark Bay, since early this century. The vulnerability of this species is highlighted by its extinction on mainland Australia and by the loss of two of its five island populations. It now occupies less than 0.01% of its historical range. Its status as rare and endangered is justified.

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Mukherjee, Aditi, Honnavalli Nagaraj Kumara, and Subramanian Bhupathy. "Environmental determinants of activity variation of an overlooked burrowing rodent: the Indian crested porcupine." Mammalia 82, no. 5 (2018): 449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2017-0124.

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Abstract A study of the activity patterns, time allocation for each activity and variations in activities due to environmental alterations are necessary for understanding the biology of any species. This study investigates the relationship of micro-habitat and environmental conditions with seasonal and temporal activities of Indian crested porcupines (ICP) around their burrows in Keoladeo National Park (KNP), India. This species is considered as a problem species, often ignoring its ecological importance as an ecosystem engineer. Of the 39 sampled burrows, 58.97%, 38.46% and 83.78% were occupied in winter, summer and monsoon, respectively. The estimated porcupine density was 3.21±1.32SD individuals/km2, accounting for a population size of 65.89±27.15SD individuals. A seasonal shift in rate of emergence was observed in monsoon and winter, when ICP emerged earlier, significantly correlating with the sunset timings. The daily activity records of adult ICP outside burrow significantly peaked in January–February when they prepare the burrows for the gestation period of 90–112 days, followed by rearing of the offspring. The temporal activity significantly reduced in the full moon nights, perhaps to avoid predators. The study affirms that environmental determinants including the timings of sunrise, sunset and lunar phase significantly affect the variations in temporal activity and burrow use patterns of ICP.

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Lindtner, Peter, Peter Gajdoš, Slavomír Stašiov, Marek Čiliak, Pavel Pech, and Vladimír Kubovčík. "Spider (Araneae) and harvestman (Opiliones) communities are structured by the ecosystem engineering of burrowing mammals." Insect Conservation and Diversity 13, no. 3 (2019): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/icad.12382.

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Robley, Alan J., Jeff Short, and Stuart Bradley. "Do European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) influence the population ecology of the burrowing bettong (Bettongia lesueur)?" Wildlife Research 29, no. 5 (2002): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01007.

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The influence of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) on the survival of medium-sized native mammals remains unclear despite 60 years of speculation. Most medium-sized native species that might have been affected by the presence of rabbits are extinct, rare, or endangered. This limits the opportunity to study their interaction with introduced herbivores. We studied the effect of changes in rabbit density on aspects of the ecology of burrowing bettongs (Bettongia lesueur) reintroduced to mainland Australia on Heirisson Prong, Shark Bay, Western Australia. The rabbit population at the site grew to a 10-year high concomitant with a dry summer and low and declining pasture cover. Rabbit browsing led to widespread defoliation of, and subsequent death of, many palatable shrubs. Despite these adverse conditions, reproduction, recruitment and rate of increase of bettongs did not vary with changes in rabbit density, nor did the survival of adult males and females. This work casts doubt on the idea that competition with an introduced herbivore, such as the rabbit, was an important factor in the decline of the burrowing bettong. It highlights the need to understand the ecologies and life histories of native and introduced species in order to manage for the long-term persistence of native species.

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White, Craig R. "The Influence of Foraging Mode and Arid Adaptation on the Basal Metabolic Rates of Burrowing Mammals." Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 76, no. 1 (2003): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/367940.

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Foster, Izak B., Trevor McIntyre, and Natalie S. Haussmann. "Understanding the relationship between farmers and burrowing mammals on South African farms: are burrowers friends or foes?" Agriculture and Human Values 36, no. 4 (2019): 719–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10460-019-09939-w.

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43

Goyal, Surendra P. "A simple mechanical device for recording the diel activity pattern of small burrowing mammals in their natural habitats." Journal of Zoology 195, no. 2 (2009): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1981.tb03461.x.

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44

Villarreal, Diego, Kenneth L. Clark, Lyn C. Branch, José L. Hierro, and Marcela Machicote. "Alteration of ecosystem structure by a burrowing herbivore, the plains vizcacha (Lagostomus maximus)." Journal of Mammalogy 89, no. 3 (2008): 700–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/07-mamm-a-025r1.1.

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Rey, Benjamin, Andrea Fuller, Duncan Mitchell, Leith C. R. Meyer, and Robyn S. Hetem. "Drought-induced starvation of aardvarks in the Kalahari: an indirect effect of climate change." Biology Letters 13, no. 7 (2017): 20170301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0301.

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Aardvarks ( Orycteropus afer ) are elusive burrowing mammals, predominantly nocturnal and distributed widely throughout Africa except for arid deserts. Their survival may be threatened by climate change via direct and indirect effects of increasing heat and aridity. To measure their current physiological plasticity, we implanted biologgers into six adult aardvarks resident in the semi-arid Kalahari. Following a particularly dry and hot summer, five of the study aardvarks and 11 other aardvarks at the study site died. Body temperature records revealed homeothermy (35.4–37.2°C) initially, but heterothermy increased progressively through the summer, with declining troughs in the nychthemeral rhythm of body temperature reaching as low as 25°C before death, likely due to starvation. Activity patterns shifted from the normal nocturnal to a diurnal mode. Our results do not bode well for the future of aardvarks facing climate change. Extirpation of aardvarks, which play a key role as ecosystem engineers, may disrupt stability of African ecosystems.

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Holtmeier, Friedrich-Karl. "Impact of wild herbivorous mammals and birds on the altitudinal and northern treeline ecotones." Landscape Online 30 (October 25, 2012): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3097/lo.201230.

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Wild herbivorous mammals may damage treeline vegetation an cause soil erosion at a local scale. In many high mountain areas of Europe and North America, large numbers of red deer have become a threat to the maintenance of high-elevation forests and attempts to restore the climatic treeline. In northern Fennoscandia, overgrazing by reindeer in combination with mass outbreaks of the autumnal moth are influencing treeline dynamics. Moose are also increasingly involved damaging treeline forest. In the Alps, the re-introduction of ibex is causing local damage to subalpine forests and tree establishment above the forest limit as well as aggravating soil erosion. High-elevation forests and treeline in Europe are susceptible to the deleterious impact of wild ungulate populations because of former extensive pastoral use. Rodents may damage tree seedlings and saplings by girdling, root cutting, bark stripping and burrowing. Hares damage young trees by gnawing. Large numbers of small rodents may occasionally impede tree regeneration by depleting the seed sources. Rodents do not contribute to forest expansion beyond the current treeline. Among birds, nutcrackers are highly effective in influencing tree distribution patterns and treeline dynamics. Without the nutcracker caching of stone pine seeds any upward advance of the trees in response to climatic warming would be impossible. Some bird species such as black grouse, willow grouse and ptarmigan can impair tree growth by feeding on buds, catkins and fresh terminal shoots.

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47

Paltridge, Rachel, and Richard Southgate. "The effect of habitat type and seasonal conditions on fauna in two areas of the Tanami Desert." Wildlife Research 28, no. 3 (2001): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr00009.

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Australian deserts are characterised by highly patterned plant productivity and an extremely unpredictable climate. The Tanami Desert in central Australia is dominated by vast sandplains interspersed with more productive habitats such as palaeodrainage lines. During 1996 and 1997 fauna surveys were conducted in two areas of the Tanami Desert to investigate the relative importance of palaeodrainage habitat for fauna under different seasonal conditions. The two areas were at latitudes separated by approximately 400 km, and during the study period the northern study area (Tennant) received considerably more rainfall than the southern study area (Kintore). The species richness and abundance of a range of taxonomic groups were compared between the two study areas and between palaeodrainage habitat and adjacent sandplain habitat. The only significant difference between habitats was that small reptiles were more abundant in sandplain than palaeodrainage habitat. Overall, bilbies, bustards and macropods were significantly more abundant at Tennant than Kintore, but significantly more small mammals were captured at Kintore. In both habitats and areas, capture rates, track counts and species richness of reptiles varied significantly with season. The biomass of invertebrates captured also showed significant temporal fluctuations. Burrowing frogs were active only after rain, and birds showed significant fluctuations in abundance and species richness associated with rainfall. The abundance of small mammals did not vary significantly during this study. Overall, local seasonal conditions were generally more important determinants of the abundance of fauna in the spinifex grasslands of central Australia than was habitat type.

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Alves, Luís Q., Juliana Alves, Rodrigo Ribeiro, Raquel Ruivo, and Filipe Castro. "The dopamine receptor D5 gene shows signs of independent erosion in toothed and baleen whales." PeerJ 7 (October 11, 2019): e7758. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7758.

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To compare gene loci considering a phylogenetic framework is a promising approach to uncover the genetic basis of human diseases. Imbalance of dopaminergic systems is suspected to underlie some emerging neurological disorders. The physiological functions of dopamine are transduced via G-protein-coupled receptors, including DRD5 which displays a relatively higher affinity toward dopamine. Importantly, DRD5 knockout mice are hypertense, a condition emerging from an increase in sympathetic tone. We investigated the evolution of DRD5, a high affinity receptor for dopamine, in mammals. Surprisingly, among 124 investigated mammalian genomes, we found that Cetacea lineages (Mysticeti and Odontoceti) have independently lost this gene, as well as the burrowing Chrysochloris asiatica (Cape golden mole). We suggest that DRD5 inactivation parallels hypoxia-induced adaptations, such as peripheral vasoconstriction required for deep-diving in Cetacea, in accordance with the convergent evolution of vasoconstrictor genes in hypoxia-exposed animals. Our findings indicate that Cetacea are natural knockouts for DRD5 and might offer valuable insights into the mechanisms of some forms of vasoconstriction responses and hypertension in humans.

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Reader, R. J., and J. Buck. "Control of seedling density on disturbed ground: role of seedling establishment for some midsuccessional, old-field species." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 4 (1991): 773–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-100.

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In midsuccessional old fields, seedlings are often concentrated in patches of disturbed ground, such as earth mounds created by burrowing mammals. An experiment was conducted to determine whether interspecific variation in seedling density on mounds reflected interspecific variation in potential seedling establishment (i.e., the number of seedlings established per 1000 seeds sown). Seeds of 13 old-field forbs were sown on experimentally created mounds in an abandoned pasture. Their potential seedling establishment ranged from 0 to 156 seedlings per 1000 seeds sown, and seedling establishment was directly related to seed mass. The number of seedlings becoming established naturally on mounds ranged from 0.1 to 41 seedlings per mound for the 13 species. Natural seedling establishment and potential seedling establishment were not directly related. Instead, natural seedling establishment on mounds was correlated with species' frequency of occurrence off mounds. This suggests that seed availability may be more important than seedling establishment in controlling seedling density on mounds. However, if seed availability is unlimited or equal among species, then seedling establishment could control seedling density on disturbed ground. Key words: disturbance, seedling density, old field.

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50

Careau, V., D. Garant, and M. M. Humphries. "Free-ranging eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) infected with bot fly (Cuterebra emasculator) larvae have higher resting but lower maximum metabolism." Canadian Journal of Zoology 90, no. 3 (2012): 413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z2012-008.

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Given the ubiquity and evolutionary importance of parasites, their effect on the energy budget of mammals remains surprisingly unclear. The eastern chipmunk ( Tamias striatus (L., 1758)) is a burrowing rodent that is commonly infected by cuterebrid bot fly ( Cuterebra emasculator Fitch, 1856) larvae. We measured resting metabolic rate (RMR) and cold-induced Vo2-max (under heliox atmosphere) in 20 free-ranging individuals, of which 4 individuals were infected by one or two larva. We found that RMR was significantly higher in chipmunks infected by bot fly larvae (mean ± SE = 0.88 ± 0.05 W) than in uninfected individuals (0.74 ± 0.02 W). In contrast, Vo2-max was significantly lower in chipmunks infected by bot fly larvae (4.96 ± 0.70 W) than in uninfected individuals (6.37 ± 0.16 W). Consequently, the aerobic scope (ratio of Vo2-max to RMR) was negatively correlated with the number of bot fly larvae (infected individuals = 5.74 ± 1.03 W; noninfected individuals = 8.67 ± 0.26 W). Finally, after accounting for the effects of body mass and bot fly parasitism on RMR and Vo2-max, there was no correlation between the two variables among individuals within our population. In addition to providing the first estimate of Vo2-max in T. striatus, these results offer additional evidence that bot fly parasitism has significant impacts on the metabolic ecology of this host species.

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