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Journal articles on the topic 'Business letters'
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Zhanghong, Xu, and Wang Qian. "Pragmatic Empathy as a Grand Strategy in Business Letter Writing." English Language Teaching 11, no. 8 (July 8, 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v11n8p14.
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This paper examines the employment of pragmatic empathy as a grand strategy in business letter writing. To account for the realization of pragmatic empathy in business letters, we make a corpus-based manual analysis of four types of business letters. It is found that (1) the choice of deixis is a major concern in most letters: while second person is often used in competitive letters, first or third person frequently appears in other three types of letters; (2) conventionalized indirectness strategy is often used in competitive business letters while mitigation strategy is preferred in conflictive business letters; (3) the employment of different strategies is an adaptation to various empathetic concerns in business letter writing. It is concluded that different types of business letters are characterized by different pragmatic strategies to achieve empathy. This paper, which is an attempt to investigate business letters from the empathy perspective, sheds light on business discourse research in general and business letter writing in particular.
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Devet, Bonnie. "Analyzing International Letters in a Business Communication Class." Business Communication Quarterly 61, no. 4 (December 1998): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108056999806100404.
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In the global marketplace, professionals need to understand how cultural differences affect the writing and reading of business letters. Business commu nication courses can prepare students to meet this need by teaching students an effective, systematic method for analyzing the letters of the global economy. The method incorporates such characteristics as format, organization, rhetori cal strategies (ethos, pathos, logos), style, and writer's purpose. Through case studies in letter writing and analysis, students apply key communication prin ciples in an international context.
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Wahyu, Ellyn Eka, Yekie Senja Oktora, Siti Nurbaya, Joni Dwi Pribadi, and Achmad Suyono. "PELATIHAN DAN BIMBINGAN KORESPONDENSI BISNIS DI BIDANG HOME INDUSTRI KULINER PAWON BUCI MALANG." Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 8, no. 2 (February 17, 2022): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jabdimas.v8i2.156.
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Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (PkM) in 2021, was carried out to provide training and guidance to mothers in the area around Pawon Buci Malang on Business Correspondence to help promote and market products from Pawon Buci Malang. The method used by the PkM Implementation Team is to provide an explanation of the meaning of letters, understanding of business correspondence, the importance of correspondence (especially during the Covid 19 Pandemic), requirements for a good letter, function of letters, language of letters, nature of business letters, form of letters, sections -Department of Letters, Sales Methods - Direct Sales, Kinds of Letters (Introduction Letters, Offer Letters, Order Acceptance Letters, Order Confirmation Letters, Order Rejection Letters). This PkM activity received high enthusiasm from the participants. The enthusiasm was evidenced by the completeness of the 5 participants who listened carefully and actively from the beginning to the end of the activity. The PkM Implementation Team concluded that all participants were able to put the results of the training into practice by being able to write the necessary documents to promote and market Pawon Buci products.
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Osiyanova, Olga M., and Alexandra O. Yudina. "ELECTRONIC BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE TEXT IN THE PRAGMALINGUISTIC ASPECT." Sovremennye issledovaniya sotsialnykh problem 14, no. 3 (October 31, 2022): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2022-14-3-145-158.
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Background. Competent execution of business letters is one of the important factors in conducting successful business activities. With the widespread use of video communication, voice messages and instant messengers, written business correspondence remains relevant. Electronic business correspondence, which determines the social and cultural specifics of the modern world community in the field of business, management and material production, is considered in the article as a linguistic phenomenon.
Purpose. To reveal the pragmalinguistic features of the texts of English-language electronic commercial letters and consider the specifics of the English-language electronic commercial letter.
Materials and methods. To solve the tasks set, a set of scientific research methods was used: analysis of scientific literature on the research problem and texts of English-language electronic commercial letters, continuous sampling method, descriptive method, comparative method.
Results. Particular attention is paid to business letters as a traditional way of communication between organizations, enterprises, associations and bodies. It was revealed that each business letter has its own communicative purpose, pragmatic essence. The pragmalinguistic aspect of the texts of electronic business correspondence is carried out through the implementation of a specific communicative intention with a specific goal.
Practical implications. The results of the research can be useful for further research in the field of communication technologies: problems of communication efficiency, public relations, advertising, speech etiquette, theory and practice of translation.
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Mason, Julian, and Daphne Rice. "Does a business-like letter written for a general practitioner meet the standards for patients?" Psychiatric Bulletin 32, no. 7 (July 2008): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.107.017806.
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Aims and MethodTo gauge the acceptability of copying a business-like clinic letter for general practitioners, written by a doctor working in the Newbury Community Mental Health Team for Older Adults. Between August 2004 and March 2006 every letter written by each doctor was stored electronically. The letters contained a clear statement of the diagnosis, the active problems and a bullet-point care plan. Any concerns or reactions to the letters were documented as they were received. Between September and October 2006, 50 service user or carer recipients of the letters were sent a questionnaire, checking whether the letter met standards of clarity, helpfulness and content.ResultsOver 20 months 427 service users and carers received a total of 731 letters. One carer asked for the letter not to be sent in future; four carers asked for details of the letter to be modified; in only one was the content of the letter to the general practitioner modified before it was sent to the service user. The questionnaire about the suitability of the clinic letter had a 90% reply rate and all respondents said the letters were clear, understandable and that their content was of no surprise to them.Clinical ImplicationsThis report of a successful use of a frank business-like letter copied to service users or carers should be understood in the context of the following factors: the doctor who wrote them was familiar with and confident about the clinical work and comfortable with the style of the letter; he had a good rapport with a generally well-educated population and positive support from his colleagues. With these factors in place, the direct style of the letter was well received by patients and carers.
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Kuswantoro, Agung, and Kuatina Nur Aini. "Perkembangan Surat Niaga di Era Distrupsi (Studi Kasus Di Perusahaan Jasa PT JNE)." EFISIENSI - KAJIAN ILMU ADMINISTRASI 16, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/efisiensi.v16i1.24478.
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Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui surat-surat niaga yang masih digunakan di era disrupsi, dalam berkomunikasi dengan supplier dan konsumen. Metode penelitiannya adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Setting penelitian dalam penelitian ini yaitu perusahaan jasa Agen JNE Menoreh, Semarang. Subjek penelitian ini adalah pegawai JNE. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara dan observasi. Hasil penelitiannya adalah surat-surat niaga yang masih digunakan di era disrupsi pada JNE dari ke-13 surat niaga, hanya ada 2 jenis surat yang digunakan secara manual yaitu surat tagihan dan surat klaim. Ada 11 surat yang tidak dipakai di JNE yaitu surat perkenalan, surat pesanan, surat balasan klaim, surat permintaan penawaran, surat perjanjian kerjasama, surat pengiriman barang, surat balasan pesanan, surat penawaran, surat adjustment, surat konfirmasi pesanan, dan surat penangguhan pembayaran. Surat-surat niaga yang sudah tidak digunakan lagi dalam JNE digantikan menggunakan bukti-bukti trasaksi dari aplikasi media elektronik dan aplikasi. Saran dalam penelitian ini, bahwa di era disrupsi diharapkan dalam menggunakan fasilitas teknologi komunikasi dalam korespondensi, karena melalui teknologi komunikasi dapat mempermudah dalam pekerjaannya. Kata kunci: Surat Niaga, Era Disrupsi, JNE Abstract: Development of Commerce in the Distorted Era (Case Study in PT JNE Service Company). This study aims at knowing business letters which are still used and applicable at the disruption era to communiate with suppliers and customers. The design of study was qualitative descriptive. Further, the study was conducted in JNE agent, Menoreh Semarang with its staff as the subject. To collect the data, interview and observation were employed. Then, the finding show that there only 2 (two) of 13 business letters which are still applicable and written manually nowdays. Those two letters are bills and claim letter. The JNE agent has dropped 11 business letters; they are sales letter inquiry letter, order letter, reply to inquiry, reply to order, dispatch letter, complaint letter, adjusment letter, MoU, letter for confirming the payment, letter of payment deferral. JNE has implemented online system for replacing most of manual business letters. The evidences from the online transaction are used instead of the manual ones. Finally, in this disruption era, up to date technology and information such as online application and system should be implemented by businessmen as they can be easier and efficier in doing the business Keyword: Business Letters, Disruption Era, JNE
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Mohamad, Hairul Azhar, Muhammad Luthfi Mohaini, and Pavithran Ravinthra Nath. "An Analysis of Lexical Chunks in Online Business Letters (OBL) and Business Letter Corpus (BLC): A Corpus-Based Study." International Journal of Modern Languages And Applied Linguistics 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/ijmal.v4i2.9729.
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This research investigated into the lexical density and frequencies of five types of lexical chunks located in 300 online business letters. Top 10 websites on business correspondence had been identified in terms of traffic visitors and bounce rate under one million web rankings worldwide. Criterion Sampling method was identified prior to extracting the sample letters from the websites. The data was then run with Antconc Concordance Program (ACP) for lexical density and frequency analysis. Top 15 lexical chunks in online business letters (OBL) were compared against those top 15 in Business Letter Corpus (BLC). Findings revealed that there was a total of 39 916-word tokens and 939 counts of lexical chunks found in this corpus. It was found that more lexical words do not imply more lexical chunks used in based on types of business letters. All 5 types of lexical chunks were identified and ranked in descending order; Sentence Builders (SB) as the most frequent type, followed by Collocations (COL), Deictic locutions (DLs), Polywords (POLs) and Institutionalized Expressions (IUs) as the least frequent type of lexical chunk. Sub-divisional analysis indicated that Grammatical Collocations (GCs) were more common than Lexical Collocations (LCs). Majority of lexical chunks were formed more at sentence level than phrasal level. Comparative analysis between top 15 lexical chunks in OBL and BLC discovered that most top lexical chunks in online business letters are representative of those corporate business letters in BLC. Pedagogical implications in terms of the reliability of online business letters for academic reference and future research considerations are also addressed.
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Antonio, Joemar, and Melvi Briones. "Linguistic Errors and Skill-Competency of Students in Writing Business Letters." Journal of English Education and Linguistics 3, no. 1 (June 18, 2022): 64–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.56874/jeel.v3i1.810.
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Business writing has a standard way of writing and formality in communication, this space for clearer and concise communication should be evident in the letter, otherwise, it shall create miscommunication and confusion. Thus, a level of students’ learning in terms of the knowledge of format and content should be mastered by the learners. Having this idea, the researcher pursued this study on the evaluation of the students’ business writing skills to help the students be prepared of future communication with the companies and be able to increase their confidence level in their written communication by avoiding technical and grammatical error. The study analyzed the Linguistics Errors and Skill-Competency in Business Letter Writing of student-leaders in College of Education in University of Nueva Caceres. This study sought identify kind of letters archived in the College of Education; determine the Linguistics Errors of College of Education students in Business Writing in terms of Mechanical, Morphological, Lexical, and Syntactic; recognize the Level of Competency in Business Writing Skills of College of Education students in terms of Format, and Content; establish the relationship of the Linguistic Error and the Level of Competency in Business Writing Skills of the College of Education students; and present an innovative instructional material may be produced by the researcher based on the result of the study. This study allowed the researcher to see that the Letter request is the common letters submitted in the office; that the students, despite their perception of being competent and highly competent in their business letter writing skills, are still committing errors particularly in the Punctuations, Sentence Structures, and Word Choice. Thus, should learn and relearn the important concepts in the business letter writing format and content. Lastly, should urge the future researchers to evaluate the innovative material done by the researcher so that it would be practically useful for the present and future student-leaders.
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Delligatti, Paul J., and William P. Lane. "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Staff issues no-action relief to facilitate implementation of Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II (MiFID II) research provisions." Journal of Investment Compliance 19, no. 1 (May 8, 2018): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joic-02-2018-0014.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to summarize and discuss the implications of three related U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) no-action letters dated October 26, 2017 that seek to address the provisions of MiFID II related to “inducements”. Design/methodology/approach Provides background information regarding MiFID II and summarizes each of the three SEC Staff no-action letters: the SIFMA letter, the ICI letter and the AMG letter. Findings The no-action letters provide market participants with increased clarity as to how certain aspects of their business activities, in particular the “bundling” or “unbundling” of payments for research and execution, can comply with potentially competing systems of regulations. Originality/value Practical guidance from experienced financial industry and investment management lawyers.
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Golubenko, Konstantin Aleksandrovich, and Daria Slobodanovna Oleinik. "Letters from authorities: "for" or "against" business." Административное и муниципальное право, no. 3 (March 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0595.2022.3.38475.
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The article examines the impact of letters from Russian authorities on the business community. Currently, the regulation of the publication and withdrawal of letters is non-systemic, and the legal nature of letters has not yet been determined. The lack of clear and transparent procedures for their adoption and application leads to the fact that letters from the authorities can also be used as an element of administrative pressure on business: explanations from the authorities can impose new responsibilities on companies, interfere in their operational activities, "bypass" the procedures of inspections established by law. It is proposed to define letters of authorities as a kind of legal acts that are adopted by law enforcement agencies in the absence of a single regulated legal procedure for their publication, contain explanations of legislation and (or) rules of conduct that can have an indirect impact on an indefinite circle of persons and (or) be applied in specific legal situations. In order to reduce the negative impact of letters from authorities on subjects of economic legal relations, legal regulation of the publication of letters by authorities is proposed. Within the framework of this procedure, it is important to establish: general rules of registration, a limited list of grounds for their adoption; the need to substantiate the practical benefits of accepting letters for non-government entities; establishing the priority of letters that create favorable conditions for non-government subjects of legal relations, in cases of letters contradicting each other; a limited list of officials who have the right to sign them; the procedure for cancellation (revocation) of letters from public authorities, including a list of entities that have the right to raise the issue of their cancellation (revocation). The latter may be the bodies of the Ministry of Justice and (or) the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation (due to the emerging practice recognizing such competence for them). At the end of the study, it is additionally proposed to evaluate letters according to the criterion of expediency and within the framework of the judicial norm control procedure.
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Endo, Hitomi, Business Japanese Forum, Keisuke Maruyama, Mami Doi, Yuko Iguchi, Kazuko Kuwabara, Masahiro Onuma, Tatsuya Yasui, and Ryuko Yokosuka. "Writing Business Letters in Japanese." Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 34, no. 1 (April 2000): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/489652.
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Krah, Eva-Susanne. "Perfect letters for your business." Sales Business 19, no. 10 (October 2010): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03228389.
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Awalludin, Dudi, Yudha Indrawan, and Rini Malfiany. "Pemodelan Sistem Informasi Pengelolaan Surat Pengantar Rujukan pada Rumah Sakit Menggunakan BPMN." Jurnal Manajemen Informatika (JAMIKA) 12, no. 2 (September 15, 2022): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/jamika.v12i2.7209.
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A referral letter management system at the hospital has to be good because a referral letter is a letter from medical personnel/service providers to the hospital. The management of a referral letter is routinely done using spreading a form letter the referral of some hospital to the doctor or service providers manually, and so when the pain that the reference received from the doctor or service providers manually through a patient or the patient family. The purpose of the modeling of the information system for the management of the referral cover letter is to produce a design or model which can then be used to develop a computer-based referral letter management information system, with the development of an information system that is expected to increase the number of referrals from clinics to hospitals and will reduce the use of printed referral cover letters so that there is no need to distribute printed referral cover letters. The system development method is the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) with the Waterfall model. Business Process Modelling management information system a referral letter it uses Business Process Modelling and Notation (BPMN).
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Azlina, Yunidyawati. "PENANGANAN SURAT MASUK DAN SURAT KELUAR PADA INSTANSI PEMERINTAH SEBAGAI BENTUK KOMUNIKASI BISNIS." Akrab Juara : Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Sosial 7, no. 4 (November 5, 2022): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.58487/akrabjuara.v7i4.1942.
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Business communication covers all activities related to business activities including correspondence. Correspondence includes those relating to the handling of correspondence, including incoming and outgoing letters. The development of correspondence is currently very rapid, especially in the handling of letters, both incoming and outgoing mail. This happens because they are increasingly aware of the importance of incoming and outgoing letters in activities carried out in government and private offices. Activities will not run and develop properly without having a relationship or communication between each other or with other parties. The purpose of this study was to determine the handling of incoming and outgoing mail, the obstacles faced and how to overcome the obstacles, at the Government Service Office. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative analysis. While the data collection techniques used are observation and documentation. The results showed that the handling of incoming and outgoing letters can be said to be good in accordance with the procedures and the obstacles in handling incoming and outgoing letters are the lack of place or space for important letters and handling of letters is still a little slow, sometimes old letters reach the recipient. concerned, the Head of Service who is sometimes rarely in place so that the signing of the letter becomes late. However, the handling of incoming and outgoing letters at the Government Service Office can be said to be good and in accordance with the procedures set at the Government Service.
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Kornienko, Kristina Borisovna. "Letter in a system of hypergenre “personal file”." Филология: научные исследования, no. 2 (February 2020): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2020.2.32362.
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The subject of this research is the structural components of hypergenre “personal file”. The object of this research is business letters. Analysis is conducted on the basis of archived personal filed of the students of Arkhangelsk State Medical Institute for the period from 1930’s – 1940s. The goal consist in introducing new texts of business correspondence into the scientific discourse. In the course of this study, the author solves the following tasks: extraction of documents from the personal files that genre-wise belong to correspondence; determination of genre distinctness of the extracted documents; description of stylistic and functional characteristic of letters and notes. The discursive-communicative analysis of the texts of business correspondence proves that the addresser and the addressee are based on the general social presuppositions. The genre analysis allowed studying the specificity of the genre of business letter and note. For examination of linguistic units of business texts, the author uses the methods of semantic, stylistic and discursive analysis. It is claimed that the hypergenre “personal file” includes a special genre group – business letter or note that manifests as the structural elements of personal file. The author highlights the documents comprising the group of letters/notes based on the formal criterion, i.e. presence of addressee; from the perspective of functional criterion, namely the purpose of document and intention of the addresser; according to discursive-compositional markers, such as form of address or etiquette formula. The article demonstrates the specificity of indicated genres in the particular historical period within the framework of a hypergenre, which is an important addition to the overall picture of the development of business writing, as well as a source for determining normative and stylistic peculiarities of the document on the various language levels.
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Aisyah Ramadhani, Tasya Nurul, Eva Aryani, Amiruddin Amiruddin, and Imasita Imasita. "PENGELOLAAN SURAT MASUK DAN SURAT KELUAR BERBASIS WEB PADA JURUSAN ADMINISTRASI NIAGA POLITEKNIK NEGERI UJUNG PANDANG (STUDI KASUS PRAKTEK PENGELOLAAN SURAT PADA MATAKULIAH SIMULASI BISNIS)." Journal of Business Administration (JBA) 2, no. 1 (June 22, 2022): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31963/jba.v2i1.3451.
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One of the practical activities in the business simulation course is the mail management process, which includes: delivery, storage, and archive discovery. Currently, the management of letters in this practice is still manual which results in the use of a lot of time, energy, and costs and frequent errors, scattered or damaged documents. This study aims to produce a website-based letter management application that can facilitate mail management, especially in the practice of managing letters in business simulation courses. The research method used is design research using the waterfall method. The stages or procedures carried out consist of 1) Needs Analysis, 2) Data Collection, 3) System Design, 4) Testing, 6) Implementation. Furthermore, the data collection techniques used are: 1) Interview, 2) Observation. The results of the study indicate that the resulting application can facilitate the management of letters, especially in the use of time, effort and cost.
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Kiattikulwattana, Prapaporn. "Do letters to shareholders have information content?" Asian Review of Accounting 27, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 137–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ara-01-2018-0002.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the information content in letters to shareholders in terms of business content, tone and types of business vocabulary.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses multiple regression models to test the information content concerning business content, tone, and types of business vocabulary in letters to shareholders. Two textual analyses in accounting research dictionaries are used. Loughran and McDonald’s (2011) dictionary is used as a scheme to identify the positive and negative words, and Kothariet al.’s (2009) dictionary is used to identify the business vocabulary.FindingsLetters to shareholders contain incremental information for investors. First, the results show that the market reacts negatively to the content of these letters. The more that business content is disclosed, the lower the abnormal returns. It can be seen that investors catch additional information from letters to shareholders. Second, investors in negative unexpected earnings firms tend to not trust the concentration of positive tone in the letters. Third, some types of business vocabulary in the letters have an influence on investors’ decisions. In addition, larger amounts of business content are seen to be negatively related to firms’ future performance.Practical implicationsDue to the effect of the content of letters to shareholders, the Securities Exchange Commission may wish to consider the results of this study before setting new disclosure regulations. Specifically, some inside information might have a negative effect on market returns.Originality/valueThe study indicates that letters to shareholders are a disclosure venue between companies and investors, where investors react to certain business vocabulary. Some business words are associated with lower future performance. Therefore, the market reacts negatively when these words are reported in the letters.
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Mehrotra, Raja Ram. "English in private letters in India." English Today 18, no. 4 (September 16, 2002): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078402004066.
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Some aspects of a corpus of personal correspondence.English as used in business letters, job applications and different types of bureaucratic communication in India has become more or less standardized and is not much different from the language of similar letters written elsewhere in the English-speaking world. But this is not the case with private letters, which are intimate, informal and often lax. Since a personal letter is written to a friend, spouse or relative, the writer comes out with his/her ‘real self’ in the use of language. It may therefore be taken as an authentic indication of the extent to which one is proficient in English and also the extent to which nativised features of English in this specific genre are attributable to native socio-cultural factors.
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Popova, Larisa Georgievna, Lyubov' Mikhailovna Shatilova, Georgii Teimurazovich Khukhuni, and Anastasiya Dmitrievna Krasnikova. "Linguistic characteristics of the German letter of recommendation (diachronic aspect)." Litera, no. 3 (March 2022): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2022.3.37379.
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This article discusses the features of letters of recommendation: types, structure and criteria for evaluating work certificates. The relevance of the work lies in the fact that letters of recommendation have been around for a long time and are an integral part of the business sphere in Germany. Given the lack of workbooks in Germany, providing a letter of recommendation for consideration by a potential employer is a prerequisite. This speech genre requires detailed attention and consideration from the point of view of linguistic and structural features. The object of research is the speech genre "recommendation letter". The subject of the study are structural and substantive features, types of letters of recommendation. The purpose of the work is to consider the types and features of letters of recommendation in the German language in a diachronic aspect. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time the types and linguistic characteristics of the German-language recommendation letter are studied from the standpoint of diachrony. The research material was a German website containing archives of old letters of recommendation: Arbeitszeugnis-forum.de.In the course of the study, it was found out that the most preferable is a qualified letter of recommendation containing a detailed description of the employee and opening him a wider range of further career opportunities. Qualified recommendation letters in German have the following features: 1) a letter of recommendation must comply with the principles of truth and benevolence, therefore it must be written positively; 2) a qualified letter contains information about the work performed, various qualities and achievements of the employee, about his behavior among colleagues and clients, as well as thanks and wishes for the future. The analysis of letters of recommendation showed that until 1900, there were mainly simple working certificates in use in Germany. The letter of recommendation did not have a clear structure. The qualified certificate has received great relevance and has been supplemented with characteristics, approximately, since the 1940s.
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Conde-Silvestre, J. Camilo. "Multilingualism and Language Contact in the Cely Letters." Anglia 139, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 327–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ang-2021-0023.
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Abstract The Cely Letters is a well-known collection of correspondence exchanged by members of this London family of wool merchants and their associates between 1472 and 1488. A substantial part of the corpus was written and received by factors based in Calais, which had been an English outpost in France since 1346 and was strategically connected to the wool marts of the Low Countries. The great majority of the letters are monolingual English texts, thus attesting to the widespread use of the vernacular in personal correspondence by the late fifteenth century. Nevertheless, behind the monolingual English surface, traces of multilingualism are revealed. In this paper, I intend to analyse this issue with a twofold purpose. In the first place, attention will be paid to the multilingual background of the letters, considering both the persistent use of French in late medieval England and the specificity of the business transactions carried out at Calais and the marts, where language contact must have been the norm. In the second place, different textual reflections of such contact in the letters are examined and classified, both as regards the generic conventions of letter writing and as part of the multilingual business context where they were produced and received.
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Kovzanovich, O. V. "IMPLEMENTING CONVINCIVE AND PERSUASIVE STRATEGIES IN THE DISCOURSE OF COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS (based on commercial letters of South African companies)." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 32, no. 5 (October 14, 2022): 1043–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2022-32-5-1043-1053.
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The article justifies the relevance of the study of convinciveness and persuasiveness categories in the commercial discourse. An attempt is made to analyze the genre «сommercial letter» in accordance with discursive strategies and tactics that promote effective business communication in the commercial activities. Based on the pragma-linguistic analysis of the written business discourse, the typological characteristics of commercial letters are defined. The ways of implementing convincive and persuasive strategies based on commercial letters of South African companies are considered. Strategies and tactics of convinciveness and persuasiveness are studied in the terms of the speaker’s influential potential and argumentation. The types of argumentative strategies in the commercial transactions’ discourse are differentiated and their classification is given. Linguistic and paralinguistic means of implementing the speaker’s convincive and persuasive influence are described.
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Liong, Tjang Kian. "TEACHING BUSINESS ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCE IN THE DIGITAL ERA IN POLITEKNIK KOMPUTER NIAGA LPKIA BANDUNG." Jurnal Sora : Pernik Studi Bahasa Asing 5, no. 1 (June 25, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.58359/jurnal_sora.v5i1.54.
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Up to the present era of digital technology, printed-letters sent by post or electronic-mail have a very important role in businesses and government institutions. Meanwhile, the learning process of Business English Correspondence at the Polytechnic of LPKIA Bandung has not been much adjusted to the advancement of information and communication technology, so it might not suffice the needs of students who must work after they graduate. This study aims to describe the positive impact on the ability of students to produce and send business letters after studying the improved Business English Correspondence subject at the polytechnic mentioned above. The method used is descriptive analytics, and the data collection techniques are literature studies, questionnaires and interviews. The research comprises stages from analyzing pre-questionnaire evaluation result, revising and implementing the syllabus in the class, to analyzing post-questionnaire evaluation result. This study reveals that after completing the improved Business English Correspondence course, most students’ awareness and ability increases in producing and sending business English letters and e-mail more properly. The conclusion is that a number of improvements should be made to the Business English Correspondence learning contents and methods to be able to keep pace with the current advances in digital technology.
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Nanda, Yogi Harian, and Elsy Renie. "PERSEPSI PELAKU EKONOMI KULINER TENTANG SURAT REKOMENDASI MAJELIS ULAMA INDONESIA (MUI) SUMATERA BARAT PERIHAL PENGGUNAAN NAMA USAHA KULINER." JISRAH: Jurnal Integrasi Ilmu Syariah 2, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31958/jisrah.v2i2.4338.
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This study examines the perception of culinary economists on letters of recommendation from the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) West Sumatra regarding the prohibition of culinary names that are not in accordance with Islamic law. The type of research used is field research, with exploratory qualitative methods. Sources of data in this study consisted of primary data and secondary data. The findings from this study are that the majority of producers and consumers of culinary businesses do not agree with the recommendation letter from the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) West Sumatra regarding the use of culinary business names and do not even care about the letter, because they consider the recommendation letter from the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) at the West Sumatra level. This is not a type of statutory regulation that has binding law.
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I.P., Borkovska, and Karachun Yu.H. "ENCOURAGING STRUCTURES OF ENGLISH CONFIDENTIAL LETTERS." South archive (philological sciences), no. 85 (April 12, 2021): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-2691/2021-85-11.
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Purpose. The purpose of this article is to identify the main types of encouraging constructions in English letters of confidentiality.Methods. Both general scientific methods and linguistic methods are used in the work. The research is methodologically based on analysis, descriptive method, continuous selection, definitional, semantic and syntactic analysis.Results. A confidential letter as a text version of the sub-style of commercial correspondence within the official business functional style is interpreted as a regulated type of business letters, which has both specific and general features, due to the affiliation of genre groups to one functional style. It is characterized by certain language features; stability of stylistic devices of the genre, its form provides the communicative properties of the document, which are manifested in the composition and architectonics. The text of the confidential letter provides information about the reason for writing the letter, states the need to ensure the confidentiality of information related to the contract, regulates specific mechanisms of cooperation between partners in the use and disposal of classified information. Since the main purpose of such a letter is to force the recipient to perform certain actions, a confidential letter contains many constructions with a motivating value. Encouraging constructions in the texts of business letters are diverse in their semantics, among which the most frequent constructions express directives.The directive is implemented in the form of three types, which are classified by the degree of categoricalness: the actual directive (with the maximum degree of expression of categoricalness); directive-instruction (the degree of categoricalness decreases); directive-request (categoricalness is minimal, but the directive remains). Typical language formulas are presented, which help to classify these types of speech.Conclusions. Therefore, a confidential letter refers to regulated letters, the purpose of which is to establish the procedure for the use of confidential information. To do this, the addressee uses encouraging constructions, diverse in their semantics, among which constructions that express directives stand out.Key words: business letter, genre, modal verbs, confidentiality, directives. Мета. Мета цієї статті – виявити основні типи cпонукальних конструкцій в англомовних конфіденційних листах.Методи. У роботі використано як загальнонаукові методи, а саме: аналізу, описовий метод, суцільного вибирання, так і лінгвістичні методи: дефініційний, семантичний та синтаксичний аналізи.Результати. У процесі дослідження доведено, що діловий лист виокремлюється як жанр, який має критерії, що характерні будь-якому жанру, а саме: текстовий варіант ділового листа має свою назву завдяки наявності формуляру, який і відповідає назві цього документа; ділові листи оформлюються з урахуванням чітких вимог до композиції, що співвідноситься з жанро-вою формою; сюжет, що представлений у тексті листа, наповнений мовними етикетними формулами; діловий лист має обсяг, який відповідає типу листа; жанрова група ділових листів представлена різними текстами-варіантами.Конфіденційний лист належить до регламентованих листів зі своїм набором реквізитів, архітектонікою і композицією. Текстова частина дає інформацію про привід складання листа, констатує необхідність забезпечення конфіденційності відо-мостей, пов’язаних із договором, регулює конкретні механізми співпраці партнерів під час користування і розпорядження секретною інформацією. Оскільки основна мета такого листа – змусити адресата виконати певні дії, конфіденційний лист міс-тить значну кількість конструкцій зі спонукальним значенням. Спонукальні конструкції в текстах ділових листів різноманітні за своєю семантикою, які можуть виражати розпорядження, прохання, пропозиції. Розпорядження реалізуються у вигляді трьох типів, які прокласифіковано за ступенем категоричності: власне-розпорядження (з максимальним ступенем вираження категоричності); розпорядження-інструкція (ступінь категоричності знижується); розпорядження-прохання (категоричність мінімальна, але директивність зберігається).Представлено типові мовні формули, які допомагають класифікувати зазначені типи мовлення. Типова мовна формула для першого типу мовлення, а саме власне-розпорядження, акцентує увагу на тому, що суб’єкт повинен здійснити певні дії, необхідні для досягнення результату. Ефективність виконання розпорядження визначається правильно поставленою метою адресантом та адекватним вибором мовних засобів, серед яких превалюють модальні дієслова will, must, shall. Розпоряджен-ня-інструкція належить до другого типу розпоряджень, коли ступінь категоричності в повідомленні знижується. Такий тип розпорядження означає висловлювання вимоги щодо правил і необхідних умов типових дій у тій чи іншій ситуації. Розпоря-дження-прохання реалізує комунікативну мету адресанта змусити адресата підписати лист або зробити заключні дії, необхідні для підписання контракту.Висновки. Отже, конфіденційний лист належить до регламентованих листів, текст яких розвивається в певну жанрову форму і реалізує мовний задум адресанта встановити порядок використання конфіденційної інформації. Конфіденційний лист як текстовий варіант жанру ділового листа містить спонукальні конструкції, які характеризуються різноманітністю мовних засобів вираження.Ключові слова: діловий лист, жанр, модальне дієслово, конфіденційність, розпорядження.
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Yunxia, Zhu. "Examining the native speakers’ understanding of communicative purposes of a written genre in modern standard Chinese." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.20.1.07yun.
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Abstract This study aims to examine the different attitudes of the native speakers in understanding a written genre of Modern Standard Chinese—sales letters. The examination mainly focuses on the use of formulaic components as they appear in real Chinese sales letters and to compare these with the prescribed advice given in textbooks. To do this, 100 business students and 100 managers were surveyed for their views on appropriate business writing. The divergence of the views of these two groups of native speakers indicates that there is a gap between business teaching and business writing practice. The managers had a good understanding of the communicative purposes of the sales letters, while the students lacked this kind of understanding, which indicates the gap between business teaching and business writing practice.
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Kochetova, L. A., and Yassien Sh S. Al-Bayati. "Lingvocultural Specifics of the Communicative Behaviour in Arabic English-language Business Discourse." Discourse 6, no. 6 (January 15, 2021): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2020-6-6-126-136.
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Introduction. The paper studies specifics of the communicative behavior of native speakers of English and Arab speakers of English as a second language in business situations. The novelty of the study is implied by the fact that it establishes ethnocultural features of comissive speech acts in value-marked situations in the English-language business discourse. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the interest in speech acts functioning in lingvocultural perspective, which studies patterns of communicative behavior in cross-cultural situations and issues of verbal representation of speech acts in the speech of native and non-native speakers of English as they are employed in various genres and types of discourse.Methodology and sources. The study employs methods of corpus linguistics and discourse analysis interpretive method. The study is drawn on a corpus compiled of business letters written by employees of United Arab Emirates companies who speak English as a second language (LBLC). The corpus LBLC comprises 160 letters, 33 907 words. To identify cultural differences, Business Letter Corpus of 1 million words that contains letters written by British and American writers was chosen.Results and discussion. The results of cross-cultural comparison of commissive speech acts representation in value marked situations in the Learner Business Letter Corpus (LBLC) and Business Letter Corpus are presented. It has been concluded that both corpora under study display similarity as for functions of comissive speech acts in value-marked communicative situations whereas differences are revealed in the variation of lexical and grammatical choices that represent these speech acts and their pragmatics. In the BLC the situations when commissive speech acts correlate with apology the addresser commits themselves to obligation not to perform actions that are undesirable for the addressee or prevent the circumstances that might have negative consequences for the addressee. In the LBLC, following the communicative act of apology the addresser emphasizes the causes that have resulted in his failure to complete his obligations and promises to eliminate these causes. The texts in BLC employ explicit speech acts of guarantee that represent an obligation on condition that the addressee completes a certain action and emphasize the sincerity of the addresser. The texts in LBLC do not contain any instances of explicit speech acts of guarantee and the utterance is interpreted as a guarantee on the basis of declarations expressed in the letter.Conclusion. It is concluded that in cross-cultural value-marked situations speech acts implementation follows algorithms that are relevant in a given culture and display cultural specificity that can be studies by linguistic methods.
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TZU, KOH TOH. "A KNOWLEDGE-BASED CHINESE LETTER-WRITER." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 02, no. 01 (March 1988): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001488000054.
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Since the end of last year, the researchers at the Institute of Systems Science (ISS) started to consider a more ambitious project as part of its multilingual programming objective. This project examines the domain of Chinese Business Letter Writing. With the problem defined as generating Chinese letters to meet business needs, investigations suggest an intersection of 3 possible approaches: knowledge engineering, form processing and natural language processing. This paper attempts to report some of the findings and document the design and implementation issues that have arisen and been tackled as prototyping work progresses.
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Chunmei, Yu. "Textual Function of Presupposition in Business Letter Discourse." World Journal of English Language 7, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v7n1p35.
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Presupposition refers to what is assumed by the speaker when uttering a specific sentence, usually realized by the useof particular lexical items and/or linguistic constructions which are known as presupposition triggers, is an evitablerequirement for interpretation of the utterance. Based on the theme-rheme theory and thematic progression patternssuggested by Hu Zhuanglin and Zhu Yongsheng, the author adopts qualitative method to make an analysis of thetextual function of presupposition which is realized by serving as themes in clauses, helping to construct differentthematic progression patterns and transmitting information in business letter discourse. Presupposition helps toconstruct four main thematic progression patterns in business letter discourse, which can be conclude as T1→T2 (thesame theme), R1→R2 (the same rheme), R1→T2 (the rheme or part of the rheme in the previous clause becomes thetheme of the next clause) and T1+R1=T2 (both the theme and rheme of the preceding clause are encapsulated into anoun phrase functioning as the theme of the frequent clause). The author chose 30 business letters selected from theinternet and several textbooks as the object of research, and they cover almost every stage of foreign trade.
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Fritsch, Christopher N., and John Jacob Astor. "John Jacob Astor: Business Letters, 1813-1828." Journal of the Early Republic 12, no. 4 (1992): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3123891.
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Gillani, Mariam, and Rashid Mahmood. "Politeness Strategies in Pakistani Business English Letters." International Journal of Linguistics 6, no. 3 (June 3, 2014): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v6i3.5406.
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Needles, Mark. "Instructor-Graded versus Computer-Graded Business Letters." Journal of Education for Business 63, no. 6 (March 1988): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08832323.1988.10118474.
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dos Santos, V. B. M. Pinto. "Genre analysis of business letters of negotiation." English for Specific Purposes 21, no. 2 (January 2002): 167–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-4906(00)00028-4.
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Lowe, William J. "Letters: Can Business Learn From Higher Education?" Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning 32, no. 2 (March 2000): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00091380009601717.
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Swerdlow, Skip, Edward H. Goodin, and William J. Quain. "Business Letters: 43 Problems and 16 Solutions." Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 27, no. 2 (August 1986): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001088048602700213.
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Zhu, Yunxia, and Herbert W. Hildebrandt. "Effective Persuasion of International Business Sales Letters." Management International Review 53, no. 3 (November 27, 2012): 391–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11575-012-0154-z.
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Smart, Denise T., and Charles L. Martin. "Consumers Who Correspond With Business: A Profile And Measure Of Satisfaction With Responses." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 9, no. 2 (October 2, 2011): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v9i2.6074.
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To investigate the personal characteristics of consumers who correspond with business and their level of satisfaction with businesses responses, 300 adults were interviewed. Fifty-five percent had written complaint, praise, or inquiry letters to businesses. About half of those consumers receiving responses were highly satisfied with them. Further analysis revealed that consumers correspondence behaviors and satisfaction with business responses varied according to individual consumer characteristics. Implications and recommendations for nurturing customer satisfaction are discussed.
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Chakorn, Ora-Ong. "Persuasive and politeness strategies in cross-cultural letters of request in the Thai business context." Asian Business Discourse(s) Part II 16, no. 1 (May 11, 2006): 103–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.16.1.06cha.
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This article sheds light on the rhetoric of cross-cultural letters of request in the Thai business context. The focus is on the contrastive analysis of 80 authentic letters of request written in English by Thai speakers and native English speakers. The corpus consists of 38 Thai (TH) letters, and 42 Non-Thai (NT) letters. The cross-cultural variation is investigated both quantitatively and qualitatively from the perspectives of contrastive text linguistics and pragmatic. The quantitative analysis explores the lengths of the TH and NT letters in relation to the distribution and position of requests. Contrastive text linguistics was used in this study to examine the rhetorical structures (e.g. structural representation) in letters of request and their linguistic realisations (e.g. linguistic features). From a pragmatic perspective, the analytical focus was on persuasive strategies (i.e. rhetorical appeals — logos, ethos, pathos), and politeness strategies, some of which are culture-bound. The overall investigation manifests the diversity in language use which distinguishes Thai-style business requests from western-style ones. What Hinds (1990) calls a quasi-inductive style of writing or delayed introduction of purpose is a unique hedging strategy found exclusively in the TH letters. The NT requests tend to be more direct, often involving a ‘baldly on record’ strategy. In contrast in a similarly formal context, the TH request letters typically use more negative politeness in that they include more indirect, deferential and self-effacing strategies. According to the Aristotelian concept of persuasive rhetoric, the TH letters generally use a combination of logos, ethos and pathos whereas the NT letters tend to predominantly use a strong logos. These three rhetorical appeals can be regarded as persuasive strategies; the findings reveal some culture-specific differences in the persuasive strategies used in TH and NT letters of request.
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Kamal, Ahmad. "Two New Arabic Business Letters from the Berlin Collection." Journal of Islamic Manuscripts 13, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1878464x-01303007.
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Abstract There is a high percentage of letters among Arabic documentary material. The vast majority of them remain unpublished, however. This article presents the edition, translation, and commentary of two as yet unpublished business letters currently kept at the Egyptian Museum in Berlin. The first was sent to solicit help with some calculations and to stress the importance of the results (P.Berl.inv. 8582), and the second was sent to grant a monk permission to join the harvest (P.Berl.inv. 6746 verso).
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Rahmatullah, Wirah, and Afriyudi Afriyudi. "Pengembangan Aplikasi Sistem Pelayanan Masyarakat Berbasis Android (Studi Kasus : Kecamatan Payaraman Ogan Ilir)." Jurnal Pengembangan Sistem Informasi dan Informatika 2, no. 4 (November 23, 2021): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47747/jpsii.v2i4.557.
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In public administration services almost every day requests for incoming letters, both requests for business place permits, SK Domicile and other documents. The data collection of letters requested by residents of Payaraman District will be handled directly through the admin where the data will be entered into the request list using a computer, then the letter will be printed for signature, residents have to wait for the letter with uncertain terms. This problem was raised due to the large number of public complaints in issuing a decree that had been signed by the sub-district head. This research uses extreme programming method in development by using CI framework for admin and flutter framework for users. The results of the study are that residents of Payaraman District can access the application to request a letter request which will contain identities such as ID cards and permits or decrees that will be sent back via the web admin to the application according to the request of residents who access/request a letter.
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Conaway, Roger N., and William J. Wardrope. "Communication in Latin America." Business Communication Quarterly 67, no. 4 (December 2004): 465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1080569904270986.
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The format and structure of 150 Spanish-language letters written by business administrators in Guatemalan firms were analyzed to help determine how Latin American business writers organize and present information in various types of routine letters. Findings suggest that Latin American businesspeople follow some, but not all, of the format conventions typical of those used in the United States; that they tend not to use buffers to present bad news; and that they do not consistently place topic sentences at any particular part of business letters. Understanding the differences between U.S. and Latin American business communication practices as illustrated by this study should help instructors to prepare their students to communicate successfully with their future counterparts in all parts of the Western Hemisphere.
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Armstrong, J. Scott. "Marketing letters." International Journal of Forecasting 10, no. 4 (December 1994): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-2070(94)90037-x.
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Kuzmina, Marina D. "Correspondence of I.V. Kireevsky with A.S. Pushkin and P.A. Vyazemsky in the light of the development of the genre of friendly writing in the 1830s." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education, no. 2 (March 2022): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.2-22.061.
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The epistolary genre, especially in the invariant of friendly writing, flourished in the first third of the 19th century, when it played an important role in the development of literature, becoming, according to the famous definition of Yu.N. Tynyanov, a “literary fact”. The letter acted as a creative “laboratory”, allowing writers to experiment freely, then apply the results of experiments in prose and poetry. At the same time, it itself was comprehended as a text of literary value. Hence the great attention of writers to him, in particular A. Pushkin and his correspondent friends. Their correspondence has been widely studied, and on its basis a scientific understanding of the epistolary culture of the first third of the 19th century has been compiled. At the same time, attention has ignored a significant part of the epistolary heritage of their contemporaries — in particular, I.V. Kireevsky. Meanwhile, he was also gifted with literary talent, organically included in the cultural context of the era, was in friendly correspondence with a large number of people, including A.I. Koshelev, A.V. Venevitinov, E.A. Baratynsky, N.M. Yazykov, V.F. Odoevsky, S.A. Sobolevsky, Р.А. Vyazemsky, A.S. Pushkin himself, etc. We are interested in his epistolary communication with the latter two. Both of them were not among his closest friends. He did not communicate with them for long — only in the early 1830s — in connection with the publication of his magazine “European” and on other business issues. So, the reason for the letter has always been business. However, writing “on business” does not necessarily mean writing a business letter. It seems important to raise the question of how the aforementioned correspondence correlates with the friendly correspondence of that time, the tone of which was primarily determined by Pushkin’s epistolary works. The poet-genius wrote only two letters to Kireevsky — the same as Kireevsky to him. All four texts are very literary, abound in tropes, combine benevolence and light humor, reveal that special freedom of communication that only friendly writing enjoyed. Their authors, both literary men, speak to each other in the same language, perfectly understood by both. But if Kireevsky is restrained at times, scrupulously observes epistolary etiquette, if at times he excessively piles up paths, if, finally, he departs from the epistolary tradition, for example, replacing writing with a literary-critical article — and creates, in essence, not friendly, but semi-friendly-semi-daily, or friendly-business letters, then Pushkin remains within the framework of the traditions of friendly epistolography, at the same time he boldly pushes them apart, offering his correspondent a very “correct” and at the same time free-bold version of a friendly letter. Kireevsky is trying to learn from him. He uses Pushkin's experience, in particular, in his correspondence with Vyazemsky, in which he feels obviously more relaxed than in an epistolary dialogue with a poet of the first magnitude. Unfortunately, Vyazemsky’s letters to Kireevsky are unknown. And there are five of Kireevsky’s messages to him. Unlike letters to Pushkin, they are friendly. The author in them quite boldly experiments with the genre possibilities of friendly writing, however, without going beyond the traditions of epistolography of the 1830s. So, he resorts to parodying features of business correspondence and parodying them mixing with features of friendly correspondence, is engaged in “word creation”. These are the traditions of “buffoonery”–“galimate” Arzmamas writing. Although cautiously, Kireevsky combines them with the dosed-in traditions of confidential-confessional epistolography, which were relevant at the end of the 18th — beginning of the 19th centuries, and unclaimed by Pushkin and his correspondent friends in the 1830s.
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Hidayatullah, Rahmat, Vivi Asmawati, and Deasy Wahyuni. "Aplikasi Manajemen Surat Masuk dan Surat Keluar Berbasis Mobile di Perum Bulog Subdivre Dumai." JISKA (Jurnal Informatika Sunan Kalijaga) 5, no. 2 (September 10, 2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/jiska.2020.52-02.
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Letters are a means of communication used to convey written information by one party to other parties both related to business and non-business activities. Handling and managing letters, both incoming and outgoing letters at the Perum Bulog Subdrivre Dumai are still done manually. Where incoming and outgoing letters are recorded in the agenda book. Therefore, a mobile-based incoming and outgoing mail management application was designed at the Perum Bulog Subdivre Dumai using a laravel framework with the Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP 7.1.3) programming language and JavaScript. For mobile devices built using the Native React Framework. The application can facilitate the information of incoming mail to the leadership, facilitate the allocation of follow-up and disposition of incoming mail in the relevant fields, facilitate approval of outgoing letters to the leadership and accelerate the search for data.
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Luijkx, Antoinette, Marinel Gerritsen, and Margot van Mulken. "The Effect of Dutch Student Errors in German Business Letters on German Professionals." Business and Professional Communication Quarterly 83, no. 1 (September 2, 2019): 34–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329490619870550.
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Two studies investigated the effects of errors in German business letters written by Dutch students. Gaining insight into these effects is important since Germany and the Netherlands are one of the largest economically interdependent partnerships. One hundred and fifty-six German professionals rated letters with errors and letters without errors on comprehensibility, attitude toward text, writer organization, and behavioral intention. Errors negatively affected attitude toward text, writer, and organization. The second study investigated whether pragmatic, syntactical, lexical, and morphological errors elicited different effects on the same variables. Pragmatic and syntactical errors aroused negative effects and, therefore, deserve extra attention in class.
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J.V. Fox, Sarah. "Incentives and limits in letters of intent: are they worth the paper they’re written on?" International Journal of Law in the Built Environment 6, no. 3 (October 7, 2014): 214–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlbe-02-2013-0005.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the extensive case law in England and Wales on contractually binding letters of intent. The research focused on discovering whether the limits commonly found in binding letters of intent were upheld by the courts and so were effective in practice. It also reviews whether these limits are, as presumed by drafters, sufficient to act as incentives to the parties to conclude the full contract. The paper uses case law to analyse and evaluate the legal and business efficacy of these limits and incentives. It considers the rationale for such limits and incentives before drawing its conclusions and making recommendations. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on cases in England and Wales to analyse the judicial interpretation of binding letters of intent. The author has adopted a black letter approach to this subject by focusing almost exclusively on primary sources. As there is no relevant legislation in England and Wales, the primary sources are case law. A limited literature review was adopted, as there is little commentary on this aspect of letters of intent and to ensure the paper’s originality. The paper also considers papers published by the Society for Construction Law. Findings – The paper demonstrates that even if the drafting of the letter of intent is clear, it is the conduct of the parties after a letter of intent which prevents the stated limits on work times or cost applying, and undermines these limits in their roles as incentives intended to persuade the parties to conclude the full contract for the project. The terms of the letter of intent are easily ousted and may not be strictly enforced by the courts when a dispute arises. Practical implications – The paper concludes with recommendations for ensuring the terms of the commonly used letters of intent provide more effective limits on the liability for the employer while giving the constructor the incentive to continue negotiating and concluding a formal contract for the works. The paper also recommends changes to the guidance to be given to users of standard form letters of intent to improve their efficacy as limited contracts. Originality/value – The analysis of the cases is instructive and the recommendations provide valuable pointers for those who draft, review or agree letters of intent. The issues that are dealt with relate to how the parties can be incentivised through clear drafting to execute a more comprehensive contract for the project.
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Zafievsky, Daniil Dmitrievich, Nadezhda Stanislavona Lagutina, Oksana Andreyevna Melnikova, and Anatoliy Yurievich Poletaev. "A Model for Automated Business Writing Assessment." Modeling and Analysis of Information Systems 29, no. 4 (December 18, 2022): 348–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18255/1818-1015-2022-4-348-365.
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This study is aimed at building an automated model for business writing assessment, based on 14 rubrics that integrate EFL teacher assessment frameworks and identify expected performance against various criteria (including language, task fulfillment, content knowledge, register, format, and cohesion). We developed algorithms for determining the corresponding numerical features using methods and tools for automatic text analysis. The algorithms are based on a syntactic analysis with the use of dictionaries. The model performance was subsequently evaluated on a corpus of 20 teacher-assessed business letters. Heat maps and UMAP results represent comparison between teachers’ and automated score reports. Results showed no significant discrepancies between teachers’ and automated score reports, yet detected bias in teachers’ reports. Findings suggest that the developed model has proved to be an efficient tool for natural language processing with high interpretability of the results, the roadmap for further improvement and a valid and unbiased alternative to teachers’ assessment. The results may lay the groundwork for developing an automatic students’ language profile. Although the model was specifically designed for business letter assessment, it can be easily adapted for assessing other writing tasks, e.g. by replacing dictionaries.
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MacDonald, Sandra, and Mark Cook. "Letters from America: A Lesson for Business Link?" International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 16, no. 1 (October 1997): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242697161005.
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Henion, Jack. "Letters to the Editor: Mixing business with tenure." Analytical Chemistry 68, no. 15 (August 1996): 459A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac9619903.
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Jansen, Frank, and Daniel Janssen. "Effects of positive politeness strategies in business letters." Journal of Pragmatics 42, no. 9 (September 2010): 2531–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2010.02.013.
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Wang, Yifei. "The learning and teaching euphemism in business letters." SHS Web of Conferences 24 (2016): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20162402004.
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