Journal articles: 'Bus crash'

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Qi, Hao, and Fang Chao. "The Analysis on Crash Worthiness of Frame for Cab-over-Engine Medium Bus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 410–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.410.

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Taking HYPERMESH as pre-processor, the modeling methods for a frame of the cab-over-engine medium bus in crash is expounded. Based on software LS-DYNA, the crash process is simulated with the crash regulations on M1 type bus. The deformations and energy absorbing for the parts and whole frame are analysised, especially for the invade distance and acceleration in crash. Based on these, the crash worthiness is estimated further for the medium bus.

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Qi, Hao, and Fang Chao. "The Study on Crash Worthiness of Cab-over-Engine Medium Bus with Dummy Restrains System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 505-506 (January 2014): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.505-506.323.

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The compositive crash model is built including dummysafety belt retrains system and the whole bus frame to research the crash worthiness of a cab-over-engine medium bus. With the crash regulations on M1 type bus, the frontal crash process is simulated. The deformations and acceleration of the parts and whole frame are analysised. For the hybridIII50 male dummy, the movement distance of dummy with safety belt and the injury values including headneckbreast and leg are solved. A comprehensive appraisement of crash worthiness is achieved.

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Nguyen, Thanh Chuong, Minh Hieu Nguyen, Jimmy Armoogum, and Thanh Tung Ha. "Bus Crash Severity in Hanoi, Vietnam." Safety 7, no. 3 (September 21, 2021): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety7030065.

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Recently, there has been an increasing interest in targeting the safety of bus operations worldwide; however, little is known about the determinants of the bus crash severity in developing countries. By estimating an ordered logit model using the bus-involved collision data in Hanoi (Vietnam), spanning the period from 2015 to 2019, this study investigates various factors associated with the crash severity. The results reveal that the severity risk increases for (1) large buses, (2) raining conditions, (3) evening or night, (4) sparse traffic, (5) non-urban areas, (6) roads with at least three lanes, (7) curved roads, (8) two-way roads without a physical barrier, (9) head-on collision, and (10) pedestrian-related crashes. Aside from confirming the crucial roles of a wide range of factors, this research has examined the effects of two determinants (traffic density and crash area) that have not been considered for the cases of developing countries previously. Based on the findings on the impacts of factors, a series of policy recommendations regarding improving road conditions in non-urban areas, promoting walking infrastructure, reminders of high-risk situations for drivers, safety notes when improving bus service quality, and recording bus-related crashes are proposed.

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Guadamuz, Renato, Vikash V. Gayah, and Rajesh Paleti. "Impact of Bus Routes on Crash Frequency in Metropolitan Areas." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 3 (March 2020): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120910739.

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Although research in transportation safety is abundant, very few studies have examined the relationship between public transportation systems and safety performance. Most studies on the subject have focused on the impact of infrastructure countermeasures related to bus rapid transit systems. However, the impact of city-street buses on safety performance remains unknown. This research explores the pseudo-causal impact of the presence of bus routes and bus traffic on observed crash frequencies by developing safety performance functions (SPFs) that include the presence of a bus route and estimated weekly bus traffic as input variables. The SPFs were developed using the propensity score–potential outcomes (PS-PO) framework to reduce unobserved biases that might exist between segments that have and do not have bus routes. The results suggest that PS-PO reduced standardized biases significantly, allowing stronger causal inferences to be obtained. The results revealed that the presence of a bus route was associated with a 27% increase in expected crash frequency after controlling for other infrastructure-related variables. Weekly bus traffic was also found to be a significant predictor of overall crash frequency, with a 1% increase in ] weekly bus traffic associated with an expected increase in crash frequency of 0.016%. A non-parametric approach is also presented for comparison with the results from the SPFs; this confirmed the findings from the parametric method used.

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Kamal, Wan Noaimadudin Wan Mohamad, Nor Hayati Saad, Amir Radzi Ab Ghani, Nik Rosli Abdullah, and Khairul Izwandy Abd Jazam. "Modelling and Simulation of a Single Deck Bus Subjected to Rollover Crash Loading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 393 (September 2013): 453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.393.453.

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Buses are the most popular and common passenger vehicle for long distance travel in Malaysia. Increased bus usage as a public transport prompts researchers to study safety aspects of the vehicles subjected to various crash incidents. The most damaging bus accident is rollover crash. The bus structures must have sufficient crashworthiness and strength in order to reduce and prevent injuries and fatalities during the rollover accident. Initially, this paper overviews the current status of rollover accidents and requirement of UN-ECE Regulation 66 which is aimed to improve the bus structure in withstanding the rollover crash. The current bus framework structure comprises galvanized square hollow sections (SHS) which are welded and bolted together. Abaqus was used to simulate responses of bus structure subjected to loadings as specified in UN-ECE Regulation 66. The results showed that the gap allowances of the residual space are complied with the UN-ECE R66 requirements. Further work to optimize the bus structure in terms of weight, structural strength and crashworthiness is proposed.

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Park, Ho-Chul, Yang-Jun Joo, Seung-Young Kho, Dong-Kyu Kim, and Byung-Jung Park. "Injury Severity of Bus–Pedestrian Crashes in South Korea Considering the Effects of Regional and Company Factors." Sustainability 11, no. 11 (June 5, 2019): 3169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113169.

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Bus–pedestrian crashes typically result in more severe injuries and deaths than any other type of bus crash. Thus, it is important to screen and improve the risk factors that affect bus–pedestrian crashes. However, bus–pedestrian crashes that are affected by a company’s and regional characteristics have a cross-classified hierarchical structure, which is difficult to address properly using a single-level model or even a two-level multi-level model. In this study, we used a cross-classified, multi-level model to consider simultaneously the unobserved heterogeneities at these two distinct levels. Using bus–pedestrian crash data in South Korea from 2011 through to 2015, in this study, we investigated the factors related to the injury severity of the crashes, including crash level, regional and company level factors. The results indicate that the company and regional effects are 16.8% and 5.1%, respectively, which justified the use of a multi-level model. We confirm that type I errors may arise when the effects of upper-level groups are ignored. We also identified the factors that are statistically significant, including three regional-level factors, i.e., the elderly ratio, the ratio of the transportation infrastructure budget, and the number of doctors, and 13 crash-level factors. This study provides useful insights concerning bus–pedestrian crashes, and a safety policy is suggested to enhance bus–pedestrian safety.

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Wu, Xiaolin, Huimin Zhang, Wangxin Xiao, Peishan Ning, David C. Schwebel, and Guoqing Hu. "Are Bus Company Regulations Associated with Crash Risk? Findings from a Retrospective Survey in Four Chinese Cities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 8 (April 14, 2019): 1342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081342.

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Bus crashes are common in urban China, and bus company regulations are hypothesized to be related to bus crash risk. We conducted a retrospective survey to examine the association in four large Chinese cities (Changsha, Shenzhen, Fuzhou, and Wuhan). Four types of bus crashes were considered: (a) passengers injured while riding the bus; (b) bus colliding with or scraping other motor vehicles; (c) bus colliding with non-motorized vehicles or pedestrians; and (d) bus damaging public facilities. Based on regulations governing the drivers’ work, complete round trips per day, and their paid salary, three categories of companies were studied: type A: ≥14 h worked/day, ≥6 round trips/day, and >70% of salary based on performance; type B: 8–13 h/day, 4 or 5 round trips/day, and 36–70% of salary; and type C: <36% of salary and no other specified requirements. Of the 926 respondents, 20.7% reported one or more crashes or related risk events in the past month. Drivers from the three types of companies reported crash incidence rates of 31.9%, 8.8%, and 6.0%, respectively, in the past month. Type A crash rates were significantly higher than type C after controlling for relevant covariates (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 7.1, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.74–13.47). We conclude that more stringent bus company regulations, which mandate drivers to work long hours and obtain salary based on job performance in meeting demanding metrics, are associated with elevated bus-related crash risks. Local governments in China should regulate bus companies to ensure drivers work reasonable hours and are paid based on the quality of their work (e.g., safety).

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Ahmed, Zahir, Oli Ahmed, and Mary C. Jobe. "4D Motives of Anshun Bus Crash." Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 26, no. 4 (January 1, 2021): 534–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijpcp.26.3.3566.1.

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Güler, Mehmet Ali, Muhammed Emin Cerit, Sinem Kocaoglan Mert, and Erdem Acar. "Experimental and numerical study on the crashworthiness evaluation of an intercity coach under frontal impact conditions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 13 (June 10, 2020): 3026–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020927644.

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In this study, the energy absorption capacity of a front body of a bus during a frontal crash was investigated. The strength of the bus structure was examined by considering the ECE-R29 European regulation requirements. The nonlinear explicit finite element code LS-DYNA was used for the crash analyses. First, the baseline bus structures without any improvements were analyzed and the weak parts of the front end structure of the bus body were examined. Experimental tests are conducted to validate the finite element model. In the second stage, the bus structure was redesigned in order to strengthen the frontal body. Finally, the redesigned bus structure was compared with the baseline model to meet the requirements for ECE-R29. In addition to the redesign performed on the body, energy absorption capacity was increased by additional energy absorbers employed in the front of bus structure. This study experimentally and numerically investigated the energy absorption characteristics of a steering wheel armature in contact with a deformable mannequin during a crash. Variations in the location of impact on the armature, armature orientation, and mannequin were investigated to determine the effects of the energy absorption characteristics of the two contacting entities.

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Yoon, Sangwon, Seung-Young Kho, and Dong-Kyu Kim. "Effect of Regional Characteristics on Injury Severity in Local Bus Crashes." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2647, no. 1 (January 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2647-01.

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As the importance of public transportation increases, the management of bus-involved crashes has become a crucial issue for traffic safety. However, there are relatively few studies on crash severity for buses in South Korea. This study investigated factors that influence the severity of injuries that occur in local bus crashes. The study used commercial vehicle crash data from a 5-year period from 2010 through 2014 in South Korea. To determine unobserved regional effects on crash severity, a hierarchical ordered model was applied to the analysis. Individual crash characteristics were set to lower-level variables, and regional characteristics were adopted as upper-level variables. At the lower level, the factors affecting severity of injuries included vehicle speed, vehicle age, road alignment, surface status, road class, and traffic light installation, as found in previous studies. At the upper level, the factors included pavement, emergent medical environment, traffic rate of compliance, and ratio of elderly in the community. There was a 5.1% unobserved variation between regions from the intraclass correlation analysis. The validity of a hierarchical model for local bus crashes was verified by applying the model to other long-distance buses, and it appeared there were no regional effects. This study found a regional effect for local bus crash severity, and thus this factor is important when developing prevention plans to reduce local bus crashes. These results contribute to the study of traffic safety.

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Rey, Joel R., Dennis Hinebaugh, and Jose Fernandez. "Analysis of Florida Transit Bus Crashes." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1791, no. 1 (January 2002): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1791-05.

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Through its National Center for Transit Research, and under contract with the Florida Department of Transportation, the Center for Urban Transportation Research (CUTR) was tasked with reviewing a sample of data on transit bus crash occurrence from selected Florida transit systems. The purpose of this review is to analyze changes in crash occurrence over time in relation to the effectiveness of training programs and capital safety improvements in reducing bus crashes. To this end, CUTR conducted two case studies utilizing occurrence data from Hillsborough Area Regional Transit Authority in Tampa (which implemented a refresher training course for bus operators) and LYNX Transit in Orlando (which replaced standard rear-end brake lights and turn signal and emergency flasher lights with high-density LED lights). The case studies examined the effect that these two particular safety campaigns had on postimple-mentation bus crash occurrence for the two properties. In addition to the promotion of safety, it is anticipated that this effort will be a preliminary step in the process of establishing a general list of safety campaigns, along with related costs and “rule of thumb” occurrence prevention effectiveness levels for each. A list of this nature will aid transit systems in Florida, the United States, and elsewhere in the selection of safety campaigns that will meet financial and safety goals.

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Mahachandra, Manik, and Vania Avviantari. "EVALUASI SAFETY CRITICAL EVENT PENGEMUDI BUS UNTUK MEMINIMASI KECELAKAAN LALU LINTAS." J@ti Undip : Jurnal Teknik Industri 13, no. 2 (May 31, 2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jati.13.2.83-90.

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AbstrakBus sebagai salah satu moda transportasi darat semakin diminati warga masyarakat dan menjadi salah satu solusi kemacetan di kota-kota besar. Untuk itu, keamanan aktivitas berkendara harus menjadi perhatian. Salah satu aspek penting adalah kondisi kelelahan pengemudi, yang dapat mendorong turunnya tingkat kewaspadaan, sehingga memunculkan safety critical event (SCE). SCE adalah suatu kejadian yang mengharuskan pengemudi mengambil tindakan untuk menghindari kecelakaan, yang dapat dikelompokkan menjadi crash relevant conflict, near-crash, dan crash. Untuk membantu pengambil keputusan dalam upaya menekan risiko kecelakaan lalu lintas, maka penelitian ini dilakukan mengetahui fenomena SCE dan faktor pengaruh SCE pada pengemudi bus. Dengan pengamatan naturalistik, aktivitas 18 orang pengemudi bus diamati selama beberapa hari. Wawancara juga dilakukan terkait aktivitas berkendara sebelumnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi jalan yang ramai, bentuk jalan yang lurus, dan memiliki banyak persimpangan berhubungan erat dengan frekuensi SCE yang tinggi. Kejadian SCE secara signifikan meningkat pada pukul 10:00-14:00, atau setelah pengemudi bekerja selama lebih dari satu jam. Terakhir, penelitian ini juga menyarankan agar pengemudi diharuskan berhenti sejenak dan beristirahat, masing-masing setelah 1 jam dan 4 jam berkendara untuk menurunkan risiko munculnya kelelahan saat berkendara. Karena itu, penentuan jalur dan penempatan halte dapat diatur untuk menyesuaikan kebutuhan istirahat ini. AbstractEvaluation of Bus Drivers’ Safety Critical Event to Minimize Traffic Accident. Bus has been favorable transportation nowadays, and the number of passangers has been rapidly increase. To ensure the safety on the road, one main aspects that has to be maintained is drivers’ physical condition. On some condition, when the alertness level decrease, drivers may experienced safety critical event (SCE) – an event that requires driver to take action to avoid traffic accident, which can be categorized into crash relevant conflict, near-crash, and crash. Therefore, this study aims to explore the SCE phenomenon and factors that related to it. Applying naturalistic study, video data of 18 bus drivers were collected. Interviews were also conducted after each driving activity. Study results showed that roads that were crowded, considerably straight, or had many intersections significantly correlated with highest occurance of SCE. The number of SCE also significantly higher on 10:00-14:00, or when drivers had been driving for more than one hour. Finally, this study suggest that drivers must stop driving and take some rest, each after 1 and 4 hours driving. So that, the bus route and rest areas can be designed to meet this need. Keywords: Bus driver; Safety critical event; Road condition; Time of driving; Driving duration

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Bin Yusof, Mustafa, and Mohammad Amirul Affiz Bin Afripin. "Effect of Beam Profile Size on Bus Superstructure Strength Having Rollover Crash." Applied Mechanics and Materials 372 (August 2013): 620–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.372.620.

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This paper deals with structural analysis of bus superstructure undergoes rollover event. Bus superstructure with varying beam profile size will undergo rollover simulations analysis. The purpose of this work is to analyze structural response of bus superstructure in terms of deformation, stress and strain under several loadings and constraining conditions. These rollover simulations were run according to United Nation Economic Commission of Europe Regulation 66 (UNECE R66). Validation procedure using simple box modeled undergoes rollover have been done to ensure the results are synchronized with real problem. An interaction with bus coach builder allows author acquired accurate bus superstructure dimensions before designing the mathematical model in finite element analysis software. Three full-scale bus superstructures mathematical model with difference cant-rail horizontal roof beam profile size was developed and the deformation of superstructure during and after rollover testing had been study. Analyses suggested that one of the contributing factors that lead to the failure of bus having rollover accident is cant-rail and roof structure profile size.

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Battiato, S., S. Cafiso, A. di Graziano, G. M. Farinella, and O. Giudice. "Stereo Vision for Bus Traffic Conflict Investigation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 392 (September 2013): 799–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.392.799.

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In this paper an imaging system for bus traffic conflict investigation is presented. The system employs geo-referenced stereo sequences and tracking procedure to provide much greater information regarding pre-crash and crash events than what is currently available. The exploitation of the traffic conflict technique potentiality as a surrogate safety measure could constitute an effective tool in understanding how the driver interacts and adapts its behavior with respect to the vehicle, the road characteristics, the traffic control devices and the environment. Experiments performed on real data acquired in urban context confirm the effectiveness of the system for the traffic conflicts measurement and the driver behavior analysis.

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Razmpa, Ebrahim, Khosro Sadegh Niat, and Babak Saedi. "Urban Bus Drivers’ Sleep Problems and Crash Accidents." Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery 63, no. 3 (April 30, 2011): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12070-011-0235-5.

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Doohan, Isabelle, Ulf Björnstig, Ulrika Östlund, and Britt-Inger Saveman. "Exploring Injury Panorama, Consequences, and Recovery among Bus Crash Survivors: A Mixed-Methods Research Study." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 32, no. 2 (January 30, 2017): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x16001485.

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AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore physical and mental consequences and injury mechanisms among bus crash survivors to identify aspects that influence recovery.MethodsThe study participants were the total population of survivors (N=56) from a bus crash in Sweden. The study had a mixed-methods design that provided quantitative and qualitative data on injuries, mental well-being, and experiences. Results from descriptive statistics and qualitative thematic analysis were interpreted and integrated in a mixed-methods analysis.ResultsAmong the survivors, 11 passengers (20%) sustained moderate to severe injuries, and the remaining 45 (80%) had minor or no physical injuries. Two-thirds of the survivors screened for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) risk were assessed, during the period of one to three months after the bus crash, as not being at-risk, and the remaining one-third were at-risk. The thematic analysis resulted in themes covering the consequences and varying aspects that affected the survivors’ recoveries. The integrated findings are in the form of four “core cases” of survivors who represent a combination of characteristics: injury severity, mental well-being, social context, and other aspects hindering and facilitating recovery. Core case Avery represents a survivor who had minor or no injuries and who demonstrated a successful mental recovery. Core case Blair represents a survivor with moderate to severe injuries who experienced a successful mental recovery. Core case Casey represents a survivor who sustained minor injuries or no injuries in the crash but who was at-risk of developing PTSD. Core case Daryl represents a survivor who was at-risk of developing PTSD and who also sustained moderate to severe injuries in the crash.ConclusionThe present study provides a multi-faceted understanding of mass-casualty incident (MCI) survivors (ie, having minor injuries does not always correspond to minimal risk for PTSD and moderate to severe injuries do not always correspond to increased risk for PTSD). Injury mitigation measures (eg, safer roadside material and anti-lacerative windows) would reduce the consequences of bus crashes. A well-educated rescue team and a compassionate and competent social environment will facilitate recovery.DoohanI,BjörnstigU,ÖstlundU,SavemanBI.Exploring injury panorama, consequences, and recovery among bus crash survivors: a mixed-methods research study.Prehosp Disaster Med.2017;32(2):165–174.

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Chen, Wan-Hui, and Paul P. Jovanis. "Method for Identifying Factors Contributing to Driver-Injury Severity in Traffic Crashes." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1717, no. 1 (January 2000): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1717-01.

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Numerous driver, vehicle, roadway, and environmental factors contribute to crash-injury severity. In addition to main effects, interactions between factors are very likely to be significant. The large number of potentially important factors, combined with the complex nature of crash etiology and injury outcome, present significant challenges to the safety analyst, who must select from a large number of factors and specify a comprehensive but feasible set of main factors and interactions for testing in statistical models. In addition, some factors contain a relatively large number of categories (e.g., weather conditions), and the selection of cut-off points for categorization of continuous factors may not be readily obvious (e.g., driver age). It is also important that statistical tests underlying these analyses accurately address the frequent problem of data sparseness. The development and testing of a variable-selection procedure to address each of these problems is the stated objective. Bus-involved crash data for Freeway 1 in Taiwan from 1985 through 1993 were used to screen a set of 39 possible influential factors, along with interactions. The final log-linear model shows that late-night or early-morning driving increases the risk for bus drivers of being severely injured, particularly when the drivers caused the accident or when the drivers were involved in rear-end accidents. Bus accidents involving large trucks or tractor-trailers also increase the risk. An assessment of the importance of considering interactions in crash models is presented as a conclusion.

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Rooppakhun, Supakit, and Sarawut Bua-Ngam. "Finite Element Analysis of High-Decker Bus Frontal Impact Based on ECE-Regulation No.29." Advanced Materials Research 658 (January 2013): 464–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.658.464.

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In Thailand, according to the bus accident statistics referred to Department of Land Transport (DLT), the highest risk represents the frontal crash accidents. In case of frontal crashworthiness, the high- decker bus safety was referred to the regulation no.29 of United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE-R29). In this study, the frontal impact analysis of the high-decker passenger bus structure based on ECE-R29 using Finite Element (FE) analysis was focused on. The energy absorption including to the total deformation of the frontal cabin were evaluated. Three-dimensional FE model of frontal bus structure with- and without- simple impact attenuator were created and analyzed using ANSYS/Explicit software. In accordance with the results, the average magnitude of kinetic energy in case of impact attenuator revealed the value lower than those without impact attenuator owing to absorb energy in the impact attenuator. In addition, the total deformation regarding to the safe zone of the frontal cabin in the case of with impact attenuator were lower than without impact attenuator as 75.8%. Therefore, the frontal impact attenuator should be recommended to a high-decker bus for the driver protection in the event of crash accident.

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KIM, YOO-SUK, and JIN-RAE CHO. "NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF ROLLOVER AND HEAD-ON CRASH RESPONSE OF NON-STEP BUS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 09n11 (April 30, 2008): 1736–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208047341.

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As a next-generation metropolitan transportation means, nowadays non-step bus is in the spotlight world widely. However, in the design of non-step bus, the most important consideration should be focused on the securing of the survival space for passengers in unexpected traffic accident. In this context, this paper presents the finite element analysis of the rollover and head-on crash response of a composite non-step bus. A 3-D full-scale finite element model of the non-step bus, together with the simulation conditions which are consistent with the safety test rules established in Europe, is employed for the realistic and reliable numerical analysis.

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Long, Kejun, Zhibo Gao, Quan Yuan, Wang Xiang, and Wei Hao. "Safety evaluation for roadside crashes by vehicle–object collision simulation." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 10 (October 2018): 168781401880558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018805581.

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In order to evaluate roadside crash severity and help making decision on roadside safety improvement alternatives, this article proposes a roadside crash severity evaluation method based on vehicle kinematics metric during the crash: Acceleration Severity Index. Based on the field investigation on 1917 km of representative roads, roadside crash test standards and parameters were determined. A total of 59 crash scenarios, involving 5 typical roadside obstacles, 2 types of guardrails, 15 embankment slopes, and 3 types of vehicles (car, bus, and truck), were designed for simulated crash testing with VPG3.2 and LS-DYNA971 software. The x-, y-, and z-direction acceleration (or deceleration) curves of a test vehicle’s center of mass during each crash test were collected for the calculation of the Acceleration Severity Index values. The Fisher optimal partition algorithm was used to cluster the Acceleration Severity Index values to identify an appropriate number of roadside crash severity levels and the corresponding threshold values that demarcate these levels. The results showed that the roadside crash severity classification produced by Acceleration Severity Index–based method is consistent with handbook Guideline for Implementation of Highway Safety Enhancement Project. Therefore, when crash data are missing, crash test could be a feasible surrogate method for roadside crash severity evaluation.

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Li, Qiang, Wei Liang Dai, Hai Tao Cui, Ye Chen, and Chao Yang. "The Safety Assessment Research on Front Body Structural of Commercial Motor-Vehicles of Passenger Transport." Applied Mechanics and Materials 487 (January 2014): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.487.361.

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A Load-type Commercial Motor-vehicle of Passenger Transport was studied as the research subject in researching front crash safety evaluation technology of front structure by the real car crash test methods, which is to explore the front crash safety evaluation technology suitable for china's National conditions. The results show that the Testing procedure and Evaluation will not only conducive to the carrying out of Commercial Motor-vehicles of Passenger Transport access about structural safety detection, but also played an important role in promoting the safety of the domestic bus, road transport safety, and social harmony.

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Yasmin, Shamsunnahar, Salah Uddin Momtaz, Tammam Nashad, and Naveen Eluru. "A Multivariate Copula-Based Macro-Level Crash Count Model." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 30 (October 6, 2018): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118801348.

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The current study contributes to safety literature both methodologically and empirically by developing a macro-level multivariate copula-based crash frequency model for crash counts. The multivariate model accommodates for the impact of observed and unobserved effects on zonal level crash counts of different road user groups including car, light truck, van, other motorized vehicle (including truck, bus and other vehicles), and non-motorists (including pedestrians and cyclists). The proposed model is estimated using Statewide Traffic Analysis Zone (STAZ) level road traffic crash data for the state of Florida. A host of variable groups including land-use characteristics, roadway attributes, traffic characteristics, socio-economic characteristics and demographic characteristics are considered. The model estimation results illustrate the applicability of the proposed framework for multivariate crash counts. Model estimation results are further augmented by evaluation of predictive performance and policy analysis.

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af Wåhlberg, Anders E., and Lisa Dorn. "Bus drivers who leave; were they more crash-involved?" Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 60 (January 2019): 524–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.11.014.

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Li, Qiang, Fulin Shen, Hongwei Yu, Lisha Zhu, and Dong Han. "Effect of Bus Skin on Rollover Crash Simulation Outcomes." Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development (English Edition) 6, no. 2 (June 2012): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/jhtrcq.0000132.

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af Wåhlberg, Anders E., and Lisa Dorn. "Absence behavior as traffic crash predictor in bus drivers." Journal of Safety Research 40, no. 3 (January 2009): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2009.03.003.

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O'Neal, Elizabeth, Marizen Ramirez, Cara Hamann, Tracy Young, Mary Stahlhut, and Corinne Peek-Asa. "School Bus Crash Rates on Routine and Nonroutine Routes." Journal of School Health 84, no. 9 (August 13, 2014): 575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josh.12189.

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Brost, Jessica. "A paramedic's story of the Humboldt Broncos bus crash." Journal of Paramedic Practice 10, no. 6 (June 2, 2018): 266–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jpar.2018.10.6.266.

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Chimba, Deo, Thobias Sando, and Valerian Kwigizile. "Effect of bus size and operation to crash occurrences." Accident Analysis & Prevention 42, no. 6 (November 2010): 2063–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.06.018.

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Mohammadi, Mehdi, Gholamali Shafabakhsh, and Ali Naderan. "Macro-Level Modeling of Urban Transportation Safety: Case-Study of Mashhad (Iran)." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 18, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ttj-2017-0025.

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Abstract Transportation safety can be aimed at the planning stage in order to adopt safety management and evaluate the long-time policies. The main objective of this research was to make use of crash prediction models in urban transportation planning process. As such, it was attempted to gather data on the results of transportation master plan as well as Mashhad urban crash database. Two modelling method, generalized linear model with negative binomial distribution and geographically weighted regression, were considered as the methods used in this research. Trip variables, including trip by car, trip by bus, trip by bus services and trip by school services, were significant at 95%. The results indicated that both finalized models were competent in predicting urban crashes in Mashhad. Regarding to results urban transportation safety will be improved by changing the modal share for example from private car to bus. The application of the process presented in this study can improve the urban transportation safety management processes and lead to more accurate prediction in terms of crashes across urban traffic areas.

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Cao, Li Bo, Hong Bao Wang, Jun Wu, and Hui Qin Chen. "Study on a Pneumatic Automatic-Extendable Crash Energy Absorption System." Advanced Materials Research 455-456 (January 2012): 1509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.1509.

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This paper presents a pneumatic energy absorption system which can extend the energy-absorption beam automatically just before crash. The system consists of thin-shell energy absorption structure, pneumatic equipment and control system. When the control system detectives a crash accident is unavoidable, the pneumatic equipment will extend the energy absorption beam which is fixed in thin-shell energy absorption structure immediately to increase energy absorption space. This system has been equipped on a mass produced bus, and it indicates that the length of energy absorption space can be increased more than 230 mm instantaneously before a crash accident occurs. The time used to extend the energy absorption beam is less than 100ms.

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Gao, Dawei, Nan Zhang, and Jinzhi Feng. "Multi-objective optimization of crashworthiness for mini-bus body structures." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 9, no. 7 (July 2017): 168781401771185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814017711854.

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In order to improve crash safety, the body structure of a mini-bus is optimized in this study. One type of multi-objective optimization method is proposed in this article. The peak acceleration amax at the B pillar lower end and total mass m of the body in white were set as two objective functions. First, the sample points were generated by Latin hypercube sampling design. Second, based on the evaluation index of 40% frontal offset crash, an approximation model was established by the Kriging method. Then, particle swarm optimization was performed on the approximate models. Finally, the simulation calculation by LS-DYNA proved that the peak acceleration amax at the B pillar lower end was reduced by 18.6%, and the total mass m of body in white was reduced by 0.87%. Therefore, the crashworthiness of the mini-bus was improved greatly without increasing the total mass of the body in white, which means that the optimization results were meaningful.

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Verma, Ashish, Neelima Chakrabarty, S. Velmurugan, Prithvi Bhat B, and Dinesh Kumar H.D. "Sensation Seeking Behavior and Crash Involvement of Indian Bus Drivers." Transportation Research Procedia 25 (2017): 4750–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.487.

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Khatri, Faizan, Sanchit Jain, and Prof P. Bhaskar. "Crash Test Simulation and Analysis of a Passenger Bus Frame." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 11, no. 1 (May 25, 2014): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v11p210.

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Besharati, Mohammad Mehdi, and Ali Tavakoli Kashani. "Factors contributing to intercity commercial bus drivers' crash involvement risk." Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health 73, no. 4 (April 18, 2017): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2017.1306478.

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Zhang, Qian, Fei Tang, Junru Xu, Ting Zhao, and Jian Yang. "Matpower CPF Program Improvement and Steady-State Voltage Stability Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 740 (March 2015): 424–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.740.424.

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In steady-state voltage stability analysis, Continuation power flow (CPF) method is widely used for it can track power flow solution at the critical voltage point. The existing matpower CPF program can only simulate PV curve of a single bus when load increases at one certain bus. In this paper, original CPF program will be modified to be more flexible and in line with the actual situation. Several indices will be proposed to discuss how to determine the first crash bus (namely the system vulnerabilities) when load increases at multiple buses. Simulation results of a regional power grid in northern China verify the validity and practicability of the proposed method.

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Seyedi, MohammadReza, and Sungmoon Jung. "Numerical assessment of occupant responses during the bus rollover test: A finite element parametric study." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 8 (December 26, 2019): 2195–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019894425.

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Rollover crashes of buses are usually associated with multiple impacts that can result in complex interactions between passengers and a bus superstructure. Although there have been a few field data studies that provide some insights into occupant injuries (e.g. severity and distribution of injuries) during the real-world bus rollover crash, because they had used post-crash data, the occupant kinematics and injury mechanisms were not completely detailed in their results. Based on a literature review, available numerical and experimental studies on a bus rollover safety have mainly focused on structural integrity rather than considering occupant responses in their assessment. In addition, their results about occupant responses in bus rollover crashes show some discrepancies in terms of the estimated injury distribution, severity, and causes. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to provide a more detailed understanding of the occupant kinematics and associated injury risk during the ECE R66 tilt table bus rollover test using validated finite element (FE) models. The ECE R66 tilt table rollover was simulated using a full finite element model of the bus. A 50th percentile male Hybrid III Anthropomorphic test device (ATD) and EuroSID-2re FE models were selected to simulate the occupant’s motion. Each ATD was seated adjacent to the impacted side wall and restrained with a 2-point seatbelt. Simulation parameters included two impact surface friction values and different side window conditions. The results indicated that both ATD estimated the highest injury risk when the partial ejection occurred. They predicted a similar injury risk for the head and thorax. The ES-2re estimated a very low risk of neck injury in all simulations, whereas the Hybrid III estimated the high risk of a neck injury. Finally, recommendations to potentially reduce the injuries were provided and possible future works were suggested.

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Sháněl, Vít, and Miroslav Španiel. "Composite Absorber in Collision Simulations of a Bus." Journal of Middle European Construction and Design of Cars 15, no. 1 (June 27, 2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mecdc-2017-0001.

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Abstract This paper details the numerical modeling of composite absorbers and an assessment of the influence of such deformation elements on a bus during frontal collision with a car. The absorber itself is designed as an assembly of thin-walled composite wound tubes oriented in the vehicle direction of travel. During the impact the tubes are crushed, causing energy absorption. Crash simulations were performed at various speeds using differing scenarios with the deformational member as well as without it. Comparative diagrams of force and velocity of the car and deformation of the bus structure were assessed

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Gitelman, Victoria, Anna Korchatov, and Wafa Elias. "An Examination of the Safety Impacts of Bus Priority Routes in Major Israeli Cities." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 17, 2020): 8617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208617.

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Bus priority routes (BPRs) promote public transport use in urban areas; however, their safety impacts are not sufficiently understood. Along with proven positive mobility effects, such systems may lead to crash increases. This study examines the safety impacts of BPRs, which have been introduced on busy urban roads in three major Israeli cities—Tel Aviv, Jerusalem and Haifa. Crash changes associated with BPR implementation are estimated using after–before or cross-section evaluations, with comparison-groups. The findings show that BPR implementation is generally associated with increasing trends in various crash types and, particularly, in pedestrian crashes at junctions. Yet, the results differ depending on BPR configurations. Center lane BPRs are found to be safer than curbside BPRs. The best safety level is observed when a center lane BPR is adjacent to a single lane for all-purpose traffic. Local public transport planners should be aware of possible negative implications of BPRs for urban traffic safety. Negative safety impacts can be moderated by a wider use of safety-related measures, as demonstrated in BPRs’ operation in Haifa. Further research is needed to delve into the reasons for the negative safety impacts of BPRs under Israeli conditions relative to the positive impacts reported in other countries.

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Poland, Kristin M., Mary Pat McKay, Mark R. Zonfrillo, Thomas H. Barth, and Ronald Kaminski. "Changes in baseline concussion assessment scores following a school bus crash." Traffic Injury Prevention 17, sup1 (September 2, 2016): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2016.1194518.

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Samerei, Seyed Alireza, Kayvan Aghabayk, Nirajan Shiwakoti, and Sajjad Karimi. "Modelling bus-pedestrian crash severity in the state of Victoria, Australia." International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion 28, no. 2 (April 3, 2021): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2021.1907597.

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Zhang, Guo Sheng, Wei Wang, Song Ai Piao, and Xuan Dong. "The Study of Bus Superstructure Strength Based on ECE R66." Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (January 2012): 1799–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.1799.

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Taking a full-monocoque body as the research object, the finite element analysis theory was applied to build the finite element model of the bus and the numerical simulation environment of the structural strength of the superstructure. The vehicle centre of gravity position determination was studied and calculated. According to the ECE R66 equivalent authentication method, the rollover test of body section was carried out. The rigid and strength characteristic of bus superstructure were evaluated. On this basis, the energy absorbing capability of body section during the rollover process was studied and evaluated. The results showed that the body section of bus was complied with the regulatory requirements; its structural safety characteristic was good. This design method of rollover crash safety had important significance and value to research and development of manufacturer.

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Vergel-Tovar, Erik, Segundo López, Natalia Lleras, Darío Hidalgo, Maryfely Rincón, Sebastián Orjuela, and Juliana Vega. "Examining the relationship between road safety outcomes and the built environment in Bogotá, Colombia." Journal of Road Safety 31, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33492/jrs-d-20-00254.

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The study of the relationship between the built environment and road safety suggests that density and urban design features may be associated with traffic incidents. In this study, quantitative data analysis using generalized ordinal logit models, and linear and log-linear regressions was conducted to estimate the influence of the built environment on road safety in Bogotá, focusing on road crash outcomes by estimating the influence of built environment attributes on fatalities and injured victims. The analysis was performed using georeferenced road crash data from 2012 to 2016 provided by Bogotá’s Department of Mobility. The quantitative data analysis focused on arterial roads, considering crash severity and types of road users involved, as well as Bus Rapid Transit System corridors. This analysis was complemented with on-site interviews. The results suggest that the presence of pedestrian bridges is positively associated with the number of road crashes for all road users. Other urban variables such as density and distance to intersections showed significant correlations with safety.

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Brown, Candace, Nancy Kennedy, Don Wright, and Walt Zak. "Methodology for Estimating Vehicle Miles Traveled for Commercial Motor Vehicles at the State Level." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1830, no. 1 (January 2003): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1830-10.

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Described is one specific effort to better estimate commercial motor vehicle-related exposure at the state level in order to better determine commercial motor vehicle-related crash rates for state and federal programs. Limitations in the crash and exposure data affect the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration and a state’s ability to plan and assess operations and conduct ongoing analyses of program effectiveness. One important limitation has been the lack of reliable estimates of commercial motor vehicle exposure data at the state level. Exposure data, for the purpose of this report, are defined as the number of truck and bus vehicle miles traveled (VMT). Described is the methodology that was developed to calculate adjusted state VMT for commercial vehicles; results are presented for 1999 and 2000. The results support estimation of crash involvement rates for each state and provide exposure data for other analytical studies. The methodology to calculate adjusted state VMT for commercial motor vehicles has resulted in improved information resources in support of all crash analyses. The adjusted state VMT for commercial vehicles supports measurement of program effectiveness and development of countermeasures to promote motor carrier safety. The adjusted state VMT for commercial motor vehicles methodology and the commercial vehicle fatal-crash involvement rate reports enable state and federal agencies to better focus their safety programs and enforcement resources.

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Yücel, Ayhan, Ali Atahan, Turan Arslan, and Umur Sevim. "Traffic Safety at Median Ditches: Steel vs. Concrete Barrier Performance Comparison Using Computer Simulation." Safety 4, no. 4 (November 1, 2018): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety4040050.

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In Turkey, concrete V-shaped ditches are formed at the median section of divided highways to provide drainage. Recent accidents show that these ditches actually present safety risks to vehicles entering the medians. Vehicles either cross over the ditch, roll over, or become trapped in the ditch, depending upon the mass, size, speed, and angle of the entering vehicle. To overcome this safety risk and reduce the severity of these accidents, longitudinal barriers are installed along these ditches. Currently, in Turkey, steel barriers are extensively used to improve traffic safety at median ditches. In this paper, the crash performances of steel and concrete barriers used at medians with ditches are compared. A model of a standard steel EDSP-1.33 barrier and a model of a newly developed concrete C470 barrier were constructed, and impact simulations were performed for when they are installed at a ditch slope break point. A nonlinear finite element program, LS-DYNA, was used for the analysis. A 13,000 kg bus model was used to impact both barriers in accordance with European standard requirements for crash tests. Simulation results show that when the steel EDSP-1.33 barrier is used, the bus has the potential for excessive penetration of the ditch, with significant barrier deformation. Moreover, the barrier damage is extensive, resulting in increased maintenance costs. On the other hand, the concrete C470 barrier successfully contains and redirects the 13,000 kg bus impact, with minimal barrier deformation and safety risk. Even though the concrete barrier slides toward the inside of the ditch, the bus does not enter the ditch area and exits the barrier in a stable manner. Therefore, to increase traffic safety at ditches located at the median section of divided highways in Turkey, utilization of the newly developed concrete barrier C470 is recommended.

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Guo, Rui, Zhiqiang Wu, Yu Zhang, Pei-Sung Lin, and Zhenyu Wang. "Insights from Integrated Geo-Location Data for Pedestrian Crashes, Demographics, and Land Uses." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 8 (May 31, 2020): 720–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120920267.

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This study investigates the effects of demographics and land uses on pedestrian crash frequency by integrating the contextual geo-location data. To address the issue of heterogeneity, three negative binomial models (with fixed parameters, with observed heterogeneity, and with both observed and unobserved heterogeneities) were examined. The best fit with the data was obtained by explicitly incorporating the observed and unobserved heterogeneity into the model. This highlights the need to accommodate both observed heterogeneity across neighborhood characteristics and unobserved heterogeneity in pedestrian crash frequency modeling. The marginal effect results imply that some land-use types (e.g., discount department stores and fast-food restaurants) could be candidate locations for the education campaigns to improve pedestrian safety. The observed heterogeneity of the area indicator suggests that priority should be given to more populated low-income areas for pedestrian safety, but attention is also needed for the higher-income areas with larger densities of bus stops and hotels. Moreover, three normally distributed random parameters (proportion of older adults, proportion of lower-speed roads, and density of convenience stores in the area) were identified as having random effects on the probability of pedestrian crash occurrences. Finally, the identification of pedestrian crash hot zone provides practitioners with prioritized neighborhoods (e.g., a list of areas) for developing effective pedestrian safety countermeasures.

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Okunlola, Abiodun Idowu, and Augustine Abiodun Adeolu. "Chance Fracture in an Unbelted Rear Seat Passenger." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 10, no. 01 (January 2019): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jnrp.jnrp_164_18.

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ABSTRACTChance fracture occurs from flexion-distraction injury in motor vehicle road crash usually when the patient is on a seat belt. It is often associated with intra-abdominal injuries. We managed a 22-year old female unbelted rear seat passenger of a bus which was involved in a lone accident. We highlighted the possible mechanism of chance fracture in an unbelted passenger and satisfactory spinal stability on conservative care with neither internal nor external fixation.

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af Wåhlberg, Anders, and Lisa Dorn. "Experience as a Safety Factor in Driving; Methodological Considerations in a Sample of Bus Drivers." Safety 5, no. 2 (June 13, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety5020037.

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Experience is generally seen as an important factor for safe driving, but the exact size and details of this effect has never been meta-analytically described, despite a fair number of published results. However, the available data is heterogeneous concerning the methods used, which could lead to very different results. Such method effects can be difficult to identify in meta-analysis, and a within-study comparison might yield more reliable results. To test for the difference in effects between some different analytical methods, analyses of data on bus driver experience and crash involvement from a British company were conducted. Effects of within- and between-subjects analysis, non-linearity of effects, and direct and induced exposure methods were compared. Furthermore, changes in the environmental risk were investigated. Between-subject designs yielded smaller effects as compared to within-subjects designs, while non-linearity was not found. The type of exposure control applied had a strong influence on effects, as did differences in overall environmental risk between years. Apparently, “the effect of driving experience” means different things depending upon how calculations have been undertaken, at least for bus drivers. A full meta-analysis, taking several effects of methodology into account, is needed before it can be said that the effect of driving experience on crash involvement is well understood.

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Truong, Long, and Sekhar Somenahalli. "Using GIS to Identify Pedestrian-Vehicle Crash Hot Spots and Unsafe Bus Stops." Journal of Public Transportation 14, no. 1 (March 2011): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/2375-0901.14.1.6.

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Ji, Peijun, and Qing Zhou. "Influence of school bus seat spacing on crash protection of six-year olds." International Journal of Vehicle Safety 8, no. 2 (2015): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvs.2015.068687.

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Doohan, Isabelle, Lina Gyllencreutz, Ulf Björnstig, and Britt-Inger Saveman. "Survivors’ experiences of consequences and recovery five years after a major bus crash." Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 32, no. 3 (February 12, 2018): 1179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/scs.12563.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bus crash'

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