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1
Farndell, Mark. "The role of governance: family owned butchery." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1509.
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The importance of SME family businesses is evident in society. Coming out of a recession, the innovation, labour absorption and employment creation capabilities of SMEs and family businesses globally, and in emerging economies with high levels of unemployment and poverty, is incredibly important for environmental sustainability and societal harmony. Good governance is empirically proven to improve long-term sustainability of organisations, and poor governance is linked to the demise of many businesses – large and small, family and non-family businesses alike. This research, by means of a thorough literature review of family business and governance, and a single in-depth case study, identifies the components of SME family business governance in a contextual setting in South Africa. The literature review defines SMEs, family businesses and corporate governance. It reviews the nuances of family businesses that make them distinctive from non-family businesses, the models of family businesses that have been developed over time, the approaches to corporate governance, corporate governance codes of conduct, and family business governance models, as well as the components and dynamics of family business governance. The qualitative case study approach adopted enables the in depth contextual identification and exploration of the dynamics of family business governance. Empirical data collected from interviews, observations and reports are analysed using triangulation and pattern matching logic to ensure validity and reliability. Empirical findings are discussed with reference to the literary research findings, integrating literary and empirical findings, and resulting in the development of a conceptual model of family business governance, an SME family business governance structures model, and an SME family business authority delegation model. Governance is defined as the manifestation of the intent of the founder/owners of the business. Governance is manifest in structures, strategies, policies, procedures, relationships and performance. The reciprocity of transfers and outputs between the family business systems, the family business and its contextual environment is reflected in the performance of the business; which in turn is a reflection of the governance of the family and the family business. The study concludes with the importance of the family and its cohesion and harmony, and the impact it has on synergy, unity and harmony in the business. The study also finds that governance is strategic leadership, and that efficient and effective governance leads to synergies between the family, the family business and its contextual environment that when harnessed and directed towards a vision, can produce unimitable competitive advantages for the family firm.
2
Crooks, David Alan. "Investigation of circular-saw cutting of meat carcasses for automation development." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387963.
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Foster, Hayley Jane. "A zooarchaeological study of changing meat supply and butchery practices at medieval castles in England." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/27783.
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This thesis investigates the changing meat supply and butchery practices at medieval castles in England. The analysis represents a departure from prevailing zooarchaeological butchery studies in that it considers the importance of analysing butchery patterns to gain a better understanding of social status, diet and changes in how animals were exploited over time and in various geographic locations in England. This research highlights the potential of butchery studies and reveals previously unestablished information about how butchery was carried out, how meat was supplied and the practical and social reasoning behind why animals were slaughtered and consumed in a certain way. A butchery methodology was implemented for identifying significant patterns detailing where butchery marks were occurring on bone. The methodology was tested on assemblages from three castle sites: Edlingham Castle, Portchester Castle and Beeston Castle. The methodology is further carried out in the form of assessments for comparison, on animal bone assemblages from medieval urban sites in Newcastle, Winchester and Chester. The methodology is successful in showing that analysing butchery practices of an animal bone assemblage, has the potential to reveal previously unestablished information about past butchery practices and consumption patterns. High status medieval castle assemblages predominately show a professional style of butchery, however this is not always the case. A key characteristic of this style is the longitudinal division of the spine of a carcass. This thesis hypothesises that a castle in close proximity to an urban area would display a professional style of butchery and therefore would likely have a significant amount of dressed carcasses brought to the castle from an urban centre. However, location is not the only variable to take in to consideration. This research shows that the level of status of a castle is also an essential factor to consider. Aspects of this research can be implemented as an extension of existing methods available to zooarchaeologists in order to gain a better understanding of butchery practices and social status. Issues highlighted by the case studies in question are explored and ideas for future research are suggested.
4
Willis, Lauren. "The Taphonomy of Archaeological Fish Remains: Experimental Approaches to Understanding the Effects of Natural and Cultural Processes on the Presence and Identification of Cut Marks." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18405.
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Despite the fact that fish are a common component of coastal and other aquatic archaeological sites, fish bone taphonomy--including bone surface modifications and the effects of burial--remains woefully understudied. Various ethnographic accounts describe fish butchering techniques for immediate consumption and drying, yet cut marks are rarely reported on archaeological fish remains. To address a significant gap in our understanding of fish taphonomy, I devised an experimental research program aimed at assessing whether butchering fish produces cut marks on fish bones and, if so, what factors might account for the discrepancy between the experimental results and the archaeological record.
Chapter I provides an introduction to experimental archaeology, including the criticisms and benefits of this approach. Chapter II presents the results of my initial butchery experiment, which establishes that butchering fish can produce abundant cut marks. Chapter III evaluates the effect of the butcher's skill level on the number and distribution of cut marks produced on fish bone during butchery. The results indicate that professional butchers produce nearly 50 percent fewer cut marks than novice- and intermediate-level butchers. Chapter IV addresses the effect of post-depositional taphonomic processes on the long-term visibility of cut marks. Despite a relatively short burial period (27 months), visible cut marks decreased by up to 75 percent, depending on the species. Chapter V is a re-analysis of the fish bone from column E6 at Daisy Cave (CA-SMI-261). Appling the referential framework I acquired through the experiments, I identified 62 cut marks on bones dating from the Early to Late Holocene.
A comprehensive understanding of aquatic resource use has implications for a broad range of archaeological topics, including our understanding of hominid diet and resource use; identifying butchery and processing practices among fishing peoples; distinguishing between human and natural agency in the accumulation of fish remains; and assessing questions of behavioral modernity and social complexity. As we continue to recognize the primacy of coastal adaptations throughout human history, it is increasingly critical to expand the breadth of our knowledge regarding the taphonomy of fish remains at archaeological sites.
This dissertation includes previously published and unpublished co-authored material.
5
Seetah, Krish. "Butchery as an analytical tool : a comparative study of the Romano-British and Medieval periods." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613401.
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Gilmore, R. Grant. "Putting Flesh on the Bones: Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to Butchery Analysis in Historical Archaeology." W&M ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626206.
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Knight, Stephanie Claire. "Butchery and intra-site spatial analysis of animal bone : a case study from Danebury Hillfort, Hampshire, England." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30798.
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This thesis explores the questions of status divisions, specialised activity and task areas, meat consumption, ritual and structured deposition, and addresses a main theme: what was the status of hillforts in the Iron Age. The basis of the study was to analyse the potential of butchery and intra-site spatial patterning of animal bone to aid interpretation of specialisation and status distinctions on archaeological sites. The Iron Age hillfort at Danebury was chosen as a case study for this project. Danebury has a large sample size, continuous area of excavation and full butchery and location records. Butchery analysis defined which bones were found in which butchery 'units', and their positions could then be plotted using a Geographic Information System. Some individual deposits were also examined for temporal differences in bone elements and associations through manual investigation of several individual pits. Results suggested that despite the apparently specialised nature of butchery techniques, activities could not be directly inferred from deposits, and that some time or distance had elapsed between butchery, consumption and deposition. However, the most likely scenario to explain the complex deposition pattern was that meat eating was small-scale and periodic. Since the distance between butchery, consumption and deposition was substantial, deposition may in fact have been the activity that tells us most about the community. Thus there was no evidence for different 'functional areas'. Nearby sites excavated during the Danebury Environs project were also investigated, and evidence from butchery techniques and deposition patterns used to compare their status to that of Danebury. Recommendations for further work are made, including application of the methodologies presented on sites that show clear evidence of divisions (e.g. Manching), to enable the development and extent of specialist industries in the Iron Age to be ascertained.
8
Johnson, Emily Victoria. "A zooarchaeological study of butchery and bone fat processing practices among early Neolithic farming societies in central Europe." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/28880.
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This thesis presents the results of zooarchaeological investigations into diet in Neolithic central Europe. The aim of these investigations was to gain a better understanding of animal carcass processing, particularly dietary decisions made concerning intensity of exploitation of meat and fat resources. The primary focus was the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture, a sedentary community of farmers dating from c. 5500-4900BC in central Europe suspected to be the first society to utilise milk and its products in this region. The adoption of dairying, currently under scrutiny by the NeoMilk project, would have increased the availability of fat on settlements, and could have affected the way in which people utilised primary animal products. Using in-depth zooarchaeological analysis of butchery, fracture and fragmentation, this thesis presents a snapshot of Neolithic meat and fat exploitation. Patterns of butchery and heat exposure suggest differential cooking practices between sites, with a possible focus on nutrient retention at some, contrasted with a cultural preference for roasting at others. Intensive processing of bone fats, namely bone grease, was not detected at any site and it is likely that the domesticated LBK diet rendered this practice unnecessary to subsistence. Bone marrow was a much more commonly exploited resource, but variation was considerable between sites. It is possible that the intensification of dairying had a significant effect on the utilisation of bone marrow. Sites with the most evidence for milk use, detected through lipid residue and osteoarchaeological evidence, show less intensive exploitation of bone marrow than those with little or no evidence of dairying. This thesis therefore presents evidence of zooarchaeologically detectable dietary decisions being made in the face of adoption of new foodstuffs.
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Jones, Rebecca. "STONE OR METAL? DIAGNOSING THE MATERIAL AGENT OF EARLY BRONZE AGE CUT MARKS FROM LERNA, GREECE." Thesis, Department of Archaeology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/7961.
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This dissertation examines cut marks on animal bone from Early Bronze Age Lerna in Greece to determine the material agent; a stone or metal tool. An experimental group of cut marks was produced to compare to the Lerna material. Both materials were analysed using a method yet to be used for cut mark studies, Micro-CT. Micro-CT was assessed whether it is an appropriate method for diagnosing cut marks on bone by comparing the results to SEM and light microscopy. In diagnosing the cut mark it was hypothesised that the profile and surface features will be important factors based on previous research (Walker and Long, 1977, Potts and Shipman, 1981, Greenfield, 1999, 2002, 2006). This study found that Micro-CT is excellent for showing the profile of a cut mark but not detailed surface features. Micro-CT also portrayed how the profile could vary, even within a single cut. For these reasons it was found profile alone is not enough to diagnose a cut mark and surface features are equally important. It was also found that comparing SEM, light microscopy, and Micro-CT was extremely beneficial as each technique has strengths and weaknesses. In regard to the Lerna material, it was found that three cut marks are almost certainly from stone tools and two cut marks are probably from metal tools. The findings add to evidence for the Bronze Age being a transitory period between stone and metal technologies.
10
Goodall, Ruby. "REIMAGINING THE BUTCHER BLOCK: HOW THE BUTCHERS OF SOUTH NINTH STREET CREATED THE ITALIAN MARKET." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2012. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/161150.
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HistoryM.A.
This paper explores the development of authentic place through the story of Philadelphia's South Ninth Street Market butchers, and how they consciously highlighted their Italian immigrant heritage to respond to the changing postwar environment. Excellent sociological and historical studies of authenticity as a marketing tool have been written in the past decade, but have primarily focused on city development, corporate business models, and the consumer's search for authenticity. In this thesis, the main players are small businessmen - local butcher shop owners - and we look at their use of the history and heritage of their shops and neighborhood to strengthen their businesses and preserve their curb market. Between 1945 and 1975 these men transformed their businesses from routine neighborhood butcher shops into embodiments of a culinary community heritage. Focusing on these butcher shops illuminates the role that taste and food - and in this case, particularly meat - plays in linking the present with the past. Looking at newspaper articles featuring detailed descriptions and interviews of the mid-century market, and from the physical presence of the shops, this paper asks, what has changed? How did the market go from a grimy, everyday curb market to a tourist destination in just a few decades? And how have the butchers turn themselves into the historic heart of South Philadelphia? By answering these questions, we will be able to understand how the market's butchers championed their own authenticity and in doing so, remade the identity of the market.
Temple University--Theses
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Peel, Dominique. "Me[a]ting the beef bar : a butchery, meat market and informal restaurant as catalyst for socio-economic opportunity and permanence." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53339.
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This dissertation will investigate Marabastad's resilience and how its loose urban fabric
and informality has enabled it to survive despite the continuous strain placed on it by
physical, social, economic and cultural change. Its autocratic domination by transport
and retail networks has resulted in its transitory nature. Marabastad's connection
between Tshwane city and its surrounding informal settlements has been the reason
for its existence and success as a transport node and retail hub.
The increased growth and establishment of informal settlements has resulted in the
development of mini economic, social and cultural nodes on the outskirts of the city
and this decrease in economic reliance on Marabastad as a transport node has
placed strain on its economic viability.
The dissertation will investigate how architecture can be used as a tool in generating
catalysts within Marabastad -reducing its transitory nature and encouraging its
permanence. Through the spatial and functional observation and investigation of
existing networks and the potential of these, architecture can provide variety and
permanence within Marabastad, strengthening its urban fabric and enabling it to
sustain itself and be resilient in the future.
Marabastad, rather than being a place of temporality, should be a destination and an
anchor point, ensuring its relevance and necessity by identifying and activating new
opportunities and in doing so strengthening existing networks. Independent from that
of the CBD and the surrounding informal settlementsMini Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2016
Architecture
MArch(Prof)
Unrestricted
12
Parmenter, Philippa Claire Rousell. "A reassessment of the role of animals at the Etton Causewayed Enclosure." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18013.
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In recent years, causewayed enclosures have come to be regarded as being ceremonial or ritual sites. This classification is derived from a perceived lack of evidence pertaining to domestic settlement, in the form of houses and 'typical' domestic animal bone assemblages, and a perceived abundance of 'atypical' material and methods of deposition. This thesis explores the animal bone from the Etton causewayed enclosure in order to ascertain whether these perceptions have an empirical basis. Etton was excavated in the 1980s, and the published literature relating to the site appeared to conform to the stereotypes established for causewayed enclosure sites, however during preliminary analysis, it became clear that the animal bone data was not complete and that many of the inferences regarding the role of animals at Etton were the result of presumption or data being taken out of context. Specifically, this thesis looks at the nature of the fractures on the animal bones from Etton, and also from a similar causewayed enclosure at Staines in order to establish a clear taphonomic history for the faunal remains on the site, from which aspects of the role of animals can be deduced. In archaeological literature the absence of 'fresh', or helical fractures (which tend to result from the conscious decision to break a bone for marrow) is said to support the hypothesis that sites of this type were not domestic in nature. This assertion has been made despite the fact that no detailed studies into bone fracture at Neolithic sites have ever been undertaken. This thesis demonstrates that at both Etton and Staines, fresh fractures were abundant and considers the potential implications of this for these sites. In so doing it highlights the dangers of presuming evidence exists or does not exist, and of cherry-picking data to fit a preordained ideal rather than allowing the data to speak for itself. At Etton and Staines, the animal bone speaks not necessarily of a categorically ceremonial or ritual economy, divorced from the domestic economy of the time, but of a more mundane economy, with occasional 'atypical' activity, that was standard for the inhabitants of causewayed enclosures, whether at this type of site or elsewhere.
13
Cruz, Paula Eloize Gomes da. "Impacto das boas práticas no rendimento de cortes de peças de carne de bovino num talho de supermercado." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/17521.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Segurança AlimentarA escassez de tempo frente a diversos fatores envolvendo a tecnologia, carga horária de trabalho e demais afazeres pessoais, faz com que o consumidor procure alimentos de fácil e rápido acesso, necessitando de um estabelecimento onde encontre a maior diversidade de produtos, de forma a minimizar o tempo gasto na procura. Sendo assim, os supermercados ganham cada vez mais espaço na sociedade, atendendo às demandas de oferta e procura do consumidor. Contudo, com o aumento do número de refeições fora de casa, a exigência por alimentos seguros para o consumo aumentou proporcionalmente, gerando na população uma maior consciência quanto à segurança dos alimentos e aos seus direitos como consumidores. Então, os estabelecimentos que manipulam e vendem alimentos têm que acompanhar essa realidade e adaptar a venda de alimentos ao padrão de qualidade exigido pelo consumidor e pelos órgãos fiscalizadores. Para que isso se torne possível, tais estabelecimentos devem contratar profissionais habilitados para realizar a implementação e monitorização de sistemas de gestão da qualidade, visando garantir um alimento seguro ao consumo. Tais empresas devem ter em especial atenção os cuidados com a segurança alimentar, que engloba tanto questões de qualidade e segurança de alimentos, como também as relacionadas com o desperdício de alimentos, e mesmo que esses fatores sejam da responsabilidade de setores e profissionais diferentes, estão diretamente interligados e têm consequências no lucro da empresa. O talho é considerado o segundo setor que origina mais perdas de produto, tendo um impacto direto no lucro da empresa. O objectivo deste trabalho foi investigar e quantificar o efeito de acções de formação e de acompanhamento dos talhantes no rendimento dos cortes de peças de carne de bovino, embaladas a vácuo, num talho de supermercado. Constatou-se uma melhoria do rendimento dos cortes de 12,49% (alcatra), 8,95% (alcatra com maminha), 13,43% (patinho), 16,55% (coxão mole), 11,88% (contra filé) e 20,57% (posta vermelha), que reduziu perdas equivalentes a 15,47Kg de retalho.
ABSTRACT - Impact of good practices on the yield of beef cuts in a supermarket butchery - The shortage of time in the face of various factors involving technology, working hours and other personal tasks, makes the consumer search for food of easy and fast access, needing an establishment where it finds the greatest diversity of products, in order to minimize the time spent on the search. Thus, supermarkets gain more and more space in society, meeting the demands of consumer demand and supply. However, with increasing out-of-home meals, the requirement for safe food for consumption has increased proportionately, generating greater awareness among the population about food safety and consumer rights. Therefore, establishments that handle and sell food have to follow this reality and adapt the sale of food to the quality standard demanded by the consumer and the inspection bodies. For this to become possible, such establishments must hire qualified professionals to carry out the implementation and monitoring of quality management systems, in order to ensure a safe food for consumption. Such companies should pay particular attention to food safety, which includes both quality and food safety issues, as well as those related to food waste, and even if these factors are the responsibility of different sectors and professionals, directly linked and have consequences on the company's profit. Cutting is considered the second sector that causes more product losses, having a direct impact on the company's profit. The aim of this project was to investigate and to quantify the effect of proper training and monitoring of butchers, on the yield pattern of cuts of vacuum-packed beef pieces, at a supermarket butchery. It was found the following yield cuts improvement: 12.49% (rump), 8.95% (full ramp), 13.43% (silverside), 16.55% (topside), 11.88% (sirloin) and 20.57% (thick flank) that allowed for the reduction of 15.47 Kg of beef losses.
N/A
14
Santo, Edilene. "Detecção de Escherichia coli patogênica extraintestinal e análise de seus fatores de virulência e perfil de resistência antimicrobiana em carne moída de açougues do município de Taquaritinga, SP, Brasil /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103897.
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Orientador: José Moacir MarinBanca: Maria Cristina Monteiro de Souza-Gugelmin
Banca: Luiz Florencio Franco Margatho
Banca: Clóvis Maurílio de Souza
Banca: Roberto Alves de Oliveira
Resumo: Esta pesquisa foi realizada em 23 açougues da cidade de T aquaritinga, estado de São Paulo, durante um período de 10 meses. Foram isoladas duzentas e oitenta e sete cepas de Escheríchía calí de carne moída, moedor de carne e mãos de manipuladores de carne. Cinco destas cepas foram caracterizadas como E.coli patogênica extra-intestinal (ExPEC). Investigou-se a presença de fímbrias, produção de hemolisina, aerobactina e colicina. Também foi analisada a presença dos genes (pap, afa, sfa) relacionados com a expressão de fímbrias, através da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Das amostras analisadas 100% apresentavam aerobactina e fímbria do tipo 1, 80% produziam hemolisina, e 60% expressaram colicina e fímbria P. Também foi verificado que 60% das cepas de ExPEC apresentavam o genótipo pap e 40% o genótipo pap-sfa concomitantemente. Quanto ao nível de resistência aos 12 antimicrobianos testados, observou-se que 80% das cepas eram resistentes a múltiplos antimicrobianos (3). Os antimicrobianos mais eficientes foram: ceftriaxona e amoxicilina-ácido clavulânico (0%) de resistência, seguidos de amicacina, amoxicilina, ciprofloxacina e gentamicina com resultado, considerado satisfatório, de 20% de resistência. Em contraste, houve elevada resistência (80%) para tetraciclina e estreptomicina . Conclui-se que retalhos de carne podem ser um importante veículo para disseminação na comunidade de cepas ExPEC. Este trabalho chama a atenção para os retalhos de carne como fonte potencial de cepas de ExPEC, que não são reconhecidas como patógeno de origem alimentar, o que pode representar um motivo de preocupação para as autoridades da vigilância epidemiológica.
Abstract: For ten months, at Taquaritinga city, São Paulo State, we have conducted an malysis over meat conditions, at 23 butcheries. In this survey we collected. two hundred eighty seven generic Escherichia coli from ground beef, mincers and of the hands of neat manipulators. Five of these isolates were recognized as Extraintestinal Pathogenic :.coli (ExPEC) strains. The presence of fimbriae, hemolysin production, aerobactin and colicin. were lVestigated, as well the existence of genes (pap, ata, sfa) related to fimbriae !xpression, using a Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR). In this ExPEC strains, we have verified the presence of aerobactin and fimbriae Ipe 1 (100%), hemolysin (80%) and related results for colicin and P fimbriae (60%). We Iso confirmed that 60% of ExPEC strains exhibited pap, and 40% were simultaneously, ap-sfa.. From twelve antimicrobial agents tested, we found a resistance levei (80%) to lultiple antimicrobial agents (~3). The most efficient antimicrobial agents were: 3ftriaxone and amoxacilin-clavulanic acid (0%) resistance, followed by a satisfactory resistance for amicacin, amoxacilin, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin (20%). In contrast, we lund a high levei of resistance (80%) for tetracycline and streptomycin. From this study, we have toncluded that meat can be a very important vehicle for community dissemination of ExPEC, which may represent a reason of concern.
Doutor
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Santo, Edilene [UNESP]. "Detecção de Escherichia coli patogênica extraintestinal e análise de seus fatores de virulência e perfil de resistência antimicrobiana em carne moída de açougues do município de Taquaritinga, SP, Brasil." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103897.
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Esta pesquisa foi realizada em 23 açougues da cidade de T aquaritinga, estado de São Paulo, durante um período de 10 meses. Foram isoladas duzentas e oitenta e sete cepas de Escheríchía calí de carne moída, moedor de carne e mãos de manipuladores de carne. Cinco destas cepas foram caracterizadas como E.coli patogênica extra-intestinal (ExPEC). Investigou-se a presença de fímbrias, produção de hemolisina, aerobactina e colicina. Também foi analisada a presença dos genes (pap, afa, sfa) relacionados com a expressão de fímbrias, através da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Das amostras analisadas 100% apresentavam aerobactina e fímbria do tipo 1, 80% produziam hemolisina, e 60% expressaram colicina e fímbria P. Também foi verificado que 60% das cepas de ExPEC apresentavam o genótipo pap e 40% o genótipo pap-sfa concomitantemente. Quanto ao nível de resistência aos 12 antimicrobianos testados, observou-se que 80% das cepas eram resistentes a múltiplos antimicrobianos (3). Os antimicrobianos mais eficientes foram: ceftriaxona e amoxicilina-ácido clavulânico (0%) de resistência, seguidos de amicacina, amoxicilina, ciprofloxacina e gentamicina com resultado, considerado satisfatório, de 20% de resistência. Em contraste, houve elevada resistência (80%) para tetraciclina e estreptomicina . Conclui-se que retalhos de carne podem ser um importante veículo para disseminação na comunidade de cepas ExPEC. Este trabalho chama a atenção para os retalhos de carne como fonte potencial de cepas de ExPEC, que não são reconhecidas como patógeno de origem alimentar, o que pode representar um motivo de preocupação para as autoridades da vigilância epidemiológica.
For ten months, at Taquaritinga city, São Paulo State, we have conducted an malysis over meat conditions, at 23 butcheries. In this survey we collected. two hundred eighty seven generic Escherichia coli from ground beef, mincers and of the hands of neat manipulators. Five of these isolates were recognized as Extraintestinal Pathogenic :.coli (ExPEC) strains. The presence of fimbriae, hemolysin production, aerobactin and colicin. were lVestigated, as well the existence of genes (pap, ata, sfa) related to fimbriae !xpression, using a Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR). In this ExPEC strains, we have verified the presence of aerobactin and fimbriae Ipe 1 (100%), hemolysin (80%) and related results for colicin and P fimbriae (60%). We Iso confirmed that 60% of ExPEC strains exhibited pap, and 40% were simultaneously, ap-sfa.. From twelve antimicrobial agents tested, we found a resistance levei (80%) to lultiple antimicrobial agents (~3). The most efficient antimicrobial agents were: 3ftriaxone and amoxacilin-clavulanic acid (0%) resistance, followed by a satisfactory resistance for amicacin, amoxacilin, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin (20%). In contrast, we lund a high levei of resistance (80%) for tetracycline and streptomycin. From this study, we have toncluded that meat can be a very important vehicle for community dissemination of ExPEC, which may represent a reason of concern.
16
Zinn, Isabelle. "Les métiers de la viande et des fleurs. Ethnographier le genre au travail." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0031/document.
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Située au croisement de la sociologie du genre et de la sociologie des groupes professionnels, cette thèse vise à explorer quand et comment le genre devient un élément constitutif de l’organisation du travail dans les métiers de la viande et des fleurs. À partir d’une enquête ethnographique qui prête une attention particulière à l’agencement phénoménal des activités, elle s’attache à rendre compte de la manière dont les appartenances sexuées sont actualisées dans le cours des interactions professionnelles. Elle montre que les membres d’un groupe professionnel statistiquement sexué ne mobilisent pas toujours le genre de la même manière et ne l’investissent pas forcément d’une même signification opératoire. Il ne s’agit donc pas de supposer d’emblée une pertinence constante de l’appartenance sexuée, même dans des contextes professionnels marqués par des asymétries profondes de ce point de vue. Il convient plutôt de reconnaitre que la mise en pratique du genre est susceptible de se décliner de façons différentes selon les contextes d’interaction. En insistant sur les effets de situation dans la manière dont les individus « font du genre » (do gender), cette thèse apporte une contribution originale à l’analyse des processus de (dé-)sexuation des activités professionnelles. Enfin, en s’intéressant à leur organisation et aux épreuves que les professionnel·le·s traversent, cette thèse propose une lecture sociologique de deux métiers qui demeurent encore peu ou pas étudiésLocated at the intersection of the gender studies and the sociology of occupational groups, this thesis aims to explore when and how gender becomes a constituent part of workplace activities for two contrasting occupational groups: butchers and florists. Based on ethnographic fieldwork that focuses on the phenomenal organization of activities, it seeks to account for the ways in which gender becomes relevant to these professionals and their clients in the course of occupational interactions. It shows that the members of a statistically gender segregated occupation don’t always mobilize gender in the same way and don’t necessarily invest it with the same operative meaning. Therefore, even in contexts marked by profound gender asymmetries, it is important not to assume a constant relevance of gender and sex categories. Rather, it should be recognized that the gendered practices are likely to be quite specific to the occupational context under study. By focusing on the effects of the situation on the ways in which individuals “do gender”, this thesis makes an original contribution to the analysis of the processes of (de-)gendering professional activities. Finally, by studying the organization and professional experiences of butchers and florists, this thesis enhances our sociological reading of two occupations that have been little studied to date
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Theorell, Hannes. "Bräkanden från förr : att skilja får från getter utifrån kv. Apoteket 4-5 i Visby." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1500.
Full textAbstract:
To differentiate between bones from sheep (Ovis aries) and bones from of goats (Capra hircus) is a long lasting challenge for zoologists, archaeozoologists and osteologists. Especially considering archaeological remains which are often found fractured and poorly preserved due to taphonomic processes. Zeder & Pilaar’s (2010) and Zeder & Lapham’s (2010) methods of species differentiation has shown promising results when used on bones from modern sheeps and goats. This paper aims to evaluate these methods by exerting them on excavated bones from kv. Apoteket 4-5, a late Viking Age and early Medieval quarter in central Visby. The results have shown that Zeder & Pilaar’s (2010) methods of identifying sheeps and goats with the mandibular teeths and mandibles are unreliable due to disturbances from wear, fragmentation and weak criterias. Results from Zeder & Laphams (2010) methods for post cranial bones shows mixed results considering a pilot study with the implementation of ancient DNA, which was executed att Gotland University during summer and fall 2011. More extensive studies in the future with the implementation of archaeogenetics are planned which can be used to further develop these methods and thus increase the reliabiltiy of the results.In this study 5,3kg of bones were osteologically species identified and analyzed. The results were used to recreate the use of sheep and goats including butchery techniques, animal husbandry and livestock health status with focus on the sheeps and goats in an early Medieval town quarter in Visby.Att skilja mellan ben från får och ben från get har länge varit en utmaning för zoologer, arkeozoologer och osteologer. Särskilt när ett arkeologiskt benmaterial undersöks eftersom materialet ofta är fragmenterat och sämre bevarat. Zeder & Pilaar (2010) och Zeder & Laphams (2010) metoder för att skilja mellan får och get har uppvisat lovande resultat när ben från moderna får och getter har undersökts. Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att utvärdera dessa metoder genom att tillämpa dem på ett arkeologiskt material från kv. Apoteket 4-5 i Visby.Resultatet från analysen visar att Zeder och Pilaars metod för underkäkar och underkäkständer är otillförlitlig på grund av förekomst av slitage, fragmentering och svaga kriterier. Resultatet från Zeder och Laphams metod för postkraniala benslag visar en mer blandad tillförlitlighet om man ser till de jämförelser som har gjorts mot en studie av förhistoriskt DNA som genomfördes på Högskolan på Gotland under 2011 på material från kv. Apoteket 4-5. En mer omfattande studie vilket inkluderar en arkeogenetisk undersökning är planerad i framtiden. Resultatet från studierna ska användas för att utveckla metoderna och på så sätt öka metodernas tillförlitlighet.I undersökningen som ligger till grund för denna kandidatuppsats har 5,3 kg benmaterial från kv. Apoteket 4-5 identifierats och analyserats osteologiskt. Resultatet användes för att återskapa användningen av får och getter och på så sätt erhålla information om slaktteknik, djurhållning och djurens hälsa i ett stadskvarter i Visby under sen vikingatid och tidig medeltid.
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Steinbring, Amelia. "The butcher rode fortuna." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ51098.pdf.
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au, R. Doupe@murdoch edu, and Robert Gerard Doupe. "Selection for faster growing black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri." Murdoch University, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040901.133809.
Full textAbstract:
In Australia, the widespread clearing of native vegetation has resulted in large areas of once-productive agricultural land being affected by rising saline groundwaters. There is considerable interest among farmers and rural landowners throughout Western Australia, in the possibilities that inland saline aquaculture may offer for a potentially productive use of land and water resources that can no longer support traditional agriculture. Black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri) appear to be an ideal candidate for the developing saline aquaculture industry of inland Western Australia, however their current maximum growth rates are too slow for profitable production. The high productivity of modern breeds of terrestrial livestock species is primarily due to genetic improvement programs utilising selective breeding, and similar gains have also been made where they have been implemented for aquatic species. Before the growth rate of black bream can be genetically improved, however, it is necessary to estimate both the extent of genetic improvement required and the extent of genetic (co)variation in those growth traits which will be subject to, or affected by, selection. The aims of this study were to:
(1) Determine the extent of genetic improvement in growth rate required for black bream to be considered as a profitable aquaculture species.
(2) Estimate the potential for growth rate to be improved through heterosis when different black bream strains are crossbred.
(3) Estimate the additive genetic variation for growth rate, which exists within populations of black bream.
(4) Estimate the genetic (co)variation which exists between growth rate and other production traits.
A partial budget analysis investigated whether enhanced growth rates of black bream would improve profitability and justify a genetic improvement program. It was conducted for two different fish production systems; a commercial operation that incurred more operating expenses due to costs associated with farm initiation (stand-alone farm model) and an existing farm that diversified into aquaculture using the saline water resources of established farm dams (integrated farm model). Sensitivity analyses indicated that a 33% increase in growth rate to at least 200g/annum would allow either production system to return a profit at a farm-gate price of AUS$6/kg whole fish, with fish survival rates of 98% for the stand-alone farm and 65% for the integrated farm model. These results provided a breeding objective, being an improvement in growth rate by at least 33%.
A complete diallel cross of two black bream populations was used to estimate the comparative advantages that might be gained from straight-breeding and crossbreeding. At 90 days of age, the growth traits of standard length, total length and wet weight, varied significantly among all straight-bred and crossbred lines, and among half-sib groups within lines. Differences among half-sib groups explained 6.8% of the total variance in standard length, 8.3% in total length and 7.1% in wet weight, giving estimated heritabilities over all lines of 0.27 ± 0.11 for standard length, 0.33 ± 0.13 for total length and 0.28 ± 0.12 for wet weight. There was no evidence for heterosis in any traits when straight-bred and crossbred lines were compared, and phenotypic (rP = 0.95 0.98) and genetic (rG = 0.63 0.69) correlations were high among all growth traits.
I used the estimated heritability for wet weight of 0.28 to optimise a factorial mating design from a single population, and to estimate the contribution of additive genetic, nonadditive genetic and maternal effects to variation in growth traits of black bream at 75, 130 and 180 days of age in the hatchery. Maternal genetic and environmental effects were greatest at 75 days of age, accounting for 9.1% of total phenotypic variance in wet weight, 11.4% of variance in standard length and 8.8% of variance in total length. At later ages maternal effects were much reduced, explaining 0.8 3.7% of phenotypic variance in growth traits. Additive genetic effects were greatest at 130 days of age, when they accounted for 17.4% of total phenotypic variance in wet weight, 21.4% of variance in standard length and 18.7% of variance in total length. Additive genetic effects were negligible (<1%) at 75 days of age and 4.8 5.5% of total phenotypic variance in growth traits at 180 days of age. Non-additive genetic effects (which also included common environmental effects due to families being raised in the same tank) explained 5.8 7.3% of total phenotypic variance in growth traits at 75 days of age, but were much smaller at later ages. Variable stocking densities among tanks up to 75 days significantly affected all growth trait measurements below 180 days of age.
One of the most important of these traits is feed conversion efficiency. Feed conversion
efficiency (FCE) is the effectiveness with which feed is converted to saleable fish product. Feed costs are a major input to aquaculture production systems and genetic changes in FCE may therefore have an important influence on profitability. FCE is usually expressed by a composite measure that combines feed intake and growth rate. The two most common measures are feed conversion ratio (feed intake/weight gain over a specified time interval) and its inverse, feed efficiency. Feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency are measures of gross FCE, because they do not distinguish between the separate energy requirements of growth and maintenance. There is abundant evidence of substantial genetic variation in FCE and its component traits in terrestrial livestock species and, although data are few, the same is likely for cultured fish species. The major problems with selecting from this variation to genetically improve FCE in fish species are:
It appears impractical to measure feed intake on individual fish, so that family mean data must be used.
We do not know the optimal time period over which to test fish for FCE.
We do not know the genetic correlations between FCE under apparent satiation or restricted intake conditions, or between FCE at different times in the production cycle.
I measured the relationships between feed intake to apparent satiety and weight gain in replicate half-sib families of black bream at four times over a 56-day test period. After 42 days, I found significant additive genetic variance in both weight gain and feed intake, and a stabilisation in family group variation in both traits. This indicates that 42 days is the minimum test period over which to measure genetic variation for FCE in black bream. There were high, positive phenotypic (and probably genetic) correlations between weight gain and feed intake after 42 days. There was no detectable genetic variation for either feed efficiency (weight gain/feed intake), or residual feed intake, which is the difference between the actual feed intake of an individual and the intake predicted from its body weight and growth rate. I argue that selection for improved FCE might be better achieved not by using a composite measure, but by using a weighted selection index that accounts for the genetic covariance among weight gain, feed intake and other correlated traits.
20
Doupe, Robert Gerard. "Selection for faster growing black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri." Doupe, Robert Gerard (2004) Selection for faster growing black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2004. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/25/.
Full textAbstract:
In Australia, the widespread clearing of native vegetation has resulted in large areas of once-productive agricultural land being affected by rising saline groundwaters. There is considerable interest among farmers and rural landowners throughout Western Australia, in the possibilities that inland saline aquaculture may offer for a potentially productive use of land and water resources that can no longer support traditional agriculture. Black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri) appear to be an ideal candidate for the developing saline aquaculture industry of inland Western Australia, however their current maximum growth rates are too slow for profitable production. The high productivity of modern breeds of terrestrial livestock species is primarily due to genetic improvement programs utilising selective breeding, and similar gains have also been made where they have been implemented for aquatic species. Before the growth rate of black bream can be genetically improved, however, it is necessary to estimate both the extent of genetic improvement required and the extent of genetic (co)variation in those growth traits which will be subject to, or affected by, selection. The aims of this study were to:
(1) Determine the extent of genetic improvement in growth rate required for black bream to be considered as a profitable aquaculture species.
(2) Estimate the potential for growth rate to be improved through heterosis when different black bream strains are crossbred.
(3) Estimate the additive genetic variation for growth rate, which exists within populations of black bream.
(4) Estimate the genetic (co)variation which exists between growth rate and other production traits.
A partial budget analysis investigated whether enhanced growth rates of black bream would improve profitability and justify a genetic improvement program. It was conducted for two different fish production systems; a commercial operation that incurred more operating expenses due to costs associated with farm initiation (stand-alone farm model) and an existing farm that diversified into aquaculture using the saline water resources of established farm dams (integrated farm model). Sensitivity analyses indicated that a 33% increase in growth rate to at least 200g/annum would allow either production system to return a profit at a farm-gate price of AUS$6/kg whole fish, with fish survival rates of 98% for the stand-alone farm and 65% for the integrated farm model. These results provided a breeding objective, being an improvement in growth rate by at least 33%.
A complete diallel cross of two black bream populations was used to estimate the comparative advantages that might be gained from straight-breeding and crossbreeding. At 90 days of age, the growth traits of standard length, total length and wet weight, varied significantly among all straight-bred and crossbred lines, and among half-sib groups within lines. Differences among half-sib groups explained 6.8% of the total variance in standard length, 8.3% in total length and 7.1% in wet weight, giving estimated heritabilities over all lines of 0.27 plus-minus 0.11 for standard length, 0.33 plus-minus 0.13 for total length and 0.28 plus-minus 0.12 for wet weight. There was no evidence for heterosis in any traits when straight-bred and crossbred lines were compared, and phenotypic (rP = 0.95 - 0.98) and genetic (rG = 0.63 - 0.69) correlations were high among all growth traits.
I used the estimated heritability for wet weight of 0.28 to optimise a factorial mating design from a single population, and to estimate the contribution of additive genetic, nonadditive genetic and maternal effects to variation in growth traits of black bream at 75, 130 and 180 days of age in the hatchery. Maternal genetic and environmental effects were greatest at 75 days of age, accounting for 9.1% of total phenotypic variance in wet weight, 11.4% of variance in standard length and 8.8% of variance in total length. At later ages maternal effects were much reduced, explaining 0.8 - 3.7% of phenotypic variance in growth traits. Additive genetic effects were greatest at 130 days of age, when they accounted for 17.4% of total phenotypic variance in wet weight, 21.4% of variance in standard length and 18.7% of variance in total length. Additive genetic effects were negligible (<1%) at 75 days of age and 4.8 - 5.5% of total phenotypic variance in growth traits at 180 days of age. Non-additive genetic effects (which also included common environmental effects due to families being raised in the same tank) explained 5.8 - 7.3% of total phenotypic variance in growth traits at 75 days of age, but were much smaller at later ages. Variable stocking densities among tanks up to 75 days significantly affected all growth trait measurements below 180 days of age.
One of the most important of these traits is feed conversion efficiency. Feed conversion efficiency (FCE) is the effectiveness with which feed is converted to saleable fish product. Feed costs are a major input to aquaculture production systems and genetic changes in FCE may therefore have an important influence on profitability. FCE is usually expressed by a composite measure that combines feed intake and growth rate. The two most common measures are feed conversion ratio (feed intake/weight gain over a specified time interval) and its inverse, feed efficiency. Feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency are measures of gross FCE, because they do not distinguish between the separate energy requirements of growth and maintenance. There is abundant evidence of substantial genetic variation in FCE and its component traits in terrestrial livestock species and, although data are few, the same is likely for cultured fish species. The major problems with selecting from this variation to genetically improve FCE in fish species are:
* It appears impractical to measure feed intake on individual fish, so that family mean data must be used.
* We do not know the optimal time period over which to test fish for FCE.
* We do not know the genetic correlations between FCE under apparent satiation or restricted intake conditions, or between FCE at different times in the production cycle.
I measured the relationships between feed intake to apparent satiety and weight gain in replicate half-sib families of black bream at four times over a 56-day test period. After 42 days, I found significant additive genetic variance in both weight gain and feed intake, and a stabilisation in family group variation in both traits. This indicates that 42 days is the minimum test period over which to measure genetic variation for FCE in black bream. There were high, positive phenotypic (and probably genetic) correlations between weight gain and feed intake after 42 days. There was no detectable genetic variation for either feed efficiency (weight gain/feed intake), or residual feed intake, which is the difference between the actual feed intake of an individual and the intake predicted from its body weight and growth rate. I argue that selection for improved FCE might be better achieved not by using a composite measure, but by using a weighted selection index that accounts for the genetic covariance among weight gain, feed intake and other correlated traits.
21
Doupé, Robert G. "Selection for faster growing black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040901.133809.
Full text
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Doupé, Robert G. "Selection for faster growing black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri." Thesis, Doupé, Robert G. (2004) Selection for faster growing black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2004. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/25/.
Full textAbstract:
In Australia, the widespread clearing of native vegetation has resulted in large areas of once-productive agricultural land being affected by rising saline groundwaters. There is considerable interest among farmers and rural landowners throughout Western Australia, in the possibilities that inland saline aquaculture may offer for a potentially productive use of land and water resources that can no longer support traditional agriculture. Black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri) appear to be an ideal candidate for the developing saline aquaculture industry of inland Western Australia, however their current maximum growth rates are too slow for profitable production. The high productivity of modern breeds of terrestrial livestock species is primarily due to genetic improvement programs utilising selective breeding, and similar gains have also been made where they have been implemented for aquatic species. Before the growth rate of black bream can be genetically improved, however, it is necessary to estimate both the extent of genetic improvement required and the extent of genetic (co)variation in those growth traits which will be subject to, or affected by, selection. The aims of this study were to:
(1) Determine the extent of genetic improvement in growth rate required for black bream to be considered as a profitable aquaculture species.
(2) Estimate the potential for growth rate to be improved through heterosis when different black bream strains are crossbred.
(3) Estimate the additive genetic variation for growth rate, which exists within populations of black bream.
(4) Estimate the genetic (co)variation which exists between growth rate and other production traits.
A partial budget analysis investigated whether enhanced growth rates of black bream would improve profitability and justify a genetic improvement program. It was conducted for two different fish production systems; a commercial operation that incurred more operating expenses due to costs associated with farm initiation (stand-alone farm model) and an existing farm that diversified into aquaculture using the saline water resources of established farm dams (integrated farm model). Sensitivity analyses indicated that a 33% increase in growth rate to at least 200g/annum would allow either production system to return a profit at a farm-gate price of AUS$6/kg whole fish, with fish survival rates of 98% for the stand-alone farm and 65% for the integrated farm model. These results provided a breeding objective, being an improvement in growth rate by at least 33%.
A complete diallel cross of two black bream populations was used to estimate the comparative advantages that might be gained from straight-breeding and crossbreeding. At 90 days of age, the growth traits of standard length, total length and wet weight, varied significantly among all straight-bred and crossbred lines, and among half-sib groups within lines. Differences among half-sib groups explained 6.8% of the total variance in standard length, 8.3% in total length and 7.1% in wet weight, giving estimated heritabilities over all lines of 0.27 plus-minus 0.11 for standard length, 0.33 plus-minus 0.13 for total length and 0.28 plus-minus 0.12 for wet weight. There was no evidence for heterosis in any traits when straight-bred and crossbred lines were compared, and phenotypic (rP = 0.95 - 0.98) and genetic (rG = 0.63 - 0.69) correlations were high among all growth traits.
I used the estimated heritability for wet weight of 0.28 to optimise a factorial mating design from a single population, and to estimate the contribution of additive genetic, nonadditive genetic and maternal effects to variation in growth traits of black bream at 75, 130 and 180 days of age in the hatchery. Maternal genetic and environmental effects were greatest at 75 days of age, accounting for 9.1% of total phenotypic variance in wet weight, 11.4% of variance in standard length and 8.8% of variance in total length. At later ages maternal effects were much reduced, explaining 0.8 - 3.7% of phenotypic variance in growth traits. Additive genetic effects were greatest at 130 days of age, when they accounted for 17.4% of total phenotypic variance in wet weight, 21.4% of variance in standard length and 18.7% of variance in total length. Additive genetic effects were negligible (<1%) at 75 days of age and 4.8 - 5.5% of total phenotypic variance in growth traits at 180 days of age. Non-additive genetic effects (which also included common environmental effects due to families being raised in the same tank) explained 5.8 - 7.3% of total phenotypic variance in growth traits at 75 days of age, but were much smaller at later ages. Variable stocking densities among tanks up to 75 days significantly affected all growth trait measurements below 180 days of age.
One of the most important of these traits is feed conversion efficiency. Feed conversion efficiency (FCE) is the effectiveness with which feed is converted to saleable fish product. Feed costs are a major input to aquaculture production systems and genetic changes in FCE may therefore have an important influence on profitability. FCE is usually expressed by a composite measure that combines feed intake and growth rate. The two most common measures are feed conversion ratio (feed intake/weight gain over a specified time interval) and its inverse, feed efficiency. Feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency are measures of gross FCE, because they do not distinguish between the separate energy requirements of growth and maintenance. There is abundant evidence of substantial genetic variation in FCE and its component traits in terrestrial livestock species and, although data are few, the same is likely for cultured fish species. The major problems with selecting from this variation to genetically improve FCE in fish species are:
* It appears impractical to measure feed intake on individual fish, so that family mean data must be used.
* We do not know the optimal time period over which to test fish for FCE.
* We do not know the genetic correlations between FCE under apparent satiation or restricted intake conditions, or between FCE at different times in the production cycle.
I measured the relationships between feed intake to apparent satiety and weight gain in replicate half-sib families of black bream at four times over a 56-day test period. After 42 days, I found significant additive genetic variance in both weight gain and feed intake, and a stabilisation in family group variation in both traits. This indicates that 42 days is the minimum test period over which to measure genetic variation for FCE in black bream. There were high, positive phenotypic (and probably genetic) correlations between weight gain and feed intake after 42 days. There was no detectable genetic variation for either feed efficiency (weight gain/feed intake), or residual feed intake, which is the difference between the actual feed intake of an individual and the intake predicted from its body weight and growth rate. I argue that selection for improved FCE might be better achieved not by using a composite measure, but by using a weighted selection index that accounts for the genetic covariance among weight gain, feed intake and other correlated traits.
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Sarre, Gavin Ayrton. "Age compositions, growth rates, reproductive biology and diets of the black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri in four estuaries and a coastal saline lake in south-western Australia." Thesis, Sarre, Gavin Ayrton (1999) Age compositions, growth rates, reproductive biology and diets of the black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri in four estuaries and a coastal saline lake in south-western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1999. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/290/.
Full textAbstract:
The aims of the studies undertaken for this thesis on the black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri, a species which is confined to estuaries, were to determine the following. (1) The age compositions, growth rates, reproductive biology and diets of the populations of this species in four different estuaries (Swan River, Moore River, NomaluplWalpole and Wellstead estuaries) and a landlocked saline lake (Lake Clifton) and (2) the seasonal and regional distributions of this species within one estuary (Swan River Estuary). Acanthopagrus butcheri were collected at regular intervals from nearshore, shallow (> 2 m) and offshore, deeper (< 2.5 m) waters of the permanently open Swan River Estuary and intermittently open Moore River Estuary on the lower west coast of Australia and from the permanently open Nomalup/Walpole Estuary and normally closed Wellstead Estuary on the southern coast of Western Australia. One hundred A. butcheri were also obtained from a landlocked, coastal saline lake (Lake Clifton), 90 km south of the Swan River Estuary. Sampling employed seine nets, composite gill nets and rod and line.
In the Swan River Estuary, black bream typically occur in the saline reaches of the tributary rivers which constitute the upper estuary. However, during heavy freshwater discharge in winter, many individuals are swept downstream into the basins that constitute the middle estuary. These fish migrate back into the upper estuary in spring and the larger fish spawn in this region between the middle of spring and early summer. Although smaller fish tend to remain in the upper estuary during summer as salinities increase, the larger fish migrate further upstream where salinities are lower. The salinities in which A.butcheri spawned in the different systems ranged from as low as 5.5 - 6.8 %CJin the Moore River Estuary to as high as 40.7 - 45.2 %O in the Wellstead Estuary.
The use of marginal increment analyses demonstrated that the opaque zones revealed in otoliths by sectioning are formed annually and could thus be used for ageing individual fish and that the opaque zones visible in whole otoliths prior to sectioning could be used for ageing fish up to six years old. The number of annuli on scales did not provide a reliable estimate of age. The structure of the age compositions in the four estuaries varied, presumably reflecting differences in fishing pressure and, in one case, the lack of recruitment in some years. The growth rates of A. butcheri in the four estuaries and landlocked lake differed, which is probably related to variations in one or more of the following; water temperature, density of fish, salinity and the type of food available.
The monthly trends exhibited by gonadosomatic indices and the prevalence of different gonadal maturity stages and mature oocytes demonstrate that spawning typically occurs in spring and early summer. The frequent occurrence of yolk vesicle, yolk granule oocytes and post-ovulatory follicles in the ovaries of some mature fish provides strong circumstantial evidence that A. butcheri is a multiple spawner, i.e. spawns more than once during each breeding season. Estimates of the minimum total fecundity ranged between 9.07 x lo4 and 7.09 x lo6, with a mean of 1.58 x lo6. Variations amongst the lengths and ages at first maturity in three of the estuarine populations of A. butcheri could apparently be attributed to the influence of variations in growth rate.
Female and male Acanthopagrus butcheri both possess an ovotestis, a feature characteristic of the Sparidae. There is strong circumstantial evidence that, once a member of this species reaches maturity, it can be considered a rudimentary hermaphrodite, i.e. it possesses either functional ovaries and far smaller and immature testes or functional testes and immature ovaries of variable size. There was no evidence that this species undergoes either a protogynous or protandrous sex change. Acanthopagrus butcheri can consume various benthic and epibenthic prey, including crustaceans, polychaetes, molluscs and teleosts, and can also ingest considerable volumes of algae. However, the dietary compositions of A. butcheri in the four estuaries and Lake Clifton differed markedly, whch, together with information on the biota in those systems, indicate that A. butcheri feeds on those prey items that are most abundant in their environment. Yet, there is also evidence that, in any given system, A. butcheri will focus on a particular prey, even when other prey, which are regularly consumed in considerable volume in other systems, are abundant. The dietary compositions of A. butcheri in each estuary underwent ontogenetic changes, which would reduce the potential for intraspecific competition for food resources.
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Sarre, Gavin Ayrton. "Age compositions, growth rates, reproductive biology, and diets of the black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri in four estuaries and a coastal saline lake in south-western Australia." Connect to this title online, 1999. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20060818.135836.
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Meyer, Michael B. "Businessmen and butchers : the domestic roots of Syria's changing foreign policy /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA294657.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1994.Thesis advisor(s): G.E. Robinson, James J. Wirtz. "December 1994." Bibliography: p. 73-78. Also available online.
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Martins, Cecília Adolpho. "The Butcher Boy, de Patrick McCabe: no palco e na tela." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8147/tde-22082012-111940/.
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Essa pesquisa é a respeito das transposições do romance The butcher boy (1992), de Patrick McCabe, para a peça Frank Pig says hello (1992), por Patrick McCabe, e, para o filme The butcher boy (1997) adaptado e dirigido por Neil Jordan. O objetivo é analisar como o romance aparece no palco e na tela, ou seja, quais técnicas são usadas nas duas representações artísticas. Para tanto, é explorado o conceito de transposição, um tipo específico de adaptação que muda o gênero de uma história; assim como o dialogismo intertextual entre romance e peça e romance e filme. Essa pesquisa procura descobrir não somente como, mas por que as pessoas fazem transposições de uma obra. Será que faltam enredos nos últimos tempos? Ou será que a transposição dá continuidade a um tema que ainda não se esgotou? O trabalho contribuirá com pesquisadores ocupados nos estudos das áreas de Teoria Literária, Literatura, Cinema, Teatro e Literatura Comparada, por exemplo. Na área de Estudos Irlandeses, essa pesquisa contribuirá para o estudo de romances, peças e filmes irlandeses contemporâneos.This research is about the transpositions of the novel The butcher boy (1992), by Patrick McCabe, to the play Frank Pig says hello (1992), also by Patrick McCabe, and into the movie The butcher boy (1997), adapted and directed by Neil Jordan. The aim is to analyze how the novel appears on stage and on screen, that is, which techniques are used in both artistic representations. To do so, we explore the concept of transposition, a specific type of adaptation that changes the genre of a story, as well as the intertextual dialogism between novel and play, and novel and film. This research attempts to find out not only how, but why people make transpositions of pieces of work. Are we now lacking new plots? Or would it be due to the fact that transpositions give continuity to a topic that has not yet run out? This work will give support to researchers within Literary Theory, Literature, Cinema, Theater, and Comparative Literature, for instance. Within Irish Studies, this research will contribute to the study of novels, plays, and contemporary Irish movies.
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Alblinger, Carrie. "Satisfying Williamsburg's "Meat Tooth": Butchers and Bones in Inter-Bellum Williamsburg, Virginia." W&M ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626353.
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Yezli, Nourreddine. "Etude historique et architecturale du macellum de Djemila (Cuicul)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAG002.
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L’étude monographique du macellum de Djemila (Cuicul) vient compléter la courte série de macella fouillés et publiés dans le monde romain. De fait, pour le moment, seuls les macella de Belo, Saint-Bertrand de Comminges, Cordoue, Wroxeter et Pouzzoles ont fait l'objet d'une étude détaillée. Construit sous le règne de l’empereur Antonin le Pieux, le marché alimentaire de Djemila présente un excellent état de conservation et une grande richesse épigraphique. Mon étude comprend l’édifice, en tant qu’entité architecturale, mais je l’ai élargi à l'ensemble du complexe monumental, pour mieux comprendre son implantation dans l’urbanisme de la cité, les raisons de sa proximité avec le forum et sa fonction précise. Nos recherches ont permis de faire une description détaillée et des relevés des vestiges du macellum et de traiter, par une étude architecturale et stylistique, l'ensemble des structures en place mais aussi les membra disjecta. Elles m’ont également permis de proposer des restitutions architecturales, illustrées par des représentations de l'édifice en plan et en élévation, ainsi qu’une modélisation informatique. Nous avons également étudié les techniques de construction mises en œuvre. Enfin, nous nous sommes penchés sur la question de la personnalité de son bienfaiteur et le rôle de l’évergétisme dans le financement de la construction du marchéThe monographic study of the macellum of Djemila (Cuicul) comes to complete the short series of macella excavated and published in the roman world. For the moment, only macella Belo, Saint-Bertrand de Comminges, Cordoue, Wroxeter and Pouzzoles were the object of a detailed study. Built during the reign of emperor Antoninus Pius, the food market of Djemila presents an excellent state of preservation and a big epigraphic wealth. My study includes the building as architectural entity, but i widened it to the all monumental complex, to understand better its implantation in the town planning of the city, the reasons for its closeness with the forum and its precise function. Our researches allowed to make a detailed description and surveys of the remains of the macellum and to treat, by an architectural and stylistic study, all the structures in position but also membra disjecta. They also allowed me to propose architectural restitution, illustrated by representations of the building in plan and elevation, as well as computer modeling. We also studied the implemented techniques of construction. Finally, we dealt the question of the personality of his benefactor and the role of generosity in the financing the construction of the market
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Kirgesner, Samantha L. "ANALYSIS OF MICROWEAR ON FLAKES USED TO BUTCHER UNFROZEN AND FROZEN MEAT." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors152570323406727.
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Chuwen, Benjamin Michael. "Characteristics of the ichthyofaunas of offshore waters in different types of estuary in Western Australia, including the biology of black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri /." Murdoch University Digital Theses Program, 2009. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20100210.154423.
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Renaud, Audrey. "Alimentation carnée et Gestion des populations animales sur le territoire de la cité de Nîmes (Hérault et Gard, IIème s. av.-IIème s. ap. J.-C.)." Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00763084.
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La cité de Nîmes, territoire localisé en bordure de mer Méditerranée (Gard et partie est de l'Hérault), est créée au cours du Ier s. av. J.-C., avec à sa tête un chef-lieu (Nemausus) auquel sont rattachés de nombreux établissements répartis au sein de ce vaste territoire. La société nîmoise, tout en conservant son héritage protohistorique, est profondément influencée par le modèle socio-économique romain dans ce nouveau cadre administratif centralisé. Dans ce contexte de transition, il était intéressant d'aborder la thématique de l'alimentation carnée des habitants de cette cité entre le IIème s. av. J.-C. et le IIème s. ap. J.-C. L'étude réalisée à partir des restes fauniques des mammifères provenant du chef-lieu, d'agglomérations secondaires et d'établissements ruraux, permet d'éclairer l'exploitation des animaux dits " de bouche " dans cette cité. L'analyse propose d'aborder les questions des zones d'élevage et de la présence du bétail à l'intérieur des villes, la gestion des cheptels qui révèle des différences d'exploitation entre les troupeaux et une diversité des productions : lait, laine, force de travail et bien évidemment la viande. Les données archéozoologiques ont également permis d'observer des différences entre sites et des variations chronologiques dans le choix des espèces consommées, ainsi que dans les techniques de découpe des carcasses, les qualités de viande et la gestion des déchets d'origine animale. Les résultats font apparaître une organisation territoriale de l'économie animale nîmoise avec des lieux de production et de consommation, des activités que l'on retrouve souvent entremêlées au sein des établissements.
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Deering, Carly. "Cluster and clash? : everyday space and the butchers of late medieval Winchester, 1360-1420." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2014. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/16853/.
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This project focuses on the everyday relationship between people and the urban environment in the later middle ages. How do the spaces people create and inhabit on a daily basis shape their experience of the urban environment? How does the townscape influence the ways in which they operate? Focussing on the town of Winchester, c. 1360-1420, and the case study of the Winchester butchers, this project seeks to explore how this trade group interacted with the urban fabric. By the late medieval period, despite the contraction of the town the Winchester butchers were economically stable and operating in a key area of the marketplace. Various aspects of modern historiography describe butchers as marginalised, operating at the town limits and excluded from society. This project seeks to test this hypothesis on the Winchester case study. Using an innovative technological approach, this project explores how the use of 3D CAD modeling technology may help address these issues. By creating a 3D model of Winchester c.1417, it plots the butchers’ movements and activities in order to explore the key questions more thoroughly. In doing so, it is possible to see not only how the Winchester butchers interact with the rest of society, but also how they constantly negotiate and respond to their surrounding landscape. The use of such an approach assists in demonstrating that the apparent marginalisation of the Winchester butchers’ was complex. More broadly, this project reveals how such technological tools may help to explore the medieval urban fabric more deeply.
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Nortje, Alicia. "The butcher, the baker, the candlestick maker: investigating facial recognition for multiple-perpetrator crimes." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29506.
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In the United States, 20% of all violent crime is committed by multiple perpetrators. Despite the prevalence of multiple-perpetrator crimes, most published eyewitness research uses a single-perpetrator paradigm: that is, witnesses view a crime committed by a single perpetrator whom they must recognise later. Multiple-perpetrator crimes, however, present with several problems. Police procedure for administering multiple-suspect parades is poorly defined. Furthermore, eyewitnesses must make multiple identifications, and are tasked with a unique memory problem of perpetrator-role assignment. I studied these problems in the following ways: (a) a survey among South African detectives (N = 75) to investigate how multiple suspect parades are administered in practice; (b) two face recognition experiments where the number of face-attribute pairs was manipulated at encoding to investigate the effect of set size on both item recognition (for attributes and faces), and associative memory performance (i.e., matching identity to role; N = 70, and N = 67); (c) an eyewitness experiment where participants studied a simulated crime committed by up to 10 perpetrators whom they had to recognise later (N = 200); and (d) a set of simulations testing a revised version of the Interactive Activation and Competition network proposed by Burton et al. (1990) as a computational account of the memory difficulties experienced by eyewitnesses to multiple-perpetrator crimes. Overall, the results suggest that associative memory is particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of set size, and that role-players in law and psychology should consider the implications of these difficulties in court and the laboratory.
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McCormack, Richelle. "Drivers of spatial and temporal movement patterns of Acanthopagrus butcheri through an estuarine surge barrier." Thesis, McCormack, Richelle (2019) Drivers of spatial and temporal movement patterns of Acanthopagrus butcheri through an estuarine surge barrier. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2019. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51409/.
Full textAbstract:
Coastal and estuarine environments are popular sites for human settlement, yet they are among the most vulnerable to changing climate and extreme weather events such as rising sea level and storm surges. Storm surge barriers have been installed in numerous estuaries around the world to mitigate flooding risk. However, these structures have numerous deleterious impacts on ecological connectivity by restricting flow and fragmenting habitats, thus preventing fishes from accessing preferred spawning, nursery and feeding areas. Despite the ecological impact of estuarine surge barriers being well recognised, few studies have investigated their impact on obligate estuarine fishes; particularly at the individual level.
The highly degraded Vasse-Wonnerup Estuary in south-western Australia has suffered regular mass fish kills, and fish gates were installed on the storm surge barriers to enable two-way fish passage in times of poor water quality. However, the majority of recent fish kills have occurred immediately upstream of the Vasse Surge Barrier (VSB) suggesting the gates have been ineffective in facilitating movement. The sparid Acanthopagrus butcheri has been particularly impacted by these fish kills. Due to its large body size, life-history characteristics and socio-economic importance in southern Australia, this obligate estuarine species is ideal to investigate how fish passage through the VSB may be influenced by prevailing environmental conditions.
The fine-scale movement patterns of passive integrated transponder (PIT) tagged A. butcheri were monitored through the VSB using a custom designed system between 20th March 2017 and 31st May 2018. Passage data were analysed together with a suite of hydrological and environmental variables using generalised additive mixed models to determine the drivers of fish approaches (i.e. those detected at the downstream site of the fish gate without subsequently passing through) and the daily and hourly upstream and downstream passages through the fish gate.
Daily approaches of A. butcheri to the VSB were typically greatest during September-December and April-May. As the species is known to spawn in July-October in the system, the increase in PIT detections in spring may have been partially associated with an adult upstream migration. However, the key spawning site for the species is known to occur in another region of the system (i.e. the ‘Deadwater’ region) rather than habitats upstream of the VSB. This fact, along with the increase in detections at the VSB that occurred during April-May outside of the spawning period, suggests that the peaks in detections at the VSB may have been attributed to high localised migration, rather than representing spawning activity.
Hourly upstream and downstream passages through the fish gate were nocturnal and crepuscular, respectively. Downstream passages were also associated with declines in dissolved oxygen concentrations in the upstream habitats; suggesting that A. butcheri was seeking to escape poor water quality. However, the hourly and daily upstream and downstream passages of A. butcheri were also strongly associated with times of minimal flow velocity within the fish gate that occurred when water levels equalised on the upstream and downstream sides of the VSB. Therefore, while the species appeared to be avoiding poor water quality by passing through the fish gate, it appeared this could only occur during certain hydrological conditions. This likely limited its ability to freely escape from times of poor water quality, thus explaining the periodic fish kills that occur mostly upstream of the VSB.
These findings have clear implications for the management of the VSB and also instream barriers in other systems that house A. butcheri. A key recommendation for the future management of the VSB is to automate the fish gate operation so it opens during times of upstream and downstream water equalisation. This would maximise fish passage opportunities and simultaneously prevent salt-water intrusion upstream prevents stratification and associated hypoxia and toxic algal blooms.
Given the projected increase in sea level rise and decrease in rainfall in south-western Australia, and indeed many parts of the world, associated with climate change, the construction of storm surge barriers is becoming more prevalent. This study highlights the need to understand the movement patterns and life-history requirements of resident estuarine species to maintain connectivity to critical habitats.
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Cottingham, Alan. "Biological characteristics of Acanthopagrus butcheri. Changes following environmental degradation and comparisons of restocked and wild fish." Thesis, Cottingham, Alan ORCID: 0000-0002-4157-1972 (2015) Biological characteristics of Acanthopagrus butcheri. Changes following environmental degradation and comparisons of restocked and wild fish. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2015. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/29121/.
Full textAbstract:
The Black Bream Acanthopagrus butcheri, which is the subject of this thesis, completes its life cycle within estuaries and has particularly plastic biological characteristics. The overarching aims of the thesis were 1) to determine the ways in which A. butcheri has responded to marked environmental changes in the Swan River Estuary and 2) to track the biological performance of restocked A. butcheri in the Blackwood River Estuary in which the stock of this species had become depleted.
Between the early 1990s and mid-2000s, the deeper waters of the upper Swan River Estuary became increasingly hypoxic, due to a reduction in the flushing of nutrients and organic material from the estuary as a result of declining rainfall and thus freshwater discharge. Over that same time period, the condition, growth and length at maturity of female and male A. butcheri declined and the age at maturity increased. Furthermore, catch data implied that, during that period, the larger A. butcheri showed a marked tendency to move from the deeper hypoxic waters into the shallows, occupied by smaller A. butcheri. This habitat compression led to greatly increased densities in the shallows. It is therefore proposed that the detrimental effects of hypoxia and high densities led to the above retrograde changes in the biological characteristics of A. butcheri.
The development of a year-effect growth model demonstrated that the growth of A. butcheri in the Swan River Estuary also differed substantially among years between 2007/08 and 2013/14. Annual growth of one year old A. butcheri in those seven years were positively correlated with temperature during the main growing period, but not with freshwater discharges in the preceding wet ‘winter’ months. That positive correlation with temperature, which is consistent with the metabolic theory of ecology, contrasts with the decline in growth between the early 1990s and mid-2000s, when temperatures were increasing. This implies that the influence of temperature on growth between those two 2 periods was overridden by other factors, i.e. hypoxia and increased densities, but then, in 2007-14, became the most important factor, when fish became concentrated in relatively similar densities in nearshore waters. Although there was no evidence that the overall abundance of A. butcheri in the Swan River Estuary had changed markedly between the early 1990s and early 2010s, there is circumstantial evidence that the stock of this species declined during the 1980s and 1990s in the Blackwood River Estuary, due to fishing pressure and/or environmental changes.
Concern for the status of the stock of A. butcheri in the Blackwood River Estuary led to a study aimed at determining the efficacy of using restocking to replenish the population of this species in this system. The growth and maturity schedules of the 2001 and 2002 year classes of A. butcheri, which had been cultured and introduced into the Blackwood River in south-western Australia at seven and four months old, respectively, were determined from samples collected regularly between 2002 and 2014. Restocked A. butcheri could always be distinguished from its wild stock because their otoliths retained the pink coloration of the alizarin complexone with which they had been stained prior to release. The growth and maturity schedules of restocked fish were only slightly inferior to those of its wild stock and the mean gonad weights of these two groups did not differ significantly in any month. As increasing numbers of restocked A. butcheri attained the minimum legal length (MLL) of 250 mm for retention, their contribution to the commercial fishery increased from 6% in 2005 to 74% in 2010. That contribution subsequently declined to 39% in 2012 and 10% in 2014, due predominantly to the introduction of the very strong 2008 year class in the commercial catches, the first substantial recruitment into the population since 1999. As restocked fish were estimated as contributing ~55% to the eggs produced in 2008, substantial numbers of the 2008 year class were derived from spawning by restocked fish. The results of this and a previous genetic study imply that restocking is an effective and appropriate way for replenishing stocks of an estuarine species such as A. butcheri, especially as its recruitment is highly episodic.
Protection of riverine discharge into the estuaries of south-western Australia is likely to be the most effective management strategy to maintain the ‘health’ of estuaries and their fisheries. It follows that a thorough understanding of the hydrology of estuaries will become increasingly important to managing these systems as they become subjected further to the effects of climate change and increases in the demand for water resources by human populations. As A. butcheri completes its life cycle within its natal estuary and has plastic biological characteristics, it is an ideal candidate for use as an indicator of the health of an estuary and hypothesising on the effects of climate change.
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Newton, Jesse Isaiah. "Does aquaculture diet composition influence the nutrition retention and condition of wild-caught Acanthopagrus butcheri broodstock?" Thesis, Newton, Jesse Isaiah (2020) Does aquaculture diet composition influence the nutrition retention and condition of wild-caught Acanthopagrus butcheri broodstock? Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2020. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/57696/.
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Aquaculture is an essential industry for global food security, with production surpassing that obtained from wild capture fisheries. Future development of this profit- driven industry to meet the needs of a rapid growing population is dependent on the improved efficiency and sustainability of feeding methods. The health and nutrition of broodstock is crucial as it directly influences larval development and survival. Wet diets of whole fish and cephalopods are often fed to broodstock, however, they are abundant in long-chain highly unsaturated fatty acids and high rancidity making them prone to oxidation while in storage. Oxidation makes feed products rancid and degrades reproductive organs in fish, namely the livers. This leads to smaller spawns and reduction in larval survival. Aquaculture production is often limited by poor larval performance as a direct influence of inadequate knowledge of broodstock nutritional requirements. Due to the variance in nutritional requirements at a species level, investigative research is required. Acanthopagrus butcheri, an important recreational fishing species in Australia, fits the criteria for diversification of small-scale aquaculture production outlined by the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations. This study aims to investigate the impacts of aquaculture diets on the physiological health of wild caught A. butcheri broodstock, by measuring the transfer of dietary nutrients from the following commercial aquaculture diets, frozen squid and pilchards, Breed-M broodstock conditioning diets and C2, a powdered larval diet combined with gelatine into pellets. Breed-M and C2 provided superior fatty acid profiles and antioxidant defence, while pilchards had high rancidity values which led to oxidation of liver tissue. Livers from wild caught fish reflected the lowest oxidation values, despite also containing minimal levels of antioxidants. Breed-M and C2 provide antioxidants and fatty acids that are excessive of A. butcheri requirements, however wet fish diets of pilchards result in rapid degradation of valuable broodstock, negatively impacting growth and the physiological condition of reproductive organs. This study provides insight into the dietary requirements of finfish broodstock and shows the implications of insufficient broodstock nutrition in aquaculture production.
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Stinnett, Angie Ashley. "'Blood-Talk': A Language Network Analysis of English Speaking Heritage Butchers in the Southwestern United States." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/312624.
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Recently, network theory has been used to analyze the formal syntactic and semantic properties of written texts to explain the development of language (Solé et al. 2005). While foundational, this approach neglects the social and cultural pressures affecting language in interaction, a central focus of sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology (Hymes 1974, Goffman 1981, Gumperz 1982, Goodwin 2006). The influential work of M.M. Bakhtin (1981) frames speech as an emergent social process inflected by shifting patterns of negotiated meanings. As Hill (1986) observed "the enormous impact of Bakhtin's work, already felt with earthquake strength in literary studies...[is] now beginning to appear with equal force in the anthropology of language" (1986: 89).The aim of this research is to test the conjecture that by expanding the frame of language network analysis to include the social context of speech, the emergent properties of heteroglossia predicted by Bakhtin will be clarified. This analysis builds on prior research on language in interaction, drawing from sociolinguistic analysis (Sacks et al. 1974, Atkinson & Heritage 1984), word frequency (Nelson et al. 1998, Mendoza-Denton 2003), and network analysis (Bearman & Stovel 2000, de Nooy et al. 2005, Solé et al. 2005, Mehler 2010).According to Bakhtin, heteroglossia emerges as speakers "appropriate the words of others and populate them with one's own intention" (1981:428). This multi-sited doctoral research investigates the speech of butchers through participant observation, work place interactions and interviews, with a focus on references to blood. Some of the semantic features that become affixed to blood are due to historical and popular culture understandings of this signifier, while other salient features derive from subject positionality and community of practice (Lave & Wenger 1991). This work provides a snapshot of all of these processes at work in the speech of an occupational community of American butchers. The results of this analysis show that including the social context has significant effects on the conceptualization of both semantic and social networks, in comparison with networks derived exclusively from written texts.
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Costa, Anabela Rolaça da. "O controlo nos estabelecimentos a retalho : avaliação e comparação com base no PACE da situação do comércio a retalho das carnes e produtos da pesca no município de Santarém." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6886.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Segurança AlimentarA segurança dos alimentos é um tema que nos preocupa a cada dia. Numa sociedade onde o ritmo de vida quotidiano deixa pouco tempo para as tarefas comuns, para a escolha dos melhores alimentos e refeições, e nos afasta das formas tradicionais de cultivo e de produção dos alimentos que consumimos, é fundamental poder confiar na qualidade do que está ao nosso alcance quando compramos os géneros alimentícios essenciais à nossa sobrevivência. O PACE é um instrumento de controlo que permite aferir a qualidade dos alimentos que nos são vendidos nos talhos e peixarias. Posto em prática no terreno, sob a responsabilidade do Médico Veterinário Municipal, produz informação útil ao controlo da segurança alimentar. O presente trabalho pretende avaliar e comparar a situação do comércio a retalho das carnes e pescado no município de Santarém ao longo dos últimos cinco anos, no período compreendido entre 2008 e 2012, baseando-se na análise dos dados recolhidos pela aplicação do PACE. Para tal, utilizaram-se as listas de verificação técnica para estabelecimentos de comércio a retalho de carne e produtos à base de carne e de produtos da pesca e aquicultura, a partir das quais se extraíram algumas conclusões agora apresentadas nesta dissertação.
ABSTRACT - Food safety is a daily concern. In a society where the rhythm of life leaves such a little time to complete the common tasks, to choose the best food and meals, keeping us apart from traditional growing and production forms of the food we eat, we must trust the quality that stands before us when we buy our own nourishment, essential for our survival. PACE is a control instrument with which we measure the quality of the food sold in the butchers and fishmongers. Implemented on the field, under the responsibility of the local veterinarian, it produces useful information to control food safety. This study aims to evaluate and compare the situation of retail meat and fish in the municipality of Santarém over the past five years, the period between 2008 and 2012, based on the analysis of collected data centered on the application of PACE. For this, we used the lists of technical verification for retail establishments for meat and meat products and for fishery and aquaculture products, from which we extracted some conclusions now presented in this dissertation.
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Minei, Claudia Camila. "Sensibilidade da microalga marinha Dunaliella tertiolecta BUTCHER a diferentes substâncias químicas utilizadas como referência em ensaios ecotoxicológicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21131/tde-19042012-154609/.
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Os ensaios ecotoxicológicos com o fitoplâncton marinho têm sido uma importante ferramenta para o monitoramento da qualidade de águas devido à sua relevância ecológica. A variabilidade dos resultados dos ensaios ecotoxicológicos também pode ser atribuída à sensibilidade do lote de organismos-teste. O presente trabalho traz informações da sensibilidade de Dunaliella tertiolecta para as substâncias de referências, dicromato de potássio, dodecil sulfato de sódio, cromato de potássio, sulfato de zinco e sulfato de cobre, e dois métodos de determinação da biomassa. As concentrações inibitórias com a densidade celular foram CI50-48h= 177,1, CI50-72h= 129,8 e CI50-96h= 108,5 mg/L de K2Cr2O7; CI50-48h= 0,97, CI50-72h= 1,25 e CI50-96h= 1,18mg/L de DSS e CI50-96h= 273,3mg/L de K2CrO4. Para o conteúdo de clorofila-a (96h), foram CI50-Cl-a= 113,0mg/L de K2Cr2O7; CI50-Cl-a= 1,26mg/L de DSS e CI50-Cl-a= 150,6mg/L de K2CrO4. A sensibilidade da microalga foi maior ao DSS, altamente degradável, em relação aos compostos metálicos, com potencial carcinogênico. As 96h de exposição resultaram em melhor repetibilidade, não havendo diferença significativa entre os métodos utilizados. Na seleção da substância de referência e do método também devem ser considerados os resíduos gerados e a periculosidade dos reagentes, visando à qualidade dos resultados e um menor impacto ao ambienteThe toxicity tests with marine phytoplankton have been an important tool for the water quality monitoring due to its ecological relevance. The variability of the toxicity tests results can also be attributed to the test-organisms batch sensitivity. This study provides information about the sensitivity of Dunaliella tertiolecta to the reference substances potassium dichromate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, potassium chromate, zinc sulfate and copper sulfate, and two methods of biomass determination. The inhibitory concentrations were IC50-48h= 177.1, IC50-72h= 129.8 and IC50-96h= 108.5mg/L of K2Cr2O7; IC50-48h= 0.97, IC50-72h= 1.25 and IC50-96h= 1.18mg/L of DSS and IC50-96h= 273,3mg/L of K2CrO4. For the chlorophyll-a content (96h) were IC50-Cl-a= 113.0mg/L of K2Cr2O7, IC50-Cl-a= 1.26mg/L of SDS and IC50-Cl-a= 150,6mg/L of K2CrO4. The microalgae sensibility was higher to DSS, highly degradable related to metallic compounds, with carcinogenic potential. The 96h of exposure resulted in better repeatability, with no significant difference between the tested methods. In the reference substance and method selection the generated residues and the hazard reagent must be considered, due to the results quality and a lower impact on the ambient.
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Sarre, G. A. "Age compositions, growth rates, reproductive biology and diets of the black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri in four estuaries and a coastal saline lake in south-western Australia." Murdoch University, 1999. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20060818.135836.
Full textAbstract:
The aims of the studies undertaken for this thesis on the black bream
Acanthopagrus butcheri, a species which is confined to estuaries, were to determine the
following. (1) The age compositions, growth rates, reproductive biology and diets of the
populations of this species in four different estuaries (Swan River, Moore River,
NomaluplWalpole and Wellstead estuaries) and a landlocked saline lake (Lake Clifton)
and (2) the seasonal and regional distributions of this species within one estuary (Swan
River Estuary). Acanthopagrus butcheri were collected at regular intervals from
nearshore, shallow (< 2 m) and offshore, deeper (> 2.5 m) waters of the permanently open
Swan River Estuary and intermittently open Moore River Estuary on the lower west coast
of Australia and from the permanently open Nomalup/Walpole Estuary and normally
closed Wellstead Estuary on the southern coast of Western Australia. One hundred
A. butcheri were also obtained from a landlocked, coastal saline lake (Lake Clifton), 90 km
south of the Swan River Estuary. Sampling employed seine nets, composite gill nets and
rod and line.
In the Swan River Estuary, black bream typically occur in the saline reaches of the
tributary rivers which constitute the upper estuary. However, during heavy freshwater
discharge in winter, many individuals are swept downstream into the basins that constitute
the middle estuary. These fish migrate back into the upper estuary in spring and the larger
fish spawn in this region between the middle of spring and early summer. Although
smaller fish tend to remain in the upper estuary during summer as salinities increase, the
larger fish migrate further upstream where salinities are lower. The salinities in which
A. butcheri spawned in the different systems ranged from as low as 5.5 - 6.8 %CJin the
Moore River Estuary to as high as 40.7 - 45.2 %O in the Wellstead Estuary.
The use of marginal increment analyses demonstrated that the opaque zones
revealed in otoliths by sectioning are formed annually and could thus be used for ageing
individual fish and that the opaque zones visible in whole otoliths prior to sectioning could
be used for ageing fish up to six years old. The number of annuli on scales did not
provide a reliable estimate of age. The structure of the age compositions in the four
estuaries varied, presumably reflecting differences in fishing pressure and, in one case, the
lack of recruitment in some years. The growth rates of A. butcheri in the four estuaries
and landlocked lake differed, which is probably related to variations in one or more of the
following; water temperature, density of fish, salinity and the type of food available.
The monthly trends exhibited by gonadosomatic indices and the prevalence of
different gonadal maturity stages and mature oocytes demonstrate that spawning typically
occurs in spring and early summer. The frequent occurrence of yolk vesicle, yolk granule
oocytes and post-ovulatory follicles in the ovaries of some mature fish provides strong
circumstantial evidence that A. butcheri is a multiple spawner, i.e. spawns more than once
during each breeding season. Estimates of the minimum total fecundity ranged between
9.07 x lo4 and 7.09 x lo6, with a mean of 1.58 x lo6. Variations amongst the lengths and
ages at first maturity in three of the estuarine populations of A. butcheri could apparently
be attributed to the influence of variations in growth rate.
Female and male Acanthopagrus butcheri both possess an ovotestis, a feature
characteristic of the Sparidae. There is strong circumstantial evidence that, once a member
of this species reaches maturity, it can be considered a rudimentary hermaphrodite, i.e. it
possesses either functional ovaries and far smaller and immature testes or functional testes
and immature ovaries of variable size. There was no evidence that this species undergoes
either a protogynous or protandrous sex change.
Acanthopagrus butcheri can consume various benthic and epibenthic prey,
including crustaceans, polychaetes, molluscs and teleosts, and can also ingest considerable
volumes of algae. However, the dietary compositions of A. butcheri in the four estuaries
and Lake Clifton differed markedly, whch, together with information on the biota in those
systems, indicate that A. butcheri feeds on those prey items that are most abundant in their
environment. Yet, there is also evidence that, in any given system, A. butcheri will focus on
a particular prey, even when other prey, which are regularly consumed in considerable
volume in other systems, are abundant. The dietary compositions of A. butcheri in each
estuary underwent ontogenetic changes, which would reduce the potential for intraspecific
competition for food resources.
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Bergeron, Carl. "Le brutalisme esthétique /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1997. http://theses.uqac.ca.
Full textAbstract:
Mémoire (M.A.)--Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1997.Ce mémoire a été réalisé à l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi dans le cadre du programme de maîtrise en arts plastiques de l'Université du Québec à Montréal extentionné à l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi. CaQCU Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU
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Leggett, Kailie B. "“I Really Don’t Look for Certifications, It All Has to Do With Personal Relationships”: The Construction of a Meat Philosophy and Innovation Adoption by Culinary Professionals in the Rocky Mountain Region." DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7385.
Full textAbstract:
Demand for new methods of beef production is rising due to concern over potential impacts on human health, animal welfare, and the environment. Researchers at Utah State University have developed a method of beef production from cattle finished on tannin-containing legume forages in the Rocky Mountain Region in order to address those concerns. To ensure success of this product, the demand and marketability needed to be assessed. Food values addressed through new production standards and certifications are communicated through labeling by culinary professionals in the kitchen and behind service counters. This research study utilized qualitative methods to understand how culinary leaders construct meaning regarding non-conventional beef. A discursive analysis of labels, menus, and websites revealed that storytelling and branding are more important than third-party certifications. Thematic analysis of interviews with culinary professionals discovered participants are open to new products but environmental concern was tempered by concern for pleasing customers and hindered by planning a menu around consistency and quality. This research found that the success of beef from cattle finished on tannin-containing legume forages is dependent on the benefits being communicated in a way that emphasizes authenticity, tradition, and standards of quality necessary for culinary professionals.
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Carlson, Dietmeier Jenna Kay. "Beyond The Butcher's Block: The Animal Landscapes of Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry Plantations." W&M ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1499450050.
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This dissertation argues that working oxen, horses, and mules contributed to the physical and social landscapes of eighteenth-century plantations in the Chesapeake and the Lowcountry. This research embraces an animal landscape approach, exploring how humans and animals were both active agents in shaping animal husbandry strategies, social interactions, and power negotiations on plantations. This exploration utilized archaeological and historical sources, predominately faunal assemblages from Oxon Hill Manor, Maryland, Mount Vernon, Virginia, Drayton Hall, South Carolina, and Stobo Plantation, South Carolina; articulated equine skeletons from Jamestown Island, Virginia, and Yorktown, Virginia; and probate inventories from plantations within the eighteenth-century Upper Chesapeake and Lowcountry. Working oxen and equines were identified from the archaeological record through pathological and osteometric analyses. Probate inventories supplied complementary information on the number of working oxen and equines in each region and the types of labors these animals performed. In the eighteenth-century Chesapeake, laboring oxen and equines were essential to the plowing and carting required by the shift from tobacco to mixed grain production. Working livestock were husbanded in a manner which relied on producing excess grains which could then be fed to the livestock. In the eighteenth-century Lowcountry, oxen were used sporadically throughout the region to ready fields or to cart products. Horses in the Lowcountry were essential to personal transportation, as many wealthy planters frequently travelled between their multiple estates. Compared to the Chesapeake, livestock in the Lowcountry was husbanded in a more passive manner; working animals were corralled while some of the non-working livestock ranged freely in the woodlands in their natural herd structures. In both regions, interactions between humans and animals combined with the physicality of the plantations to create landscapes of domination and resistance. In the Chesapeake, planters depended on working livestock to increase their wealth and to symbolize that wealth to others. In the Lowcountry, livestock represented large landholdings, and planters used horses to symbolize their mobility and active involvement in those landholdings. In both regions, enslaved laborers relied on working livestock to increase their mobility and their standing within the enslaved community. Additionally, enslaved individuals worked with animals to subvert the social order of the day through active and passive revolt. Rather than being static members in the background of human activity, working oxen and equines actively contributed to the economic, cultural, and social spheres of eighteenth-century plantation life.
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Sánchez, Crespo Guadalupe, and Gómez Fernando Jiménez. "The Superlative Scale S of Butcher and Han (1995): the "fake-good" in the Spanish adaptation of the MMPI-2." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2003. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/100606.
Full textAbstract:
The present study investigated the '"fake-good" behaviour using the Superlative Scale S in theSpanish adaptation of the MMPI-2. From the 3.035 participants, the "normal" group ( 1.723)and the "clinic" group (561) responded with sincerity lo the questionnaire. A group of 269"'normal" participants was asked to show a negative image of themselves (group "fake-bad"')and other 282 participants, to show a positive image (group "Fake-good"); finally a group of 200 participants answered to the questionnaire without following the information of the items (group "inconsistent answers"'). The results showed the sensibility of this to detect the individuals that falsify their answers trying to present their more positive image. There were difficulties to identify individuals who answered to the questionnaire without keeping in mind the information of the items.Se investigó la conducta de fingir en la adaptación española del MMPI-2. Participaron 3.035 personas, de los cuales los grupos "normal" (1.723) y "clínico" (561) respondieron con sinceiidad al cuestionario. A un grupo de 269 personas "normales'" se les instruyó para que muestren intencionadamente una imagen negativa de sí mismos (grupo '"mala imagen") y a otros 282,para que mostraran una imagen positiva (grupo "buena imagen"); otros 200 participantes contestaron al cuestionario sin atender a la información contenida en los ítems (grupo "repuestasinconsistentes"). Los resultados mostraron la sensibilidad de la Escala para detectar a aquellosque falsean sus respuestas presentando una imagen más favorable. Se observaron dificultades para discriminar a los que contestan sin tener en cuenta a los ítems.
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Kane, Maria Alexandria. "A World in Miniature: James Butcher and the Transformation of African American Politics & Society in Washington, D.C, 1900-1940." W&M ScholarWorks, 2008. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626562.
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Pereira, João Manuel dos Santos. "Avaliação com base no PACE da situação do comércio a retalho das carnes e pescado nos concelhos de Chamusca, Golegã e Torres Novas." Master's thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/4062.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaAs políticas desenvolvidas na área da segurança sanitária dos alimentos têm sofrido alterações constantes, sempre com o objectivo de aumentar a qualidade dos produtos alimentares e a transparência na sua comercialização no espaço europeu, indo ao encontro de um consumidor mais informado e exigente. Neste âmbito, surge o PACE que é um importante programa oficial executado pelos Médicos Veterinários Municipais com o objectivo de melhorar as condições dos estabelecimentos da cadeia alimentar, e as boas práticas, assim como o cumprimento da legislação, com vista à protecção da saúde do consumidor. No estudo realizado nos concelhos de Chamusca, Golegã e Torres Novas, foram analisados 46 estabelecimentos de comércio a retalho, de venda de carnes e produtos da carne e produtos da pesca, representando 82% dos estabelecimentos do sector nestes concelhos. Apenas 39% obtiveram uma classificação de Risco Estimado (RE) “baixo”, sendo que na sua globalidade o RE foi “médio”. Foi possível analisar quais os parâmetros avaliados que apresentavam maior grau de incumprimento (GI), destacando-se positivamente a “Água” contrariamente a “Estruturas e Equipamentos” e “Subprodutos”. No estudo comparativo, dividiram-se nos grupos Chamusca/Golegã versus Torres Novas, Pequeno Comércio versus Grande Distribuição e Talhos versus Peixarias. Pretendeu-se assim ficar com um conhecimento mais aprofundado do tecido empresarial do sector nestes concelhos, percebendo onde são sentidas maiores dificuldades e o que poderá ser feito para minorar o incumprimento destes estabelecimentos.
The policies developed in the area of food safety have been constantly changing, always with the aim of increasing food quality and transparency in their marketing in Europe, meeting the demands for a more informed and demanding consumer. In this context, there is the PACE which is an important official program run by the Municipal Veterinarians in order to improve the conditions of the establishments in the food chain, as well as good practices, and to enforce the fulfilling of existing legislation, aiming to protect consumer health. In the study conducted in the municipalities of Chamusca, Golegã and Torres Novas, 46 retail establishments were analyzed, including butcheries and fishmongers, representing 82% of establishments in the sector in these municipalities. Only 39% were rated Estimated Risk (RE) "low", and the RE as a whole was "average." It was possible to analyze which parameters evaluated presented higher levels of default (GI), highlighting the positive "Water" contrary to "Structures and Equipment" and "Byproducts." In the comparative study, the establishments were divided in groups: Chamusca / Golegã versus Torres Novas, Small versus Large Distribution and Butchers versus Fishmongers. Our goal was to get a deeper understanding of the business sector in these counties, realizing where the greatest difficulties are experienced and what can be done to mitigate the failure of these establishments.
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Foulon, Elodie. "Diversité génétique, biochimique, physiologique, morphologique et écologique au sein de l'espèce picoplanctonique marine Micromonas pusilla (Butcher) Manton & Parke (Chlorophyta, Prasinophyceae)." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066442.
Full textAbstract:
L’étude de la diversité, de l’écologie et de l’évolution des microbes marins est actuellement limitée par le fait que, d’une part la définition et l’identification des espèces est délicate, et que d’autre part, la détection et le dénombrement des espèces est encore techniquement difficile. L’espèce Micromonas pusilla (Butcher) Manton & Parke, une algue verte marine, est l’espèce picoeucaryote (eucaryotes dont le diamètre cellulaire est inférieur à 2 µm) la plus ubiquiste décrite jusqu’à présent. Cette espèce est composée de plusieurs clades génétiques distincts. Une analyse précise de la diversité génétique, morphologique, biochimique et physiologique de plusieurs souches d’origines géographiques variées nous a permis de conclure que cette espèce morphologique cache en réalité trois espèces pseudo-cryptiques. L’application de sondes moléculaires sur des échantillons naturels en provenance d’environnements contrastés nous a également permis d’étudier la répartition géographique de ces espèces qui se sont révélées être ubiquistes, très souvent en sympatrie, mais occupant des niches écologiques distinctes. Cette étude permettra une révision du genre Micromonas et la description de trois espèces au sein de ce genre. Elle suggère également que d’autres espèces cryptiques sont encore à découvrir au sein de ce genre.
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Killgore, Benjamin Moroni. ""Twenty or Thirty or Forty Years Ago": Time, Posthistory, and the Hyper-Present in Patrick McCabe's The Butcher Boy." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6405.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is a commentary on Patrick McCabe's novel, The Butcher Boy, which was published in 1992. The novel is told through the perspective of the main character, Francie Brady, who through the majority of the narration is depicted as a young boy. Francie's life is riddled with tragedy with his moving from the loss of one important person in his life to another until the pain of these losses triggers a violent paranoid outburst resulting in the murder of the fixation of an obsession of his, Mrs. Nugent. This thesis looks at the events of the novel through the perspective and insight provided by Ursula K. Heise's theories of "posthistory" and the "hyper-present," as well as Paul Grainge's concepts of the "Mood" and the "Mode" of nostalgia.
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Wolfe, Mary Melissa. "'Proving Up' on a claim in Custer County, Nebraska: identity, power, and history in the Solomon D. Butcher photographic archive (1886-1892)." The Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1104335968.
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Emanuelsson, Sofia. ""HEN är bara en pseudonym för fega butches" : Konstruktioner av kön i debatten om hen." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för nordiska språk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-192358.
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I den här uppsatsen presenteras en undersökning om konstruktioner av kön i debatten om hen. Syftet är att utifrån ett queerteoretiskt perspektiv ta reda på hur kön och hen konstrueras i en internetbaserad debatt om ordet. Undersökningen baseras på kommentarerna under ett blogginlägg om ordet hen. Det kvalitativa analysverktyget som används är membership categorization analysis (MCA). Resultatet visar att de personer som är emot användning av ordet hen är under föreställningen att ordet används för att avköna samhället, medan förespråkarna anser att ordets främsta användningsområde är som ett komplement till pronomenen han och hon. Kön konstrueras på ett tydligt sätt av motståndarna till hen, medan förespråkarna till ordet anstränger sig för att inte konstruera kvinnor och män. När kön konstrueras handlar det nästan uteslutande om konstruktion och kategorisering av kvinnor, konstruktion av män lämnas utanför debatten. Den heterosexuella matrisen och tvåkönsmodellen verkar tydligt i konstruktionen av hen och av kön och det finns en tydlig motsättning mellan motståndarna och förespråkarna till hen, då motståndarna ofta har ett essentialistiskt synsätt på kön medan förespråkarna har ett socialkonstruktivistiskt.