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Journal articles on the topic 'Buses'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Liu, Luying, Andrew Kotz, Aditya Salapaka, Eric Miller, and William F. Northrop. "Impact of Time-Varying Passenger Loading on Conventional and Electrified Transit Bus Energy Consumption." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 10 (June 3, 2019): 632–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119852337.

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Transit bus passenger loading changes significantly over the course of a workday. Therefore, time-varying vehicle mass as a result of passenger load becomes an important factor in instantaneous energy consumption. Battery-powered electric transit buses have restricted range and longer “fueling” time compared with conventional diesel-powered buses; thus, it is critical to know how much energy they require. Our previous work has shown that instantaneous transit bus mass can be obtained by measuring the pressure in the vehicle’s airbag suspension system. This paper leverages this novel technique to determine the impact of time-varying mass on energy consumption. Sixty-five days of velocity and mass data were collected from in-use transit buses operating on routes in the Twin Cities, MN metropolitan area. The simulation tool Future Automotive Systems Technology Simulator was modified to allow both velocity and mass as time-dependent inputs. This tool was then used to model an electrified and conventional bus on the same routes and determine the energy use of each bus. Results showed that the kinetic intensity varied from 0.27 to 4.69 mi−1 and passenger loading ranged from 2 to 21 passengers. Simulation results showed that energy consumption for both buses increased with increasing vehicle mass. The simulation also indicated that passenger loading has a greater impact on energy consumption for conventional buses than for electric buses owing to the electric bus’s ability to recapture energy. This work shows that measuring and analyzing real-time passenger loading is advantageous for determining the energy used by electric and conventional diesel buses.

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Zdanowicz, Agnieszka. "Swimming buses." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 9 (September 30, 2018): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.314.

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The article presents innovative concepts of the construction of ,,swimming buses” as a means of transport, both on land and on water. Amphibian is a dual-use vehicle. It can be used for various applications in the military area, rescue operations, as well as tourism. The article focuses on the description of the concept of an ,,swimming buses” in various countries. The success of each concept is largely based on research and development, although amphibious buses are already known, and vehicles of this type still have a long way to go through innovative development.

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3

Davis, Bob. "Buzz Buses." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 16, no. 3 (August 2001): 255–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690940121893.

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4

Hayes, Martin. "Like buses." Nature Physics 11, no. 7 (July 2015): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys3407.

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5

Edwards, Roger. "Microcomputer buses." Electronics and Power 33, no. 10 (1987): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ep.1987.0380.

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6

Stavisky, Norberto. "Exclusively buses." Energy for Sustainable Development 1, no. 3 (September 1994): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0973-0826(08)60039-3.

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7

Kim, Hanhee, Niklas Hartmann, Maxime Zeller, Renato Luise, and Tamer Soylu. "Comparative TCO Analysis of Battery Electric and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Buses for Public Transport System in Small to Midsize Cities." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 4384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144384.

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This paper shows the results of an in-depth techno-economic analysis of the public transport sector in a small to midsize city and its surrounding area. Public battery-electric and hydrogen fuel cell buses are comparatively evaluated by means of a total cost of ownership (TCO) model building on historical data and a projection of market prices. Additionally, a structural analysis of the public transport system of a specific city is performed, assessing best fitting bus lines for the use of electric or hydrogen busses, which is supported by a brief acceptance evaluation of the local citizens. The TCO results for electric buses show a strong cost decrease until the year 2030, reaching 23.5% lower TCOs compared to the conventional diesel bus. The optimal electric bus charging system will be the opportunity (pantograph) charging infrastructure. However, the opportunity charging method is applicable under the assumption that several buses share the same station and there is a “hotspot” where as many as possible bus lines converge. In the case of electric buses for the year 2020, the parameter which influenced the most on the TCO was the battery cost, opposite to the year 2030 in where the bus body cost and fuel cost parameters are the ones that dominate the TCO, due to the learning rate of the batteries. For H2 buses, finding a hotspot is not crucial because they have a similar range to the diesel ones as well as a similar refueling time. H2 buses until 2030 still have 15.4% higher TCO than the diesel bus system. Considering the benefits of a hypothetical scaling-up effect of hydrogen infrastructures in the region, the hydrogen cost could drop to 5 €/kg. In this case, the overall TCO of the hydrogen solution would drop to a slightly lower TCO than the diesel solution in 2030. Therefore, hydrogen buses can be competitive in small to midsize cities, even with limited routes. For hydrogen buses, the bus body and fuel cost make up a large part of the TCO. Reducing the fuel cost will be an important aspect to reduce the total TCO of the hydrogen bus.

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8

He, Zhixia. "Battery Electric Bus Selection Based on Entropy Weight Method and Road Operation Test: Using Nanjing Bus Company as an Example." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (August 10, 2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1696578.

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Before putting battery electric buses into actual daily operations, the selection of buses is of great importance to the bus companies and the improvement of energy efficiency. Based on multi-dimension big data provided by the Nanjing Bus Company and by adopting the entropy weight method and road operation test, this paper presented an objective method for the selection of battery electric bus. Each of these four enterprises, BYD, Kaiwo, Yinlong, and Jiankang which were commonly seen in the Chinese market, provided two types of battery electric buses. Four different routes were selected for the road test and collected over 50 days of daily operation test data. In order to reflect all aspects of the vehicle performance, eight indexes which had been considered and designed comprehensively were classified into three categories: reliability, economy, and security. Together with the road operation data, an evaluation system based on the bus’s daily operation performance was established through the entropy weight method. Assessing results showed that battery electric bus with better performance usually had a total evaluation score over 0.69. Generally, electric buses with high scores on one route also had higher scores on all the other routes, such as brand D. But, on unimpeded routes, results may differ, for example, in route 134 W, 10-meter buses of brand B ranked first. In contrast to earlier studies, the selection result obtained by this method was more objective and intuitional, which was also consistent with the actual scenario. The selection process indicates that this method is highly practical and can be easily carried out. Therefore, we can assume that the proposed method can evaluate the actual operation state of battery electric buses and provides a new selection way.

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9

Xu, Xinkuo, Xiaofeng Lv, and Liyan Han. "Carbon Asset of Electrification: Valuing the Transition from Fossil Fuel-Powered Buses to Battery Electric Buses in Beijing." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 14, 2019): 2749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102749.

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An increasing number of cities are transitioning from fossil fuel-powered buses for public transport to battery electric buses, but there is still much confusion about the economic evaluation of the electrification of buses, especially in terms of the carbon asset value for carbon emissions reduction in this transition. Taking Beijing as the example, this paper studies the economic value of the transition of public buses from fossil fuel-powered buses to battery electric buses from the perspective of carbon asset theory, and mainly focuses the analysis on direct carbon emissions. First, the theory and methodology of carbon asset evaluation are introduced for the transition from fossil fuel-powered buses to battery electric buses. Second, the internal determinants of the carbon assets for the transition from fossil fuel-powered buses to battery electric buses are studied. Third, the distinct impacts of the determinants of the carbon assets of the transition from fossil fuel-powered buses to battery electric buses are analysed. The results indicate that (1) the transition from fossil fuel-powered buses to battery electric buses has a carbon asset value; (2) the carbon asset value of the transition from fossil fuel-powered buses to battery electric buses is determined by the distance-specific CO2 emissions of fossil fuel-powered buses, the carbon price and the annual driving distances of the buses as well as the discounted rate of the carbon assets for buses and the termination time of the fossil fuel-powered or battery electric buses; and (3) the carbon assets contribute to the economic value of the transition from fossil fuel-powered buses to battery electric buses. This paper provides academic support for the economic evaluation of the transition from fossil fuel-powered buses to battery electric buses in a low-carbon society.

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10

Minich, Radovan, Miloslav Kepka jr., and Miloslav Kepka. "Knowledge base for fatigue life evaluation of bodyworks of buses, trolley-buses, and battery-buses." Procedia Structural Integrity 58 (2024): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2024.05.014.

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11

Luu, Le Quyen, Eleonora Riva Sanseverino, Maurizio Cellura, Hoai-Nam Nguyen, Hoai-Phuong Tran, and Hong Anh Nguyen. "Life Cycle Energy Consumption and Air Emissions Comparison of Alternative and Conventional Bus Fleets in Vietnam." Energies 15, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 7059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197059.

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The study (a) assesses the life cycle energy consumption and air emissions impacts of battery electric buses (e-buses) and conventional buses operated in Vietnam, and (b) compares them with those of hydrogen buses. The results indicate that e-buses and hydrogen buses are preferred options compared to conventional buses in terms of energy consumption, GHG emissions and other air quality impacts over their whole life cycle. Life cycle energy consumption of diesel buses is triple that of e-buses, and is significantly higher than that of hydrogen buses. Replacing conventional buses with e-buses can reduce energy consumption by 50%. For GHG emissions and air quality impacts, the adoption of electric and hydrogen mobility in replacement of conventional buses will reduce GHG emissions by 39%, and other impacts related to air quality by 13% to 90%.

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12

Vismara, Luca, Vee-Liem Saw, and Lock Yue Chew. "Synchronising Bus Bunching to the Spikes in Service Demand Reduces Commuters’ Waiting Time." Complexity 2022 (August 30, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8996439.

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Bus bunching is ostensibly regarded as a detrimental phenomenon in bus systems. We study a bus loop with two bus stops, one regular bus stop and one spike bus stop, where bunched buses can outperform staggered buses. The spike bus stop models a bus stop connected to a train or metro service, where passengers arrive in groups at periodic intervals (spikes). We introduce the configuration of synchronised bunched buses, where bunched buses wait for the spike in demand. For a wide range of parameters, synchronised bunched buses outperform perfectly staggered buses in terms of minimising the waiting time of commuters. We present an analytical formulation of the average waiting time in the case of bunched buses, synchronised bunched buses, and perfectly staggered buses with the consideration of different passenger demands, number of buses, and bus capacity. We demonstrate the validity of our analytical results through an agent-based simulation of the bus loop system.

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13

Babu, Kavita M. "Watching the Buses." Academic Emergency Medicine 18, no. 4 (April 2011): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01035.x.

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14

Cohen, Alexander K. "Riding the buses." Medical Journal of Australia 201, no. 11 (December 2014): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja14.00102.

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15

Sanders, Todd. "Buses in Bongoland." Anthropological Theory 8, no. 2 (June 2008): 107–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463499608090787.

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16

Arnold, R. "Books like buses." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jps180.

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17

Dixon, Bernard. "On the buses." Lancet Infectious Diseases 9, no. 1 (January 2009): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(08)70292-5.

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18

Zamora, Javier. "Dancing in Buses." Ploughshares 39, no. 1 (2013): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/plo.2013.0056.

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19

Burnham, Margaret. "Soldiers and Buses." Race and Justice 5, no. 2 (March 3, 2015): 91–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2153368715573133.

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20

Doyle, Wesley. "Clean Line Buses." Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technology International 2023, no. 1 (March 2023): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s1467-5560(23)60235-0.

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Replacing a fleet of commercial ICE vehicles with electric equivalents can be an expensive business. Kleanbus's innovations in both technology and finance could point the way toward zero emissions in our city centers and beyond

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21

Voigt, R. "Evolving buses: backplane buses mature to keep pace with technology." Computer 27, no. 9 (September 1994): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/2.312051.

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22

Walsh, Margaret. "Book Review: The Best of British Buses, the Best of British Buses, the Best of British Buses." Journal of Transport History 11, no. 2 (September 1990): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002252669001100209.

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23

Páez, Felipe, and Héctor Kaschel. "Design and Testing of a Computer Security Layer for the LIN Bus." Sensors 22, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 6901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22186901.

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Most modern vehicles are connected to the internet via cellular networks for navigation, assistance, etc. via their onboard computer, which can also provide onboard Wi-Fi and Bluetooth services. The main in-vehicle communication buses (CAN, LIN, FlexRay) converge at the vehicle’s onboard computer and offer no computer security features to protect the communication between nodes, thus being highly vulnerable to local and remote cyberattacks which target the onboard computer and/or the vehicle’s electronic control units through the aforementioned buses. To date, several computer security proposals for CAN and FlexRay buses have been published; a formal computer security proposal for the LIN bus communications has not been presented. So, we researched possible security mechanisms suitable for this bus’s particularities, tested those mechanisms in microcontroller and PSoC hardware, and developed a prototype LIN network using PSoC nodes programmed with computer security features. This work presents a novel combination of encryption and a hash-based message authentication code (HMAC) scheme with replay attack rejection for the LIN communications. The obtained results are promising and show the feasibility of the implementation of an LIN network with real-time computer security protection.

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24

Mathes, Manuel, Matthias Schmidt, Johannes Käsgen, Bruno Fievet, Pierre Van Tichelen, Maitane Berecibar, and Mohammed Al-Saadi. "Heavy-Duty Battery Electric Buses’ Integration in Cities Based on Superfast Charging Technologies: Impact on the Urban Life." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 15, 2022): 4777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084777.

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As part of this work, several Battery Electric Buses (BEBs) of 9 m, 12 m, and 18 m lengths and superfast chargers based on a pantograph of up to 600 kW were developed and demonstrated in selected European cities. In Osnabrück (OSN), Germany, superfast charging technologies based on BEBs were demonstrated, and numerous measurement campaigns were conducted. Within the scope of this work, two measurement campaigns are presented, which are related to the impact of BEBs on the urban life, i.e., people’s safety, environment, and users’ comfort. People’s safety was investigated in terms of the electromagnetic emissions emanating from two superfast chargers of 350 kW and 300 kW, as such high charging power during the charging process could be a risk to people’s health and electronics inside and outside the bus. The results showed that the magnetic and electrical emissions are far below the safety standard limits. This confirms that the developed vehicles and chargers in the ASSURED project operate under safe conditions for people in the vicinity of the charging station. Environmental impact and users’ comfort were studied in terms of electric motor noises (compared to diesel engines), power electronic devices and their cooling, contact noises of the pantograph, and vibration inside the BEBs compared to diesel buses. It was found that, in most cases, the outside noise emission of BEBs are significantly lower than the noise emissions emitted by diesel buses. Considering the inside noise emissions in the passenger’s section, all BEBs showed lower Sound Pressure Levels (SPLs) in comparison to the diesel busses. As a second part of the ride comfort, vibrations inside BEBs are on the same level as some diesel buses but are mostly significantly lower. All charging processes (pantograph operation and charging process) have a slight noise emission, with 64.6 dB(A) and 52.3 dB(A), respectively, when comparing the engine noise at the departure of the tested diesel buses with 70.8 dB(A) to 80.4 dB(A). Overall, a reduction in noise emissions and an improvement in the ride comfort were observed for the BEBs compared to diesel busses. The objective of this brief study is to provide bus operators, decision-makers, urban planners, and authorities with an overview of the benefits of BEBs for cities and to help them understand the various infrastructural impacts on urban areas and improve the quality of services.

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25

Jiang, Senhao, Hongxue Zhao, Wei Zhou, Xiao Li, and Haitao Yu. "A Model Based Method for Capacity Allocation in the Bus Transportation Industry." E3S Web of Conferences 512 (2024): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202451203004.

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With the implementation of the dual carbon goal, electric vehicles have been rapidly promoted. However, in extreme conditions such as natural disasters, especially when power supply is insufficient, the widespread use of electric buses and the delisting of fuel powered buses may lead to insufficient transportation capacity in the region. This article establishes a calculation model for the allocation of buses of various power types to address this issue. Based on population size, the paper comprehensively considers the charging time and range of pure electric buses during use, and calculates the transportation capacity of pure electric buses and fuel buses respectively. Then, based on the rule of prioritizing the use of electric vehicles for transportation, when the capacity of electric buses is insufficient, fuel powered buses are used for replenishment. Calculate the minimum number of fuel buses required to ensure the basic transportation capacity for personnel transfer.

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26

Kersh, Mildred E., and Jacqueline McDonald. "How Do I Solve Thee? Let Me Count The Ways!" Arithmetic Teacher 39, no. 2 (October 1991): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/at.39.2.0038.

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Fourth-grade teacher: I have a new problem. It comes from a test given to seventh graders, but I think you can figure out some way to solve it! Ready? “An army bus holds 36 soldiers. If 1128 soldiers are to be bused to their training site, how many buses are needed?” (NAEP 1983, 26)

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27

Khabutdinov, Ramazan, and Iryna Fedorenko. "Comparative Analysis of Buses and Electric Buses by the Indicator of Transport Resultancy of Technological Impacts of Machine Procedures." Central Ukrainian Scientific Bulletin. Technical Sciences 1, no. 7(38) (2023): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32515/2664-262x.2023.7(38).1.265-274.

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The article presents the methodology of analysis of transport efficiency of machine-technological procedures for buses and electric buses on urban routes, which is aimed at scientific and methodological support of technologically intensive and environmental projects of urban bus transportation taking into account the concept of technologically sustainable development in the field of passenger transportation. The model of operational behaviour of bus and electric bus as resource-technical and technological means of production (ARTOV) in natural processes of passenger transportation is considered. The principle of operational intensification of these processes on the basis of criterion of transport efficiency of machine-technological procedures for buses and electric buses on urban routes, analyzed on the basis of operational and simulation modeling, is introduced in the methodology. The quantitative regularities of influence of different factors (technical, traffic, transport) on the values of transport return indicator TV (efficiency) of machine-technological procedures of buses and electric buses have been obtained. The object of the study is the process of production and technological functioning of buses and electric buses on urban routes. The purpose of the research is to obtain quantitative regularities of impact of various factors (technical, traffic, transport) on the value of the output TW (efficiency) of techno-machine procedures of buses and electric buses. Research method - operational-simulative analysis of production and technological functioning of buses and electric buses on urban routes, taking into account the principles of improvement of operational and technological intensity and environmental friendliness of passenger traffic when using buses and electric buses. The results of the article can be used by technologically competent managers of motor transport for realization of strategies of complex increase of operational and technological intensity and ecological compatibility of passenger transportation using the above-mentioned transport means. Forecast assumptions of the research object development - realization of strategies and projects of conceptually and technologically sustainable development of technical resources (buses and electric buses) and processes of passenger road transportations in passenger road transport enterprises.

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28

El Hafdaoui, Hamza, Faissal Jelti, Ahmed Khallaayoun, and Kamar Ouazzani. "Energy and Environmental National Assessment of Alternative Fuel Buses in Morocco." World Electric Vehicle Journal 14, no. 4 (April 12, 2023): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj14040105.

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The heavy reliance on petroleum-based fuels in the road transport industry, especially public transportation, results in substantial emissions of greenhouse gases. A significant obstacle on the path to a more sustainable public transportation sector is the employment of alternative fuels with lower environmental implications. Although there are several in-depth well-to-wheel studies for developed countries, extrapolating those results to gasoline markets in developing countries presents challenges because of significant differences in local fuel conditions and vehicle engine technologies. Notably, this study provides a national-level environmental life cycle assessment of alternative buses in Morocco and compares current diesel buses to potential hybrid diesel-electric buses, battery-electric buses, and fuel-cell buses from a well-to-wheel perspective. The model and approach used in this study applies to other countries with developing economies. Total energy consumption broken out by fuel type, greenhouse gas emissions, and criterion air pollutants is the primary outcome of this investigation. Findings highlight an energy cut of 44.7% from battery-electric buses, 36.3% from fuel-cell buses, and 31.7% from hybrid buses with regard to the current diesel buses. Additionally, alternative fuel buses proved to be less polluting in terms of greenhouse gas emissions with 50.8% less from battery-electric buses, 46.7% less from fuel-cell buses, and 26.8% less from hybrid buses; consequently, this would lead to reduced climate change, air pollution, acidification, and eutrophication, given the Egalitarian Environmental Impact Assessment. Ultimately, Morocco will have to tackle technological, financial, and institutional barriers to fully implement the change by 2030.

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29

Rahimi, Mohamad Khairul Hafizi, Roslina Mohamad, Murizah Kassim, Ezmin Abdullah, and Nurain Izzati Shuhaimi. "DEVELOPMENT OF A BUS TRACKING AND MONITORING DEVICE USING ARDUINO NODE MICROCONTROLLER." ASEAN Engineering Journal 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v12.17396.

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Since the opening of Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam Campus (UiTM-SAC), the university has accommodated its students by providing free bus transportation around the campus. The buses are operated based on a specific time schedule. However, students often have to wait a long time for buses because the buses do not usually arrive on schedule. In addition, the bus schedule is manually controlled by an officer, which takes time, and the data can easily be lost. Hence, the goal of this research is to develop a bus tracking and monitoring system for the UiTM-SAC. Arduino node microcontroller unit and global positioning system (GPS) sensors were used to send and receive GPS location information. The data retrieved from these sensors were displayed on an organic light-emitting diode and stored in a web-based software spreadsheet. For the experimental test, only one bus was used for collecting and analysing data. Data were immediately presented on the user interface. The results indicate that the system was able to track and monitor the bus by providing the bus’s latitude, longitude and speed. The results also revealed some key factors that affect the time required for a bus to complete a route based on users’ demands at that time. The difference in demand was 76.2%, as most students use the UiTM bus service in the morning than in the evening. In conclusion, by using the proposed bus campus tracking and monitoring system, users can easily find the exact location of buses running at the UiTM-SAC

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30

Heß, Louis, Daniela Dimova, Jakub Wit Piechalski, Stefan Rusche, Pascal Best, and Michael Sonnekalb. "Analysis of the Specific Energy Consumption of Battery-Driven Electrical Buses for Heating and Cooling in Dependence on the Technical Equipment and Operating Conditions." World Electric Vehicle Journal 14, no. 5 (May 14, 2023): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj14050126.

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This paper analyzes methods of heating battery-driven electrical buses. The examined buses were two identical airport transport buses and two buses used in local transportation. To heat the first buses, an electrical water heater with a heating capacity of 20 kW, and for air conditioning, a rooftop air conditioner with a cooling capacity of 20.6 kW was installed. Climate control in the city buses was achieved using an R744 heat pump with a cooling capacity of 25 kW and a heating capacity between 14 and 21 kW, along with an electrical water heater with a capacity of 32 kW. During the project, the measurement data of the buses described above were taken for a full year and evaluated. The analysis of the measurement data brought insights into the specific electrical energy consumption of climate control in the buses in real operating conditions at outdoor temperatures between 2 °C and 36 °C. The results of this project additionally provide information on the optimization potential for the climate control of buses.

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31

Garigipati, Nagababu, C. Sharika Reddy, Challa Sai Charitha, Kalwa Pujitha, and Rajoli Lakshmi Krithika. "Easy Bus (Virtual Bus Pass and Bus Tracking System): Design and Implementation Using Machine Learning Algorithms." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 3652–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54177.

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Abstract: Unforeseen and atypical road conditions have an impact on the functioning of the bus movement. Daily issues such as traffic congestion, unanticipated delays, fluctuations in student demand, and regular bus scheduling occur, leading to disruptions in students' schedules and necessitating their inevitable wait for their respective buses to arrive. To alleviate this inconvenience for students, a system that offers real-time information on bus locations can be introduced. EASY BUS is an interactive application that simplifies the process of using college buses, making it convenient and accessible. Common issues faced by bus-riding students, such as uncertainty about bus arrival times, missed buses, or operational status on a given day, are effectively resolved by this app. To make the most of this solution, students are required to install the app and regularly update their bus passes. This app boasts two prominent features: GPS tracking of bus locations and a virtual bus pass. The bus's whereabouts are tracked by a sensor every thirty seconds, and the collected data is transmitted to the server, which subsequently displays it on a map for the user (student). The app also offers a bus pass feature, allowing users to create new passes or renew their existing ones, with the associated charges processed through online payment methods

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32

Kostyniuk, Lidia. "Pupil Fatalities on Public Transit Buses: A Comparison with School Buses." Journal of Public Transportation 6, no. 3 (September 2003): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/2375-0901.6.3.3.

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33

Zhang, Di Si, Guang Xian Lv, Peng Liu, Xue Yuan Su, and Hai Tao Liu. "Research on Plug&Play Technology for Smart Grid Information Exchange Bus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 2047–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.2047.

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To promote the ease of use and reliability of IEC 61968 based Information Exchange Bus and fulfill the rapid establishment of inter-buses and adapters-bus communication channels, this article first analyzes the status quo of distribution automation integrity. Combined with the concept of universal PnP technology, the functions of IEC 61968 based adapters as well as buses are improved and more adapted. Considering characteristics of IEC 61968 standards, components like adapter identification information, topic-authorization table, and topic-authorization routing table are introduced and then a set of special mechanisms are built, including binding&unbinding procedures for inter-buses and adapters-buses, retransmission scheme, and mergence of topic authorization routing tables used to control information flow. By implementing this theory, the adapters-buses and inter-buses PnP functions are realized and the ease of use and reliability of smart grid information exchange buses are enhanced.

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34

Papírník, Luboš. "Analysis of city buses operation." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 57, no. 5 (2009): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200957050235.

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This paper deals with analysis of city buses operation. This analysis is focused on the energy balance of propulsion system of these buses. The energy balance gives an overview about necessary amount of energy for city buses in pure city operation. The operation of city buses is divided for this analysis into three basic modes: stop state, drive and deceleration. The fleet of the same 19 city buses was chosen for collection of all operation data. These city buses are located in one city. The buses were changing all bus routes and were driven by all bus drivers. These conditions are necessary for elimination of bus route topology and bus driver behaviour. The required operation data were saved into engines and transmissions control units. The saved data were uploaded from control units for data processing. The aim of the analysis is determination of the energy for each drive mode. The energy for individual mode gives an overview about possible energy savings when hybrid drive system is used for these buses. The energy balance is groundwork for correct design of hybrid drive system and for hybrid drive system control.

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He, Qijun. "Urban Electric Bus Fleet Transition Research Based on Eco-Impact Valuation Model and Discounted Cash Flow Analysis." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 9, no. 1 (January 20, 2024): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/qfccjj89.

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This paper investigates the transition to an all-electric bus fleet as a strategy for sustainable urban development, focusing on its financial and environmental impacts. Utilizing the Eco-impact Valuation Model, Discounted Cash Flow Analysis (DCF), and the E-bus Replacement Model, the study assesses the feasibility and benefits of replacing conventional diesel buses with electric buses. Firstly, the Eco-impact Valuation Model analyzes and translates the environmental costs of diesel and electric buses into monetary social costs, evaluating the potential cost reduction to society offered by electric buses. Secondly, the DCF is used to demonstrate the potential cost-saving superiority of electric buses over diesel buses within a single investment period, providing a financial perspective on the transition. Lastly, the E-bus Replacement Model plans the phased introduction of electric buses and updates bus routes over the next ten years, based on air quality severity in different city zones. The severity of pollution is ranked using the TOPSIS evaluation model, with influencing factors weighted by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The models are applied to three cities, including Houston, Buenos Aires, and Shenzhen, offering insights into the ecological, financial, and practical feasibility of electric buses for policymakers.

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Kozłowska, Małgorzata. "Volvo buses as an instrument of electromobility in Polish cities." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 18, no. 11 (November 30, 2017): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2017.044.

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More and more Polish cities are interested in purchasing low-emission buses using electric drive. Volvo is ready to deliver such vehicles - today it produces more than one thousand buses a year in its Wrocław factory, of which 1/3 are electrified city buses hybrids, electric hybrids and electrically powered vehicles. The article presents the technical and operational parameters of Volvo buses using electricity.

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Kwon, Yeongmin, Suji Kim, Hyungjoo Kim, and Jihye Byun. "What Attributes Do Passengers Value in Electrified Buses?" Energies 13, no. 10 (May 22, 2020): 2646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102646.

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The Korean government has announced plans to supply electrified buses to achieve decarbonization in the transportation sector and to create next-generation growth engines. Although a multitude of technical and political studies have been conducted to support the successful introduction of electrified buses, studies on the attitudes and perceptions of passengers toward electrified buses remain insufficient. To evaluate the perceptions and preferences of potential passengers toward the specific attributes of electrified buses, this study performed an online survey (N = 586) that includes people who had experienced travel on public buses. Values of the relative importance of eight different attributes—safety, ride comfort, environmental friendliness, exterior design, cleanliness, crowding, seat comfort, and convenience getting on/off—were evaluated using the best-worst scaling method. The results showed that safety (share of preference: 41.3%) was the most important attribute when using electrified buses. This was followed by eco-friendliness (14.3%) and ride comfort (13.6%). On the other hand, the least important attribute was exterior design (1.8%). Gender differences were also observed in the valuation of certain attributes among the passenger preferences toward electrified buses. The results of this study contribute to the development of strategies for the wide-spread adoption of electrified buses and provide a stepping-stone to a more sustainable public transportation system.

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Smirnov, Anton, Evgeniy Smolokurov, Alim Mazhazhikhov, and Elena Tsukanova. "Analysis of the current state and prospects for public electric transport development in Russia (on the example of electric buses)." E3S Web of Conferences 363 (2022): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236301007.

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The article considers current problems and prospects of public electric transport development in the aspect of electric buses. Modern realities dictate new trends in transport infrastructure, namely the replacement of the usual buses with internal combustion engines that use combustible fuel with a more profitable mode of transport powered by an environmentally friendly and renewable resource, electricity. Such vehicles are electric buses, which are rapidly becoming a part of passengers’ lives. This fuel-free transport enables large numbers of people to travel quietly in megacities, while minimising pollution. The rapid introduction of electric buses around the world is making it possible to replace aging buses with internal combustion engines and clean up the environment with electric motors, but this cannot be done quickly due to the high cost and poor infrastructure in many cities around the world. Factors limiting the development of electric buses are identified, and possible solutions are described. Government investments and projects provide an economic solution to the problem. An analysis of the public electric transport market is carried out and prospects for the development of electric buses in Russia are formulated. Widespread introduction of electric buses in megacities will significantly reduce environmental costs for the population.

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Virgil Petrescu, Relly Victoria, Raffaella Aversa, Bilal Akash, Taher M. Abu-Lebdeh, Antonio Apicella, and Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu. "Buses Running on Gas." American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 186–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2018.186.201.

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Van Den Berg, Pieter. "Electrifying Buses in Rotterdam." Impact 2022, no. 1 (January 2, 2022): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2058802x.2022.2037318.

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Vincent, John A. "Buses, Monopoly, and Development." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 2, no. 4 (April 1988): 321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x8800200407.

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The paper seeks to make an inter-disciplinary exploration of the development of bus passenger transport systems. Three perspectives drawn from the field of development studies are used to suggest possible theoretical frameworks. The historical patterns of the development of such systems in Britain, Uganda, and India are considered. The major features which pattern the development of the road passenger transport industry seem to be the creation of various degrees of monopoly which in turn is related to the kind of state in which the network is located.

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Hampshire, Vivien. "Learning all about buses." Practical Pre-School 2010, no. 112 (May 2010): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/prps.2010.1.112.48268.

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Jian-Guo Zhang, Yu-De Ni, and A. B. Sharma. "Data buses take flight." IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine 18, no. 4 (July 2002): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcd.2002.1021119.

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Dawson, W. K., and R. W. Dobinson. "Buses and bus standards." Computer Standards & Interfaces 6, no. 4 (January 1987): 403–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5489(87)90021-3.

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Gerndt, H., and R. Stellmacher. "Battery powered electric buses." Transportation Planning and Technology 14, no. 3 (November 1989): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081068908717427.

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Clark, Stephen, and Robert Pretty. "Giving benefit to buses." OR Insight 7, no. 2 (April 1994): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ori.1994.10.

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Gibbs, John. "Buses in the Market." Economic Affairs 6, no. 1 (October 1985): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0270.1985.tb01711.x.

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Pozdnyakov, Vladimir, and J. Michael Steele. "Buses, Bullies, and Bijections." Mathematics Magazine 89, no. 3 (June 2016): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4169/math.mag.89.3.167.

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Fisher, Jack C. "Buses, Boats, and Banquets." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 89, no. 5 (May 1992): 943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199205000-00027.

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Boxer, A. "Where buses cannot go." IEEE Spectrum 32, no. 2 (1995): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/6.343986.

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