Academic literature on the topic 'Butehamun'

SummaryIn this article it is argued that the traditional view concerning the Gods Wife of Amun Maatkare is untenable. It is impossible to square the date of her coffins with her appearance as a young girl during the reign of Smendes. In 1984 A. Niwiński published an article in which he postulated the existence of no less than three scribes called Butehamun. Although his hypothesis was very soon afterwards falsified, the problems with the funeral equipment of Butehamun which led him to his remarkable theory have never been adequately dealt with. Like Maatkare, Butehamun himself is dated to the start of the 21st Dynasty, whereas his coffins point towards a much later date. For both problems an alternative solution is proposed.

SummaryA hieratic graffito from the temple of Queen Hatshepsut refers to the names of the members of the well-known family of the scribes of the royal necropolis, descendants of the scribe Tuthmosis and his son Butehamun. This graffito can be dated to the period of the early 21st Dynasty, as at least three of the sons of Butehamun are mentioned here, alongside one of his grandsons by the name Meniunefer (III).

The author attempts to demonstrate, on the basis of the hieratic forms of pȝ in the Late Ramesside Letters, that it is possible to distinguish the handwriting of various scribes. Although many similar forms occur, particularly very cursive ones, there appears to be a statistical difference between the forms used by Dhutmose, Butehamun, and the scribe of the General Kenkhnum. When extended to other groups of signs and other manuscripts, the method described may help to date otherwise undatable texts.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This work starts from the request to have a physical high-resolution 3D model of the external, anthropoid coffin of the scribe Butehamon, held at the Museo Egizio, Turin. At the time of writing, a replica of the coffin, based on this survey work, functions as final and focal installation of the temporary exhibition Archeologia Invisibile of the Museo Egizio, Turin, running from March 2019 to January 2020. The replica acts as support for a micro-mapping installation meant to re-project a pattern of images onto the coffin’s surface, including the results of different radiometric and colourimetric analyses performed in the recent past by Museo Egizio and Musei Vaticani. This collaborative work encouraged a thorough discussion on the interaction between scientists and humanists engaged in the study of archaeological finds, on the needs and expectations of both sides, and on the technical problems relating to handling objects of different sizes.</p>

Butehamun was one of the most famous scribes involved in the building of the royal tombs of the Valley of the Kings, and a member of the most illustrious family of scribes there. Butehamun presided over the closure of the Valley and the workers’ village of Deir elMedina, and the move from building new tombs to the preserving and moving (some would say plundering) of the mummies left behind, marking the transition from the New Kingdom to the Third Intermediate Period, as Egypt splintered into what were essentially two realms. By studying the primary sources associated with Butehamun, including letters, reburial ‘dockets’, graffiti, the apparently unique decorations on Butehamun’s coffin, and the finds at his excavated house in Medinet Habu, this paper investigates what can be learned about Butehamun and the reburial project. Some of the sources seem to indicate he experienced some kind of religious crisis, which may have been brought on by feelings of guilt over his treatment of the royal mummies, two of whom were worshipped as gods in Deir el-Medina.<br>Butehamon var en av de mest kända av de skrivare som deltog i byggandet av de kungliga gravarna i Konungarnas dal. Han tillhörde en av de mest framstående skrivaresläkterna där. Butehamon övervakade stängningen av dalen och arbetarnas by Deir el-Medinah. Det var han som ansvarade för arbetet när man övergick från att bygga nya gravar till att flytta (vissa skulle säga plundra) de mumier som lämnades kvar till nya förvaringsplatser. Detta skede markerar övergången från det Nya Riket till den Tredje Mellanperioden, då Egypten sönderföll i två separata stater. Genom att studera de primära källor som rör Butehamon, bland annat brev, etiketter på mumier, graffiti, bilder och de högst ovanliga dekorationerna på Butehamons kista samt fynd från utgrävningarna av hans hus i Medinet Habu, undersöker denna uppsats vad man kan lära sig om Butehamon och projektet att flytta mumierna. Några av dessa källor tycks tyda på att han upplevde någon form av religiös kris, som kan ha utlösts av på skuldkänslor över hur han lät behandla de kungliga mumierna. Två av dessa kungligheter dyrkades som gudar i Deir el-Medinah och bilder på dem och delar av deras familj återfinns på Butehamons egen kista.

This is a biography of the scribe Butehamun. A member of a well-known family who had long lived in the village of Deir el-Medina working on the tombs in the Valley of Kings, Butehamun’s coming of age saw invasion and civil war in Thebes, and the end to the making of new tombs in the Valley, as the New Kingdom came to an end. Instead he was given the task by the High Priests of Amun to remove and rewrap royal mummies and rebury them in secret caches, while plundering them of their gold and other valuables for the coffers of the priestly rulers of Thebes. In many respects Butehamun was a tomb raider in the service of the High Priests of Amun. That project seems to have been successful: The mummy of every single king from the 18th through 21st Dynasties that has been identified and was found in a tomb was found in the two caches KV 35 or TT 320 (with the sole exception of Tutankhamun). Butehamun is unusually well-documented, leaving behind many letters, labels on coffins he worked with, graffiti, and highly unusual imagery on his own coffins. Two houses he lived in have been excavated, one with inscriptions about his family. This paper seeks to create a biography of Butehamun through the study of these things he left behind. One seems to reflect he may have suffered a crisis of faith, others may display instead a deep piety for Amun and pride in the royal mummy reburial project he carried out in the service of the god.<br>Detta är en biografi över skrivaren Butehamon. Han kom från en mycket känd familj som i många generationer verkat i byn Deir e-Medinah och arbetat med gravarna i Konungarnas dal. Han växte upp under en tid av invasion och inbördeskrig i Thebe, vilket ledde till slutet på det Nya riket och på byggandet av nya gravar i Dalen. Butehamons uppdrag från guden Amuns överstepräster blev istället att svepa om mumierna med nytt linne och avlägsna allt guld och andra värdesaker. Mumierna begravdes i nya hemliga förvaringsplatser, medan värdesakerna gick till Thebes religiösa härskare. Man kan beskriva Butehamon som en gravplundrare i tjänst hos översteprästerna. Projektet tycks ha varit en succé: Varenda kung från 18:e till och med 21:a dynastierna vars mumie har identifierats och som hittades i en grav fanns i ett av de två gömställena, KV 35 eller TT 320 (med Tutankhamon som enda undantag). Butehamon är ovanligt väldokumenterad, med många brev, etiketter på likkistor han arbetat med, graffiti samt de mycket ovanliga bilderna på hans egna likkistor. Två hus där han bodde har grävts ut, ett med inskriptioner om hans familj. Denna avhandling är en biografi över Butehamon baserad på studier av de saker han lämnade efter sig. En av dem tyder på en andlig kris, medan andra tycks avspegla en djup fromhet och tro på Amun och stolthet över det mumieprojekt han ledde i gudens tjänst.

Le scribe royal de la Tombe Boutéhamon est un personnage thébain de première importance dont les témoignages couvrent les dernières années de la XXe dynastie et les premières de la Troisième Période intermédiaire (de Ramsès XI à Smendès Ier). Fils du scribe de la Tombe Djéhoutymès, Boutéhamon est mentionné dans de nombreuses sources épigraphiques (lettres, graffiti et dipinti de la nécropole thébaine, ostraca, phylactère, étiquette de momie) et archéologiques (vestiges architecturaux à Médinet Habou, sarcophages dispersés, mention possible de son inhumation à Deir el-Medineh). L’examen de cette documentation permet, d’une part, de restituer la carrière de ce haut fonctionnaire dans son temps. D’autre part, elle sert à exprimer de nouveau la chronologie incertaine des règnes des pharaons concernés ainsi que la période dite de « la Renaissance »<br>The royal scribe of the Tomb Butehamun is an outstanding Theban character, evidence for whom spans the last years of the 20th dynasty and the first years of the Third Intermediate Period (from Rameses XI to Smendes I). Butehamun was the son of the scribe of the Tomb Djehutymes. He is mentioned in numerous epigraphic (letters, graffiti and dipinti from the Theban necropolis, ostraca, phylactery, mummy label) and archaeological sources (architectural remains at Medinet Habu, dispersed coffins, a possible reference to his burial at Deir el-Medineh). Close examination of this body of documents allows reconstructing the career of this high ranking civil servant within his own time. Furthermore, it serves the reassessment of the uncertain chronology of the relevant pharaohs’ reigns and of the period known as “the Renaissance”