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Leung, Pui-yin. "A study of the application of alternative fuels in public light buses in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23373076.
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Soto, Pinto Udelio. "Terminal de buses Osorno." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/143925.
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Rexachs, del Rosario Dolores Isabel. "Sistema multiprocesador con buses múltiples." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3056.
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En este trabajo describimos un sistema multiprocesador fuertemente acoplado el sistema multiprocesador propuesto, es un sistema con buses múltiples y memoria común, ha sido concebido teniendo en cuenta como principales objetivos la modularidad y la transparencia para el software de aplicación del usuario. En este sistema los procesadores tienen una memoria local, y los módulos de memoria común son memorias uni-entrada que permiten solo un acceso por ciclo. Diferentes redes de interconexión han sido propuestas para estos sistemas. Nosotros hemos elegido la red de interconexión de buses múltiples, ya que proporciona un rendimiento similar al del crossbar pero con un coste menor y es tolerante a fallos, puede seguir funcionando después del fallo de un subconjunto de buses, aunque exista una pérdida de prestaciones. Un elemento fundamental en un sistema multiprocesador con buses múltiples es el sistema de arbitraje que proporciona las funciones de control de la red de interconexión. Proponemos un sistema de arbitraje realizado por hardware, regular, modular y con capacidad de expansión. Entre las funciones principales del sistema de arbitraje se destacan la selección del procesador y la asignación de buses, esta organizado en una estructura de dos niveles. Hemos desarrollado un modelo utilizando dos matrices para describir su funcionamiento. El sistema de arbitraje puede ser utilizado para estructuras reducidas de buses multiples y para buses multiples multiplexados. Además puede ser utilizado en sistemas sincronos y asincronos. Las funciones de sincronización básicas para acceder a un modulo de memoria comun, estan soportadas directamente por hardware. El actual prototipo es un sistema multimicroprocesadores (r-6502) con memoria privada, 4 modulos de memoria común y 4 buses. Este prototipo ha sido realizado en wire-wrapp.
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Jin, Chuan. "Investigation of Diagnostics for Buses." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Information Technology, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-129476.
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As vehicle functions are getting more complex, the difficulty of diagnosing work is increasing. Currently, at Volvo Bus Corporation, there are two main methods to do fault tracing on the body, but there is no guided diagnostics, which means if something wrong happens, we can get a warning but we have no idea how to locate the error component efficiently, the diagnosis work depends largely on the expert’s experience.
In this thesis, the front door system of a Volvo bus is chosen to be a target system to try the model-based diagnosis method. The system is modeled with a model-based reasoning software called RODON. With the help of the tool, the model can be created, modified and simulated. Based on the model, the corresponding database can be generated automatically after some constraints are set, then we can generate the decision tree based on the database, that is what we expect from the model. And with the help of the decision tree, the mechanics can be guided to the right direction to find out the erroneous component precisely and efficiently.
The results of guided diagnostics were good and all the faults injected on the bus are detected and the guided diagnostics method was proved more efficient than other existing methods.
Based on the result presented in the thesis, we can draw a conclusion that the guided diagnostics can be integrated to the already existing method as a complement.
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Galaz, A. Alexis. "TBA Terminal de buses Atacama." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2006. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/100925.
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El Proyecto de Título se plantea por vocación y por hecho, como el punto álgido del desarrollo de nuestra carrera en su etapa de alumnos de la Escuela de Arquitectura; Resulta por tanto una excelente oportunidad para, junto con aplicar todo el conocimiento, ideas y motivaciones personales, ser capaces de leer la realidad concreta y presente de nuestro país, comprender los problemas, trastornos y necesidades existentes tanto en lo fundamental como en su expresión más sensible, de tal manera que los temas eternamente agendados, como el desarrollo y crecimiento en equidad, la seguridad, la sustentabilidad ecológico-cultural y la potenciación de las regiones sean, entre otros, abordados con la voluntad, responsabilidad y seriedad necesarias para que las soluciones surjan de un trabajo basado en un criterio analítico, realista y con visión. Es de esta manera como se ha querido aproximar a la definición del campo en el cual se desarrollará el Proyecto de Título, de manera que este se convierta en un instrumento real a través del cual podamos aportar al desarrollo nacional. Para tales efectos se ha optado por trabajar fuera de la ciudad de Santiago, de manera de aproximarse a otras realidades e intentar responder a los requerimientos de las ciudades de “regiones”, las que han sido a través del tiempo postergadas, producto de la estructura de “desarrollo” en que se enmarca el crecimiento del país. En ese contexto, el emplazamiento urbano escogido es la ciudad de Copiapó, capital de la Tercera Región de Atacama, la cual, si bien no es la única, posee diversos problemas en cuanto a su funcionamiento, planificación e imagen, los que no se condicen con su calidad de principal ciudad regional, su pasado como una de las más prósperas a nivel nacional y su presente como uno de los centros productivos más generosos con la economía del país, si se consideran los volúmenes de exportación en las áreas de la minería y la agricultura. Esto, que es pura realidad, no pretende transformarse en bandera de lucha de fundamentalismos ideológicos regionalistas, sino que mas bien se plantea como una oportunidad de hacerse cargo de esa profunda irrelación y falta de proporción del supuesto “crecimiento con equidad”, que así como devela su imperfección en los conocidos índices de distribución del ingreso por habitante también lo hace, aunque a regañadientes, en cuanto al desarrollo económico, social y cultural entre Santiago y el resto de las ciudades de Chile, lo cual se lee necesaria e inevitablemente en los aspectos urbanos de la cuidad. Partiendo de esa base, los caminos a través de los cuales se podría abordar esta problemática son diversos, contándose entre estos el educacional, el cultural, el de vialidad, el de transporte, de vivienda y de espacios públicos; Sin embargo y siendo justos, los últimos 15 años han sido escenario de importantes avances en cuanto a infraestructura educacional, producto de una voluntad coordinada del gobierno central con el municipal, relación que por cierto, es rescatable para cualquier tipo de proyecto, ya que si a ello se suma la inclusión del sector privado, se configura un escenario mas completo para el planteamiento de mejores ideas y propuestas mas reales y depuradas. De esta manera y basándose en las necesidades observadas en los respectivos análisis, se aproxima a la decisión de avanzar ahora en el entendimiento y el aporte al desarrollo del área del transporte y su coordinación funcional, formal y espacial con la lógica operacional local y la nacional, siendo más específico, en la concreción de un nuevo Terminal de Buses para la ciudad.
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Karginova, Nadezda. "Identification of Driving Styles in Buses." Thesis, Halmstad University, Intelligent systems (IS-lab), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-4830.
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It is important to detect faults in bus details at an early stage. Because the driving style affects the breakdown of different details in the bus, identification of the driving style is important to minimize the number of failures in buses.
The identification of the driving style of the driver was based on the input data which contained examples of the driving runs of each class. K-nearest neighbor and neural networks algorithms were used. Different models were tested.
It was shown that the results depend on the selected driving runs. A hypothesis was suggested that the examples from different driving runs have different parameters which affect the results of the classification.
The best results were achieved by using a subset of variables chosen with help of the forward feature selection procedure. The percent of correct classifications is about 89-90 % for the k-nearest neighbor algorithm and 88-93 % for the neural networks.
Feature selection allowed a significant improvement in the results of the k-nearest neighbor algorithm and in the results of the neural networks algorithm received for the case when the training and testing data sets were selected from the different driving runs. On the other hand, feature selection did not affect the results received with the neural networks for the case when the training and testing data sets were selected from the same driving runs.
Another way to improve the results is to use smoothing. Computing the average class among a number of consequent examples allowed achieving a decrease in the error.
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Arriagada, Fernández Jacqueline Grace. "Modelamiento del fenómeno apelotonamiento de buses." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/140958.
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Magíster en Gestión de Operaciones.
Ingeniera Civil IndustrialEl apelotonamiento de Buses (caso extremo de irregularidad de intervalo entre buses consecutivos) es un fenómeno conocido y relevante para operadores, usuarios y reguladores de servicios de buses de alta frecuencia. El efecto de este fenómeno es tal que los buses tienden a agruparse en dos o más, lo cual afecta la calidad del servicio y la eficiencia operacional. En este trabajo se describe el fenómeno apelotonamiento de buses mediante un indicador de tipo continuo y otro de tipo discreto. Usando datos disponibles de la operación del sistema de transporte público, en específico del sistema de localización automática de vehículos (AVL por sus siglas en inglés) y del sistema de cobro automático de tarifa (AFC por sus siglas en inglés) de la ciudad de Santiago (Chile) y Gatineau (Canadá), se construyeron mapas de apelotonamiento de buses y se calibraron modelos de regresión lineal para explicar el fenómeno. Se aplicó una transformación de Box-Cox a los indicadores continuo y discreto para obtener variables con distribución de probabilidad normal y así generar estimaciones más certeras de los modelos, dicha transformación es una función inversa de los indicadores, por lo que las variables dependientes miden la regularidad de los buses. Luego se desarrollaron dos tipos de modelos: uno con el indicador continuo transformado y otro con el indicador discreto transformado como variable dependiente. Las variables independientes corresponden a los factores que han sido detectados como aquellos que incrementan o disminuyen la intensidad del apelotonamiento de buses. Estos factores se pueden agrupar en los que están relacionados a semáforos, infraestructura de la vía, operación de los buses y entorno de los buses. El resultado de estimaciones de los modelos permite concluir que los factores que aumentan la irregularidad de los intervalos entre buses son: el largo de la ruta, frecuencia programada alta, despacho irregular de buses, flota no homogénea (combinación de buses articulados y no articulados), alta demanda y variabilidad de ésta, buses desviados, demora uniforme vehicular en semáforos, intersecciones con bloqueo de tráfico, distancia entre paraderos alta, vía con vehículos estacionados. Por otro lado aquellos factores que resultaron disminuir el apelotonamiento de buses son: presencia de vía exclusiva, presencia de corredor segregado, actividad (detenerse o no detenerse) homogénea entre buses consecutivos y coordinación de semáforos. Luego de obtener resultados coherentes con los registrados en la literatura se puede decir que los indicadores utilizados en este trabajo permiten medir el problema de apelotonamiento de buses en diferentes sistemas de transporte público y además los sistemas de tecnología AVL y AFC permiten la utilización de un gran volumen de datos a bajo costo para el estudio de la regularidad de buses.
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Loría, Rebolledo Luis Enrique. "Investigating preferences for low emission buses." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=238673.
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This thesis aims to investigate preferences for Low Emission Buses (LEB). Building on the existing stated preference literature on bus service quality measures and emissions reduction valuation in private vehicles and on the few existing studies looking at LEBs, which have used Contingent Valuation, this study makes use of the multi-attribute nature of Discrete Choice Experiments (DCE) to explore valuations for reductions in two different types of emissions separately, along with other attributes traditionally related to bus travel. This thesis uses a state-of-the-art pivoted experimental design to create reference-dependent choice tasks centred on the respondent's current experience. Choice task realism was additionally sought by using quantitative and qualitative research to inform the experimental and survey design. The survey was conducted at bus stops in the city of Aberdeen during the months of October and November 2016, whilst an existing LEB pilot project was in operation: the Aberdeen Hydrogen Bus Project (AHBP). Choice data is analysed using random parameter logit models to explore preferences for reductions in the two separate emissions and other bus service characteristics. To provide greater insight of the preferences for LEBs, this thesis' additional methodological contributions include using the AHBP as a case study to explore the role of familiarity on preference formation and examining whether choice behaviour is consistent with prospect theory's three main properties: reference dependence, changing marginal sensitivities and preference asymmetry in the form of loss aversion. Policy implications from each of these contribution are discussed.
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Karmarkar, Kedar M. "Early latching technique for long buses /." Available to subscribers only, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1559856901&sid=15&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Juhlin, Magnus. "Assessment of crosswind performance of buses." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Skolan för teknikvetenskap, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10382.
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Meakin, Richard Thomas. "An assessment of government's supervision of franchised bus operations." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1986. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12323330.
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Song, Wei Wei. "Personal exposure to particulate matter in buses." Thesis, University of York, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485138.
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Personal exposure levels to particles inside buses were investigated in two northern UK cities (Bradford and York). Mass concentrations of particles in two size fractions (PMlO and P~h.5) and number concentrations of particles 0.3 to 15 um were measured by using two real-time optical monitors. Factors which may result in high exposure to particles in different size classes were recorded and statistically analysed. In order to further numerical understanding of the concentrations of particles in buses, a three-dimensional computer model was developed from a previous indoor model. The model was used to simulate and predict particle concentrations in buses, based on empirically determined parameters, and compared with measured in-bus and out-bus particle concentrations. Personal exposures to particles were found to be higher than corresponding ambient roadside particle concentrations, as well as those measured in previous studies in other indoor microenvironments, such as homes and offices. PMlO and PM2.5 levels were higher in morning and evening rush hours, compared to off-peak periods. Statistical analysis indicated that factors which were associated with higher concentrations included ambient particle concentrations, numbers of bus stops, numbers of traffic stops, passenger activity, routes, types of buses, seat position and window status. The effect of these different factors varied between particle size classes. Re-suspension by passenger activity was identified as a major factor especially for coarse particles. This was also used as the only in-bus. emission source for the in-bus model (IBAIR) simulations. The simulation results indicated that the IBAIR model could broadly simulate the particle concentrations inside buses, and could be used to assess the contribution of activities within buses and outside concentrations to particle levels within buses. The results of both measurements and models suggest that exposure of regular commuters inside buses could be of potential health significance and needs further assessment given policies to encourage the use of public transport. Keywords: particulate matter, personal exposure, bus, transport, size distribution, modeling
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Juhlin, Magnus. "A study on crosswind sensitivity of buses /." Stockholm : Department of Aeronautical and Vehicle Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4084.
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Buckley, Dave. "New Monitoring Paradigms for Modern Avionics Buses." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/579530.
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ITC/USA 2013 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Ninth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 21-24, 2013 / Bally's Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, NVIn modern aircraft there is a proliferation of avionics buses. Some of these buses use industry wide standards such as ARINC 429 or AFDX while others are based on proprietary protocols. For many of the newer bus types there can be thousands of parameters on each bus. In a distributed data acquisition system the flight test engineer needs to record all of the data from each bus and monitor selected parameters in real time. There are numerous different approaches to acquiring, transmitting and recording data from avionics buses. In modern FTI there is also a proliferation of standards for recording and transmission including IRIG 106 Chapter 10, iNET and IENA. In this paper some common approaches to bus monitoring are compared and contrasted for popular buses such as ARINC 429, AFDX and Time Triggered Protocol. For each bus type the best approach is selected for reliable acquisition, speed of configuration, low latency telemetry and compact recording which is optimized for playback.
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Sundin, Daniel. "Scheduling of Electric Buses with Column Generation." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Optimeringslära, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-154152.
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Column generation has during the last years been popular in vehicle scheduling as it for larger problems can find an optimum faster than using an ordinary mixed-integer programming (MIP) model. We study the problem of finding optimal schedules for electric buses by means of column generation. The motive for this approach is that when the size of the problem becomes very large in terms of variables and different solutions, solving it with a mixed- integer programming model can take a lot time. The purpose of this work is to investigate how the best found integral solution and the solution time vary between different column generation methods and how these methods perform compared to a MIP. This has been done by implementing these methods on a test problem for scheduling of electric buses. The results indicate that column generation methods can be very efficient in terms of time and best found integral solution for larger problems. A modified column generation method has been created in order to accelerate the generation of columns, which is better than standard column generation in terms of solution time and best found integral solution.
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Tran, Martin. "A Tracking Mobile Application for School Buses." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Medie- och Informationsteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-174933.
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Driving kids to school is a straightforward task but in a world where technology is constantly growing the demand to digitalize every daily process has been normalized. From bus drivers, school administrators to parents there have been demands to track the driven route of the bus and to keep track of the children. In this master thesis the development of a mobile application to keep track of a school bus and its pupils was carried out as well as the development of a toolkit to visualize the collected data. The aim of the application was to help the client collect data of a driven route. The clients will use the application for resource optimization. Methods within interaction design and user experience has been applied to design an application that works best for the targeted group. Interviews and a user study were carried out to evaluate if the application can be used as intended. The result has all of the functionalities that satisfy the needs of the clients and it’s customers. In case of accident the application is able to pinpoint the exact location of the bus and keep track of the pupils that have been checked in by the bus driver. The application will also log the geographical coordinates of the driven route when being used. A toolkit with a visual map has been implemented to show the driven route and information about the pupils. However the application can be improved by design to help the bus drivers perform actions on the application faster to save time while logging pupils statuses for each station.Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet
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Broms, Philip, and Niclas Grönström. "Self-organizing Buses : a Headway-based Approach." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-239357.
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Urban transportation systems are a vital part of everyday life nowadays. One common, but difficult issue in this area is bus bunching which means that buses close in on each other eventually ending up platooning when in operation. This leads to inefficiency and passenger delay. The intent of this report is to develop a model for mitigating delays in urban transport by reducing bus bunching. Our approach is to have buses selforganize and focus on maintaining a consistent headway between buses. We propose using Markov chains in the algorithm. By assigning control points along the bus line that have the ability to evaluate the location of the buses. This dynamic property allows for a quick response to the unpredictability of urban traffic and an increase in effective use of the transportation system. Results show that self-organizing, headway-based control has the potential to significantly increase efficiency in urban transport.Lokaltrafiken är en mycket viktig del av dagens samhälle. Det är därför stor vikt i att upprätthålla flödet så effektivt som möjligt. Ett vanligt förekommande problem är bus bunching. Bus bunching innebär att två eller fler bussar som från början var schemalagda att färdas med jämnt mellanrum, istället färdas i grupp. Problemet är svårt att lösa och leder till ineffektivt användande av transport samt fördröjningar i busstrafiken. I denna rapport ska vi ställa upp och utveckla en modell för att minska bus bunching. Vi angriper problemet med hjälp av en självorganiserande algoritm och fokuserar på att reglera tidsavståndet, s.k. headway, mellan bussarna. I algoritmen tillämpar vi Markovkedjor och etablerar kontrollpunkter vid vissa utvalda stationer, som har förmågan att evaluera bussarnas positioner. Detta ger en god anpassningsförmåga mot oförutsedda faktorer i storstadstrafiken och ökar effektiviteten i transport. Våra resultat pekar på att en självorganiserande, headway-baserad metod har potentialen att märkbart öka effektiviteten i trafiken.
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Jeyakumar, Serenus Dayal Chelliah. "Integrated sensor information system (ISIS) for crime prevention in buses : modeling a wireless communications network for buses using iBurst™." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.579730.
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This thesis introduces ISIS, an integrated Sensor Information System for crime prevention in the public bus transport system. ISIS will detect potential criminal and terrorist threats on board a public bus transport system and will inform decision makers at a control centre to determine the perceived threat level. ISIS has six work packages and work performed in this thesis contributes towards work package 3 involving RF modeling. The iBurst network under trial in Belfast was used to study its propagation and fading characteristics in a constantly varying environment. An investigation into currently existing long term fading models against measured iBurst fading proved that their performance was not found to be accurate enough for the application of ISIS. A statistical analysis on measured iBurst long term fading was performed along three different environments of unique characteristics and probability predictions for iBurst based on distance from the base station was proposed. Using this data, a modification on the COST long term fading model was performed by the addition of the Jey-Linton factor. This factor was defined for the three environments under study and its effect on long term fading prediction for iBurst was justified. Measurement of iBurst in indoor environments was also performed to study the indoor penetration of iBurst. This thesis also launches an investigation into the propagation characteristics of an RF signal from a source inside a bus to an external receiver using. This study was performed using 1: 15 . scale models of single and double decked buses. Measurements were performed in the near field chamber using a fully automated near field scanner. From an ISIS perspective, in the event of a threat, this study would enable to identify the location and jam a potential wireless detonation device located inside a bus.
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Rojas, Hinrichsen Barbara. "Boleto para transantiago : hacinamiento y seguridad perceptual." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2005. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/100650.
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No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completoActualmente el interior de la micro se percibe como un espacio hacinado, (debido a que los asientos por si solos llenan la micro), e inseguro, (por la inestabilidad que incide en la constante lucha por el equilibrio del pasajero), teniendo como consecuencia una calidad muy baja así como también su confort. Esto incide en que, día a día, los porcentajes de preferencia de locomoción colectiva disminuyan progresivamente en la elección de la micro. Como objetivo General, el presente trabajo pretende: Diseñar el interior de la micro generando un espacio perceptualmente seguro y espacioso, logrando que se obtenga por parte del usuario un viaje confortable y de calidad
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Wong, Kwok-yiu. "Passengers' choice between the West Rail and buses." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31584287.
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Thede, Patrik. "Development of advanced air conditioncontroller for urban buses." Thesis, KTH, Reglerteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-105138.
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The Advanced Air Condition Controller (AACC) function presented in this master thesis reduces fuel consumption for the Air Condition (AC) compressor in urban buses. This is done by compressing cooling refrigerant at locations where the AC compressor can use freely available energy in the vehicle. The AC system could for example compress cooling medium in a downhill or when a deceleration is done. In this master thesis three dierent AACC functions have been developed. The first utilize Look Ahead (LA) information. The second utilize information about the current slope of the vehicle. The third AACC function is a combination of the two others. The AACC function that utilize LA information can decreased fuel consumption with 0.25%. The AACC function that utilize slope information can decrease fuel consumption with 0.15%. The AACC function that combines the best of the two other functions can decrease fuel consumption with 0.37%. For comparison, sometimes it is said that 1% fuel reduction is equivalent to one year of engine development. The decrease in fuel consumption can be done without major impacts on temperature climate inside the bus body. The simulation have been performed on a recorded bus route in Sodertalje.
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Kjelldal, Therese. "A Control System for Battery Charging in Buses." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70387.
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A common configuration in buses is that the engine is placed in the rear of the bus and that the batteries are placed in thefront of the bus due to optimization of the distribution of the weight. The long wires running between the engine and the batteries together with large power consuming units, such as fans and air condition units, result in voltage drops. The voltage drops contribute to the battery charging voltage level being lower than desired. The aim with this thesis work is to implement a control system that increases the battery voltage level when the voltage drops occur. Measurements are performed on an articulated bus that is in focus throughout the whole thesis work. A model for the electrical circuit of the bus is created and used when investigating the stability of the control system. The control system isimplemented in the bus, where also verification tests are performed. The verification tests confirm that the control system raises the battery charging voltage to the desired level. The increased voltage level makes the batteries reach a higher state of charge in shorter time since the control system provides the batteries with more charge.
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Babvey, Sharareh. "Delay and Power Reduction in Deep Submicron Buses." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2005. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/cs_theses/5.
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As technology scales down, coupling between nodes of the circuits increases and becomes an important factor in interconnection analysis. In many cases like the deep submicron technology (DSM), the coupling between lines (inter-wire capacitance) is strong and the energy consumption caused by parasitic capacitance is non-negligible. In this work, we employ the differential low-weight encoding [1] to reduce energy and delay (transmission cost) on DSM buses. We propose an enumeration method that reduces the encoder table-size from O(2n) words to O(n) words, for an n-bit DSM bus, and so reduces the memory complexity significantly and facilitates energy and delay reduction due to addressing and fetching data from large lookup tables. We modify the energy and delay equations for DSM buses and develop new representations in terms of number of the same and opposite direction transitions on the bus and use them in our interconnect analysis. We also use these equations to develop formulas for computing the mean transmission cost per bit on DSM buses for both differential low-weight encoding and uncoded schemes. Using the interconnect analysis, we compute a help codeword (from the set of unselected codewords) on the fly and assign to each selected codeword. This low complexity step consists of simple operations and enables us to gain more cost reduction without increasing the table size or number of the bus lines. The simulation results for 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit buses at maximum rate (only one extra line added) show that the proposed encoding scheme achieves more than 10% cost reduction, and performs more than 2.5% better than to the original differential low-weight scheme, in the worst case.
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DUTT, Nikil D., Hiroaki TAKADA, and Hiroyuki TOMIYAMA. "Memory Data Organization for Low-Energy Address Buses." Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/15042.
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Wong, Kwok-yiu, and 黃國堯. "Passengers' choice between the West Rail and buses." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31584287.
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Breedlove, Phillip M., and Charles R. Stephens. "REAL-TIME TELEMETRY OF COMPLETE 1553 DATA BUSES." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/615614.
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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 28-31, 1985 / Riviera Hotel, Las Vegas, NevadaAs MIL-STD-1553 Multiplex Data Bus usage proliferates, the ability to remotely monitor bus traffic has become important. Common applications include flight testing of missiles and aircraft, and the field maintenance of vehicles. Due to the high data rate and asynchronous characteristics of the 1553 Data Bus, special problems exist in the acquisition and analysis of 1553 bus traffic. The acquisition of the complete bus traffic is especially important during system testing and diagnostic operations. Several approaches are being utilized today to transmit 1553 bus traffic. The first approach is an extension of the PCM technique in which all of the bus traffic, during a specific time window, is buffered and then output in a PCM style format. This has the advantage of being synchronous, but a significant amount of bus information is lost, primarily the protocol and bus timing. An alternative approach is to transmit raw unbuffered bus traffic. Bus timing and protocol are retained, but the telemetry signal is asynchronous. A third approach, developed by Loral Data Systems in conjunction with Loral Instrumentation, is a 1553 Data Acquisition System that retains bus timing and protocol and synchronizes the signal to a common clock.
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Samuelsson, Erik. "Location independent inter-process communication as software buses." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-128237.
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Telecommunication networks will transform and gradually migrate into virtualized cloud environments as a result of the potential for higher profitability through reduced costs and increased revenues. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate architectural mechanisms for location-independent communication between software components in a virtualized base station. Systems that provide such mechanisms are typically referred to as middleware and deployed as Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS). The overall goal is to achieve desired characteristics in cloud deployment regarding ondemand self-service, rapid elasticity of capacity while upholding services and high availability. Four communication protocols are examined and evaluated based on a set of functional and nonfunctional requirements that are especially relevant for a virtualized base station. In comparison with the Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP), Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and the eXtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP), the Data Distribution Service (DDS) standard is found to have excellent performance characteristics. Its complexity might have implications for the development and deployment though, that will increase the time it takes to reap the benefits from its advantages.
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Wong, Richard Teck Ken. "Speed control for low-energy on-time buses." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9317af03-3d37-41b6-9c2b-029130c3cde3.
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In 2015, 40% of the total energy used by final users in the United Kingdom was used in the transport sector. Hence it is important to minimise the energy consumption in the transport sector. This research focuses on the energy consumption minimisation of a bus using the approach of optimal control. The four objectives defined for this research are (i) the setting up of an optimal control problem for a bus journey, (ii) the formulation of a real-world bus route for open loop optimisation, (iii) the estimation of on-road bus speed for open loop optimisation, and (iv) the setting up of a real-time system to provide and update the optimal speed. An optimal control problem is set up to minimise the energy consumption and the discrepancy between the arrival time and the scheduled time at bus stops. The formulation of on-demand bus stops, compulsory bus stops, and slope changes is discussed. On-demand bus stops are formulated in the bost function, compulsory bus stops are formulated using multiphase approach, and the slope changes are interpolated using a smooth linear interpolation method. PSOPT, an open source optimal control program which implements the direct collocation method is used to solve the optimal control problem. The optimal profile of a basic route is compared with the profile resulted from an aggressive driving style. The optimal profile is found to consume 60% less energy than the aggressive driving profile. Two aspects are studied to incorporate a real-world bus route into the open loop optimisation process. The first aspect is the location-related aspect addressed by objective (ii). Methods to translate geodesic coordinates of a bus route and the bus stops are explored. The procedure to identify the stopping probabilities at bus stops is also discussed. The second aspect is the traffic-related aspect addressed by objective (iii). On-road traffic affects the ability of the bus to be optimally driven, therefore neural networks are designed to estimate the bus speed on both the mixed traffic lanes and the bus lanes. A real-time on-board system is set up to provide and update the optimal speed on the bus. The system acquires real-time information of the bus and adapts the optimal profile using a proposed adjustment algorithm when there are disruptions to the optimal driving. The adjustment algorithm found to be able to provide a near-optimal result with only 0.23% extra energy consumption compared to the optimal result with shorter execution time. This thesis uses a real-world bus route from Oxford City Centre to Pear Tree Park and Ride for case studies in different sections.
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Holst, Gustav. "Route Planning of Transfer Buses Using Reinforcement Learning." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281286.
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In route planning the goal is to obtain the best route between a set of locations, which becomes a very complex task as the number of locations increase. This study will consider the problem of transfer bus route planning and examines the feasibility of applying a reinforcement learning method in this specific real-world context. In recent research, reinforcement learning methods have emerged as a promising alternative to classical optimization algorithms when solving similar problems. This due to their positive properties in terms of scalability and generalization. However, the majority of said research has been performed on strictly theoretical problems, not using real-world data. This study implements an existing reinforcement learning model and adapts it to fit the realms of transfer bus route planning. The model is trained to generate optimized routes in terms of time and cost consumption. Then, routes generated by the trained model are evaluated by comparing them to corresponding manually planned routes. The reinforcement learning model produces routes that outperforms manually planned routes with regards to both examined metrics. However, due to delimitations and assumptions made during the implementation, the explicit differences in consumptions are considered promising but cannot be taken as definite results. The main finding is the overarching behavior of the model, implying a proof of concept; reinforcement learning models are usable tools in the context of real-world transfer bus route planning.Inom ruttplanering är målet att erhålla den bästa färdvägen mellan en uppsättning platser, vilket blir en mycket komplicerad uppgift i takt med att antalet platser ökar. Denna studie kommer att behandla problemet gällande ruttplanering av transferbussar och undersöker genomförbarheten av att tillämpa en förstärkningsinlärningsmetod på detta verkliga problem. I nutida forskning har förstärkningsinlärningsmetoder framträtt som ett lovande alternativ till klassiska optimeringsalgoritmer för lösandet av liknande problem. Detta på grund utav deras positiva egenskaper gällande skalbarhet och generalisering. Emellertid har majoriteten av den nämnda forskningen utförts på strikt teoretiska problem. Denna studie implementerar en befintlig förstärkningsinlärningsmodell och anpassar den till att passa problemet med ruttplanering av transferbussar. Modellen tränas för att generera optimerade rutter, gällande tids- och kostnadskonsumtion. Därefter utvärderas rutterna, som genererats av den tränade modellen, mot motsvarande manuellt planerade rutter. Förstärkningsinlärningsmodellen producerar rutter som överträffar de manuellt planerade rutterna med avseende på de båda undersökta mätvärdena. På grund av avgränsningar och antagandet som gjorts under implementeringen anses emellertid de explicita konsumtionsskillnaderna vara lovande men kan inte ses som definitiva resultat. Huvudfyndet är modellens övergripande beteende, vilket antyder en konceptvalidering; förstärkningsinlärningsmodeller är användbara som verktyg i sammanhanget gällande verklig ruttplanering av transferbussar.
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Lindberg, Rasmus. "A heuristic approach for scheduling of electrical buses." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Optimeringslära, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-165681.
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The planning process of public transit systems have for long been a subject treated in operations research. In recent years, research within the public transit area focus on adapting this planning process for electric vehicles. This thesis evaluates a heuristic approach to the vehicle scheduling problem for electrical buses without the use of any licensed software. Among the previous research is an article that presents a mathematical model for scheduling of electrical buses using AMPL and CPLEX. However, due to not finding optimal solutions for all instances of the problem, the question of a heuristic approach is raised. Literature studies indicate that large neighbourhood search (LNS)-based heuristics have shown previous success for scheduling of vehicles. Results from the implementation of a constructive heuristic combined with an LNS-heuristic are compared with the results from the mathematical model and CPLEX. We see some success using the heuristic approach. However, the method we compare against still provide better solutions for almost all instances. More specifically, the difference between the results (number of buses needed) increases with an increasing complexity of the problem. Finally, due to the lacking results, some recommendations are given for improving the performance of the heuristic.
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Li, Chin-pang. "The improvement of environmental performance of public bus in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23427073.
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Hui, Yau-lung Michael. "The trolley bus : a sustainable technology option for Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25262464.
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Kinene, Alan. "Modelling the Passenger Demand for Buses in Örebro City." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-51426.
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GOMEZ, DANIEL ARMANDO ARIAS. "IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL BUSES FROM THE VOLTAGE STABILITY VIEWPOINT." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2015. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=26243@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
O surgimento do fenômeno de estabilidade de tensão na operação dos sistemas elétricos motivou centenas de pesquisadores a desenvolverem métodos que permitam detectar a proximidade à instabilidade de tensão, com eficiência computacional, e tomar medidas acertadas para garantir a operação confiável e segura. Neste trabalho são utilizados e comparados diferentes métodos associados à análise de estabilidade de tensão. Para testes, foram utilizados vários sistemas sob diferentes níveis de carregamento, desde carga leve até o máximo carregamento, este obtido a partir do algoritmo de fluxo de potência continuado. O objetivo é localizar as barras críticas, isto é, aquelas onde não se pode aumentar a injeção de potência e que impedem o crescimento da carga do resto do sistema.
The rise of voltage stability phenomenon in the operation of the electrical systems motivated hundreds of researchers to develop methods that allow them to detect the proximity to voltage instability, with computational efficiency, and take the right steps to ensure reliable and safe operation. This work used and compared different methods associated with the voltage stability analysis. For the tests were used various systems under different levels of loading, from light load to maximum load, this point obtained from the continuous power flow algorithm. The goal is to find the critical buses, that is, those at which the power injection cannot be increased and that avoid the growth of load in the rest of the system.
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Fors, Johansson Christoffer. "Arrival Time Predictions for Buses using Recurrent Neural Networks." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Artificiell intelligens och integrerade datorsystem, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-165133.
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In this thesis, two different types of bus passengers are identified. These two types, namely current passengers and passengers-to-be have different needs in terms of arrival time predictions. A set of machine learning models based on recurrent neural networks and long short-term memory units were developed to meet these needs. Furthermore, bus data from the public transport in Östergötland county, Sweden, were collected and used for training new machine learning models. These new models are compared with the current prediction system that is used today to provide passengers with arrival time information. The models proposed in this thesis uses a sequence of time steps as input and the observed arrival time as output. Each input time step contains information about the current state such as the time of arrival, the departure time from thevery first stop and the current position in Cartesian coordinates. The targeted value for each input is the arrival time at the next time step. To predict the rest of the trip, the prediction for the next step is simply used as input in the next time step. The result shows that the proposed models can improve the mean absolute error per stop between 7.2% to 40.9% compared to the system used today on all eight routes tested. Furthermore, the choice of loss function introduces models thatcan meet the identified passengers need by trading average prediction accuracy for a certainty that predictions do not overestimate or underestimate the target time in approximately 95% of the cases.
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Jansson, Birk, and Mikael Jarsäter. "Concept study - lower exhaust gas temperature in Scania buses." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-141775.
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The thesis aims to lower the exhaust gas temperature on the coming EU6 Scania buses D7 and Otto gas and is carried out as a final part of the studies in the mechanical engineering program, KTH Stockholm. Euro 6, a new emission standard requirements for heavy duty trucks and buses, puts new demands on the amount of particulate matter and nitrogen oxides that can be emitted. This led to that Scania has developed and improved their after treatment systems. The new after treatment systems generates high exhaust temperatures, and Scania have expressed a desire to reduce these to create a safer environment around the bus.The thesis started with a thorough feasibility study, where the current exhaust systems and its components were studied. Solutions to lower exhaust temperatures were studied, both in the automotive industry and in other fields. The concepts that were developed would be analyzed through CFD simulations, why basic fluid mechanics were studied. Two different exhaust systems were to be analyzed, one with a gas engine and roof outlet and one with a diesel engine and ground outlet. A total of eight concepts were presented, in which five were determined to undergo CFD simulations.A competitor analysis was conducted in which three different diffusers from competing bus and truck manufacturers were CFD simulated.The results showed that the diffusers were superior to the other concepts. The diffuser designed in this project performed well in comparison to the diffusers from competing bus and trucks manufacturers, but it was considered to be expensive and difficult to manufacture. New diffuser designs were suggested, which are believed to have the same good qualities but cheaper to manufacture. The authors recommend Scania to perform field tests of the redesigned diffusers, and also try the ones designed by their competitors. Also, Scania should investigate how a venturi solution can be optimized.Examensarbetet, vars mål är att sänka avgastemperaturen på Scanias bussar, är genomfört som en avslutande del av studierna på maskinkonstruktionsprogrammet, KTH Stockholm. EuroVI, en ny emissionskravsstandard för tunga fordon, ställer nya krav på hur mycket partiklar och kväveoxider som får släppas ut. Detta har resulterat i att Scania har utvecklat och förbättrat sina efterbehandlingssystem. De nya efterbehandlingssystemen ger upphov till höga avgastemperaturer, och Scania har uttryckt en önskan att sänka dessa för att skapa en säker miljö runt bussen.Examensarbetet började med en grundlig förstudie, där de aktuella avgassystemen och dess komponenter studerades. Lösningar för att sänka avgastemperaturer studerades, både inom fordonsindustrin och inom andra områden. Eftersom koncepten som togs fram skulle analyseras med CFD simuleringar, så studerades även grundläggande strömningsmekanik. Två olika avgassystem skulle analyseras, ett med en gasmotor och takutsläpp, och ett med en dieselmotor och markutsläpp. Totalt togs åtta koncept fram, varav fem ansågs intressanta för CFD simulering. Det gjordes även en konkurrentanalys, där tre olika diffusorer från konkurrerande buss- och lastbilstillverkare CFD simulerades.Resultaten visade att diffusorerna var överlägsna de andra koncepten. Diffusorn som utformats i detta projekt stod sig väl mot konkurrenternas diffusorer, men ansågs dock vara dyr och svår att tillverka. Nya designer togs fram, som anses ha samma temperatursänkande egenskaper men vara enklare att tillverka. Författarna till denna rapport rekommenderar Scania att gå vidare med fysiska tester av de förslagna diffusorerna, och att även testa konkurrenternas diffusorer. Scania bör även undersöka hur en venturilösning kan optimeras.
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Noble, Allyson F. "Quotidian bus journeys : city life reflections on Lothian buses." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2008. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/2396.
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The main objectives of this research are to investigate the interaction between the city of Edinburgh, Lothian Buses (Edinburgh's principal public transport provider) and people using specific bus routes within the city boundaries. A single overarching question dominated the nature of this research: ‘What can we know about the local character of the city from the vantage point of the bus?' The primary means of data collection were systematic participant observations along specific bus routes from 2004 to 2005. Consideration moves beyond solely examining the interaction between passengers, and treats the bus and the city as complex phenomena with which people have an interactive relationship. Through these observations, it explores the ways in which the bus is more than a mode of transport that links places, and instead maintains that the bus network forms its own multi-stranded signature within the city. Unravelling these strands reveals a mobile place where heterogeneous types of bus users engage in sense making procedures. In addition, the quotidian conversations that take place within the bus add their own unique rhythms and provide an added dimension to city life. Analysis draws on these systematic observations, delving beneath the surface of the familiar practice of bus travel, seeing the new in the familiar and subjecting these observations to philosophical enquiry. This research also considers the multifarious dimensions of the embedded experience of travel within its in-situ spatial and temporal imagination. The changing temporal and spatial nature of the bus creates a highly complex place within which contested identities produce knowable and recognisable corporal inscriptions upon the bus. Through the everyday practices and accomplishments within the lifeworld, we treat the city as a work in progress, in which there is an enduring tension between a community's need for inclusiveness and the concomitant practices that contribute to the process of exclusion. The embodied time spent travelling is the substantive life-blood of this thesis and the rich veins of the bus network present themselves as an essential part of the city's anatomy. In chorus, the theoretical foundation reflects upon itself as principled speech.
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Rukowicz, Stefan Frederick. "Comparative analysis of alternative fuels for bus transit." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 1.04 Mb., 208 p, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=1163250441&Fmt=7&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Ng, Tze-on. "A study of sustainable fuel in public transport : the case of public light buses in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23339743.
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Leung, Hang-san Steven. "A study of the regulation of public light buses in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22199482.
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Chan, Tat-tai. "The competition between buses and the MTR in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31945429.
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Martinez-Morett, David. "Diesel particulate matter quantification and reduction strategies for school buses /." Full text available online, 2009. http://www.lib.rowan.edu/find/theses.
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Fredriksson, Henrik. "Improvement Potential andEqualization Circuit Solutions forMulti-drop DRAM Memory Buses." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Elektroniska komponenter, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-11928.
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Digital computers have changed human society in a profound way over the last 50 years. Key properties that contribute to the success of the computer are flexible programmability and fast access to large amounts of data and instructions. Effective access to algorithms and data is a fundamental property that limits the capabilities of computer systems. For PC computers, the main memory consists of dynamic random access memory (DRAM). Communication between memory and processor has traditionally been performed over a multi-drop bus. Signal frequencies on these buses have gradually increased in order to keep up with the progress in integrated circuit data processing capabilities. Increased signal frequencies have exposed the inherent signal degradation effects of a multidrop bus structure. As of today, the main approach to tackle these effects has been to reduce the number of endpoints of the bus structure. Though improvements in DRAM memory technology have increased the available memory size at each endpoint, the increase has not been able to fully fulfill the demand for larger system memory capacity. Different bus structural changes have been used to overcome this problem. All are different compromises between access latency, data transmission capacity, memory capacity, and implementation costs. In this thesis we focus on using the signal processing capabilities of a modern integrated circuit technology as an alternative to bus structural changes. This has the potential to give low latency, high memory capacity, and relatively high data transmission capacity at an additional cost limited to integrated circuit blocks. We first use information theory to estimate the unexplored potential of existing multi-drop bus structures. Hereby showing that reduction of the number of endpoints for multi-drop buses, is by no means based on the fundamental limit of the data transmission capacity of the bus structure. Two test-chips have been designed and fabricated to experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of several Gb/s data-rates over multidrop buses, with limited cost overhead and no latency penalty. The test-chips implement decision feedback equalization, adopted for high speed multi-drop use. The equalizers feature digital filter implementations which, in combination with high speed DACs, enable the use of long digital filters for high speed decision feedback equalization. Blind adaptation has also been implemented to demonstrate extraction of channel characteristics during data transmission. The use of single sided equalization has been proposed in order to limit the need for equalization implementation to the host side of a DRAM memory bus. Furthermore, we propose to utilize the reciprocal properties of the communication channel to ensure that single sided equalization can be performed without any channel characterization hardware on the memory chips. Finally, issues related to evaluation of high-speed channels are addressed and the on-chip structures used for channel evaluation in this project are presented.
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Pendse, Nachiket C. "Crash safety assessment of bus operators in mass transit buses." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/1545.
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Mass transportation systems and specifically bus systems are a key element of the national transportation network. According to the Traffic Safety Facts report from 1999-2001, total of 333 fatal involvements of transit bus operators in fatal crashes have been reported from 284,000 bus related traffic accidents. Thus bus occupant safety research is an effort for the enhancement of bus operator safety. Crashes resulting in injuries were distributed between front, door side, driver side and rear collisions. This study is aimed at the evaluation of potential bus operator injuries during different accident scenarios of a mass transit bus in frontal, side and rear crashes. Dynamic sled tests of the bus operator and its environment are first conducted at National Institute for Aviation Research. From Numerical models of the crash event including bus and bus operator are developed using the MADYMO and LSDYNA codes, and validated against the experimental sled tests. Validation is carried out by comparing the kinematics of the bus operator represented by a Hybrid III ATD in actual sled tests and simulations. To ensure validity, a comparison of various acceleration profiles and forces -moments experienced by the bus operator under various test conditions are compared. Furthermore, potential injury levels sustained by the operator in the actual sled tests and the simulations are compared with FMVSS standards. This is done to analyze biomechanical performance under different loading conditions. The developed models once validated for their realistic applications, are performed with parametric study to obtain optimized configuration that provides protection to bus operator in the course of a crash.Thesis (M.S)-- Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
"December 2007."
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陳達大 and Tat-tai Chan. "The competition between buses and the MTR in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31945429.
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Dehmelt, Chris. "Integration of Smart Sensor Buses into Distributed Data Acquisition Systems." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/604924.
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ITC/USA 2005 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2005 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, NevadaAs requirements for the amount of test data continues to increase, instrumentation engineers are under pressure to deploy data acquisition systems that reduce the amount of associated wiring and overall system complexity. Smart sensor buses have been long considered as one approach to address this issue by placing the appropriate signal conditioners close to their respective sensors and providing data back over a common bus. However, the inability to adequately synchronize the operation of the sensor bus to the system master, which is required to correlate analog data measurements, has precluded their use. The ongoing development and deployment of smart sensor buses has reached the phase in which integration into a larger data acquisition system environment must be considered. Smart sensor buses, such as IntelliBus™, have their own unique mode of operation based on a pre-determined sampling schedule, which however, is typically asynchronous to the operation of the (master or controller) data acquisition system and must be accounted for when attempting to synchronize the two systems. IRIG Chapter 4 type methods for inserting data into a format, as exemplified by the handling of MIL-STD-1553 data, could be employed, with the disadvantage of eliminating any knowledge as to when a particular measurement was sampled, unless it is time stamped (similar to the time stamping function that is provided to mark receipt of 1553 command words). This can result in excessive time data as each sensor bus can manage a large number of analog sensor inputs and multiple sensor buses must be accommodated by the data acquisition system. The paper provides an example, using the Boeing developed IntelliBus system and the L3 Communications - Telemetry East NetDAS system, of how correlated data can be acquired from a smart sensor bus as a major subsystem component of a larger integrated data acquisition system. The focus will be specifically on how the IntelliBus schedule can be synchronized to that of the NetDAS formatter. Sample formats will be provided along with a description of how a standalone NetDAS stack and an integrated NetDAS-IntelliBus system would be programmed to create the required output, taking into account the unique sampling characteristics of the sensor bus.
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Magorrian, Eamon. "A sustainability assessment for public buses : A multi-criteria approach." Thesis, KTH, Hållbarhet och miljöteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235697.
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Many city planners, regional authorities and transport providers are tasked with the challenging job of selecting which type of public buses are suited to their location and priorities. The challenges of which are multidimensional in nature due to different policies to adhere to as well as economic, environmental and technical tradeoffs between options. The aim of this report was to provide decision support in the choice of powertrains and energy sources for buses in public transport systems. The methodology used was a multi-criteria analysis. The assessed transportation options include buses running on diesel, biogas, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), hydro-treated vegetable oils (HVO), bioethanol as well as battery electric vehicles (BEVs) assessed separately as opportunity and overnight charging. Suitable bus solutions were broken into six key areas to be considered when selecting fleets. These involved economic, technical, reliability, infrastructure, environmental and social issues. The economic considerations highlighted: the cost of ownership and the market share of vehicles. Vehicle performance considerations included: the range/refuel time of a vehicle. Considerations involved in delivery reliability were: national energy security, whether there was a short-term backup fuel as well as current and future policy support. Another consideration regarding infrastructure was: the required level of change required. Regarding environment and energy, considerations of merit involved: well-to-wheel greenhouse gas reductions, air pollution in relation vehicle regulations, noise levels, nutrient recyclability as well as associated resource impacts. The social considerations were determined as: public opinion and job creation. From the compiled results assessing each criterion the grading matrix suggested it was biogas buses followed closely by HVO buses that scored the best. Weighted results were also conducted, emphasizing the most important criteria according to surveyed stakeholders which resulted in HVO and Biogas again performing the best.Många stadsplanerare, regionala myndigheter och transportleverantörer har uppgift att utföra det utmanande arbetet med att välja vilken typ av offentliga bussar som passar deras läge och prioriteringar. Utmaningarna är multidimensionella på grund av olika politikområden för att följa såväl ekonomiska, miljömässiga som tekniska avvägningar mellan alternativ. Syftet med denna rapport var att ge beslutsstöd när det gäller val av elmotorer och energikällor för bussar i kollektivtrafiksystemen. Metoden som använts var en analys av flera kriterier. De bedömda transportalternativen inkluderar bussar som körs på diesel, biogas, fettsyrametylestrar (FAME), vattenbehandlade vegetabiliska oljor (HVO), bioetanol samt batteridrivna fordon (BEV) som bedömts separat som möjlighet och över natten laddning. Lämpliga busslösningar delades upp i sex nyckelområden som ska beaktas vid val av flottor. Dessa involverade ekonomiska, tekniska, tillförlitliga, infrastrukturella, miljömässiga och sociala frågor. Ekonomiska överväganden framhävs: ägandekostnader och marknadsandelar för fordon. Fordonets prestanda överväganden inkluderade: fordonets räckvidd / tankningstid. Överväganden som berörs av leveranssäkerhet var: nationell energisäkerhet, om det fanns ett kortsiktigt backupbränsle samt nuvarande och framtida politiskt stöd. En annan hänsyn till infrastrukturen var: den nödvändiga förändringsnivån. När det gäller miljö och energi var överväganden om meriter involverade: bränslesänkningar på vägen mot växthus, luftförorening i förhållande till fordonsbestämmelser, bullernivån, återvinningsförmåga för näringsämnen samt tillhörande resurskonsekvenser. De sociala övervägandena bestämdes som: allmän åsikt och skapande av arbetstillfällen. Från de sammanställda resultaten som bedömde varje kriterium noterades att biogasbussar, som följdes noggrant av HVO-bussar, gjorde det bästa enligt graderingsskalmatrisen. Viktiga resultat genomfördes också, med betoning på de viktigaste kriterierna enligt de undersökta intressenterna, vilket resulterade i att HVO och Biogas återigen utför de bästa.
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Spicer, Matthew William. "Intrusion Detection System for Electronic Communication Buses: A New Approach." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/81863.
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With technology and computers becoming more and more sophisticated and readily available, cars have followed suit by integrating more and more microcontrollers to handle tasks ranging from controlling the radio to the brakes and steering. Handling all of these separate processors is a communication system and protocol known as Controller Area Network (CAN) bus. While the CAN bus is a robust system for sending messages, allowing control of the car through the CAN bus presents an opportunity for an outside party to interfere with the operations of a car. Any number of different methods could be used to hack the bus and take control of a car, including hacking into the bus remotely, plugging a small device into the on-board diagnostics port to the CAN bus, or swapping an existing node on the CAN bus for one that has been tampered with. This presents obvious safety risks, so to guard against this possibility, this paper will present an algorithm designed to recognize nodes based on the noise content of their signal so that any messages coming from an improper source can be flagged as suspicious.
The algorithm makes use of MATLAB and Python to perform various transformations on the data and calculate features of the noise in a signal. These features are then passed through a statistical analysis which provides each one a score for how much useful information it contains. The best performing features are run through both a multilayer perceptron neural network and a support vector machine, and the results are compared. Each algorithm gives strong prediction performance, with prediction accuracies of 99.9% and 99.8% for the neural network and support vector machine, respectively.Master of Science
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Pendse, Nachiket C. Lankarani Hamid M. "Crash safety assessment of bus operators in mass transit buses /." Thesis, A link to full text of this thesis in SOAR, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/1545.
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Mudgal, Abhisek. "Non-parametric statistical evaluation of biodiesel emissions from transit buses." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009.
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