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Journal articles on the topic 'Butanedioic acid'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 23 June 2025

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1

Yong-Soon Kim, Yong-Soon Kim, and Dae-Sik Rha Dae-Sik Rha. "Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Butanedioic Acid: A Study in Rats." Korean Society for Veterinary Nursing 3, no. 2 (2024): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.56878/jvn.2024.3.2.69.

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2

Britten, J. F., H. E. Howard-Lock, D. Leblanc, and C. J. L. Lock. "(R)-2-Bromo-1,4-butanedioic acid." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 49, no. 6 (1993): 1222–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270192013210.

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3

Sudhakar, K., and B. Kalpana. "3, 3’-thiodipropionic acid: A versatile monomer to synthesis aliphatic random copolyesters with biological applications." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 25, no. 12 (2021): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2512rjce1927.

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A prime monomer 3,3’-thiodipropionic acid was mixed with other monomers such as 1,4 butanediol and 1,4 butanedioic acid to produce aliphatic random copolyester Poly(butylthiodipropionate-co-butylbu tanedioate) (PBTBB) by direct melt polycondensation method. The physical properties such as solubility by solubility test, inherent viscosity by Ubbelohde viscometer, Tg by differential scanning colorimetry (DSC) and the crystalline nature by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique of synthesized polymer were investigated. The chemical structure of the obtained copolyester was studied by FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13CNMR spectroscopy. To resolve the biological applications, the synthesized copolyester was tested for human pathogenic bacteria using well diffusion method, in vitro cytotoxicity against normal Vero cell line, A549 lung cancer cell line by MTT assay and in vitro antioxidant property studied by Dot-Blot assay.

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4

Peng, Hong, Yong Sun, Junhua Zhang, and Lu Lin. "Degradation of cellooligosaccharides in oxidative medium and alkaline medium: HPLC, FTIR, and GC-MS analyses." BioResources 5, no. 2 (2010): 616–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.5.2.616-633.

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The chemical degradations of highly-purified cellotriose, cellotetraose, and cellopentaose in H2O2 and NaOH media were studied, respectively. The degradation products were analyzed by HPLC, FTIR, and GC-MS techniques. The results show that for the three oligosaccharides the main oxidative degradation products are 2, 3-dihydroxy-butanedioic acid, 2-keto-gluconic acid, glucopyranose, D-glucose, D-gluconic acid, and cellooligosaccharides with lower DP. A small amount of arabinose is formed during the oxidation of cellotriose. The main alkaline degradation products for the three oligomers include 3-deoxy-isosaccharinic acid-1,4-lactone and 3-deoxy-hexonic acid-1,4-lactone. Arabinose coumpounds are found to be an accidental degradation product of cellotriose. Finally, the possible formation mechanisms are proposed, including 2,3-dihydroxy-butanedioic acid, 2-keto-gluconic acid, D-gluconic acid, arabinose, 3-deoxy-isosaccharinic acid-1,4-lactone, and 3-deoxy-hexonic acid-1,4-lactone. The radical attack from H2O2 is probably at the glycosidic linkage, resulting in the formation of a series of degradation products. Degradations of cellooligosaccharides in alkaline solution are elucidated to follow an enediol anion reaction mechanism.

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5

Videnova-Adrabińska, V. "Symmetry constraints, molecular recognition and crystal engineering. Comparative structural studies of urea–butanedioic and urea–E-butanedioic acid (2:1) cocrystals." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 52, no. 6 (1996): 1048–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768196005216.

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The crystal structures of two urea–dicarboxylic acid (2:1) cocrystals have been determined. Urea–butanedioic acid forms monoclinic crystals, space group P21/c (No. 14), with a = 5.637 (4), b = 8.243 (3), c = 12.258 (3) Å, β = 96.80 (5)°, V = 565.6 (8) Å3, Z = 2. Urea–E-butenedioic acid also forms monoclinic crystals, space group P21/c (No. 14), with a = 5.540 (1), b = 8.227 (1), c = 12.426 (3) Å, β = 97.22 (3)°, V = 561.9 (2) Å3, Z = 2. The geometry and the conformation of both molecular aggregates and the three-dimensional networks formed are very similar. The two strongest hydrogen-bond interactions are constrained in the formation of the heteroaggregates, the third hydrogen-bond interaction is used to self-associate the heteroaggregates in one-dimensional chains, whereas the next three weaker hydrogen bonds interconnect the chains into well organized three-dimensional networks.

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6

Guo, Yihang, Changwen Hu, Shicheng Jiang, Caixin Guo, Yu Yang, and Enbo Wang. "Heterogeneous photodegradation of aqueous hydroxy butanedioic acid by microporous polyoxometalates." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 36, no. 1 (2002): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-3373(01)00260-0.

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7

Ferreira,, José M., Gustavo F. Trindade, Rene Tshulu, John F. Watts, and Mark A. Baker. "Dicarboxylic acids analysed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Part II - butanedioic acid anhydrous." Surface Science Spectra 24, no. 1 (2017): 011102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4977531.

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8

McGregor, Graeme R. "Daminozide Affects Growth and Yield of ‘Heritage’ Red Raspberry." HortScience 22, no. 1 (1987): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.22.1.38.

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Abstract Application of daminozide to young ‘Heritage’ primocanes significantly increased early yields by increasing the number of fruit that ripened on lower fruiting laterals. Daminozide at 2000 ppm applied to 30-cm-high primocanes would enable a commercial crop to be harvested in districts otherwise unsuitable for autumn production. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide).

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9

Janas, Krystyna M. "The growth-retarding effect of daminozide in Spirodela oligorrhiza (Kurz) Hegelm., and its reversal by gibberellin." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 49, no. 4 (2014): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1980.042.

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Butanedioic acid mono-(2,2 dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide), in a concentration of 10<sup>-3</sup> M retarded growth of <em>Spirodela oligorrhiza</em> and increased chlorophyll and protein content in the fronds. Gibberellin A<sub>3</sub> and benzylaminopurine partially alleviated the symptoms of daminozide action.

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10

Thomas, John W., and Jay E. Taylor. "High pressure–temperature aqueous oxidations. III. A kinetic study of the enolization and oxidation of cyclohexanone." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 66, no. 2 (1988): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v88-051.

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The rates of enolization of cyclohexanone have been determined at 145 and 172 °C in D2O and with buffers. The rates of oxidation were evaluated at temperatures of 145, 172, and 193.5 °C with oxygen partial pressures of 20.4 to 131 atm. The rate of enolization was 10–160 times faster than the rate of oxidation thereby supporting the previously proposed concept of enol intermediacy for the oxidation of ketones. The oxidation was first order in cyclohexanone and 1/2 order in oxygen. The rate of oxidation was increased by the addition of traditional phenolic inhibitors. The products isolated were formic, acetic, butanedioic, pentanedioic, hexanedioic, and 5-oxohexanoic acids. The activation parameters were calculated to be ΔH≠, 22 kcal/mol; ΔS≠, −27 eu, log A, 7.6 for the oxidation and ΔH≠, 12 kcal/mol; ΔS≠, −42.3 eu, log A, 4.13 for the enolization. Based on these observations a mechanism has been postulated whereby an oxygen molecule forms a transitory adduct with two enolates of cyclohexanone. The latter may then split by a reversible reaction to form an intermediate which may then isomerize or oxidize to either 2-hydroxycyclohexanone or 1,3-cyclohexanedione. Upon further oxidation the former yields hexanedioic acid. The latter then undergoes a reverse condensation in the aqueous media to 5-oxohexanoic acid which upon further oxidation yields formic plus pentanedioic acid and acetic plus butanedioic acid.

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11

Napier, D. R., and G. Jacobs. "Growth Regulators and Shading Reduce Flowering of Leucospermum cv. Red Sunset." HortScience 24, no. 6 (1989): 966–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.24.6.966.

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Abstract Gibberellic acid and ethephon treatment reduced the responsiveness of decapitated shoots to inductive short days of winter for flowering in Leucospermum R.Br. cv. Red Sunset (pincushion plant). Shading plants during the reproductive phase caused a rapid loss in responsiveness to inductive short days. Shade-induced loss in responsiveness was enhanced by GA3 and ethephon. Changes in carbohydrate status of shoots on plants grown under shade or in full sun are discussed in relation to flowering. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon).

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12

Protiva, Jiří, Jaroslav Pecka, Jiří Urban, and Jiří Zima. "Synthesis of 20-iodoeicosanoic and 20-[125I]-iodoeicosanoic acids." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 55, no. 6 (1990): 1546–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19901546.

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20-Iodoeicosanoic acid (X) was prepared in 9 steps, its carbon chain being constructed from thiophene and ethyl ester chlorides of dodecanedioic and butanedioic acids. Isotope exchange afforded 20-[125I]-iodoeicosanoic acid required for scintigraphic studies of the myocardium. Desulfuration of the thiophene precursor VIII was accompanied by formation of side products XI-XIX arising by cleavage of the thiophene C-C bonds. Desulfuration of the model compounds XX and XXI has shown that the formation of these products is general.

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13

Olena, Kovaliova, Tchursinov Yuriy, Kalyna Viktoriia, Khromenko Tatyana, and Kunitsia Ekaterina. "INVESTIGATION OF THE INTENSIVE TECHNOLOGY OF FOOD SPROUTS USING ORGANIC ACIDS." EUREKA: Life Sciences 2 (March 31, 2020): 45–53. https://doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2020.001204.

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The features of the intensive technology of getting food sprouts with organic acids as an intensifier of germination were studied. The aim was to establish the features of the intensive technology of producing sprouts of different crops with using organic acids at germination (butanedioic, 3-pyridine carbonic, pteroylglutamic). It is important to search new and safe germination stimulators of universal use. Such substances are just the studied organic acids, because positive changes of quality parameters of a ready product are traced at their use in the sprout technology. There was studied the sprout technologies that includes washing, disinfection, step-by-step air-water soaking of grains from different crops and their germination. As a disinfectant and growth stimulator at the stage of grain material soaking, there were used water solutions of the organic acids in the concentration diapason from 0.025 to 2.5 g/l. Due to their use, it became possible to get high-quality healthy food products, namely sprouts of different crops. Organic acid solutions stimulate the germination process and allow to get an essentially higher amount of high-quality sprouts in shorter terms without chemical toxic admixtures. The research results of the influence of the mentioned organic acids on germination indices of different grains materials are presented. Optimal values of concentrations of active substances in solutions have been established. Comparing with the classic technology of using these acids as a growth stimulator for sprouts allows to decrease the total duration of material germination in 1.5–2 times. Due to that it becomes possible to initiate the industrial production of sprouts. The experimental studies proved the effectiveness of using organic acids at getting living sprouts. It is demonstrated, that their use allows not only to intensify grains germination, but also favors more active formation of sprouts. The presented technology of producing sprouts of different crops is innovative. The obtained grain raw materials may be used independently or as an important component of new food products.

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14

Wang, Yu Fei, Long Yan, and Jian Li. "Macrokinetics and Mechanism of Phenol Solution Degradated by Fe³⁺/Ce⁴⁺ Doped TiO₂ Particles." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.411.

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Fe3+/Ce4+doped TiO2particles was prepared and used for degradation of phenol solution, the macrokinetics and mechanism of degradation process was proposed by GC-MS, and Fe3+/Ce4+-doped TiO2particles before and after treated phenol was also compared by TEM. The experimental results showed that COD degradation reactions in static and dynamic cycle process are in accordance with first-order kinetics from the macro effects, phenol can be oxidized to intermediates, such as isobutyric acid, malonic acid, para-benzoquinone, butenic acid, ethanedioic acid, maleic acid, butanedioic acid, o-dihydroxybenzene, paradioxybenzene and dioxybenzene, indicating that Fe3+/Ce4+-doped TiO2particles are beneficial to some oxidation formation. Moreover, the shapes of Fe3+/Ce4+-doped TiO2particles after treated phenol displays aggregated.

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15

Furutani, Sheldon C., and Mike A. Nagao. "Influence of Daminozide, Gibberellic Acid, and Ethephon on Flowering, Shoot Growth, and Yield of Ginger." HortScience 21, no. 3 (1986): 428–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.3.428.

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Abstract Field-grown ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe cv. Chinese) were treated with 3 weekly foliar sprays of GA3 at 0, 1.44, and 2.88 mM; ethephon at 0, 3.46, and 6.92 mM; or daminozide at 0, 3.13, and 6.26 mM to evaluate their effects on flowering, shoot emergence, and rhizome yield. GA3 inhibited flowering and shoot emergence, while ethephon and daminozide had no effect on flowering but promoted shoot emergence. Rhizome yields were increased with daminozide and decreased with GA3 and ethephon. Chemical names used: gibberellic acid (GA3); (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon); butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide).

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16

Ristić, Ivan S., Nevena Vukić, Suzana Cakić, Vesna Simendić, Olivera Ristić, and Jaroslava Budinski-Simendić. "Synthesis and Characterisation of Polyester Based on Isosorbide and Butanedioic Acid." Journal of Polymers and the Environment 20, no. 2 (2012): 519–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-012-0414-9.

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17

Wang, Gao-Feng, Shu-Wen Sun, Hong Sun, Bing-Wei Chang, Jing Song, and Xia Yang. "Syntheses and structural characterization of manganese and cadmium coordination polymers constructed with bis(4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)methanone and dicarboxylate ligands." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 75, no. 9-10 (2020): 859–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2020-0120.

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AbstractTwo coordination polymers (CPs), [Mn(bipmo)(pbtda)(H2O)]n (1), {[Cd(bipmo)(btda)]·2(H2O)]}n (2), (bipmo = bis(4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)methanone, H2pbtda = 2-phenylbutanedioic acid, H2btda = butanedioic acid), were synthesized by solvothermal methods. The products have been characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The topological structure of 1 is based on 2-nodal nets with the Schläfli symbol {63}{69·8}, while that of 2 features a system with a sixfold penetration with the Schläfli symbol {66}.

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18

Xiong, Hui-Ping, Ning Zhang, Wan-Sheng Chen, Xiang-Lei Wu, and Zhi-Jun Wu. "Chemical Constituents of Ainsliaea yunnanensis Franch." Asian Journal of Chemistry 32, no. 2 (2019): 391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22428.

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Chemical investigation of the constituents of the whole herb of Ainsliaea yunnanensis Franch has led to isolation of hentriacontane (1), (6Z,9Z)-henicosa-6, 9-diene (2), methyl linoleate (3), dodecyl (Z)-9-hexadecenoate (4), heptadecan-8-ol (5), α-linolenic acid (6), (Z)-6-hexadecenoic acid (7), (Z)-10-eicosenoic acid (8), stearic acid (9), phytenoic acid (10), tripalmitolein (11), trilinolenin (12), phthalic acid bis-(2-ethylhexyl) ester (13), diisobutyl phthalate (14), 2-hydroxy-butanedioic acid-4-methyl ester (15), diacylgalactolipids I (16), β-D-galactopyranoside-1,2-bis[(1-oxo-9,12,15- octadecatrienyl)oxy]propyl (17), (2S)-1,2-O-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-3-O-[α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1′′′′→6′′′)-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl]glycerol (18). The structures of the compounds were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.

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19

Liu, Guan Jun, Wen Qing Zhang, Ze Tong Yu, and Xin Ning. "Optimizing of Deposition Speed of Electroless Nickel Plating Coating." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 897–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.897.

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In order to improve deposition speed of electroless nickel plating coating, composition of complex accelerating agent was optimized by orthogonal test, and SEM and its EDS was used to analyze the plating morphology. The results show that the deposition speed is increased to 27.5μm/h after 0.002g/L of cadmium sulfate, 0.05g/L of sodium dodecyl sulfate, 10g/L of malic acid and 15g/L of butanedioic acid was mixed into an electroless plating solution. The coating holds good surface quality and its phosphorus content is 14.03%, any pore was not found on the surface and decay resistance of the coating was improved.

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20

Tasneef Azam, Tasneef Azam, Fouzia Noreen Fouzia Noreen, Bina S. Siddiqui Bina S Siddiqui, Rahman M. Hafizur Rahman M Hafizur та Sabira Begum Sabira Begum. "Suppression of β-Cell Apoptosis from H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress in MIN6 cells using Methyl Gallate". Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 44, № 1 (2022): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000983/jcsp/44.01.2022.

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A major parameter for diabetic relevant diseases and hyperglycemia is the β-cell apoptosis. Anti diabetic drugs used widely these days chiefly target to lower hyperglycemia along with prevention of β-cells from apoptosis. In this study three natural products methyl gallate, syringic acid, and butanedioic acid from Myricaria germanica were analyzed for β-cell protection. Methyl gallate provided significant β-cell protection from H2O2-induced oxidative stress mediated apoptosis in MIN6 cells at 50 μM (95.5% and#177; 16.0 vs 57.6% and#177; 1.1) and at 100 μM (85.5% and#177; 7.0 vs 57.6% and#177; 1.1) concentrations.

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21

Trindade, Gustavo F., Jose M. Ferreira, Marie-Laure Abel, Mark A. Baker, and John F. Watts. "Dicarboxylic acids analyzed by time-of-flight secondary ions mass spectrometry. Part II: Butanedioic acid." Surface Science Spectra 24, no. 2 (2017): 021403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.5010296.

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22

Zhao, Ming Yan, Rui Jun Ma, Ying Nan Chen, et al. "Luminescence Properties of Inert Lanthanide Ion Doped Europium Complexes with 2-Pyrazinecarboxylic Acid and Butanedioic Acid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 271-272 (December 2012): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.271-272.55.

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Nine europium complexes with 2-pyrazinecarboxylic acid (Hpyca) and butanedioic acid (HBDA) were synthesized and characterized by elemental, IR, EDTA titration, ICP, and TG-DSC analyses. The results show that the complexes have the compositions of Eu(Pyca)(BDA)•2H2O, Eu0.7La0.3(Pyca)(BDA)•2H2O, Eu0.6La0.4(pyca)(BDA)•3H2O, Eu0.5La0.5(pyca)(BDA)•4H2O, Eu0.7Y0.3(Pyca)(BDA)•3H2O, Eu0.6Y0.4 (Pyca)(BDA)•2H2O, Eu0.5Y0.5(Pyca)(BDA)•3H2O, Eu0.7Gd0.3(Pyca)(BDA)•2H2O and Eu0.5Gd0.5(Pyca)(BDA)•2H2O. IR spectra indicate that lanthanide ions coordinate with the carboxylic oxygen atoms and nitrogen atoms of Hpyca and oxygen atoms of HBDA. Luminescence spectra show that the introduction of La3+, Y3+ or Gd3+ in the complexes does not change the luminescence peak position, but remarkably increases luminescent intensity of the europium complexes. The quantum yields of the complexes doped with inert lanthanide ions (La3+, Y3+ or Gd3+) are higher than that of the undoped europium complex. Furthermore, doping the inert lanthanide ions in right proportion can increase the luminescence lifetimes of complexes. Those complexes are of strong luminescence, low cost and practical value.

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23

Knoche, Moritz, Norman K. Lownds, and Martin J. Bukovac. "Spray Application Factors and Plant Growth Regulator Performance: IV. Dose Response Relationships." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 125, no. 2 (2000): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.125.2.195.

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Effect of carrier volume (range 119 to 668 L·ha-1) on dose response relationships of daminozide and GA3 was investigated using bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings as a model system. Carrier volume was varied by altering nozzle travel speed thereby maintaining constant flow rate and droplet size. Response was indexed by inhibition (daminozide) or stimulation (GA3) of elongation of first plus second internodes above primary leaves 14 days after spray application. Increasing dose by increasing concentration and/or increasing carrier volume at constant concentration increased response. For a given dose retained, response to daminozide was related positively to carrier volume, while GA3 response was not affected. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); gibberellic acid (GA3).

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24

Tayama, Harry K., and Stephen A. Carver. "Residual Efficacy of Uniconazole and Daminozide on Potted `Bright Golden Anne' Chrysanthemum." HortScience 27, no. 2 (1992): 124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.2.124.

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Residual activity of a single uniconazole spray (15 mg a.i./liter), uniconazole drench (600 μg a.i./pot), and daminozide spray (5000 mg a.i./liter) were compared to an untreated control using the `Bright Golden Anne' chrysanthemum [Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura]. Based on weekly internode growth, spray and drench treatments with daminozide and uniconazole remained active for 2 to 2.5 and 3 to 3.5 weeks, respectively. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); (E)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,4-diemethyl 1-2(1,2,4-triazol-2-yl)-l-penten-3-01 (uniconazole).

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25

Oliveira, Mauro L. N., and Moilton R. Franco. "Solubility of 1,4-butanedioic acid in aqueous solutions of ethanol or 1-propanol." Fluid Phase Equilibria 326 (July 2012): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2012.04.019.

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26

Luo, Yu-Syuan, Hsin-Yun Tsai, Hsin-Chang Chen, et al. "Study of urinary 2-{[2-(acetylamino-2-carboxyethyl]sulfanyl}butanedioic acid, a mercapturic acid of rats treated with maleic acid." Toxicology Letters 236, no. 3 (2015): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.05.011.

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27

Kheshem, Seddigh A., Walter J. Kochan, Arthur A. Boe, and Dale O. Everson. "Calcium Translocation and Tomato Plant and Fruit Responses to Molybdenum and Daminozide." HortScience 23, no. 3 (1988): 582–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.3.582.

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Abstract Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Vendor) plants were grown from seeds in perlite in the greenhouse and watered with modified Cooper's solution. Molybdenum was supplied at rates of 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 ppm. Daminozide was applied as a foliar spray at rates of 0, 1500, and 6000 ppm. Increased levels of Mo in the culture solution were associated with increased concentrations of Ca in the fruit. High levels of daminozide were associated with increases in fruit weight and reductions in fruit number, plant height, and blossom-end rot incidence. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide).

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28

I. A.M. Al-Dobaissi. "CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF NEW RECORDED SPECIES Acalypha australis L. AT IRAQ." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 54, no. 3 (2023): 674–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i3.1745.

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This study was aimed to chemical analysis of new recorded species Acalypha australis L. Plant samples collected from cultivated gardens and fields as well as road sides. This plant is annual herbs or weed, with wiry stem and simple lanceolate green leaves, and unisexual flowers with special cordate bracts, male flower characterized by separated anther sacs, fruits schizocarpic with 2 or 3 mericarps, pollen grains are 3-4-zonocolporate with irregular granulated sculpturing. Extract revealed a variable gropes of an important bioactive compounds as benzuquinones and its derivatives 2,6-dimethoxy – 1,4- benzoquinones which has an important roles as antioxidants compounds, From anthraquinones group the plant has trihydroxyanthraquinones with various biological and environment effects, other antioxidant compounds found in plant as phenols group represented by brevifolin carboxylic acid, gallic acid and some of its derivatives as protocatechuic acid, flavonoids compounds as rutin and kaempferol, and terpenoid as loliolide compound. Chemical analysis elucidated another compounds as phytostroles (β-sitosterol and daucosterol), butanedioic acid, and niacin.

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29

Greene, Duane W., Wesley R. Autio, and Paul Miller. "Thinning Activity of Benzyladenine on Several Apple Cultivars." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, no. 3 (1990): 394–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.3.394.

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Postbloom sprays of BA thinned `McIntosh', `Delicious', `Golden Delicious', `Mutsu, `Empire', and `Abas' apples. BA at 75 to 100 mg·liter-1 was equal to NAA at 6 to 7.5 mg·liter-1 or carbaryl at 600 to 800 mg·liter-1. BA increased fruit size, flesh firmness, and soluble solids concentration (SSC) on all cultivars evaluated. Since BA is applied during the time when cell division is occurring, it is concluded that the increased fruit size and flesh firmness were due to Increased cell numbers. Increased SSC was not due solely to increased leaf: fruit ratio. Thinning with BA was additive with other chemical thinners and no interactions were found on fruit abscission. In most eases, BA increased return bloom. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)1H-purine-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)]; 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 1-naphthalenyl methylcarbamate (carbaryl); butanedioic acid mono(2,2dimethylhydrazide (daminozide); (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon).

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Wang, S. Y., and M. Faust. "Effect of Growth Retardants on Root Formation and Polyamine Content in Apple Seedlings." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 111, no. 6 (1986): 912–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.111.6.912.

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Abstract Growth retardants [ancymidol (0.1-1.0 mg·liter−1), chlormequat (0.5-500 mg·liter−1), and paclobutrazol (0.1-1.0 mg·liter−1)] reduced shoot extension, promoted root initiation, and increased root weight in apple seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh ‘York Imperial’). The induction of root formation and increase in root weight were accompanied by a considerable increase in polyamine levels. Daminozide (0.1-250.0 mg·liter−1) and dikegulac (0.25-500 mg·liter−1) also inhibited apple seedling growth; however, these compounds did not promote rooting. Chemical names used: α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol); 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride (chlormequat chloride); butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); 2,3:4,6-bis-O-(l-methylethylidene)-α-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid (dikegulac); β-(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(l,l-dimethylethyl)-lH-1,2,4-triazole-l-ethanol (paclobutrazol).

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31

Xia, Dao-cheng, and Wan-cheng Li. "Synthesis, characterization and properties of 1,11,15,25-tetrahydroxy-4,8,18,22-bis(bridging butanedioic acid)phthalocyanine copper." Synthetic Metals 209 (November 2015): 549–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2015.09.006.

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32

Mukovoz, P. P., E. S. Dankovtseva, V. P. Mukovoz, et al. "Synthesis, Structure, and Biological Activity of (2Z)-2-[(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)hydrazinylidene]butanedioic Acid Esters." Russian Journal of General Chemistry 89, no. 1 (2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070363219010018.

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33

Marini, Richard P., Ross E. Byers, and Donald L. Sowers. "Growth Regulators and Herbicides for Delaying Apple Fruit Abscission." HortScience 24, no. 6 (1989): 957–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.24.6.957.

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Abstract Various chemicals were applied to whole-tree, quarter-tree, or single-limb units to determine their efficacy for delaying apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruit abscission. NAA and the herbicides fenoprop, dicamba, triclopyr, lontrel, fluroxypyr, and chloroxuron delayed fruit abscission. Benzoic acid, calcium acetate; the growth regulators lactidichlor ethyl, mefluidide, BA, GA4+7, and chlormequat; and the herbicides pronamide, pendimethalin, chloramben, and DCPA did not delay fruit abscission. Chemical names used: benzoic acid,3,6-dichloro-2-methoxy,2-ethoxy, 1-methyl,2-oxoethylester (lactidichlor ethyl); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); gibberellin (GA4+7); N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino] phenyl]acetamide (mefluidide); 3,5-dichloro(N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide (pronamide); N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine (pendimethalin); 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid (lontrel); 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (chloramben); 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride (chlormequat); 4-amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluoro-2-pyridinyl oxyacetic acid (fluroxypyr); butanedioic acid mono 2,2-dimethylhydrazide)4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1-H-1,2,4,triazol-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); N'-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-N,N-dimethylurea (chloroxuron); dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA); 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba); 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propanoic acid (fenoprop).

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34

Armitage, A. M., B. Bergmann, and E. L. Bell. "Effect of Daminozide and Light Intensity on Growth and Flowering of Calendula as a Potted Plant." HortScience 22, no. 4 (1987): 611–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.22.4.611.

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Abstract Two applications of 3500 ppm daminozide applied 4 to 5 weeks from sowing and at visible bud stage resulted in excellent height control of Calendula officinalis L. ‘Mandarin’ by reducing both peduncle and internodal elongation. There were no differences in flowering time between any daminozide concentrations (1500, 3500, or 5000 ppm) and control. Light reduction of 50% during the spring months did not increase plant height or prolong flowering times compared with ambient, but 75% light reduction increased internode elongation and duration of flowering. There were no interactions between light reduction and number of daminozide applications. Chemical name used: butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide).

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35

Whealy, C. A., T. A. Nell, and J. E. Barrett. "Plant Growth Regulator Reduction of Bypass Shoot Development in Azalea." HortScience 23, no. 1 (1988): 166–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.1.166.

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Abstract Foliar spray applications to ‘Gloria’ azalea (Rhododendron obtusum) of daminozide, chlormequat chloride, daminozide/chlormequat chloride combination, ancymidol, paclobutrazol, fluometralin, NAA, and IBA were applied prior to bypass shoot development. All treatments except IBA reduced bypass shoot length. NAA treatments were phytotoxic, and fluometralin inhibited flowering. Rate of flower development was retarded by daminozide, chlormequat chloride, and daminozide/chlormequat chloride combination, but was unaffected by ancymidol, paclobutrazol, fluometralin, NAA, and IBA. Paclobutrazol was the most efficient and effective treatment in reducing bypass shoot length without affecting flower size or time to flower. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethyl-ethanaminium chloride (chlormequat chloride): α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyI)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol): β,[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol): 2-chloro-N-[2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-N-ethyl-6-fluorobenzenemethanamine (fluometralin): 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA): 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).

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36

Ni, Lin, Shilin Liu, Jiarui Fu, et al. "Butanedioic Acid Benzyl Ester Glycosides from Pleione bulbocodioides (Franch.) Rolfe: Promising Fungicide Against Phoma herbarum." Records of Natural Products, no. 3 (July 1, 2024): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25135/rnp.466.2404.3217.

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37

Yu, Qiushuo, Simon Black, and Hongyuan Wei. "Solubility of Butanedioic Acid in Different Solvents at Temperatures between 283 K and 333 K." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 54, no. 7 (2009): 2123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je900021g.

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38

Laurino, Joseph P. "Removal of Lead (II) Ions by Poly(2‐octadecyl butanedioic acid): Isothermal and Kinetic Studies." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 45, no. 8 (2008): 612–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10601320802168736.

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39

Cheng, Bing, Xiufeng Wang, Liesong Wang, and Yuanting Wu. "Surface modification of sub-micron spherical SiO2 particles with butanedioic acid for electrophoresis in tetrachloroethylene." Materials Letters 61, no. 6 (2007): 1350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2006.07.066.

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40

Arvanitis, Elena, Majid Motevalli та Peter B. Wyatt. "Enantioselective synthesis of (S)-2-(Aminomethyl)butanedioic acid using chiral β-alanine α-enolate equivalents". Tetrahedron Letters 37, № 24 (1996): 4277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-4039(96)00816-7.

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41

Latimer, Joyce G. "Drought, Paclobutrazol, Abscisic Acid, and Gibberellic Acid as Alternatives to Daminozide in Tomato Transplant Production." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 117, no. 2 (1992): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.117.2.243.

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`Floradade' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) transplants treated with foliar sprays of paclobutrazol at 0, 14, 30, 60, or 90 ppm exhibited reductions in stem length, leaf area, and plant dry weight in a cubic response pattern. Gibberellic acid (GA) drenches, at 10, 100, or 250 ppm, increased stem length, leaf area, and plant dry weight. Daminozide (2500 or 5000 ppm) sprays reduced leaf area and dry weight, but 5000 ppm had no effect on stem length. Abscisic acid drenches, at 275, 660, or 1320 ppm, did not affect final plant size. In subsequent experiments to produce transplants for field evaluation, plants treated with paclobutrazol sprays at 90 (1987) and 14 or 60 ppm (1988) had smaller leaf area, stem length, and shoot dry weight than untreated plants. In 1987,90 ppm paclobutrazol reduced stem shear strength, while 2500 ppm daminozide increased stem strength relative to controls. In 1988, 2500 ppm daminozide increased transplant growth while 660 ppm abscisic acid had no effect. Paclobutrazol (14 ppm) and drought improved field establishment of transplants as measured by shoot dry weight gain after field planting. In 1988, total fruit yield was reduced by 60 ppm paclobutrazol and GA. Although fruit size was unaffected by treatments, fruit number was reduced by GA. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); B-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α -(1,1-dimethylethyl) -N-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).

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42

Salman, Mahwish, Anam Tariq, Anam Ijaz, et al. "In Vitro Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Lactobacillus coryniformis BCH-4 Bioactive Compounds and Determination of their Bioprotective Effects on Nutritional Components of Maize (Zea mays L.)." Molecules 25, no. 20 (2020): 4685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204685.

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Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can synthesize antimicrobial compounds (AMCs) with nutritional and bioprotective properties in crops and food products. In the current study, AMCs of Lactobacillus coryniformis BCH-4 were evaluated to control fungal spoilage in maize grains. On maize grains treated with 75%–100% (v/v) concentrated AMCs, no fungal growth was observed even after 72 h of Aspergillus flavus inoculation. Proximate analysis of treatments A1 (raw grains), A2 (A. flavus inoculated grains) and A3 (A. flavus + AMCs inoculated grains) revealed that moisture was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) high in A2 than A3 and A1. Meanwhile, protein, fat, fiber and ash contents were significantly decreased in A2 compared to A1 and A3. Moreover, β-carotene contents were not statistically different between A1 and A3, while in A2 it was significantly decreased. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of 2-oxopropanoic acid, 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid, 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, propanedioic acid and butanedioic acid, which also showed antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus. FTIR spectroscopy revealed the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl and ester-groups along with organic and fatty acids, thereby indicating their participation in inhibitory action. Furthermore, the AMCs were found to be a good alternative to chemical preservatives, thereby not only preserving the nutritive qualities but increasing the shelf life as well.

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43

Tayama, Harry K., and Stephen A. Carver. "Concentration Response of Zonal Geranium and Potted Chrysanthemum to Uniconazole." HortScience 27, no. 2 (1992): 126–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.2.126.

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Uniconazole spray or drench applications to `Yours Truly' zonal geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum L.H. Bailey) and `Bright Golden Anne' and Yellow Favor' chrysanthemums [Dendranthema ×grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura] were made to evaluate efficacy and identify optimum application concentrations. Spray applications at 10 mg a.i./liter retarded stem elongation in unpinched zonal geranium comparable to chlormequat at 1500 mg a.i./liter. `Bright Golden Anne' was more sensitive to uniconazole than `Yellow Favor'. Uniconazole spray concentrations of 20 to 30 mg a.i./liter retarded plant height equal to daminozide at 5000 mg a.i./liter. Chemical names used: 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride (chlormequat); butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); (E)-(S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-pent-1-ene-3-ol (uniconazole).

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44

KONG, Kai, Haixia ZHANG, Ruijun MA, Yingnan CHEN, Haibin CHU, and Yongliang ZHAO. "Synthesis, characterization and enhanced luminescence of terbium complexes with 2-pyrazinecarboxylic acid and butanedioic acid by inert-fluorescent lanthanide ions." Journal of Rare Earths 31, no. 1 (2013): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1002-0721(12)60230-0.

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45

Bailey, Douglas A., Thomas C. Weiler, and Terri I. Kirk. "Chemical Stimulation of Floral Initiation in Florists’ Hydrangea." HortScience 21, no. 2 (1986): 256–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.2.256.

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Abstract Ancymidol and paclobutrazol (13 weekly foliar spray applications of 100 mg/liter AI) stimulated inflorescence initiation of Hydrangea macrophylla Ser. ‘Merritt's Supreme’ plants under a noninductive continuous photoperiod at 24°C minimum daily temperature. Inflorescence primordia were present on plants having 12-14 subtending leaf pairs. Four expanded leaf pairs prior to initiation of treatments were sufficient to sustain inflorescence development. Plant height was controlled effectively with 10,000 mg/liter daminozide, 50 and 100 mg/liter ancymidol, and 100 mg/liter paclobutrazol treatments. Chlormequat at 3000 mg/liter did not suppress internodal elongation. Number of expanded leaf pairs per plant was significantly less than on control plants for all treatments except chlormequat at 3000 mg/liter. Chemical names used: α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol); β[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(l,l-dimethylethyl)-1H-l,2,4-triazole-l-ethanol (paclobutrazol); butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); [2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride (chlormequat chloride); 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA).

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46

Huang, Yongfu, Jianglin Zhao, Ligang Zhou, et al. "Antimicrobial Compounds from the Endophytic Fungus Fusarium sp. Ppf4 Isolated from the Medicinal Plant Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis." Natural Product Communications 4, no. 11 (2009): 1934578X0900401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0900401102.

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Two sterols and one fatty acid were obtained by bioassay-guided fractionation from the light petroleum extract of the fungus Fusarium sp. Ppf4 isolated from the rhizomes of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis Hand.-Mazz., a medicinal species distributed in the southwest of China. The compounds were elucidated as 5α, 8α-epidioxyergosta-6, 22-dien-3β-ol (1), ergosta-8(9), 22-dien-3β, 5α, 6β, 7α-tetraol (2), and butanedioic acid (3), respectively, by means of physical and spectrometric analysis. Both fungal spore germination and microdilution-MTT assays were employed to evaluate their antimicrobial activity. Compound 1 was found to be the most bioactive, and compound 3 less active against the test pathogens. This is the first report of the antimicrobial activity of the compounds isolated from the endophytic Fusarium sp. Ppf4 associated with P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. The results provide promising baseline information for the potential use of the compounds of this endophytic fungus as an antimicrobial agent to control plant and animal diseases.

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47

Nair, Gautham, and John D. Roberts. "Conformations of 2-Carboxy-1,4-butanedioic Acid as a Function of Ionization State in Dimethyl Sulfoxide." Organic Letters 5, no. 20 (2003): 3699–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol030089o.

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48

Wen, Zhongwei, Mei Liu, Dong Rui, et al. "The Metabolome of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection in Plasma." Disease Markers 2021 (October 22, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7155772.

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Aim. Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae- (CR-Kp-) mediated infections represent a challenge for clinical practitioners due to their expanding prevalence in hospital environments and antibiotic resistance. However, few studies have shown metabolic changes of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and CR-Kp-negative patients, and relevant studies are urgently needed. Methods. In this study, we comprehensively profile the metabolites of 20 CR-Kp-positive and 18 CR-Kp-negative patients in plasma by using 2D gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS). Results. We identified 58 metabolites that were carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae-associated. N-Acetyl glucosamine, butanedioic acid, and myoinositol play a significant character in CR-Kp infection. Conclusions. Our study provides valuable data to serve as potential targets for developing therapies against CR-Kp infection.

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Mahboob, Sumera, Rohama Gill, Muhammad Mazhar, Gabriele Kociok-Köhn, and Kieran C. Molloy. "Synthesis and characterization of trichlorogermyl dioic acids: crystal structures and complementary hydrogen bonding motifs in 3-(trichlorogermyl) pentanedioic acid and 2-[(trichlorogermyl)methyl]butanedioic acid." Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly 139, no. 9 (2008): 1019–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00706-008-0880-x.

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50

Tayama, Harry K., and Stephen A. Carver. "Zonal Geranium Growth and Flowering Responses to Six Growth Regulators." HortScience 25, no. 1 (1990): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.1.82.

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Two experiments were conducted to compare the efficacy of uniconazole (10-ppm spray and drench), paclobutrazol (15-ppm spray and drench), triapenthenol (132-ppm spray and drench), chlormequat (1500-ppm spray only), ethephon (500-ppm spray only), and chlormequat + daminozide (2500 + 1500 ppm spray only) combination for controlling stem elongation of zonal (cutting) geraniums [Pelargonium hortorum (L.H. Bailey)]. Additionally, the effect of these materials on days to anthesis, inflorescence number, and phytotoxicity was evaluated. Spray applications provided effective height control and did not affect days to anthesis or inflorescence number. Drench applications severely restricted growth and reduced inflorescence number, but did not delay flowering. None of the treatments was phytotoxic. Chemical names used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-l,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride (chlormequat); α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-meth-oxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol); (2-chloroethyl) phosphoric acid (ethephon); butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); β-(cyclohexylmethylene)-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (triapenthenol); (E)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,4-diemethyl 1-2(1,2,4-triazol-2-yl)-1-penten-3-o1 (uniconazole).

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