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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bushveld Igneous Complex

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Academic literature on the topic 'Bushveld Igneous Complex'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Bushveld Igneous Complex"

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Ivanic, Timothy J., Oliver Nebel, John Brett, and Ruth E. Murdie. "The Windimurra Igneous Complex: an Archean Bushveld?" Geological Society, London, Special Publications 453, no. 1 (2017): 313–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp453.1.

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Trumbull, R. B., L. D. Ashwal, S. J. Webb, and I. V. Veksler. "Drilling through the largest magma chamber on Earth: Bushveld Igneous Complex Drilling Project (BICDP)." Scientific Drilling 19 (May 29, 2015): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sd-19-33-2015.

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Abstract. A scientific drilling project in the Bushveld Igneous Complex in South Africa has been proposed to contribute to the following scientific topics of the International Continental Drilling Program (ICDP): large igneous provinces and mantle plumes, natural resources, volcanic systems and thermal regimes, and deep life. An interdisciplinary team of researchers from eight countries met in Johannesburg to exchange ideas about the scientific objectives and a drilling strategy to achieve them. The workshop identified drilling targets in each of the three main lobes of the Bushveld Complex, which will integrate existing drill cores with new boreholes to establish permanently curated and accessible reference profiles of the Bushveld Complex. Coordinated studies of this material will address fundamental questions related to the origin and evolution of parental Bushveld magma(s), the magma chamber processes that caused layering and ore formation, and the role of crust vs. mantle in the genesis of Bushveld granites and felsic volcanic units. Other objectives are to study geophysical and geodynamic aspects of the Bushveld intrusion, including crustal stresses and thermal gradient, and to determine the nature of deep groundwater systems and the biology of subsurface microbial communities.

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Bamisaiye, Oluwaseyi Adunola. "Geo-Spatial Mapping of the Western Bushveld Rustenburg Layered Suite (Rls) in South Africa." Journal of Geography and Geology 7, no. 4 (2015): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v7n4p88.

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Trend surface analysis (TSA) was used to investigate the structure and thickness variation pattern and to resolve trend and residual component of the structure contours and isopach maps of the Rustenburg Layered Suite (RLS) across the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC). The TSA technique was also employed in extracting meter scale structures from the regional structural trends. This enables small-scale structures that could only be picked through field mapping to be observed and scrupulously investigated. Variation in the structure and thickness was used in timing the development of some of the delineated structural features. This has helped to unravel the progressive development of structures within the RLS. The results indicate that present day structures shows slight changes in both regional and local trends throughout the stratigraphic sequence from the base of the Main Zone to the top of the Achaean floor. Structures around the gap areas are also highlighted. This paper represents the third of a three-part article in Trend Surface analysis of the three major limbs of the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC). This first part focused on the Northern Bushveld Complex, while the second part focused on the Eastern Bushveld Limbs.

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Prevec, Stephen A. "Igneous Rock Associations 23. The Bushveld Complex, South Africa: New Insights and Paradigms." Geoscience Canada 45, no. 3-4 (2019): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2018.45.138.

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SUMMARYThe Bushveld Complex has continued to serve as the basis for study into the fundamental nature of petrological processes for layered intrusion formation and for oxide and sulphide hosted Platinum Group Element (PGE)–Cu–Ni ore deposits. These studies have included discoveries in terms of the physical extent of Bushveld magmatism, both laterally and internally. Lateral variations in the mafic to ultramafic Rustenburg Layered Suite of the Northern Lobe of the complex have also revealed petrologically distinctive Upper Critical Zone equivalent rocks (the so-called Flatreef) with enhanced contamination and mineralization traits that reflect a transition between Eastern and Western Lobe equivalent stratigraphy and Platreef-style complexity. Traditional magma mixing models have been re-examined in light of radiogenic isotopic evidence for crustal involvement early in the chromite precipitation or formation process, combined with evidence for associated heterogeneous fluid contents, cryptic layering profiles, and textural evidence. A wide variety of alternative ore-genesis models have been proposed as a consequence. The fundamental mechanics of magma chamber processes and the existence of the magma chamber as an entity have been called into question through various lines of evidence which have promoted the concept of progressive emplacement of the complex as a stack of not-necessarily-quite-sequentially intruded sills (with or without significant quantities of transported phenocrysts), emplaced into variably crystallized and compacted crystal-liquid mush mixtures, modified by compaction-driven late magmatic fluid (silicate and aqueous) activity. Alternatively, petrological and geochemical observations have been used to discount these interpretations in favour of more conventional cooling and gravity-driven accumulation of silicate and ore minerals in a large, liquid-dominated system.RÉSUMÉLe complexe de Bushveld a demeuré à la base d’études sur la nature fondamentale des processus pétrologiques de formation d’intrusions litées et des gîtes des éléments du groupe platine (ÉGP)-Cu-Ni hébergés dans les oxydes et les sulfures. Ces études ont comporté des découvertes sur l’étendue physique, à la fois latérale et interne, du magmatisme de Bushveld. Les variations latérales de la suite stratifiée et mafique à ultramafique Rustenburg du lobe nord du complexe ont également révélé des roches équivalentes pétrologiquement distinctes de la zone critique supérieure (le communément désigné Flatreef) avec des traits de contamination et de minéralisation accrus qui reflètent une transition entre la stratigraphie équivalente des lobes est et ouest et la complexité de type Platreef. Les modèles traditionnels de mélanges magmatiques ont été réexaminés à la lumière de preuves isotopiques radiogéniques indiquant une implication de la croûte au début du processus de précipitation ou de formation de la chromite, combinées à des preuves de contenu fluide hétérogène associé, de profils de litage cryptique et de preuves texturales. Ainsi, une grande variété de modèles alternatifs de genèse de minerai a été proposée. La mécanique fondamentale des processus de la chambre magmatique et l'existence de la chambre magmatique en tant qu'entité ont été remises en question au moyen de divers éléments de preuve qui ont mis en avant le concept de mise en place progressive du complexe sous forme d'un empilement non-nécessairement séquentiel de sills injectés (avec ou sans quantités significatives de phénocristaux transportés) mis en place dans des mélanges de bouillie cristaux/liquide à cristallisation et compaction variable, modifiés par une activité tardive de fluide magmatique (silicaté et aqueux) induite par la compaction. Alternativement, des observations pétrologiques et géochimiques ont été utilisées pour écarter ces interprétations en faveur d'un processus plus conventionnel de refroidissement et d’accumulation de minérais silicatés et minéralisés induite par la gravité dans un vaste système à dominance liquide.

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Hughes, Hannah S. R., Judith A. Kinnaird, Iain McDonald, Paul A. M. Nex, and Grant M. Bybee. "Lamprophyric dykes in the Bushveld Complex: the lithospheric mantle and its metallogenic bearing on the Bushveld large igneous province." Applied Earth Science 125, no. 2 (2016): 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03717453.2016.1166638.

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Beukes, Johan P., Grizelda du Toit, Desmond Mabaso, et al. "Assessment of atmospheric trace metals in the western Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa." South African Journal of Science 110, no. 3/4 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/sajs.2014/20130280.

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Latypov, Rais, Sofya Chistyakova, and Ria Mukherjee. "A Novel Hypothesis for Origin of Massive Chromitites in the Bushveld Igneous Complex." Journal of Petrology 58, no. 10 (2017): 1899–940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egx077.

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Scoon, Roger N., and Morris J. Viljoen. "Geoheritage of the Eastern Limb of the Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa: a Uniquely Exposed Layered Igneous Intrusion." Geoheritage 11, no. 4 (2019): 1723–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12371-019-00360-7.

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Grant Cawthorn, R. "Formation of chlor- and fluor-apatite in layered intrusions." Mineralogical Magazine 58, no. 391 (1994): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1994.058.391.12.

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AbstractApatite in most igneous intrusions has a high Cl/F ratio. However, chlor-apatite has been reported in the lower portions of the Bushveld and Stillwater Complexes. This has been used as evidence supporting the early separation of a Cl-rich discrete hydrous fluid in these intrusions. Mineralogical evidence is presented here to demonstrate that the Bushveld Complex, at least, formed from a nearly anhydrous magma, and did not release a hydrous fluid before apatite began to crystallize. It is suggested that apatite in the earliest cumulates equilibrated with trapped interstitial liquid, which converted it from the typical F-rich composition of cumulus apatite to a Cl-rich composition. This is an analogous process to that in which cumulus mafic minerals may become more Fe-rich on cooling and reaction with interstitial liquid.

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Oniyide, G. O., and M. A. Idris. "Numerical modelling of the effect of temperature variation on stope stability in Bushveld Igneous Complex." Mining of Mineral Deposits 13, no. 2 (2019): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/mining13.02.121.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bushveld Igneous Complex"

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Curl, Edward Alexander 1972. "Parental magmas of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Monash University, Dept. of Earth Sciences, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9080.

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Sargeant, Fiona. "The seismic stratigraphy of the Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250322.

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Venter, Andrew Derick. "Air quality assessment of the industrialized western Bushveld Igneous Complex / Andrew Derick Venter." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8530.

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South Africa has the largest economy in Africa, with significant mining and metallurgical activities. A large fraction of the mineral assets is concentrated in the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC), with the western limb being the most exploited. Although the western BIC is considered to be an air pollution hotspot, inadequate air quality data currently exists for this area. To partially address this knowledge gap, a comprehensive air quality monitoring station was operated for more than two years at Marikana in the western BIC. Basic meteorological parameters, precipitation, Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD), trace gas concentrations (SO2, NO, NOx, O3, and CO), physical aerosol parameters (particle number and air ion size distributions, as well as aerosol light absorption) and total PM10 mass concentration were measured. Compared with South African and European ambient air quality standards, SO2, NO2 and CO concentrations were generally below the air quality standards, with average concentrations for the sampling period of 3.8ppb (9.9μg/m³), 8.5ppb (15.9μg/m³) and 230ppb (270μg/m³), respectively. The major source of SO2 was identified as high-stack industry emissions, while household combustion was identified as the predominant source of NO2 and CO. In contrast, O3 exceeded the eight-hour moving average standard (61ppb / 120μg/m³) 322 times per year. The main contributing factor was identified to be the influx of regional air masses, with high O3 precursor concentrations. PM10 exceeded the current South African 24-hour standard (120μg/m³) on average 6.6 times per year, the future 2015 standard (75μg/m³) 42.3 times per year and the European standard (50μg/m³) 120.2 times per year. The PM10 average concentration for the sampling period was 44μg/m³, which exceeded the current European and future (2015) South African annual average standard (40μg/m³), emphasising the PM pollution problem in the western BIC. The main source of PM10 was identified as household combustion.<br>Thesis (M.Sc. (Chemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

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Otto, Tahnee. "Texture development in titaniferousmagnetites found in Layer 21 in the Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/63292.

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Very limited studies have been conducted on titaniferous-magnetite exsolution textures and the conditions needed for the formation of these textures. Published research surrounding the exsolution textures consider only a particular element of the oxide, or a specific condition. The Upper Zone of the Rustenburg Layered Suite in the Bushveld Igneous Complex boasts 25 magnetite layers. The 21st layer counted from the Main Magnetite layer is called Layer 21, which is the uppermost titaniferous-magnetite layer in the Upper Zone. Uncommon exsolution textures in the titaniferous-magnetite grains were studied in order to gain a greater understanding of the formation of oxide exsolution textures. The exsolution texture presents itself as a three-dimensional framework of ulvöspinel-rich lamellae together with magnetite prisms. This is called a cloth texture exsolution. The data collected for this investigation included Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images, elemental weight percentage data, and SEM line scans. Previous studies do not show exsolution textures that are exactly similar to the exsolution textures seen in Layer 21, although the same basic type of microtexture can be seen. This indicates that conditions such as temperature, pressure, and oxygen fugacity, as well as the bulk mineral chemistry, plays a large role in the formation of the exsolution texture. A rough model has been provided that considers all of the information collected in previous studies in order to start the development of a complete model. Another model has been provided explaining the physical appearance of the cloth texture exsolution. The exsolution textures need to be investigated on a three-dimensional basis in order to develop a more accurate understanding of why the titaniferous-magnetite exsolution textures are different from location to location.<br>Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2017.<br>Geology<br>MSc<br>Unrestricted

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Bamisaiye, Oluseyi Adunola. "Visualisation, 3D Modelling and Spatial Analysis of the Rustenburg Layered Suite, Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65903.

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Adequate knowledge of the regional subsurface geometry depth relationship between the limbs and distribution of mineral zones within the Rustenburg Layered Suite (RLS) is required for better understanding of the emplacement geometry, distribution of economic mineral zones and structural evolutionary issues. This will lead to improved exploration prospects that could assist in less degradation mining activities and environmental hazard control and management. Incompleteness of surface outcrops and limited availability of seismic data has been a hindrance to this. This research focused on the determination from available borehole data, the geometry and depth relations to modern topography of the RLS. Extensive Geostatistical analysis of hundreds of borehole log data was carried out to better constrain the complex geologic structural framework and architecture of the RLS. This has helped to identify and visualize the subsurface stratigraphic units, their geometric forms and improved the understanding of the geology and structure of the RLS.<br>Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015.<br>Geology<br>PhD<br>Unrestricted

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Fraser, Nicholas Tweedie. "A Metamorphic Study of Pretoria Group Sediments Found at the Dwarsrivier Pass, Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/76009.

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The study takes place in the Dwarsrivier area which lies on the border between Mpumalanga and Limpopo, to the North-West of Lydenberg, at an exposed road cutting. Within the road cutting, there is a unique portion of exposed rock which is light in colour and identified as a calc-silicate. The calc-silicate material is present as a package of rock and is surrounded top and bottom by pyroxenite. The surrounding rock belongs to the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC), which is the largest known layered intrusion on the planet and is host to numerous mines. The sample area is within the Critical Zone of the BIC and the host rock consists of pyroxenite which is crystalline and mafic. The calc-silicate package originates from the Pretoria Group sediments, which hosts the BIC, and has undergone varying degrees of metamorphism and mineralisation. The metamorphism formed and allowed for the preservation of two rare minerals, namely wüstite and chlorospinel. Numerous tests were performed on the samples, including SEM point scans to identify these rare minerals and to better understand how the calc-silicate package was preserved in the BIC. A model was created to explain the occurrence of the calc-silicate slab and surrounding features. The previous model involved the slab rising up through the BIC, but the proposed model in this thesis is that the calc-silicate was part of the roof rock which then delaminated, and subducting into the ductile magma of the BIC.<br>Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2019.<br>Geology<br>MSc<br>Unrestricted

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Mwenze, Tshipeng. "The implications of Sr and Nd isotope data on the genesis of the Platreef and associated BMS and PGE mineralisation, Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6922.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD<br>The Platreef is a platinum group elements (PGE) deposit located in the Northern limb of the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC). It is a series of mafic and ultramafic sills that are overlain by rocks from the Main Zone (MZ) of the BIC. In comparison to PGE deposits (i.e., Merensky Reef and the UG-2 chromitite) occurring in the Critical Zone (CZ) of the Eastern and Western Limbs of the BIC, which are less than 1 m in thickness, the Platreef is 10 to 400 m in thickness and is comprised of a variety of rocks. PGE mineralisation in the Platreef is not confined to a specific rock type, and its distribution and styles also vary with depth and along strike. Despite the numerous researches that have been conducted, the genesis of Platreef is still poorly understood. New major and trace elements in conjunction with Sr–Nd isotope data, generated from whole-rock analyses of different Platreef rocks, were collected from four drill cores along its strike. The data were examined to determine the source of the magmas and identify the processes involved in its genesis. The study also aimed at establishing whether a genetic link exists between the Platreef magmas and the magmas that formed the Lower Zone (LZ), CZ and MZ in the Rustenburg Layered Suite (RLS) of the BIC. The petrography revealed that the Platreef in the four drill cores consists of harzburgite, olivine pyroxenite, pyroxenite, feldspathic pyroxenite and norite. Based on the textural and modal mineralogy variations, feldspathic pyroxenite was subdivided into five types (I, II, III, IV and V). The variation in the average contents of MgO, LaN/YbN and ΣREE for the Platreef rocks are consistent with the modal mineralogy from the least to the most differentiated rocks. However, the Sr–Nd isotope data of the Platreef rocks have revealed two distinct groups of samples with decreasing ɛNd2060. Group 1 consists of pyroxenite and feldspathic pyroxenite II, III and V having ɛNd2060 values that range from –8.4 to –2.9, and 87Sr/86Sr2060 values from 0.707281 to 0.712106. The Platreef rocks of group 2 consist of olivine pyroxenite and feldspathic pyroxenite Type I with ɛNd2060 ranging from –12.6 to –10.8, and 87Sr/86Sr2060 ranging from 0.707545 to 0.710042. In comparison to the LZ, CZ and MZ rocks, which have ɛNd values ranging from –8.5 to –5.1, and 87Sr/86Sr ranging from 0.704400 to 0.709671, Platreef pyroxenite of group 1 have lower negative ɛNd2060 values (from –3.8 to –2.9) and higher 87Sr/86Sr2060 values from 0.709177 to 0.710492, whereas feldspathic pyroxenite of group 1 have overlapping ɛNd2060 values (from –8.4 to –4.9) but also higher 87Sr/86Sr2060 values (from 0.707281 to 0.712106). Instead, the Platreef olivine pyroxenite and feldspathic pyroxenite in group 2 highly negative ɛNd2060 values and overlapping 87Sr/86Sr2060 values. It is therefore suggested that the Platreef magmas derived from the partial melting of an heterogeneous mantle source comprising depleted mantle melts and both metasomatized slightly unradiogenic Nd enriched melts and highly unradiogenic Nd enriched melts from the subcontinental lithospheric mantle. These magmas ascended via the continental crust using different paths and interacted with rocks of different Sr–Nd isotopic compositions which resulted in the formation the hybrid magmas. The study speculates that sulphide saturation in the Platreef magmas was reached in the staging chambers at depth, and the varying styles of the PGE mineralisation in the Platreef rocks are the result of the varying degree of partial melting of the heterogeneous source for their magmas. In conlusion, this study suggests that the genesis of the Platreef is much more complex and should be considered very much independent from processes involved in the genesis of the RLS in the Eastern and Western Limbs of BIC in agreement with earlier studies.<br>NRF Inkaba ye Africa Iphakade<br>2020-08-31

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Gwatinetsa, Demand. "Distribution of iron-titanium oxides in the vanadiferous main magnetite seam of the upper zone : Northern limb, Bushveld complex." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013281.

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The main magnetite seam of the Upper Zone of the Rustenburg Layered Suite (SACS, 1980) on the Bushveld Complex is known to host the world‘s largest vanadium bearing titaniferous iron ores. The vanadiferous titanomagnetites, contain vanadium in sufficient concentrations (1.2 - 2.2 per cent V₂O₅) to be considered as resources and vanadium has been mined historically by a number of companies among them Anglo-American, Highveld Steel and Vanadium and VanMag Resources as well as currently by Evraz Highveld Steel and Vanadium Limited of South Africa. The titanomagnetites contain iron ore in the form of magnetite and titanium with concentrations averaging 50-75 per cent FeO and 12-21 per cent TiO₂. The titaniferous iron ores have been historically dismissed as a source of iron and titanium, due to the known difficulties of using iron ore with high titania content in blast furnaces. The economic potential for the extractability of the titaniferous magnetites lies in the capacity of the ores to be separated into iron rich and titanium rich concentrates usually through, crushing, grinding and magnetic separation. The separatability of iron oxides and titanium oxides, is dependent on the nature in which the titanium oxide occurs, with granular ilmenite being the most favourable since it can be separated from magnetite via magnetic separation. Titanium that occurs as finely exsolved lamellae or as iron-titanium oxides with low titania content such as ulvospinel render the potential recoverability of titanium poor. The Upper Zone vanadiferous titanomagnetites contain titanium in various forms varying from discrete granular ilmenite to finely exsolved lamellae as well as occurring as part of the minerals ulvospinel (Fe₂TiO₄) and titanomagnetite (a solid solution series between ulvospinel and magnetite) . Discrete ilmenite constitutes between 3-5 per cent by volume of the massive titanomagnetite ores, and between 5-10 per cent by volume of the magnetite-plagioclase cumulates with more than 50 per cent opaque oxide minerals. The purpose of this research was to investigate the mineralogical setting and distribution of the iron and titanium oxides within the magnetitite layers from top to bottom as well as spatially along a strike length of 2 000m to determine the potential for the titanium to be extracted from the titanomagnetite ores. The titanomagnetites of the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex with particular reference to the Northern Limb where this research was conducted contains titanium oxides as discrete ilmenite grains but in low concentrations whose potential for separate economic extraction will be challenging. The highest concentration of titanium in the magnetite ores is not contained in the granular ilmenite, but rather in ulvospinel and titanomagnetite as illustrated by the marked higher concentration of TiO₂ in the massive ores which contain less granular ilmenite in comparison to the disseminated ores which contain 3 to 8 percentage points higher granular ilmenite than the massive ores. On the scale of the main magnetite seam, the TiO₂ content increases with increasing stratigraphic height from being completely absent in the footwall anorthosite. The V₂2O₅ content also increases with stratigraphic height except for in one of the 3 boreholes where it drops with increasing height. The decrease or increase patterns are repeated in every seam. The titanomagnetites of the main magnetite seam display a variety of textures from coarse granular magnetite and ilmenite, to trellis ilmenite lamellae, intergranular ilmenite and magnesian spinels and fine exsolution lamellae of ulvospinel and ferro-magnesian spinels parallel to the magnetite cleavage. The bottom contact of the main magnetite seam is very sharp and there is no titanium or vanadium in the footwall barely 10cm below the contact. Chromium is present in the bottom of the 4 layers that constitute the main magnetite seam and it upwards decreases rapidly. In boreholes P21 and P55, there are slight reversals in the TiO₂ and V₂O₅ content towards the top of the magnetite seams.

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Van, Wyngaardt Grizelda. "Temporal assessment of atmospheric trace metals in the industrialised western Bushveld Complex / van Wyngaardt G." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/6950.

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The presence of trace transition metal species in the atmosphere can be attributed to the emission of particulate matter into the atmosphere by anthropogenic activities, as well as from natural sources. Trace metals emitted into the atmosphere can cause adverse health–related and environmental problems. At present, limited data exists for trace metal concentrations in South Africa. In this investigation, the general aim was to determine the concentrations of trace metals in atmospheric aerosols in the industrialised western Bushveld Igneous Complex, as well as to link the presence of these species in the atmosphere to possible sources in the region. The measurement site was placed in Marikana, a small rural town situated 35 km east from Rustenburg in the North West Province of South Africa. It is surrounded by numerous industrial and metallurgical operations. MiniVolumeTM samplers and Teflon® filters (2 ;m pores) were utilised to collect PM2.5 and PM10 particulate samples. The MiniVolumeTM samplers were programmed to filter 5 litres of air per minute for 12 hours per day, over a six–day period. The starting time for sampling was altered every six days, in order to obtain both day and night samples. Sampling was performed for a period of one year. The collected samples were chemically analysed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP–MS). Surface analysis of the sampled filters was performed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in conjunction with energy–dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The dataset was also subjected to factor analysis in an attempt to identify possible sources of trace metal species in the atmosphere. The concentrations of 27 trace metals (Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Pd, Cd, Ba, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, U) were determined. Pd, Hg, Tl, U, Ca, Co, As, Cd, Ba and Au were above the detection limit 25% or less of the time during the sampling period. With the exception of Ni, none of the trace metals measured at Marikana during the sampling period exceeded local and international standards. Higher Ni levels were possibly due to base metal refining in the region. Pb, which is the only metal species that has a standard prescribed by the South African Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA), did not exceed any of the standards. It is also significant to refer to Hg that was below the detection limit of the analytical instrument for the entire sampling period. The impact of meteorological conditions revealed that wet removal of atmospheric PM10 trace metals was more significant than the wind generation thereof. During the dry months, the total trace metal concentrations in the PM10 fraction peaked, while PM10 particles were mostly washed out during the wet season. Wind speed showed an unexpected inverse pattern compared to wet deposition. A less significant seasonal trend was observed for the trace metal concentrations in the PM2.5 fraction, which was attributed to a faster replenishment of smaller particles into the atmosphere after rain events. Separation of trace metal concentrations into PM10–2.5 and PM2.5 fractions indicated that 79% of the total trace metal levels that were measured were in the PM2.5 fraction, which indicated a strong influence of industrial and/or combustion sources. Fractionalisation of each of the trace metal species detected showed that for each metal species, 40% and more of a specific metal was in the PM2.5 fraction, with Cr, V, Ni, Zn and Mn occurring almost completely in the PM2.5 fraction. Surface analysis with SEM supported results from the chemical analysis, which indicated that a large fraction of the particles was likely to originate from anthropogenic activities and from wind–blown dust. SEM–EDS also detected nonmetallic S that is usually associated with the Pt pyrometallurgical industry that is present in the western Bushveld Igneous Complex. Correlations between Cr, V, Ni, Zn and Mn revealed that the main sources of these species were pyrometallurgical industries. Explorative factor analysis of the unprocessed and Box–Cox transformed data for all 27 metals detected, resolved four meaningful emission sources, i.e. crustal, vanadium related, base metal related and chromium related. Comparison of trace metal species to other parameters measured (e.g. CO, BC) also indicated pyrometallurgical activities and wind–blown dust to be the main sources of trace metals in this region.<br>Thesis (M.Sc. (Chemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

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Van, Huyssteen Darryn Ashley. "Mineralogical variation in the basal Upper Zone, Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa: implications for ore genesis and mineral extraction." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/5060.

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Conference papers on the topic "Bushveld Igneous Complex"

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Steiner-Leach, Travis Lewis, Maureen Feineman, Sarah Penniston-Dorland, et al. "MULTIPLE SULFUR ISOTOPES IN GRANITE-HOSTED SULFIDES FROM THE BUSHVELD IGNEOUS COMPLEX." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-306382.

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Carneiro, D. J., B. E. Pitts, G. Mitchell, and A. M. van Schoor. "Seismic and electromagnetic tomography applied to platinum mining in the Bushveld Igneous Complex." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1996. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1826722.

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Duweke, W., J. C. Trickett, K. Tootal, and M. Slabbert. "Three-dimensional reflection seismics as a tool to optimise mine design, planning and development in the Bushveld Igneous Complex." In 7th SAGA Biennial Technical Meeting and Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.143.5.5.

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Duweke, W., J. C. Trickett, K. Tootal, and M. Slabbert. "Three-Dimensional Reflection Seismics as a Tool to Optimise Mine Design, Planning and Development in the Bushveld Igneous Complex." In 64th EAGE Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.5.d020.

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Durrheim, R. J., F. J. Kruger, and M. J. Maccelari. "Genesis Of The Layered Igneous Rocks Of The Bushveld Complex: Evidence From Sr-Isotopic Ratios And Seismic Sequence Analysis." In 3rd SAGA Biennial Conference and Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.224.012.

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Webb, S. J., G. R. J. Cooper, L. D. Ashwal, and M. W. Knoper. "The statistical and wavelet analysis of density and susceptibility measurements of the Bellevue drillcore, Northern Lobe, Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa." In 7th SAGA Biennial Technical Meeting and Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.143.p5.

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Setera, Jacob, Jill VanTongeren, Brent Turrin, Blair Schoene, and Carl Swisher. "CONSTRAINING THE MID-TEMPERATURE THERMAL AND HYDROTHERMAL HISTORY OF THE BUSHVELD IGNEOUS COMPLEX: INSIGHTS FROM APATITE U-PB AND BIOTITE AR-AR GEOCHRONOLOGY." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-324310.

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