Relevant bibliographies by topics / Butene

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Butene'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 26 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Butene"

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Bachl, F., and H. D. Lüdemann. "Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Self-Diffusion in Liquid Linear Hydrocarbons." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 41, no. 7 (1986): 963–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1986-0711.

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The pressure and temperature dependence o f the self-diffusion coefficients D of n-butane, n-pentane, n-hexane, n-decane, trans-2-butene, cis-2-butene and 2-butyne were determined in the liquid state by NM R-techniques at pressure up to 200 MPa and temperatures up to 450 K. The results are taken as tests for the various dynamical models and compared to results obtained by M D calculations. The activation parameters for translational transport and the parameters for the RHS-m odel are derived and discussed.
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BELELLI, PATRICIA G., and NORBERTO J. CASTELLANI. "A THEORETICAL STUDY OF UNSATURATED OLEFIN HYDROGENATION AND ISOMERIZATION ON Pd(111)." Surface Review and Letters 15, no. 03 (2008): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x08011329.

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The addition of hydrogen to the carbon–carbon double bond of 2-butenes adsorbed on Pd (111) was studied within the density functional theory (DFT) and using a periodic slab model. For that purpose, the Horiuti–Polanyi mechanisms for both complete hydrogenation and isomerization were considered. The hydrogenation of cis and trans-2-butene to produce butane proceeds via the formation of eclipsed and staggered-2-butyl intermediates, respectively. In both cases, a relatively high energy barrier to produce the half-hydrogenated intermediate makes the first hydrogen addition the slowest step of the
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Huseynova, Galina, Gulbeniz Мuхtаrоvа, Nushaba Aliyeva, Gular Gаsimоvа, and Sanubar Rаshidоvа. "Zeolite-Containing Catalysts in Alkylation Processes." Catalysis Research 2, no. 3 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/cr.2203019.

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This article provides an overview of zeolite-containing catalysts used in the alkylation of benzene and toluene with olefins, isobutane with butenes and butane-butene fractions, gasoline and oil fractions with olefins, propane-propylene, and butane-butylene fractions of catalytic cracking. Zeolites have various types of structures, including BEA, MFI, MWW, FAU, etc., which differ in pore size and the number and location of the channels. High-silica zeolites have a large pore volume, high acidity, good hydrothermal stability, and molecular sieve properties that provide high selectivity in alkyl
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Huseynova, G. A., G. S. Mukhtarova, S. Y. Rashidova, and G. A. Gasimova. "Zeolite-containing catalysts in alkylation processes." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 10 (October 15, 2022): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2022-10-41-46.

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The paper reviews the zeolite-containing catalysts applied in alkylation processes of benzole and tolene with olefines, isobutene with butenes and butane-butene fractions, gasoline and oil fractions with olefins, propane-propylene and butane-butylene fractions of catalytic cracking as well. The zeolites are presented with the structures of BEA, MFI, MWW, FAU etc. types differing with pore size, with quantity and location of the channels. High-silica zeolites are characterized with high volume of pores, high acidity, hydrothermal stability, as well as with shape-selective properties providing h
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Aghayeva, K. X., and V. L. Baghiyev. "INVESTIGATION OF THE ISOMERIZATION REACTION OF BUTENE-1 TO BUTENES-2 ON BINARY TUNGSTEN-CONTAINING CATALYSTS." Chemical Problems 20, no. 3 (2022): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/2221-8688-2022-3-256-263.

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The activity of tungsten-containing catalysts in the reaction of isomerization of butene-1 to butenes-2 was studied in the work. The results obtained showed that the ^ introduction of the second element into the composition of the tungsten oxide catalyst had a different effect on its activity in the butene-1 isomerization reaction. It was established that an increase in the amount of molybdenum in the composition of a binary tungsten-containing catalyst at low temperatures leads to a decrease in the degree of butene-1 isomerization while at high temperatures it leads to an increase in the rate
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Fəridə Mədətova, Əzizə Zeynalova, Fəridə Mədətova, Əzizə Zeynalova, та Dilarə İsmayılova, Vaqif Bağıyev Dilarə İsmayılova, Vaqif Bağıyev. "BUTEN-1-in BUTEN-2-yə İZOMERLƏŞMƏSİ REAKSİYASINDA BİNAR KOBALT TƏRKİBLİ KATALİZATORLARIN AKTİVLİYİ". PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 34, № 11 (2023): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei34112023-75.

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Hydrogen is considered the main source of chemical energy that can be converted directly into electricity and with the help of fuel cells into zero emissions of harmful waste, such as volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides and carbon. The production of hydrogen in accordance with the generation of energy using a fuel cell is considered a promising alternative to stationary and portable power generation plants in the future. Various methods are used to produce hydrogen: water electrolysis, gasification, partial oxidation of heavy oil and steam corrugation of organic compounds. Currently, i
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Yi, Fengjiao, Mengjiao Xing, Jing-Pei Cao, Shupeng Guo, and Yong Yang. "Comparison of Brønsted Acidic Silanol Nests and Lewis Acidic Metal Sites in Ti-Beta Zeolites for Conversion of Butenes." Catalysts 14, no. 11 (2024): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal14110749.

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The Lewis acidic framework Ti sites in Ti-Beta and Si-Beta catalysts were compared by FT-IR and NMR characterization methods before they were applied to the conversion of four butenes. The results showed that Si-Beta has fewer Lewis acid sites and abundant weak Brønsted acidic silanol nests, which play an important role in conversions between n-butene, cis-2-butene, and trans-2-butene. The conversions for these butenes over Si-Beta were always higher than those over a series of Ti-Beta catalysts with gradient-varied Lewis acidic framework Ti sites and silanols. This is because isobutene can on
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Al-Auda, Zahraa, and Keith L. Hohn. "Production of Butane from Methyl Ethyl Ketone over Pt/Al2O3." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 18, no. 1 (2023): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.16693.

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Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) was catalytically converted to butane directly in one step over platinum (Pt) supported on alumina (Al2O3). The reaction was performed in the gas phase in a fixed bed reactor. Conversion of MEK to butane was achieved by hydrogenation of MEK to 2-butanol, dehydration of 2-butanol to butene, and further hydrogenation of butene to butane. The results showed that butane can be produced with selectivity reaching 95% depending on the operating conditions. The highest selectivity for butane was obtained at 220 °C and a H2/MEK molar ratio of 15. Copyright © 2023 by Authors, P
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Nofrizal, Nofrizal, Lisna Rosmayati, and Yayun Andriani. "A Rapid Gas Chromatography Method For Simultaneous Determination Of Lpg Compounds." Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 36, no. 3 (2022): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.36.3.772.

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A rapid gas chromatography method using a HP Plot/Al2O3 column for the determination of thirteen compounds of LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) standard (ethane, propane, propylene, iso-butane, n-butane, trans-2-butene, 1-butene, isobutylene, neo-pentane, cis-2-butene, iso-pentane, n-pentane, 1,3 butadiene) was developed. The LPG components were separated in about 8 min by gradient elution program and helium was used as a carrier gas at a flow rate of 5 mL min-1, The relative standard deviation (RSD) for the LPG standard concentration were found to range between 0.27-1.91 % . The method had been a
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Preißler-Kurzhöfer, Hannes, Marcus Lange, Jens Möllmer, et al. "Hydrocarbon Sorption in Flexible MOFs—Part III: Modulation of Gas Separation Mechanisms." Nanomaterials 14, no. 3 (2024): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14030241.

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Single gas sorption experiments with the C4-hydrocarbons n-butane, iso-butane, 1-butene and iso-butene on the flexible MOFs Cu-IHMe-pw and Cu-IHEt-pw were carried out with both thermodynamic equilibrium and overall sorption kinetics. Subsequent static binary gas mixture experiments of n-butane and iso-butane unveil a complex dependence of the overall selectivity on sorption enthalpy, rate of structural transition as well as steric effects. A thermodynamic separation favoring iso-butane as well as kinetic separation favoring n-butane are possible within Cu-IHMe-pw while complete size exclusion
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Butene"

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Hub, Serge. "Mecanismes d'hydrogenation des butene-1 et butyne-1 sur catalyseurs au palladium." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13325.

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Ingham, Trevor. "The direct oxidation of trans-2-butene and iso-butene between 400 and 500 degrees centigrade." Thesis, University of Hull, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296221.

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Cullen, Bernard. "Selective hydrogenation of a multifunctional compound : 2-butyne-1,4-diol to cis-2-butene-1,4-diol." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412969.

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Bruhn, Timm. "Rotationsspektroskopische und quantenchemische Studien zur Methyltorsion in halogenierten Dimethylethenen." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=962671681.

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Chakir, Abdelkhaleq. "Etude cinetique et modelisation du mecanisme d'oxydation a haute temperature de n-butane et de 1-butene." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066132.

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L'etude experimentale de l'oxydation du butane et du butene-1 a ete effectuee en reacteur auto-agite par jets gazeux dans un large domaine de conditions experimentales (900-1200 k, 1 a 10 atm, rapports d'equivalents oxygene-hydrocarbure 0,1-4)
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Stefanowicz-Pieta, Izabela. "1-butene isomerisation over silica-alumina catalyst." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.487424.

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Reactions involving double-bond and skeletal isomerization of alkenes have been widely investigated, however, the relations between the activity and selectivity and strength or density of the acid sites are still not fully understood. Most authors believe that the reaction is catalysed by Bmnsted acid sites while others support the idea that Lewis sites can act in this reaction and discussion still exists as to the exact role of carbonaceous materials and of dimeric/ oligomeric intermediates. The double-bond isomerization of n-butene has been studied previously and it seems that an apparent co
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Agulló, Pastor Javier. "1-butene isomerisation over amorphous silica-alumina." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=189659.

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The dehydroxylation process of pseudo-boehmite to yield acidic amorphous silica-alumina has been investigated by increasing the temperature of the sample and recording DRIFTS spectra of its surface and monitoring the water released with an on-line mass spectrometer. The Brønsted and Lewis acid sites density of amorphous silica-alumina has been determined by IR-spectrometry of adsorbed pyridine and using molar extinction coefficients specific for this system for silica-alumina samples calcined at different temperatures. The deactivation profiles of 1-butene isomerisation (double-bond migration)
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Harmse, Liesel. "Improvement of propylene yield via butene metathesis." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5323.

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Includes synopsis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves [96]-100).<br>There is an increasing interest in finding ways to produce on-purpose propene, due to the significant predicted propene growth in the next few years without the concomitant growth in the ethene demand, One of the technologies available is 1-butene metathesis, which describes a one-step process where isomerisation of 1-butene to 2-butene followed by cross-metathesis taking place. Products of the cross metathesis are propene and 2-pentene. In addition ethene and 3-hexene are expected as products of 1-butene metathesi
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Brandstädter, Willi Michael. "Partial oxidation of raffinate II and other mixtures of n-butane and n-butenes to maleic anhydride in a fixed-bed reactor." Karlsruhe Univ.-Verl. Karlsruhe, 2007. http://d-nb.info/987418661/04.

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Shen, Wei. "Alkylation of isobutane/1-butene over acid functionalized mesoporous materials." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27073/27073.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Butene"

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Minsker, K. S. Izobutilen i ego polimery. "Khimii͡a︡", 1986.

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Houžvička, Jindřich. Skeletal isomerisation of n-butene: Activity, selectivity, and design of catalyst. University of Leiden, 1998.

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Poten & Partners. and A/S Havtor Management, eds. World trade in butylenes/butadiene, 1980-2000. Poten & Partners, 1991.

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Sazak, B. Ftir study of the skeletal isomerisation reaction of 1-butene to isobutene on h-ferrierite. UMIST, 1998.

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Saavedra, Rafa. Buten smileys. Yoremito, 1997.

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1933-, Sychev V. V., ed. Thermodynamic properties of butane. Begell House, 1995.

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1974-, Balicevic Didier, ed. Sacré buteur! Bayard poche, 2010.

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Kielhorn, J. 2-butenal. World Health Organization, 2008.

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Bryll, Ernest. List w butelce. Tower Press, 2004.

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Bryll, Ernest. List w butelce. Wydawnictwo "Tower Press", 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Butene"

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Gooch, Jan W. "Butene." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_1714.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Decene/Butene Copolymer." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_2672.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Poly(1-butene)." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_8993.

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Gooch, Jan W. "2-Butene-1,4-diol." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_1715.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Piperylene/Butene/Pentene Copolymer." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_8016.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Poly(1-butene co ethylene)." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_8994.

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Lide, David R. "trans-2-Butene-1,4-diol." In Handbook of Organic Solvents. CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003575191-58.

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Wohlfarth, Ch. "High pressure fluid phase equilibrium data of poly(1-butene) in 1-butene." In Polymer Solutions. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88057-8_614.

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Gooch, Jan W. "2,3-Dibromo-2-Butene-1,4-Diol." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_3518.

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Demaison, J. "400 C4H4 1-Butene-3-yne." In Asymmetric Top Molecules. Part 2. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10400-8_148.

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Conference papers on the topic "Butene"

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Almahamedh, Hussain H. "Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Heat Exchanger Tubes." In CORROSION 2014. NACE International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2014-3795.

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Abstract Corrosion damage was observed in carbon steel heat exchangers tubes only after nine months of service. These exchangers cool down a recycle stream from the reactor, thus removing the heat in the reactor evolved due to dimerization reaction of Ethylene to Butene. The shell side medium is cooling water and the tube side is butane. Metallurgical structure and chemical composition of the heat exchanger pipe’s metal matrix were inspected by metallographic microscope and X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) and carbon/sulfur (C/S) analyzer. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with E
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Hoffman, James S., and Thomas A. Litzinger. "Oxidation of 1-Butene and n-Butane at Elevated Pressures." In International Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition. SAE International, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/912317.

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Moloney, Francesca, Eydhah Almatrafi, D. Y. Goswami, and Elias Stefanakos. "Working Fluid Analysis for Supercritical Organic Rankine Cycles for Medium Geothermal Reservoir Temperatures." In ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17 collocated with the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3618.

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A steady state model of a supercritical organic Rankine cycle (SORC) was created in MATLAB and validated. Fluid properties were obtained using NIST REFPROP. Various working fluids were tested, including pentane (R601), isopentane (R601a), butane (R600), isobutane (R600a), butene, and cis-butene. Pentane and isopentane have not been of focus for SORCS at these temperatures. Varying turbine inlet temperatures ranging from 170 to 240°C were tested with the heat source provided by a medium temperature geothermal reservoir. A parametric analysis was performed on varying inlet pressure and turbine i
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Eng, L. M., H. Fuchs, K. D. Jandt, and J. Petermann. "Imaging Poly (1-Butene) Films by SFM/STM." In Scanned probe microscopy. AIP, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.41420.

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Putri, Devi A., and Mardi Santoso. "Synthesis of hemiterpene 1-bromo-3-methyl-2-butene derivatives." In 4TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON CHEMISTRY. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0052509.

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Al Shoaibi, Ahmed, and Anthony M. Dean. "Kinetic Analysis of C4 Alkane and Alkene Pyrolysis: Implications for SOFC Operation." In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2008-65033.

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Pyrolysis experiments of isobutane, isobutylene, and 1-butene were performed over a temperature range of 550–750 °C and a pressure of ∼ 0.8 atm. The residence time was ∼ 5 s. The fuel conversion and product selectivity were analyzed at these temperatures. The pyrolysis experiments were performed to simulate the gas phase chemistry that occurs in the anode channel of a solid-oxide fuel cell. The experimental results confirm that molecular structure has a substantial impact on pyrolysis kinetics. The experimental data show considerable amounts of C5 and higher species (∼2.8 mole % with isobutane
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Azrin, N. A., N. A. Ahmad, K. Y. Lau, and S. N. H. Kamarudin. "Thermal and AC breakdown properties of polypropylene/ethylene-butene elastomer blends." In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pecon54459.2022.9988857.

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Di Lorenzo, Maria Laura, René Androsch, and Maria Cristina Righetti. "The irreversible tetragonal to trigonal transformation in random butene-1/ethylene copolymers." In THE SECOND ICRANET CÉSAR LATTES MEETING: Supernovae, Neutron Stars and Black Holes. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4937318.

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Dasgupta, Chanchal. "New Materials for Protection of City Gas Distribution Networks." In ASME 2019 India Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2019-4520.

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Polyethylene pipes and Steel pipes with 3LPE coatings are integral part of a citygas distribution network. These are being used in India since late 80’s. Standard MDPE and HDPE materials are Butene copolymers of Ethylene, where Butene (C4) is added as comonomer to form the side branches of linear Polyethylene (C2) chains. The research on PE materials have improved various attributes of the polymer, providing them with higher durability, pressure resistance and service life. One such development is use of Hexene (C6) as a copolymer replacing Butene (C4) to make an Ethylene Hexene copolymer prov
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Di Lorenzo, Maria Laura, and René Androsch. "Random butene-1/ethylene copolymers: Influence of composition on the three-phase structure." In TIMES OF POLYMERS (TOP) AND COMPOSITES 2014: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Times of Polymers (TOP) and Composites. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4876801.

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Reports on the topic "Butene"

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Dagle, Robert. Microchannel Reactor for Ethanol to Butene - CRADA 503. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1867266.

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PIEPHO, M. G. Butene and carbon monoxide flammable clouds in a glovebox with two hotplates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/807663.

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Shaltout, R. M., D. A. Loy, J. P. Carpenter, K. Dorhout, and K. J. Shea. Polymerization of the cis- and trans-isomers of bis(triethoxysilyl)-2-butene and comparison of their structural properties. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/672120.

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Hamilton, D. C. Electrical conductivity and equation of state of liquid nitrogen, oxygen, benzene, and 1-butene shocked to 60 GPa. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7260956.

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Soucy, G., B. Farnand, and H. Sawatzky. Separation of dilute methanol, MTBE or TAME, 2-methyl-2-butene in pentane-toluene solutions by reverse osmosis. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/302586.

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Enomoto, Hiroshi, Shogo Kunioka, Lukas Kano Mangalla, and Noboru Hieda. Small Kerosene Droplet Evaporation Near Butane Diffusion Flame. SAE International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-32-9116.

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Enomoto, Hiroshi, Shogo Kunioka, and Noboru Hieda. Behavior of Small Fuel Droplet near Butane Diffusion Flame. SAE International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-32-9123.

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Duaime, Ted. Critical mineral commodity potential in the Butte Mining District. Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59691/wrfr6246.

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พัฒนาฤดี, สิริวรรณ. การเตรียมพอลิแล็กไทด์ผสมพลาสติไซเซอร์/ไฮดรอกซีแอปาไทต์เพื่อ ประยุกต์ใช้งานเป็นวัสดุทางการแพทย์. จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย, 2016. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2016.33.

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Abstract:
งานวิจัยนี้ศึกษาการเตรียมอนุภาคพอลิแล็กไทด์คอมพอสิตผสมพลาสติไซเซอร์ด้วยวิธีอิมัลชันแบบ ระเหยตัวทำละลาย ศึกษาผลของพลาสติไซเซอร์ 2 ชนิดคือ ไตรบิวทิลซิเตรต (tributyl citrate) และพอลิ บิวทิลีนอะดิเพต (poly(1,4-butylene adipate)) และศึกษาผลของไฮดรอกซีอะพาไทต์เป็นสารตัวเติมในคอม พอสิต ศึกษาผลของชนิดและปริมาณของพลาสติไซเซอร์ที่ปริมาณ 10-50 phr และไฮดรอกซีอะพาไทต์ที่ ปริมาณ 0-40 ร้อยละโดยน้ำหนัก จากการศึกษาพบว่าการเติมพลาสติไซเซอร์ส่งผลให้อนุภาคมีขนาดเล็ก ในขณะที่การเติมไฮดรอกซีอะพาไทต์มีผลทำให้อนุภาคมีขนาดใหญ่ขึ้น และขนาดเฉลี่ยของอนุภาคพบอยู่ ในช่วง 0.5-3 ไมครอน ฟิล์มพอลิแล็กไทด์ผสมพอลิบิวทิลีนอะดิเพ
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10

R.Raman. Fueling Requirements for Steady State high butane current fraction discharges. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/850161.

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