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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Business judgment rule

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Academic literature on the topic 'Business judgment rule'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Business judgment rule"

1

Kovačević, Tijana. "Business judgment rule." Strani pravni zivot, no. 2 (2020): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/spz64-25007.

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Abdala, Martin Eugenio. "The business judgment rule under Argentine law." Revista de Derecho Uninorte, no. 42 (2014): 264–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/dere.42.5970.

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Told, Julia. "Business Judgment Rule: A Generally Applicable Principle?" European Business Law Review 26, Issue 5 (October 1, 2015): 713–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2015035.

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This article examines the reach and applicability of the business judgment rule as developed by US case law to civil law countries – especially countries from the European judicial area – that hold for an objective standard of due care and a wide margin of discretion for managers in making business decisions. The economic crisis and the awareness of the lack of predictability of all relevant economic parameters when making business decisions, make the applicability of the business judgment rule highly relevant. In light of this, the present article elaborates on the concrete functioning of the business judgment rule and focuses on its different components. Thereby, the business judgment rule is divided into a substantial and a procedural part. The paper’s findings are that only the substantial part of the business judgment rule may be applied in civil law countries that hold for an objective standard of due care for managers. However, the procedural part of the rule is likely to conflict with more specific national procedural rules that usually prevail.

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Keay, Andrew, and Joan Loughrey. "The concept of business judgment." Legal Studies 39, no. 1 (December 11, 2018): 36–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lst.2018.29.

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AbstractCategorising something as a business judgment can provide directors with a powerful shield from accountability. It has been said that the courts in England and Wales defer to directors’ business judgments and directors’ decisions are protected from review in other jurisdictions by a business judgment rule. Yet what a business judgment is has never been addressed, and so precisely what is being protected, and why, is unclear. This paper analyses case law in England and Wales and key Australian and US cases to answer this question. It argues that the courts use the term judgment in two senses: an ability, and a decision sense, and that business judgment in both senses can be linked to Knight's concept of entrepreneurial judgment, and directors’ wealth creation function. Conversely, decisions that are linked to directors’ corporate governance function and are less easy to categorise as entrepreneurial are less likely to be viewed as business judgments.

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Lopes, Christian Sahb Batista, and Pedro Ernesto Gomes Rocha. "Business Judgment Rule: Padrões e Atualidades." Revista Brasileira de Direito Empresarial 1, no. 1 (December 6, 2015): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/indexlawjournals/2526-0235/2015.v1i1.610.

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O presente trabalho tem por escopo a conceituação e apresentação dos padrões vistos na doutrina e na lei para aplicação da teoria da business judgment rule, que passam especialmente pelos deveres dos administradores sociais e dos requisitos para que seus atos de gestão valham-se da presunção de correição e irresponsabilidade pessoal dada pela business judgment rule. Adicionalmente, será apresentada a teoria da deepening insolvency e sua relação com a business judgment rule no direito brasileiro. Por fim, pretende-se discutir a aplicação ou não da business judgment rule ao caso da aquisição, pela Petrobras, da refinaria de Pasadena, levando-se em consideração a manifestação pública da Presidente Dilma Roussef sobre a base jurídica utilizada pelo Conselho de Administração da companhia para tomar a decisão de adquirir a refinaria, bem como os fatos veiculados na mídia sobre o assunto.

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Bitė, Virginijus, and Gintarė Gumuliauskienė. "The Business Judgment Rule in Lithuania." European Business Organization Law Review 17, no. 4 (November 16, 2016): 555–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40804-016-0052-0.

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Hafizh Akram, Muhamad, and Nisriina Primadani Fanaro. "IMPLEMENTASI DOKTRIN BUSINESS JUDGEMENT RULE DI INDONESIA." Ganesha Law Review 1, no. 1 (May 17, 2019): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/glr.v1i1.21.

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The Board of Directors is one of the most important organs in a Limited Liability Company. Management of the Company that carried out by the board of directors includes running business activities, controlling, and making business decisions that have an impact on a Limited Liability Company whether the decision will cause loss or profit. In making business decisions, the Board of Directors must do so in the manner of good faith, carefully, and in accordance with the aims and objectives of the Company's establishment. If the directors already made the decision the correct manner, they cannot be held personally accountable for the decisions they make. That is what a Business judgment rules is, a doctrine that provides protection to directors to not be personally responsible if the business decisions taken cause losses to the company. Relying on a literature study, the business judgment rule is implicitly regulated in article 92 paragraph 1 and 97 paragraph 5 of Law no. 40 of 2007 regarding the Limited Liability Companies, several cases related to the business judgment rule, this article intends to analyze the implementation of the doctrine of the business judgment rule in Indonesia

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Schirrmacher, Carsten, and Nicolas Hildebrandt. "Die Business Judgment Rule bei der Übernahmeverteidigung." Die Aktiengesellschaft 66, no. 6 (March 1, 2021): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.9785/ag-2021-660607.

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Hayyi, Muhammad Akram Syarif, Muhammad Said Karim, and Aminuddin Ilmar. "Urgensi Penerapan Doktrin Business Judgment Rule terhadap Direksi BUMN dalam Perkara Tindak Pidana Korupsi." Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan 6, no. 1 (June 27, 2021): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um019v6i1p72-81.

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The objective of this study was to hold directors accountable for company losses, the existence of business judgment rule in positive law, and the application of Business Judgment Rule as Legal Protection of the Board of Directors in Corruption Cases. The data obtained was presented analytically descriptively where the facts were described and later analyzed based on the laws and rules applicable in Indonesia as well as the theories. The accountability of the directors of State-Owned Enterprises for the company’s losses could be classified as acts that harm the state’s finances that include administrative, civil, and criminal responsibilities. The existence of business judgment rule doctrine in positive law had been regulated in Article 97 paragraph (5) of Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies but had not been regulated technically related to the procedures for its application. The application of the business judgment rule doctrine as the protection of directors of State-Owned Enterprises in corruption cases should be used as material for consideration related to the removal of the defendant’s fault.

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Josková, Lucie. "The Business Judgment Rule in the Czech Republic." AUC IURIDICA 68, no. 3 (September 14, 2022): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23366478.2022.34.

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Business Judgment Rule has been part of the Czech written law since 2014. Nevertheless, there are many controversies regarding its formulation as well as interpretation. The objective of this paper is to analyse the purpose of BJR and based on this to suggest pre-requisites which must be fulfilled to apply BJR. At the same time the impact of the introduction of BJR into written law is examined.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Business judgment rule"

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Jena, Jan-Ole [Verfasser]. "Die Business Judgment Rule im Prozess : Eine prozessrechtliche Betrachtung der Business Judgment Rule und Beweislastverteilung im Organhaftungsrecht / Jan-Ole Jena." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1212397061/34.

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Resch, Sarah-Maria [Verfasser]. "Business Judgment Rule und Insolvenzverwalterhaftung / Sarah-Maria Resch." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1195857543/34.

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Lindström, Moa. "The Business Judgment Rule : Tillämpningen i svensk rätt." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Handelshögskolan (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-74699.

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Det har under en tid diskuterats huruvida den princip som i amerikansk rätt kallas the business judgment rule även förekommer i svensk rätt. Frågan har varit föremål för diskussion i flertalet artiklar och det är därför relevant att utreda huruvida principen förekommer i svensk rätt samt om en sådan princip kan anses vara förenlig med det skadeståndsansvar som styrelseledamöter har enligt 29 kap. 1 § ABL. Denna framställning syftar därför till att ge ett svar på om en princip likt the business judgment rule som förkommer i amerikansk rätt även förekommer i det svenska rättssystemet och om en sådan princip kan anses vara förenlig med 29 kap. 1 § ABL. För att utreda rättsläget har två metoder använts, den rättsdogmatiska metoden och den komparativa metoden, och den juridiska argumentationen i framställningen bygger på lagstiftning, förarbeten, rättspraxis och doktrin. The business judgment rule förekommer i den amerikanska aktiebolagsrätten och principen är en presumtion om att bolagsledningen vid beslutsfattande agerat utifrån en väl informerade grund, i god tro samt i övertygelsen om att beslutet fattats för aktiebolagets bästa. Principen har kommit att ta sin form genom the Supreme Courts i USA och inte direkt genom skriven lag vilket beror på att USA är ett s.k. common law land där rättstillämparen även är skaparen av rättsreglerna. För att principen ska vara tillämplig krävs att fyra rekvisit uppfylls, dessa är att det ska röra sig om ett beslut som fattats av en styrelseledamot och the triads of fiduciary duties. I svensk rätt regleras styrelseledamöters skadeståndsansvar i 29 kap. 1 § ABL och av paragrafen framkommer att en styrelseledamot som inom sitt uppdrag bringar skada till aktiebolaget, aktieägare eller tredje man genom uppsåt eller av oaktsamhet ska ersätta denna skada. Inom ramen för styrelseledamöters skadeståndsansvar enligt 29 kap. 1 § ABL finns såväl ett externt som ett internt skadeståndsansvar. För att en styrelseledamot ska kunna ställas ansvarig för en skada krävs att styrelseledamoten agerat oaktsamt, eller genom uppsåt, samt att det föreligger adekvat kausalitet mellan handlandet och den uppkomna skadan. Efter en genomgång av lagstiftning, förarbeten, prejudikat och doktrin på såväl det amerikanska som det svenska området kan konstateras att the business judgment rule som presumtion inte förekommer i de svenska regleringarna på området, varken i den allmänna skadeståndsrätten eller i ABL. Vissa rekvisit som förekommer i the business judgment rule kan däremot anses förekomma i såväl 29 kap. 1 § ABL som i rättstillämparens bedömningar. Rekvisitet för duty of care kan liknas med den culpabedömning som sker vid utredningen av om en person varit oaktsam i sitt handlande. Högsta domstolen har även i några rättsfall framfört att om en person fattar ett beslut som varit väl motiverat och med en informerad basis bör inte beslutet ifrågasättas, vilket även detta kan liknas med rekvisitet för duty of care samt det tankesätt som finns gällande the business judgment rule. Det kan även konstateras att om en princip likt the business judgment rule skulle komma att bli allmänt vedertagen i svensk rätt torde detta inte stå i strid med 29 kap. 1 § ABL.

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Fischer, Stephan [Verfasser]. "Die Business Judgment Rule als typübergreifendes Institut. / Stephan Fischer." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2018. http://d-nb.info/123844458X/34.

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Sobczyk, Justyna Angelika. "La Business Judgment Rule : l'essai sur les sources de la règle." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010270/document.

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La première source de la business judgment rule a été la jurisprudence. Celle-ci a été la source des codifications incitatives et contraignantes. Nos recherches ont mis en évidence deux types de formulations de la business judgment rule. Le premier type est la formulation prétorienne lato sensu et stricto sensu. Le second type est la formulation codifiée (Model Business Corporation Act, Corporate Director's Guidebook, Principles of Corporate Governance, lois limitant la responsabilité personnelle des dirigeants). De plus, nos recherches ont dégagé 9 types de termes qui se retrouvent dans tous les types des formulations. Les 4 premiers types de termes correspondent respectivement (1) aux pouvoirs des dirigeants et à leur discrétion, (2) au statut des dirigeants, (3) aux devoirs des dirigeants, (4) aux degrés de devoirs requis et à la gravité de la transgression de ces devoirs sanctionnée (standard of conduct). Les cinq types de termes suivants correspondent respectivement (1) au droit à l'erreur, (2) à la présomption de comportement/conduite, (3) au refus d'un contrôle judiciaire, (4) à la charge de la preuve, (5) à la justification de la business judgment rule (standard of revision). Les deux différences fondamentales entre les formulations de la business judgment rule sont les suivantes. La première différence se situe au niveau des conditions d'application de la règle et concerne la relation entre le standard de conduite, c'est-à-dire le type des devoirs, le degré des devoirs et la gravité de la transgression des devoirs, et le standard de responsabilité, c'est-à-dire les devoirs examinés quand la business judgment rule s'applique. La seconde différence fondamentale entre les formulations se situe au niveau des effets de la règle et concerne l'étendue d'un contrôle judiciaire sur le résultat de l'action ou de l'omission des dirigeants, c'est-à-dire le prix grossièrement inadéquat, l'abus de discrétion, le dépassement grossier, etc
The first source of the « business judgment rule » is the jurisprudence. The jurisprudence was the source of the « soft law » and « hard law » codifications. The research showed two types of formulations of the « business judgment rule ». The first type is the jurisprudence formulation lato sensu_and stricto sensu. The second type is the codification formulation (Mode) Business Corporation Act, Corporate Director's Guidebook, Principles of Corporate Governance, lois limitant la responsabilité personnelle des dirigeants). The research showed nine types of terms which may be found in the formulations of the « business judgment rule». The first four terms correspond respectively to (1) the powers of the governors of the corporation and their discretion ; (2) their status ; (3) their duties, and (4) the degree of their duties. This first type of terms constitutes the standard of conduct. The next five types of terms correspond respectively to (1) the right to the error; (2) the presumption of the conduct; (3) the refusal of judicial review; (4) the burden of proof; (5) the justification of the « business judgment rule ». This second type of terms constitutes the standard of revision. There are two fundamental differences between the formulations of the « business judgment rule ». The first difference is situated at the level of the conditions of application of the « business judgment rule », and concerns the relations between the standard of conduct and the standard of revision. The second difference is situated at the level of the effects of the « business judgment rule » and concerns the scope of judicial review

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Gollan, Anna Katharina. "Vorstandshaftung in der Stiftung eine Untersuchung zur Anwendbarkeit der Business Judgment Rule." Köln München Heymann, 2008. http://d-nb.info/993614892/04.

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Taube, Carl-Tessen [Verfasser]. "Die Anwendung der Business Judgment Rule auf den GmbH-Geschäftsführer. / Carl-Tessen Taube." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1238443117/34.

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Göppert, Jan. "Die Reichweite der Business Judgment Rule bei unternehmerischen Entscheidungen des Aufsichtsrats der Aktiengesellschaft." Berlin Duncker & Humblot, 2009. http://d-nb.info/998768928/04.

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Nagy, Sandra. "Hostile takeovers in the face of the Business Judgment Rule : A comparative analysis between Sweden and the United States of America in regard to the Business Judgment Rule and the Unocal test." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-306969.

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In cases concerning a hostile takeover occurring in the United States, the board of directors must fulfill the duties set forward by the Unocal test. If the board of directors succeed, it implies that the decision, regardless if it is a bad decision, is protected by the Business Judgment Rule. The Business Judgment Rule presumes that the board of directors in good faith made an informed decision in the line of the corporations’ interests. The Business Judgment Rule is inherently unique for American companies. In Sweden liability for directors is based on a culpa evaluation which in turn is based on principles deriving from tort law. This is the result from the corporate law only providing for a very limited part concerning liability. In this thesis, the different judicial systems are explained with focus on differences and similarities based on duties of the board. Moreover, the different liabilities from a Swedish and an American perspective will be discussed. Concluding, it is hard to distinguish a Swedish version of the Business Judgment Rule, however, the creation of one would most likely be beneficial since it, to a large extent, provides for a better business world.
Vid ett fientligt företagsförvärv i USA måste styrelseledamöterna visa att de uppfyller de krav som framställts genom Unocal-testet. Lyckas styreledamöterna uppfylla kraven så blir de skyddade från skadeståndsrättsligt ansvar i enlighet med the Business Judgment Rule, oavsett om beslutet ledde till en dålig affär. The Business Judgment Rule presumerar att styrelseledamöterna i god tro fattat ett välgrundat affärsbeslut som ligger i bolagets intresse. The Business Judgment Rule är unikt för amerikanska bolag. I Sverige utgår skadeståndsansvar för styrelseledamöter från en culpabedömning, vilket baseras på allmänna skadeståndsrättsliga principer då den aktiebolagsrättsliga skadeståndsdelen är begränsad. I denna uppsats redogörs de olika rättssystemen med fokus på likheter och skillnader i styrelseuppdraget. Vidare diskuteras styrelseledamöternas skadeståndsansvar utifrån ett amerikanskt och ett svenskt perspektiv. Slutligen visas det att det är svårt att se en svensk version till the Business Judgment Rule, men att en sådan troligen skulle vara att föredra då regeln ger effekter som bidrar till en bättre affärsvärld.

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Wallisch, Kai [Verfasser]. "Unternehmerische Entscheidungen der Hauptversammlung : Die Anwendung der Business Judgment Rule auf Hauptversammlungsbeschlüsse / Kai Wallisch." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1107604591/34.

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Books on the topic "Business judgment rule"

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Boen, Hendra Setiawan. Bianglala business judgment rule. Jakarta, Indonesia: Tatanusa, 2008.

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Hanrei hōri keiei handan gensoku: Business Judgment Rule. Tōkyō: Chūō Keizaisha, 2012.

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J, Block Dennis, and Barton Nancy E, eds. The business judgment rule: Fiduciary duties of corporate directors. 6th ed. Austin, TX: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 2009.

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E, Barton Nancy, and Radin Stephen A, eds. The business judgment rule: Fiduciary duties of corporate directors. 5th ed. New York: Aspen Law & Business, 1998.

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E, Barton Nancy, and Radin Stephen A, eds. The business judgment rule: Fiduciary duties of corporate directors. 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall Law & Business, 1993.

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Block, Dennis J. The business judgment rule: Fiduciary duties of corporate directors. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Law & Business, 1989.

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Shang ye pan duan yuan ze yu qi ye jing ying ze ren. Taibei Shi: Xin xue lin chu ban gu fen you xian gong si, 2011.

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E, Barton Nancy, and Radin Stephen A, eds. The business judgment rule: Fiduciary duties of corporate directors and officers. Clifton, NJ: Prentice Hall Law & Business, 1987.

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L, Goldwasser Dan, and Practising Law Institute, eds. Officers' and directors' liability: A review of the business judgment rule. New York (810 Seventh Ave., New York 10019): Practising Law Institute, 1985.

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Block, Dennis J. The business judgment rule: Fiduciary duties of corporate directors and officers. 2nd ed. Clifton, NJ: Prentice Hall Law & Business, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Business judgment rule"

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Baraka, Dwayne Cristopher. "Business Judgment Rule." In Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility, 264–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28036-8_307.

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Sheehy, Benedict. "Business Judgment Rule." In Encyclopedia of Sustainable Management, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02006-4_107-1.

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Brauchle, Thomas. "II Die Reichweite des unternehmerischen Ermessens des Vorstands im Rahmen der deutschen business judgment rule aus ökonomischer Sicht." In Unternehmerische Entscheidung und Risikomanagement, 9–48. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-11420-6_2.

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Cai, Nishui, Zhuxiang Deng, and Hao Wang. "An Intelligent Data Flow Security Strategy Model of Cloud-Network Integration." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 3–27. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8285-9_1.

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AbstractCloud-network integration business data flow security is mainly reflected in the business deployment stage and online service stage. First, this paper analyzes the trend of the digital platform technology of the cloud-network integration business system, puts forward an intelligent data flow security strategy model of cloud-network integration, including expert rule judgment system of simple cloud scene and AI algorithm application model of complex cloud scene. Then, this paper studies hierarchical linkage cloud-network integration security operation system based on the security policy model of intelligent data flow and risk monitoring capability system for personal privacy data protection by scenario system based on the security policy model of intelligent data flow. Finally, this paper points out that cloud-network integration intelligent data flow security strategy based on AI algorithms needs to be further studied.

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Jain, Satish Kumar. "Some Important Value-Judgments, Rules and Theorems." In Springer Texts in Business and Economics, 77–94. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9661-9_6.

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Go, Sabine. "GA Adjustments in Amsterdam: Reinforcing Authority Through Transparency and Accountability (Late Sixteenth–Early Seventeenth Century)." In General Average and Risk Management in Medieval and Early Modern Maritime Business, 389–414. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04118-1_14.

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AbstractThis essay analyses GA procedures in Amsterdam in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries by discussing the Statute Book of the ‘Chamber of Insurance and Average’. This manuscript is a unique guide to the handling of Averages in Amsterdam as it contains the regulations, the clarifications of the rules, some of the Chamber’s judgments and their accompanying calculations. The essay thus provides a snapshot of the institutional framework of maritime risk management in a critical period critical for the development of GA procedures in the emerging mercantile centre of Amsterdam.

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Gold, Andrew S. "The Entrepreneurial Business Judgment Rule." In The Cambridge Handbook of Law and Entrepreneurship in the United States, 164–79. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316771105.012.

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Resch, Sarah-Maria. "Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis." In Business Judgment Rule und Insolvenzverwalterhaftung, 1–16. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845297705-1.

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Resch, Sarah-Maria. "Zweites Kapitel: Die business judgment rule im Insolvenzrecht." In Business Judgment Rule und Insolvenzverwalterhaftung, 113–263. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845297705-113.

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Resch, Sarah-Maria. "Abkürzungsverzeichnis." In Business Judgment Rule und Insolvenzverwalterhaftung, 17–20. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845297705-17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Business judgment rule"

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Harahap, Hasrul, Bismar Nasution, Hikmahanto Juwana, and Mahmul Siregar. "The Dilemma of Managing Limited Liability State-Owned Enterprises in Applying the Business Judgment Rule." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Law, Economic, Governance, ICOLEG 2021, 29-30 June 2021, Semarang, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.29-6-2021.2312616.

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Rukmono, B. Sugeng, and Soehartono. "Some Problems in the Implementation of the Business Judgment Rule Principles to the Directors of State-Owned Enterprises in Indonesia." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Globalization of Law and Local Wisdom (ICGLOW 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icglow-19.2019.59.

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Schoeffler, Fred, and Joy A. Collura. "How was it Possible to do Everything Right and yet 19 Prescott Fire Department Firefighters Died in One Fell Swoop on June 30, 2013?" In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001577.

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On 30 June 2013, nineteen Prescott FD, Granite Mountain Hot Shots, a quasi-military Wildland Fire Crew, died on the Yarnell Hill Fire in Arizona. This tragic Arizona State Forestry (ASF) wildfire was “investigated” by a USDA US Forest Service-funded Serious Accident Investigation Team (SAIT). Their alleged "factual" report (SAIR) concluded they "found no indication of negligence, reckless actions, or violations of policy or protocol." Stated in the positive - they did everything right and yet nineteen men perished. This no blame, no-fault conclusion clearly defies logic and reason. Both USFS and BLM training publications mirror each other: "If firefighters follow the Standard Firefighting Orders and are alerted to the 18 Watch Out Situations, much of the risk of firefighting can be reduced." In 2001 and 2002, former USFS Fire Director Jerry Williams fully supported that joint assertion: “The Ten Standard Firefighting Orders must be firm rules of engagement. … They are the result of hard-learned lessons. Compromis¬ing one or more of them is a common denominator of all tragedy fires. … [where] the Fire Orders were ignored, overlooked, or otherwise compromised.” “Entrapment avoid¬ance must be our primary emphasis and our measure of professional operational success. We must embrace the rules of engagement as a way of doing business - as a professional standard. ... because we owe it to one another. The Fire Orders must become a shared obligation, where the leader’s situational awareness depends on participation by the entire crew and where the crew’s participation is tempered with respect for the leader’s responsibility ..." The SAIT states: "The 10 Standard Firefighting Orders and 18 Watch Out Situations ... [are] the foundation of training in fire suppression operations, ... but they require judgment in application. These principles, ... outline the [SAIT’s] perspective regarding the use and consideration of the 10 and 18 in [the SAIR]." This contradicts the GMHS aftermath.Additionally, other Agency video training sources have made light of this serious subject. “Visualizing The Ten and Eighteen - With Humor” (2004) Kathy Murphy; “WFSTAR: Fire Orders” (2018); and the Wildland Fire LLC - “Honor the Fallen” (2018). In this video, the Standard Fire Orders are denigrated by the USFS Apprenticeship Program Manager: “the truth is that we try to put it into these little boxes in these rules and the 10 and 18 that cannot, they’re not gonna keep us safe, that’s been proven time and time again, we can’t follow our own rule, you know, these rules whatever they are” and states they need to have “luck decision conversation[s],” concluding with “it was good … until it wasn’t.” Did these, and coaching from others, result in the third-year GMHS sole survivor McDonough’s SAIT assertion that Fire Order Ten regarding safely fighting fire, was “hillbilly” and “old”? The documented YH Fire and GMHS tragedy is inaccurate. Indeed, knowing, recognizing, and applying the 10 and 18, and mitigating any Watchout Situations are responsible for saving tens of thousands of WF lives every year! There are no documented cases revealing otherwise.

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Pippenger, Brian. "The Transfer of Expert Tacit Knowledge in Industry." In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2014.45.

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Industry today is as much knowledge based, as it is practical operational based. The business of knowledge is vital to the operation of the facility as is the machinery the product is manufactured. The tacit knowledge of people is difficult to capture in an explicit form, this includes professional insights, judgment, rules of thumb, intuition and subtle issues known by subject matter experts. Tacit knowledge tends not to be formally documented but can be crucially important to communicate to the organization and is a sustainable competitive advantage. Tacit knowledge is lost upon departure of its carriers from the project or from the organization and cannot be applied to other projects or even in later stages of the same project.

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