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1

Hamamura, Natsuko, Ryan T. Storfa, Lewis Semprini, and Daniel J. Arp. "Diversity in Butane Monooxygenases among Butane-Grown Bacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 4586–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.10.4586-4593.1999.

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ABSTRACT Butane monooxygenases of butane-grown Pseudomonas butanovora, Mycobacterium vaccae JOB5, and an environmental isolate, CF8, were compared at the physiological level. The presence of butane monooxygenases in these bacteria was indicated by the following results. (i) O2 was required for butane degradation. (ii) 1-Butanol was produced during butane degradation. (iii) Acetylene inhibited both butane oxidation and 1-butanol production. The responses to the known monooxygenase inactivator, ethylene, and inhibitor, allyl thiourea (ATU), discriminated butane degradation among the three bacteria. Ethylene irreversibly inactivated butane oxidation by P. butanovora but not by M. vaccae or CF8. In contrast, butane oxidation by only CF8 was strongly inhibited by ATU. In all three strains of butane-grown bacteria, specific polypeptides were labeled in the presence of [14C]acetylene. The [14C]acetylene labeling patterns were different among the three bacteria. Exposure of lactate-grown CF8 and P. butanovora and glucose-grownM. vaccae to butane induced butane oxidation activity as well as the specific acetylene-binding polypeptides. Ammonia was oxidized by all three bacteria. P. butanovora oxidized ammonia to hydroxylamine, while CF8 and M. vaccae produced nitrite. All three bacteria oxidized ethylene to ethylene oxide. Methane oxidation was not detected by any of the bacteria. The results indicate the presence of three distinct butane monooxygenases in butane-grown P. butanovora, M. vaccae, and CF8.
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2

Vangnai, Alisa S., Daniel J. Arp, and Luis A. Sayavedra-Soto. "Two Distinct Alcohol Dehydrogenases Participate in Butane Metabolism by Pseudomonas butanovora." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 7 (April 1, 2002): 1916–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.7.1916-1924.2002.

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ABSTRACT The involvement of two primary alcohol dehydrogenases, BDH and BOH, in butane utilization in Pseudomonas butanovora (ATCC 43655) was demonstrated. The genes coding for BOH and BDH were isolated and characterized. The deduced amino acid sequence of BOH suggests a 67-kDa alcohol dehydrogenase containing pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) as cofactor and in the periplasm (29-residue leader sequence). The deduced amino acid sequence of BDH is consistent with a 70.9-kDa, soluble, periplasmic (37-residue leader sequence) alcohol dehydrogenase containing PQQ and heme c as cofactors. BOH and BDH mRNAs were induced whenever the cell's 1-butanol oxidation activity was induced. When induced with butane, the gene for BOH was expressed earlier than the gene for BDH. Insertional disruption of bdh or boh affected adversely, but did not eliminate, butane utilization by P. butanovora. The P. butanovora mutant with both genes boh and bdh inactivated was unable to grow on butane or 1-butanol. These cells, when grown in citrate and incubated in butane, developed butane oxidation capability and accumulated 1-butanol. The enzyme activity of BOH was characterized in cell extracts of the P. butanovora strain with bdh disrupted. Unlike BDH, BOH oxidized 2-butanol. The results support the involvement of two distinct NAD+-independent, PQQ-containing alcohol dehydrogenases, BOH (a quinoprotein) and BDH (a quinohemoprotein), in the butane oxidation pathway of P. butanovora.
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3

Malow, Monroe. "Maleic anhydride via butane oxidation." Environmental Progress 4, no. 3 (August 1985): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.670040307.

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4

CHAKIR, A., M. CATHONNET, J. C. BOETTNER, and F. GAILLARD. "KINETIC STUDY OFN-BUTANE OXIDATION." Combustion Science and Technology 65, no. 4-6 (June 1989): 207–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102208908924050.

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5

Agaguseynova, Minira M., Gunel I. Amanullayeva, and Zehra E. Bayramova. "CATALYSTS OF OXIDATION REACTION OF BUTENE-1 TO METHYLETHYLKETONE." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 61, no. 2 (January 29, 2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.20186102.5693.

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The available and simple metal complex systems of catalytic oxidation of unsaturated hydrocarbons were developed. It is shown that these systems catalyze the selective liquid-phase oxidation of butene-1 to methyl ethyl ketone by molecular oxygen at low temperature. The best results were revealed using Cu(I)Cl monovalent chloride. The catalyst for the production of methylethylketone is a binary system containing complexes of copper and palladium chloride at a molar ratio of 2:1. Hexamethylphosphoramide is used as the ligand and palladium chloride complex as an additional complex contains benzonitrile. A combined catalyst has been offered. It allows to carry out the oxidation reaction of butene to methyl ethyl ketone under mild conditions (low temperature, atmospheric pressure) with high selectivity and yield of the desired product. The proposed binary system is able to coordinate molecular oxygen and butene-1, and thus it becomes possible to conduct the oxidation reaction not directly between butene-1 and O2, and using a specific complex catalyst system allowing them to react with each other in an activated coordinated state. Absorption properties of catalysts synthesized on the bases of transition metals have been studied and activation of molecular oxygen and butane-1 has been determined. As a result of interaction of coordinated oxygen and butane-1 it is possible to carry out oxidation reaction to methylethylketone in mild condition. The specific feature of the offered binary catalyst is irreversible absorption of molecular oxygen. Mild conditions of the reaction proceeding decreases considerably amount of by-products and simplify obtaining and separation of the main product-methylethylketone. Due to the fact that the absorption of O2 is irreversible and it is possible to easily remove the excess amount of O2 after the formation of the oxygen complex. The developed method has the advantage from the point of view of safety.Forcitation:Agaguseynova M.M., Amanullayeva G.I., Bayramova Z.E. Catalysts of oxidation reaction of butene-1 to methylethylketone. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 2. P. 53-57
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6

Doughty, D. M., L. A. Sayavedra-Soto, D. J. Arp, and P. J. Bottomley. "Effects of Dichloroethene Isomers on the Induction and Activity of Butane Monooxygenase in the Alkane-Oxidizing Bacterium “Pseudomonas butanovora”." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 10 (October 2005): 6054–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.10.6054-6059.2005.

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ABSTRACT We examined cooxidation of three different dichloroethenes (1,1-DCE, 1,2-trans DCE, and 1,2-cis DCE) by butane monooxygenase (BMO) in the butane-utilizing bacterium “Pseudomonas butanovora.” Different organic acids were tested as exogenous reductant sources for this process. In addition, we determined if DCEs could serve as surrogate inducers of BMO gene expression. Lactic acid supported greater rates of oxidation of the three DCEs than the other organic acids tested. The impacts of lactic acid-supported DCE oxidation on BMO activity differed among the isomers. In intact cells, 50% of BMO activity was irreversibly lost after consumption of ∼20 nmol mg protein−1 of 1,1-DCE and 1,2-trans DCE in 0.5 and 5 min, respectively. In contrast, a comparable loss of activity required the oxidation of 120 nmol 1,2-cis DCE mg protein−1. Oxidation of similar amounts of each DCE isomer (∼20 nmol mg protein−1) produced different negative effects on lactic acid-dependent respiration. Despite 1,1-DCE being consumed 10 times faster than 1,2,-trans DCE, respiration declined at similar rates, suggesting that the product(s) of oxidation of 1,2-trans DCE was more toxic to respiration than 1,1-DCE. Lactate-grown “P. butanovora” did not express BMO activity but gained activity after exposure to butane, ethene, 1,2-cis DCE, or 1,2-trans DCE. The products of BMO activity, ethene oxide and 1-butanol, induced lacZ in a reporter strain containing lacZ fused to the BMO promoter, whereas butane, ethene, and 1,2-cis DCE did not. 1,2-trans DCE was unique among the BMO substrates tested in its ability to induce lacZ expression.
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7

Halsey, Kimberly H., Luis A. Sayavedra-Soto, Peter J. Bottomley, and Daniel J. Arp. "Site-Directed Amino Acid Substitutions in the Hydroxylase α Subunit of Butane Monooxygenase from Pseudomonas butanovora: Implications for Substrates Knocking at the Gate." Journal of Bacteriology 188, no. 13 (July 1, 2006): 4962–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00280-06.

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ABSTRACT Butane monooxygenase (BMO) from Pseudomonas butanovora has high homology to soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO), and both oxidize a wide range of hydrocarbons; yet previous studies have not demonstrated methane oxidation by BMO. Studies to understand the basis for this difference were initiated by making single-amino-acid substitutions in the hydroxylase α subunit of butane monooxygenase (BMOH-α) in P. butanovora. Residues likely to be within hydrophobic cavities, adjacent to the diiron center, and on the surface of BMOH-α were altered to the corresponding residues from the α subunit of sMMO. In vivo studies of five site-directed mutants were carried out to initiate mechanistic investigations of BMO. Growth rates of mutant strains G113N and L279F on butane were dramatically slower than the rate seen with the control P. butanovora wild-type strain (Rev WT). The specific activities of BMO in these strains were sevenfold lower than those of Rev WT. Strains G113N and L279F also showed 277- and 5.5-fold increases in the ratio of the rates of 2-butanol production to 1-butanol production compared to Rev WT. Propane oxidation by strain G113N was exclusively subterminal and led to accumulation of acetone, which P. butanovora could not further metabolize. Methane oxidation was measurable for all strains, although accumulation of 23 μM methanol led to complete inhibition of methane oxidation in strain Rev WT. In contrast, methane oxidation by strain G113N was not completely inhibited until the methanol concentration reached 83 μM. The structural significance of the results obtained in this study is discussed using a three-dimensional model of BMOH-α.
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8

Dix, Sean T., Joseph K. Scott, Rachel B. Getman, and Charles T. Campbell. "Using degrees of rate control to improve selective n-butane oxidation over model MOF-encapsulated catalysts: sterically-constrained Ag3Pd(111)." Faraday Discussions 188 (2016): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fd00198f.

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Metal nanoparticles encapsulated within metal organic frameworks (MOFs) offer steric restrictions near the catalytic metal that can improve selectivity, much like in enzymes. A microkinetic model is developed for the regio-selective oxidation of n-butane to 1-butanol with O2 over a model for MOF-encapsulated bimetallic nanoparticles. The model consists of a Ag3Pd(111) surface decorated with a 2-atom-thick ring of (immobile) helium atoms which creates an artificial pore of similar size to that in common MOFs, which sterically constrains the adsorbed reaction intermediates. The kinetic parameters are based on energies calculated using density functional theory (DFT). The microkinetic model was analysed at 423 K to determine the dominant pathways and which species (adsorbed intermediates and transition states in the reaction mechanism) have energies that most sensitively affect the reaction rates to the different products, using degree-of-rate-control (DRC) analysis. This analysis revealed that activation of the C–H bond is assisted by adsorbed oxygen atoms, O*. Unfortunately, O* also abstracts H from adsorbed 1-butanol and butoxy as well, leading to butanal as the only significant product. This suggested to (1) add water to produce more OH*, thus inhibiting these undesired steps which produce OH*, and (2) eliminate most of the O2 pressure to reduce the O* coverage, thus also inhibiting these steps. Combined with increasing butane pressure, this dramatically improved the 1-butanol selectivity (from 0 to 95%) and the rate (to 2 molecules per site per s). Moreover, 40% less O2 was consumed per oxygen atom in the products. Under these conditions, a terminal H in butane is directly eliminated to the Pd site, and the resulting adsorbed butyl combines with OH* to give the desired 1-butanol. These results demonstrate that DRC analysis provides a powerful approach for optimizing catalytic process conditions, and that highly selectivity oxidation can sometimes be achieved by using a mixture of O2 and H2O as the oxidant. This was further demonstrated by DRC analysis of a second microkinetic model based on a related but hypothetical catalyst, where the activation energies for two of the steps were modified.
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9

Matsuura, Ikuya, Kiyomi Yoshida, and Atsuhito Mori. "Oxidation Behavior of Vanadyl Pyrophosphate as an-Butane Oxidation Catalyst." Chemistry Letters 16, no. 3 (March 5, 1987): 535–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.1987.535.

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10

Shimizu, Rie, and Takamasa Fuchikami. "Theoretical study of vanadium-catalyzed butane oxidation." Catalysis Today 71, no. 1-2 (November 2001): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(01)00449-7.

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11

Zeng, Guang, Michael J. Pilling, and Sandra M. Saunders. "Mechanism reduction for tropospheric chemistry Butane oxidation." Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 93, no. 16 (1997): 2937–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a701584d.

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12

Zazhigalov, V. A., Yu P. Zaitsev, V. M. Belousov, N. Wüstneck, H. Wolf, and H. Seeboth. "Mechanism of butane oxidation of α-VOPO4." Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters 30, no. 1 (March 1986): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02068145.

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13

Salnikov, V. S., T. V. Sorokina, and P. G. Tsyrulnikov. "Methane and butane oxidation on aluminoplatinum catalysts." Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters 30, no. 2 (September 1986): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02064294.

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14

Koch, Daniel J., Mike M. Chen, Jan B. van Beilen, and Frances H. Arnold. "In Vivo Evolution of Butane Oxidation by Terminal Alkane Hydroxylases AlkB and CYP153A6." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 2 (November 14, 2008): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01758-08.

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ABSTRACT Enzymes of the AlkB and CYP153 families catalyze the first step in the catabolism of medium-chain-length alkanes, selective oxidation of the alkane to the 1-alkanol, and enable their host organisms to utilize alkanes as carbon sources. Small, gaseous alkanes, however, are converted to alkanols by evolutionarily unrelated methane monooxygenases. Propane and butane can be oxidized by CYP enzymes engineered in the laboratory, but these produce predominantly the 2-alkanols. Here we report the in vivo-directed evolution of two medium-chain-length terminal alkane hydroxylases, the integral membrane di-iron enzyme AlkB from Pseudomonas putida GPo1 and the class II-type soluble CYP153A6 from Mycobacterium sp. strain HXN-1500, to enhance their activity on small alkanes. We established a P. putida evolution system that enables selection for terminal alkane hydroxylase activity and used it to select propane- and butane-oxidizing enzymes based on enhanced growth complementation of an adapted P. putida GPo12(pGEc47ΔB) strain. The resulting enzymes exhibited higher rates of 1-butanol production from butane and maintained their preference for terminal hydroxylation. This in vivo evolution system could be useful for directed evolution of enzymes that function efficiently to hydroxylate small alkanes in engineered hosts.
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15

Krauss, AS, and WC Taylor. "Intramolecular Oxidative Coupling of Aromatic Compounds. IV. Oxidation of Non-Phenolic Substrates." Australian Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 5 (1992): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9920935.

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Intramolecular non- phenolic coupling of (2RS,3SR)-1,4-bis(4-benzyloxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,3-dimethylbutan-1-one (6) failed. Oxidation of the derived butane(9) gave the aryltetralin (14) in low yield.
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16

Hamamura, Natsuko, Chris M. Yeager, and Daniel J. Arp. "Two Distinct Monooxygenases for Alkane Oxidation inNocardioides sp. Strain CF8." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 4992–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.11.4992-4998.2001.

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ABSTRACT Alkane monooxygenases in Nocardioides sp. strain CF8 were examined at the physiological and genetic levels. Strain CF8 can utilize alkanes ranging in chain length from C2 to C16. Butane degradation by butane-grown cells was strongly inhibited by allylthiourea, a copper-selective chelator, while hexane-, octane-, and decane-grown cells showed detectable butane degradation activity in the presence of allylthiourea. Growth on butane and hexane was strongly inhibited by 1-hexyne, while 1-hexyne did not affect growth on octane or decane. A specific 30-kDa acetylene-binding polypeptide was observed for butane-, hexane-, octane-, and decane-grown cells but was absent from cells grown with octane or decane in the presence of 1-hexyne. These results suggest the presence of two monooxygenases in strain CF8. Degenerate primers designed for PCR amplification of genes related to the binuclear-iron-containing alkane hydroxylase fromPseudomonas oleovorans were used to clone a related gene from strain CF8. Reverse transcription-PCR and Northern blot analysis showed that this gene encoding a binuclear-iron-containing alkane hydroxylase was expressed in cells grown on alkanes above C6. These results indicate the presence of two distinct monooxygenases for alkane oxidation in Nocardioides sp. strain CF8.
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17

Shima, Kenji, and Masakatsu Hatano. "Maleic anhydride by heterogeneous oxidation of n-butane." Applied Surface Science 121-122 (November 1997): 452–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4332(97)00326-7.

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18

Bell, Stephen G., Julie-Anne Stevenson, Helen D. Boyd, Sophie Campbell, Austin D. Riddle, Erica L. Orton, and Luet-Lok Wong. "Butane and propane oxidation by engineered cytochrome P450cam." Chemical Communications, no. 5 (February 7, 2002): 490–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b110957j.

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19

Schuit, G. C. A. "The oxidation of normal butane: I. Experimental Part." Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 60, no. 1 (September 3, 2010): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/recl.19410600106.

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20

Bekat, Tugce, and Fikret Inal. "Effects of dimethyl ether on n-butane oxidation." Fuel 115 (January 2014): 861–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.11.086.

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21

Lorences, Marı́a J., Gregory S. Patience, Fernando V. Dı́ez, and José Coca. "Transient n-butane partial oxidation kinetics over VPO." Applied Catalysis A: General 263, no. 2 (June 2004): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2003.12.023.

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22

Bej, Shyamal K., and Musti S. Rao. "Selective oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride." Applied Catalysis A: General 83, no. 2 (April 1992): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-860x(92)85032-7.

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23

Sluyter, G., J. Kleber, F. Perz, B. Grund, S. Leuchs, S. Sieberz, P. Bubenheim, O. Thum, and A. Liese. "Fermentative oxidation of butane in bubble column reactors." Biochemical Engineering Journal 155 (March 2020): 107486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2020.107486.

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24

Johnson, Erika L., and Michael R. Hyman. "Propane and n-Butane Oxidation by Pseudomonas putida GPo1." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 1 (January 2006): 950–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.1.950-952.2006.

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ABSTRACT Propane and n-butane inhibit methyl tertiary butyl ether oxidation by n-alkane-grown Pseudomonas putida GPo1. Here we demonstrate that these gases are oxidized by this strain and support cell growth. Both gases induced alkane hydroxylase activity and appear to be oxidized by the same enzyme system used for the oxidation of n-octane.
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25

Kladeková, Daniela, Alexander Hanudeľ, Milan Brutovský, and Ján Novák. "Oxidation of Butane to Maleic Anhydride on Unmodified and Modified Vanadium-Phosphorus Catalysts." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 60, no. 3 (1995): 457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19950457.

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Properties of modified vanadium-phosphorus catalysts were studied and compared with the unmodified catalyst in the oxidation of butane. The highest promoting effect has been achieved by introducing cobalt to the catalyst lattice. At 90% conversion, the yield of maleic anhydride amounted to 59 mole per cent. The catalyst modified by cobalt increased the specific rate of butane oxidation and maleic anhydride formation three times compared to the unmodified catalyst. The specific activity of the catalysts decreased in the following order: Co > U ~ Ce > V-P-O > K ~ Mo.
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26

Szakács, S., H. Wolf, G. Mink, I. Bertóti, N. Wüstneck, B. Lücke, and H. Seeboth. "On the mechanism of the selective oxidation of butane and 1-butene on vanadyl phosphates." Catalysis Today 1, no. 1-2 (January 1987): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5861(87)80024-x.

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27

Martinez-Lara, M., L. Moreno-Real, R. Pozas-Tormo, A. Jimenez-Lopez, S. Bruque, P. Ruiz, and G. Poncelet. "Catalytic activity of vanadyl phosphate supported on TiO2 (anatase) and SiO2 (silica)." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v92-002.

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Oxidation of n-butane was investigated on vanadyl phosphate (VP) prepared in the presence of titania (anatase) and silica as supports. In the case of silica, α-VOPO4 was synthesized with no sign of interaction between the silica surface and vanadium phosphate. On the contrary, titania was coated with amorphous VP (P/V = 1), preventing the crystallization of VOPO4 at least up to the VP content of 21%. n-Butane was completely converted into CO2 for the VP/TiO2 catalytic system. Upon impregnation with metal sulfates, maleic anhydride (MA) was produced with selectivities depending on the nature of the added metallic species, the best effect being observed with Fe2+ (V/Fe = 3). Selectivities to MA were influenced by the P/V ratio, with a maximum at P/V = 1.2. Keywords: vanadyl phosphate, maleic anhydride, butane oxidation, anatase, rutile.
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28

Rownaghi, Ali Asghar, Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap, and Fateme Rezaei. "High Surface Area Vanadium Phosphate Catalysts forn-Butane Oxidation." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 48, no. 16 (August 19, 2009): 7517–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie900238a.

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29

Horowotz, H. S., C. M. Blackstone, A. W. Sleight, and G. Teufer. "VPO catalysts for oxidation of butane to maleic anhydride." Applied Catalysis 38, no. 2 (April 1988): 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-9834(00)82825-0.

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30

Lorences, María J., Gregory S. Patience, Fernando V. Díez, and José Coca. "Butane Oxidation to Maleic Anhydride: Kinetic Modeling and Byproducts." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 42, no. 26 (December 2003): 6730–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie0302948.

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31

OKUHARA, Toshio, and Makoto MISONO. "Selective oxidation of butane by vanadium-phosphorus mixed oxide." Hyomen Kagaku 11, no. 2 (1990): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/jsssj.11.90.

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32

Chakir, A., M. Cathonnet, JC Boettner, and F. Gaillard. "Kinetic modeling of n-butane oxidation using detailed mechanisms." Journal de Chimie Physique 87 (1990): 1143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jcp/1990871143.

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33

CAVANI, F., and F. TRIFIRO. "ChemInform Abstract: Catalyzing Butane Oxidation to Make Maleic Anhydride." ChemInform 25, no. 34 (August 19, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199434086.

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34

Shekari, Ali, and Gregory S. Patience. "Transient kinetics ofn-butane partial oxidation at elevated pressure." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 91, no. 2 (January 10, 2012): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.21637.

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35

Wang, Daxiang, and Mark A. Barteau. "Kinetics of Butane Oxidation by a Vanadyl Pyrophosphate Catalyst." Journal of Catalysis 197, no. 1 (January 2001): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcat.2000.3061.

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36

Zazhigalov, V. A., V. P. Shabel'nikov, V. G. Golovatyi, A. I. Pyatnitskaya, and G. A. Komashko. "Direct catalytic oxidation of n-butane to to tetrahydrofuran." Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry 28, no. 2 (1993): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00573925.

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37

Zazhigalov, V. A., V. M. Belousov, N. D. Konovalova, Yu N. Merkureva, A. I. Pyatnitskaya, and G. A. Komashko. "Effect of NH3 and SO2 on n-butane oxidation." Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters 38, no. 1 (March 1989): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02126267.

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38

Patience, Gregory S., and Richard E. Bockrath. "Butane oxidation process development in a circulating fluidized bed." Applied Catalysis A: General 376, no. 1-2 (March 31, 2010): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2009.10.023.

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39

Štengl, Václav, Jiří Henych, Lórant Szatmáry, and Martin Kormunda. "Photocatalytic oxidation of butane by titania after reductive annealing." Journal of Materials Science 49, no. 12 (February 25, 2014): 4161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8111-9.

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40

Contractor, R. M., H. E. Bergna, H. S. Horowitz, C. M. Blackstone, B. Malone, C. C. Torardi, B. Griffiths, U. Chowdhry, and A. W. Sleight. "Butane oxidation to maleic anhydride over vanadium phosphate catalysts." Catalysis Today 1, no. 1-2 (January 1987): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5861(87)80026-3.

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41

Mallada, Reyes, Miguel Menéndez, and Jesus Santamarı́a. "Use of membrane reactors for the oxidation of butane to maleic anhydride under high butane concentrations." Catalysis Today 56, no. 1-3 (February 2000): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(99)00276-x.

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42

Kamiya, Yuichi, Eiichiro Nishikawa, Toshio Okuhara, and Tadashi Hattori. "Catalytic property of vanadyl pyrophosphates for selective oxidation of n-butane at high n-butane concentrations." Applied Catalysis A: General 206, no. 1 (January 2001): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(00)00592-5.

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43

Brutovský, Milan, Daniela Kladeková, Katarína Reiffová, and Adam Košturiak. "Vanadium-Phosphorus Catalysts Modified with Magnesium, Calcium and Barium." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 62, no. 3 (1997): 392–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19970392.

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Vanadium-phosphorus catalysts specially modified with promotors can ensure an efficient and selective oxidation of C4 hydrocarbons, even also that of butane to maleic anhydride. The catalysts with incorporated Mg, Ca or Ba ions provide a higher conversion of butane, yield of maleic anhydride, and selectivity for the latter compound than the unmodified catalyst. The conversion of butane and yield of maleic anhydride decrease with increasing basicity of the incorporated modifiers in the order: Mg, Ca, Ba, however, the selectivity of formation of maleic anhydride increases in the opposite order, which is interpreted by the idea that on the modified V-P catalysts the conversion of butane decreases faster than the yield of the anhydride with the natural basicity of the above-mentioned modifiers.
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44

Nagaoka, Katsutoshi, Katsutoshi Sato, Sho Fukuda, Shota Nakashiki, Hiroyasu Nishiguchi, Johannes A. Lercher, and Yusaku Takita. "Oxidative Reforming ofn-Butane Triggered by Spontaneous Oxidation of CeO2−xat Ambient Temperature." Chemistry of Materials 20, no. 13 (July 2008): 4176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm800651m.

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45

Faizan, Muhammad, Kifayat Ullah Khan Niazi, Hasnain Nawaz, Niaz Muhammad, Hao Li, Fei Dai, Ruirui Zhang, Ruixia Liu, and Suojiang Zhang. "Mono-, Bi-, and Tri-Metallic DES Are Prepared from Nb, Zr, and Mo for n-Butane Selective Oxidation via VPO Catalyst." Processes 9, no. 9 (August 24, 2021): 1487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091487.

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In recent work, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as ionic liquid analogues have been abundantly used in catalysis. Herein, vanadium phosphorus oxide (VPO) catalysts were synthesized from mono-, bi-, and tri- metallic DES of Nb, Zr, and Mo metal dopants as structure-directing agents and electronic promoters for n-butane selective oxidation towards maleic anhydride. Higher MA selectivity and larger n-butane conversion was successfully obtained using the newly developed catalysts, while oxidation by-product COx (CO, CO2) was minimized. Characterization techniques including FTIR, DSC, XRD, TEM, SEM, EDS, Raman spectroscopy, TGA, XPS, and NH3-TPD were employed to fully characterize the DESs, precursors and catalysts. This work led to an increase of 7.8% in MA mass yield with 16% more n-butane conversion as compared to an unpromoted VPO catalyst. Moreover, the utilization of a low-carbon alkane brought in a green impact on the chemical plant as well as the environment.
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46

Pozzer, A., J. Pollmann, D. Taraborrelli, P. Jöckel, D. Helmig, P. Tans, J. Hueber, and J. Lelieveld. "Observed and simulated global distribution and budget of atmospheric C<sub>2</sub>-C<sub>5</sub> alkanes." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 9 (May 12, 2010): 4403–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4403-2010.

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Abstract. The primary sources and atmospheric chemistry of C2-C5 alkanes were incorporated into the atmospheric chemistry general circulation model EMAC. Model output is compared with new observations from the NOAA/ESRL GMD Cooperative Air Sampling Network. Based on the global coverage of the data, two different anthropogenic emission datasets for C4-C5 alkanes, widely used in the modelling community, are evaluated. We show that the model reproduces the main atmospheric features of the C2-C5 alkanes (e.g., seasonality). While the simulated values for ethane and propane are within a 20% range of the measurements, larger deviations are found for the other tracers. According to the analysis, an oceanic source of butanes and pentanes larger than the current estimates would be necessary to match the observations at some coastal stations. Finally the effect of C2-C5 alkanes on the concentration of acetone and acetaldehyde are assessed. Their chemical sources are largely controlled by the reaction with OH, while the reactions with NO3 and Cl contribute only to a little extent. The total amount of acetone produced by propane, i-butane and i-pentane oxidation is 11.2 Tg/yr, 4.3 Tg/yr, and 5.8 Tg/yr, respectively. Moreover, 18.1, 3.1, 3.4, 1.4 and 4.8 Tg/yr of acetaldehyde are formed by the oxidation of ethane, propane, n-butane, n-pentane and i-pentane, respectively.
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47

Cruz-López, Arquímedes, Nolven Guilhaume, Sylvain Miachon, and Jean-Alain Dalmon. "Selective oxidation of butane to maleic anhydride in a catalytic membrane reactor adapted to rich butane feed." Catalysis Today 107-108 (October 2005): 949–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2005.07.169.

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48

Carroll, AR, AS Krauss, and WC Taylor. "Intramolecular Oxidative Coupling of Aromatic Compounds. V. para-para Diphenolic Oxidative Coupling as a Possible Route to the Eupodienone Skeleton." Australian Journal of Chemistry 46, no. 3 (1993): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9930277.

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The synthesis of (2RS,3RS)-1,4-bis(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,3-dimethylbutan-1-one (9) is described. Diphenolic oxidative coupling of (9) gave the unstable dienone (24), which decomposed in methanol to give what is believed to be the acetal (26). Synthesis of the related diarylbutane (10) was also achieved, but diphenolic coupling gave no useful result. The claimed formation of the bis ( spiro dienone ) (7) on oxidation of 4,4′-(butane-1,4-diyl) bisphenol could not be confirmed.
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49

Alonso, M., M. J. Lorences, M. P. Pina, and G. S. Patience. "Butane partial oxidation in an externally fluidized bed-membrane reactor." Catalysis Today 67, no. 1-3 (May 2001): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(01)00307-8.

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50

Mota, S., S. Miachon, J. C. Volta, and J. A. Dalmon. "Membrane reactor for selective oxidation of butane to maleic anhydride." Catalysis Today 67, no. 1-3 (May 2001): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(01)00310-8.

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