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Journal articles on the topic 'Buthus'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 13 July 2025

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1

Šťáhlavský, František, Petr Nguyen, David Sadílek, et al. "Evolutionary dynamics of rDNA clusters on chromosomes of buthid scorpions (Chelicerata: Arachnida)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 131, no. 3 (2020): 547–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa118.

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Abstract We examined the distribution of genes for major ribosomal RNAs (rDNA) on holokinetic chromosomes of 74 species belonging to 19 genera of scorpions from the family Buthidae using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Our analysis revealed differences between the two main evolutionary lineages within the family. The genera belonging to the ‘Buthus group’, with a proposed Laurasian origin, possess one pair of rDNA mainly in an interstitial position, with the only exceptions being the terminal location found in some Hottentotta and Buthacus species, possibly as a result of chromosome fissions. All the remaining buthid ‘groups’ possess rDNA found strictly in a terminal position. However, the number of signals may increase from an ancestral state of one pair of rDNA loci to up to seven signals in Reddyanus ceylonensis Kovařík et al., 2016. Despite the differences in evolutionary dynamics of the rDNA clusters between the ‘Buthus group’ and other lineages investigated, we found a high incidence of reciprocal translocations and presence of multivalent associations during meiosis in the majority of the genera studied. These phenomena seem to be typical for the whole family Buthidae.

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2

Rossi, Andrea. "The genus Buthus Leach, 1815 in the basin countries of the Gulf of Guinea with the description of a new species from Ghana (Scorpiones: Buthidae)." Onychium 13 (April 20, 2017): 9–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.546330.

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The presence of the genus <em>Buthus</em> Leach, 1815 in the basin countries of the Gulf of Guinea was reported almost seventy years ago, but the precise identity of the species remained for a long time unknown. Up to now only three species of the genus <em>Buthus</em> are recorded in such region: <em>Buthus prudenti</em> Lourenço <em>&</em> Leguin, 2012 from Cameroon, <em>Buthus elizabethae</em> Lourenço, 2005 from Guinea (but also present in Senegal) and <em>Buthus elhennawyi</em> Lourenço, 2005 from Niger (but also present in Senegal). A fourth species, <em>Buthus danyii </em>sp. n., is now described from Ghana.

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3

Sousa, Pedro, Miquel Arnedo, and D. James Harris. "Updated catalogue and taxonomic notes on the Old-World scorpion genus Buthus Leach, 1815 (Scorpiones, Buthidae)." ZooKeys 686 (July 24, 2017): 15–84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.686.12206.

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Since the publication of the ground-breaking "Catalogue of the scorpions of the world (1758–1998)" (Fet et al. 2000) the number of species in the scorpion genus Buthus Leach, 1815 has increased 10-fold, and this genus is now the fourth largest within the Buthidae, with 52 valid named species. Here we revise and update the available information regarding Buthus. A new combination is proposed: Buthus halius (C. L. Koch, 1839), comb. n. from Portugal and Spain. B. halius is removed from junior synonymy with Buthus occitanus (Amoreux, 1789), and proposed as a senior synonym of B. ibericus Lourenço & Vachon, 2004, syn. n. Moreover, following I.C.Z.N. article 23.9.2 we propose to maintain as valid B. ibericus (nomen protectum) and to consider the disued B. halius as a nomen oblitum. Buthus europaeus tridentatus Franganillo, 1918 is proposed as a junior synonym of B. occitanus (Amoreux, 1789), syn. n. Buthus sabulicola Touloun, 2012 is proposed as a junior synonym of Buthus bonito Lourenço & Geniez, 2005, syn. n. Buthus occitanus tunetanus neeli Gysin, 1969 is proposed as an informal senior synonym of Buthus tassili Lourenço, 2002, informal syn. n. Two taxa are rised to species rank, Buthus nigrovesiculosus Hirst, 1925, stat. n. and Buthus parroti Vachon, 1949, stat. n.. We further confirm the restricted distribution of B. occitanus that is confined to southeastern France and northwestern Iberian Peninsula and does not occur in North Africa. Additionally, Androctonus barbouri (Werner, 1932), comb. n. from the Agadir region of Morocco, is hereby transferred to the genus Androctonus. We summarize and provide a critical appraisal of the diagnostic characters currently in use for the genus. The catalogue section considers the names for species, subspecies and varieties that have been used for Buthus scorpions. Information about types, including collection numbers and localities are included when available. Finally, an annotated listing of synonymies and an updated bibliography are given.

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4

Yagmur, Ersen. "A new species of Buthus Leach, 1815 from Cyprus (Scorpiones, Buthidae)." ZooKeys 115 (July 5, 2011): 27–38. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.115.1135.

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During the last decade, several contributions to the genus <i>Buthus</i> Leach, 1815 (family Buthidae) and especially to the ‘<i>Buthus occitanus</i>’ species complex were proposed. These contributions led to the definition of several species, previously considered only as subspecies or varieties, and also to the description of new species. In the present study, the questionable presence of the genus <i>Buthus</i> in the Cyprus is rediscussed and a new species <i>Buthus kunti</i> <b>sp. n.</b> is described.

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5

Urooj, Sehrish, Rafat Amin, and Zeba Haque. "Evaluation of antimicrobial potential of partially purified proteins/peptide of Yellow Scorpion Buthus sindicus against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobactor baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa." International Journal of Endorsing Health Science Research (IJEHSR) 9, no. 2 (2021): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.29052/ijehsr.v9.i2.2021.238-247.

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Background: Increasing antimicrobial resistance of microbes is one of the leading challenges faced by the medical community and human health. This study focused on a local scorpion species (Buthus sindicus) of Pakistan known for its potent antibiotic properties against Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methodology: Venom extracted from Buthus sindicus tested against Carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa in both crude and partially purified forms. The antibacterial Screening was performed by the Agar-disc diffusion method, using different concentrations of venom while using commercially available antibiotics as positive controls. Results: Among both two species P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii, were tested, there is no zone of inhibition found in any form of Buthus sindicus in the Disc Diffusion Method. Scorpion venom was processed with deionized water, PBS, and Tris-HCl and observed no difference in antibacterial activity. Conclusion: Our study concluded that no antimicrobial activity was found against any selected drug-resistant pathogens in the venom of Buthus sindicus, probably because of the lack of disulphide bonds.

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6

Sehrish, Urooj, Amin Rafat, and Haque Zeba. "Evaluation of antimicrobial potential of partially purified proteins/peptide of Yellow Scorpion Buthus sindicus against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobactor baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa." International Journal of Endorsing Health Science Research 9, no. 2 (2021): 238–47. https://doi.org/10.29052/IJEHSR.v9.i2.2021.238-247.

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Abstract <strong>Background:</strong> Increasing antimicrobial resistance of microbes is one of the leading challenges faced by the medical community and human health. This study focused on a local scorpion species (Buthus sindicus) of Pakistan known for its potent antibiotic properties against Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. <strong>Methodology:</strong> Venom extracted from Buthus sindicus tested against Carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa in both crude and partially purified forms. The antibacterial Screening was performed by the Agar-disc diffusion method, using different concentrations of venom while using commercially available antibiotics as positive controls. <strong>Results:</strong> Among both two species P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii, were tested, there is no zone of inhibition found in any form of Buthus sindicus in the Disc Diffusion Method. Scorpion venom was processed with deionized water, PBS, and Tris-HCl and observed no difference in antibacterial activity. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Our study concluded that no antimicrobial activity was found against any selected drug-resistant pathogens in the venom of Buthus sindicus, probably because of the lack of disulphide bonds.       Link: http://aeirc-edu.com/ojs14/index.php/IJEHSR/article/view/636/701

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7

Sadine, Salah Eddine, Zineb Souilem, Yacine Belgaid, et al. "Effects of Climate on Scorpion Diversity in Arid Ecosystems of the Sahara Desert of Algeria." Diversity 15, no. 4 (2023): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15040541.

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In desert ecosystems, arthropods such as scorpions are understudied, and sufficient information is still lacking regarding their biodiversity. Specimen collection was carried out over 24 months (2016–2017). This study assessed the phenology, abundance, richness and diversity of scorpion species in arid ecosystems of the Sahara desert of Algeria (Ghardaïa). It examined the potential influence of climate parameters (precipitation, temperature and wind) on activity density, diversity and the phenological distribution of the species among seasons. We identified eight Buthidae species: Androctonus aeneas, Androctonus amoreuxi, Androctonus australis, Buthacus samiae, Buthacus spinatus, Buthacus elmenia, Buthus saharicus and Lissothus chaambi. Androctonus amoreuxi and Androctonus australis were the most abundant and omnipresent species, comprising 54.41% and 33.82% of all species found, respectively. Shannon’s index and the evenness index demonstrated a very poor diversity of scorpions in this region and a poor balance between the number of sampled species. Seasonal variation and climate parameters, i.e., temperature and wind, influenced the number, distribution, and the diversity of scorpions. The number of species found in Ghardaïa Province represent more than 20% of the scorpion species reported in Algeria.

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8

Escoubas, P., R. Romi-Lebrun, F. Q. Wu, et al. "Two novel short insectotoxins from the Asian scorpions Buthus martensi and Buthus tamulus." Toxicon 35, no. 4 (1997): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(97)84748-4.

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9

Qin, Chenhu, Xuhua Yang, Yuanyuan Zhang, et al. "Functional Characterization of a New Degradation Peptide BmTX4-P1 from Traditional Chinese Scorpion Medicinal Material." Toxins 15, no. 5 (2023): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15050340.

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Thermally processed Buthus martensii Karsch scorpion is an important traditional Chinese medical material that has been widely used to treat various diseases in China for over one thousand years. Our recent work showed that thermally processed Buthus martensii Karsch scorpions contain many degraded peptides; however, the pharmacological activities of these peptides remain to be studied. Here, a new degraded peptide, BmTX4-P1, was identified from processed Buthus martensii Karsch scorpions. Compared with the venom-derived wild-type toxin peptide BmTX4, BmTX4-P1 missed some amino acids at the N-terminal and C-terminal regions, while containing six conserved cysteine residues, which could be used to form disulfide bond-stabilized α-helical and β-sheet motifs. Two methods (chemical synthesis and recombinant expression) were used to obtain the BmTX4-P1 peptide, named sBmTX4-P1 and rBmTX4-P1. Electrophysiological experimental results showed that sBmTX4-P1 and rBmTX4-P1 exhibited similar activities to inhibit the currents of hKv1.2 and hKv1.3 channels. In addition, the experimental electrophysiological results of recombinant mutant peptides of BmTX4-P1 indicated that the two residues of BmTX4-P1 (Lys22 and Tyr31) were the key residues for its potassium channel inhibitory activity. In addition to identifying a new degraded peptide, BmTX4-P1, from traditional Chinese scorpion medicinal material with high inhibitory activities against the hKv1.2 and hKv1.3 channels, this study also provided a useful method to obtain the detailed degraded peptides from processed Buthus martensii Karsch scorpions. Thus, the study laid a solid foundation for further research on the medicinal function of these degraded peptides.

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10

Kovařík, František. "Buthus awashensis sp. n. from Ethiopia (Scorpiones: Buthidae)." Euscorpius 2011, no. 128 (2011): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2011.vol2011.iss128.1.

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Kovařík, František (2011): Buthus awashensis sp. n. from Ethiopia (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius 2011 (128): 1-6, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2011.vol2011.iss128.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2011.vol2011.iss128.1

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11

Kovařík, František, František Šťáhlavský, and Hassan Sh Abdirahman Elmi. "Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida Scorpiones) Part XXIII Buthus (Buthidae), with description of two new species." Euscorpius 307 (July 12, 2020): 1–32. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4648379.

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Kovařík, František, Šťáhlavský, František, Elmi, Hassan Sh Abdirahman (2020): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida Scorpiones) Part XXIII Buthus (Buthidae), with description of two new species. Euscorpius 307: 1-32, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4648379

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12

Colombo, Marco. "On Fabre's traces: an important contributor to the knowledge of Buthus occitanus (Amoreux, 1789)." Euscorpius 117, no. 117 (2011): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2011.vol2011.iss117.1.

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Colombo, Marco (2011): On Fabre's traces: an important contributor to the knowledge of Buthus occitanus (Amoreux, 1789). Euscorpius 117 (117): 1-10, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2011.vol2011.iss117.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2011/iss117/1/

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13

Rossi, Andrea, Gioele Tropea, and Ersen Aydın Yağmur. "A new species of Buthus Leach, 1815 from Libya (Scorpiones: Buthidae)." Euscorpius 167, no. 167 (2013): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2013.vol2013.iss167.1.

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Rossi, Andrea, Tropea, Gioele, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın (2013): A new species of Buthus Leach, 1815 from Libya (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius 167 (167): 1-10, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2013.vol2013.iss167.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2013/iss167/1/

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14

Lourenço, Wilson R., and Philippe Geniez. "A new scorpion species of the genus Buthus Leach, 1815 (Scorpiones, Buthidae) from Morocco." Euscorpius 19, no. 19 (2005): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2005.vol2005.iss19.1.

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Lourenço, Wilson R., Geniez, Philippe (2005): A new scorpion species of the genus Buthus Leach, 1815 (Scorpiones, Buthidae) from Morocco. Euscorpius 19 (19): 1-6, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2005.vol2005.iss19.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2005/iss19/1/

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15

Castilla, A.M., A. Herrel, and A. Gosá. "Mainland versus island differences in behaviour of Podarcis lizards confronted with dangerous prey: the scorpion Buthus occitanus." Journal of Natural History 42, no. 35-36 (2008): 2331–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930802254763.

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Castilla, A.M., Herrel, A., Gosá, A. (2008): Mainland versus island differences in behaviour of Podarcis lizards confronted with dangerous prey: the scorpion Buthus occitanus. Journal of Natural History 42 (35-36): 2331-2342, DOI: 10.1080/00222930802254763, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930802254763

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16

Kovařík, František. "Review of Tunisian species of the genus Buthus with descriptions of two new species and a discussion of Ehrenberg s types (Scorpiones: Buthidae)." Euscorpius 34, no. 34 (2006): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2006.vol2006.iss34.1.

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Kovařík, František (2006): Review of Tunisian species of the genus Buthus with descriptions of two new species and a discussion of Ehrenberg s types (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius 34 (34): 1-16, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2006.vol2006.iss34.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2006/iss34/1/

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17

Kim, Shin-Duk. "α-Glucosidase inhibitor from Buthus martensi Karsch". Food Chemistry 136, № 2 (2013): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.063.

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Kovařík, František. "Buthus awashensis sp. n. from Ethiopia (Scorpiones: Buthidae)." Euscorpius 2011, no. 128 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2011.vol2011.iss128.1.

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19

Lindström, Anders. "A scorpion, Buthus ibericus , killing an engorged tick." Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 8, no. 4 (2017): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.02.012.

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20

Wang, Rui, Pierre Moreau, Alain Deschamps, et al. "Cardiovascular effects of Buthus martensii (Karsch) scorpion venom." Toxicon 32, no. 2 (1994): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(94)90108-2.

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21

Lafnoune, Ayoub, Su-Yeon Lee, Jin-Yeong Heo, et al. "Anti-Cancer Activity of Buthus occitanus Venom on Hepatocellular Carcinoma in 3D Cell Culture." Molecules 27, no. 7 (2022): 2219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072219.

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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most dominant primary liver cancer, which can be caused by chronic hepatitis virus infections and other environmental factors. Resection, liver transplantation, and local ablation are only a few of the highly effective and curative procedures presently accessible. However, other complementary treatments can reduce cancer treatment side effects. In this present work, we evaluated the activity of Moroccan scorpion venom Buthus occitanus and its fractions obtained by chromatography gel filtration against HCC cells using a 3D cell culture model. The venom was fractionated by gel filtration chromatography, each fraction and the crude venom was tested on normal hepatocytes (Fa2N-4 cells). Additionally, the fractions and the crude venom were tested on MCTSs (multicellular tumor spheroids), and this latter was generated by cultivate Huh7.5 cancer cell line with WI38 cells, LX2 cells, and human endothelial cells (HUVEC). Our results indicate that Buthus occitanus venom toxin has no cytotoxic effects on normal hepatocytes. Moreover, it is reported that F3 fraction could significantly inhibit the MCTS cells. Other Protein Separation Techniques (High-performance liquid chromatography) are needed in order to identify the most active molecule.

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22

Hilal, Ines, Soukaina Khourcha, Amal Safi, et al. "Comparative Proteomic Analysis of the Venoms from the Most Dangerous Scorpions in Morocco: Androctonus mauritanicus and Buthus occitanus." Life 13, no. 5 (2023): 1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13051133.

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Morocco is known to harbor two of the world’s most dangerous scorpion species: the black Androctonus mauritanicus (Am) and the yellow Buthus occitanus (Bo), responsible for 83% and 14% of severe envenomation cases, respectively. Scorpion venom is a mixture of biological molecules of variable structures and activities, most of which are proteins of low molecular weights referred to as toxins. In addition to toxins, scorpion venoms also contain biogenic amines, polyamines, and enzymes. With the aim of investigating the composition of the Am and Bo venoms, we conducted an analysis of the venoms by mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) after separation by reversed-phase HPLC chromatography. Results from a total of 19 fractions obtained for the Am venom versus 22 fractions for the Bo venom allowed the identification of approximately 410 and 252 molecular masses, respectively. In both venoms, the most abundant toxins were found to range between 2–5 kDa and 6–8 kDa. This proteomic analysis not only allowed the drawing of an extensive mass fingerprint of the Androctonus mauritanicus and Buthus occitanus venoms but also provided a better insight into the nature of their toxins.

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Touati, Khadidja, Ahmed Reda Taibi, Salah Eddine Sadine, et al. "Biometry and inventory of scorpions in the Algerian Northwest." GABJ 5, no. 1 (2021): 120–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.46325/gabj.v5i1.176.

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 The present study consists in making an inventory of the scorpionic fauna at the level of the Algerian north-west (Tlemcen, Naama and Bechar). Following a 10-month survey, we were able to collect a total of 117 living scorpions, they are grouped into 8 species belonging to two large families (Buthidae and Scorpionidae). Indeed, it is at the Teiher station in the wilaya of Tlemcen where the large number of scorpions was collected about 90 individuals. According to the results of the outings and among the scorpions sampled, it appears that the animals belong to the Buthidae family of which 6 species have been identified namely: Androctonus amoreuxi, Androctonus australis, Buthus tuneatanus, Buthus oudjanii, Hottentotta franzwerneri and Orthochirus innesi. Concerning the Scorpionidae family, two species of which have been identified, namely: Scorpio maurus and Scorpio punicus. The largest species in size is Hottentota franzwerneri with a total length of 101 mm (cephalothorax 12 mm, abdomen 29 mm and tail 60 mm). Equitability is close to one for the Zebche station, we noticed at this station that the species tend to be in numerical equilibrium, however in the Teiher station, the fairness is zero which is a result of dominance of only one species.

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Darkaoui, Bouchra, Ines Hilal, Soukaina Khourcha, et al. "Development and Efficacy of the Antivenom Specific to Severe Envenomations in Morocco and North Africa: Advancements in Scorpion Envenomation Management." Toxins 16, no. 5 (2024): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins16050214.

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Scorpion envenomation poses a global public health issue, with an estimated 1,500,000 cases worldwide annually resulting in 2600 deaths. North Africa, particularly Morocco, experiences severe envenomations, mainly attributed to Androctonus mauretanicus and Buthus occitanus in Morocco, and Buthus occitanus and Androctonus australis hector in Algeria and Tunisia, with case numbers often underestimated. Current treatment relies mainly on symptomatic approaches, except in Morocco, where management is limited to symptomatic treatment due to controversies regarding specific treatment. In Morocco, between 30,000 and 50,000 scorpion envenomation cases are reported annually, leading to hundreds of deaths, mainly among children. Controversies among clinicians persist regarding the appropriate course of action, often limiting treatments to symptomatic measures. The absence of a specific antivenom for the venoms of the most lethal scorpions further exacerbates the situation. This study aims to address this gap by developing a monovalent antivenom against the endemic and most dangerous scorpion, Androctonus mauretanicus. The antivenom was produced by immunizing albino rabbits with a mixture of Androctonus mauretanicus venom collected from high-risk areas in Morocco. Immunizations were performed by subcutaneous injections at multiple sites near the lymphatic system, following an immunization schedule. Production control of neutralizing antibody titers was conducted through immunodiffusion. Once a sufficient antibody titer was achieved, blood collection was performed, and the recovered plasma underwent affinity chromatography. The efficacy of purified IgG was evaluated by determining the ED50 in mice, complemented by histological and immunohistochemical studies on its ability to neutralize venom-induced tissue alterations and the neutralization of toxins bound to receptors in the studied organs. The monovalent antivenom demonstrated specificity against Androctonus mauretanicus venom and effective cross-protection against the venom of the scorpions Buthus occitanus and Androctonus australis hector, highly implicated in lethal envenomations in the Maghreb. This study shows that the developed monovalent antivenom exhibits notable efficacy against local scorpions and a surprising ability to neutralize the most lethal envenomations in North Africa. These results pave the way for a new, more specific, and promising therapeutic approach to countering severe scorpion envenomations, especially in Morocco, where specific treatment is lacking.

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Cao, Z. Y., Y. P. Pan, X. Xiao, et al. "Purification, characterization of two peptides from Buthus martensi Karch." Journal of Peptide Research 62, no. 6 (2003): 252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1399-3011.2003.00095.x.

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26

Klesser, Robert, Martin Husemann, Thomas Schmitt, Pedro Sousa, Abdelhamid Moussi, and Jan Christian Habel. "Molecular biogeography of the Mediterranean Buthus species complex (Scorpiones: Buthidae) at its southern Palaearctic margin." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 133, no. 1 (2021): 166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab014.

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Abstract Neogene orogenesis and climatic cycles strongly influenced inter- and intraspecific differentiation and variability of taxa. In this study, we focused on the southern margin of the western Palaearctic, known to be a geographically complex region. We performed mitochondrial DNA analyses of Buthus scorpions from the Moroccan Atlas Mountains, from the Hoggar Mountains in Algeria and from Tunisia, Iberia and Israel. Molecular species delimitation suggests the existence of ≥ 24 molecular operational taxonomic units. The data confirm complex differentiation patterns across the Atlas Mountains of Morocco, but structures in Iberia, Algeria and Tunisia have considerably lower complexity. This identifies the Atlas Mountain region as the most important differentiation centre of Buthus scorpions. Samples from the Hoggar Mountains (southern Algeria) cluster with those from the southernmost parts of Morocco in the middle and upper parts of the Draa Valley. This reinforces a recent connection of these regions. Samples from Israel are genetically similar to individuals from eastern Algeria and Tunisia. This suggests a widespread group across major parts of North Africa. Divergence time estimates indicate that differentiation in the genus began during the late Miocene, a period characterized by strong tectonic activities in this region. Further differentiation could be linked to subsequent climatic changes that have occurred since the end of the Miocene, with an increasing aridification of the Moroccan area. This also produced many microrefugia in the mountains of the area during the Pleistocene climatic fluctuations.

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Lv, Biyu, Weiping Yin, Jiayu Gao, et al. "Neo-5,22E-Cholestadienol Derivatives from Buthus martensii Karsch and Targeted Bactericidal Action Mechanisms." Molecules 24, no. 1 (2018): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010072.

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The discovery and search for new antimicrobial molecules from insects and animals that live in polluted environments is a very important step in the scientific search for solutions to the current problem of antibiotic resistance. Previously, we have reported that the secondary metabolite with the antibacterial action discovered in scorpion. The current study further isolated three new compounds from Buthus martensii karsch, while compounds 1 and 2 possessed 5,22E-cholestadienol derivatives whose structure demonstrated broad spectrum bactericide activities. To explore the antibacterial properties of these new compounds, the result shows that compound 2 inhibited bacterial growth of both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa in a bactericidal rather than a bacteriostatic manner (MBC/MIC ratio ≤ 2). Similarly, with compound 1, a ratio of MBC/MIC ≤ 2 indicates bactericidal activity inhibited bacterial growth of P. aeruginosa. Remarkably, this suggests that two compounds can be classified as bactericidal agents against broad spectrum bactericide activities for 5,22E-cholestadienol derivatives from Buthus martensii karsch. The structures of compounds 1–3 were established by comprehensive spectra analysis including two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR) and high-resolution electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HRESI-MS) spectra. The antibacterial mechanism is the specific binding (various of bonding forces between molecules) using compound 1 or 2 as a ligand based on the different receptor proteins’—2XRL or 1Q23—active sites from bacterial ribosome unit A, and thus prevent the synthesis of bacterial proteins. This unique mechanism avoids the cross-resistance issues of other antibacterial drugs.

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28

Zhu, Shun-Yi, Wen-Xin Li, Xian-Chun Zeng, Hui Liu, Da-He Jiang та Xin Mao. "Nine novel precursors of Buthus martensii scorpion α-toxin homologues". Toxicon 38, № 12 (2000): 1653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(00)00081-7.

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29

VITALI, FRANCESCO, and DOUG YANEGA. "Bulbotrachystola, a substitute name for Centruroides Breuning, 1940 (Coleoptera Cerambycidae)." Zootaxa 4612, no. 3 (2019): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4612.3.11.

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The genus name Centruroides was first introduced by George Marx (in Howard, 1889: 211) for two species of scorpions in the family Buthidae: C. exilicauda (Wood, 1863) and C. luctifer n. sp. The latter species, coming from Indefatigable Is. (Galapagos), lacks a description and has been considered as a nomen nudum and synonym of Centruroides exsul (Meise, 1934) (Lambertz, 2013). Nonetheless, exilicauda Wood (Buthus) is an available and valid species name; thus, Centruroides is available according to the ICZN, 1999, Art. 12.2.5. (“the specific name or names can be unambiguously assigned to a nominal species-group taxon or taxa”).

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30

Yagmur, Ersen. "A new species of Buthus Leach, 1815 from Cyprus (Scorpiones, Buthidae)." ZooKeys 115 (July 5, 2011): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.115.1135.

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31

Rossi, Andrea, Gioele Tropea, and Ersen Aydın Yağmur. "A new species of Buthus Leach, 1815 from Libya (Scorpiones: Buthidae)." Euscorpius 2013, no. 167 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2013.vol2013.iss167.1.

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32

Zhao, Lingzhou, Jingyi Zhu, Tiantian Wang, et al. "A novel Buthus martensii Karsch chlorotoxin derivative for glioma SPECT imaging." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 35 (2020): 14947–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj03302b.

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33

Jiang, Guoying, Yunjian Xu, Xinsheng Zhu, Yanhui Su, and Yuxian Zhu. "Prokaryotically expressed Buthus martensii Karsch insect depressant toxin has insecticidal effects." Toxicon 39, no. 4 (2001): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(00)00115-x.

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34

Mejri, Thouraya, Lamia Borchani, Najet Srairi-Abid, et al. "BotIT6: a potent depressant insect toxin from Buthus occitanus tunetanus venom." Toxicon 41, no. 2 (2003): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(02)00246-5.

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35

Escoubas, P., R. Romi-Lebrun, F. Q. Wu, and T. Nakajima. "Insecticidal peptides from the venom of the Chinese scorpion Buthus martensi." Toxicon 35, no. 4 (1997): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(97)84747-2.

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36

Kimura, Yoshiaki, Susumu Terakawa, Ke Hsu, and Yong-Hua Ji. "Ionic composition of the haemolymph of a chinese scorpion, buthus martensi." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 91, no. 2 (1988): 323–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(88)90424-0.

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37

Aboumaâd, B., N. Iba, and N. Dersi. "L’envenimation scorpionique au Maroc : scorpions du genre Androctonus, Buthus et Hottentota." Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique 107, no. 1 (2014): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13149-014-0332-7.

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38

Vatanpour, H., and M. Mesgarha. "Examining of the red scorpion venom (Buthus tamulus) on transmitter release." Toxicology Letters 78 (August 1995): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(95)94975-m.

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39

Vatanpour, H., E. G. Rowan, and A. L. Harvey. "Effects of scorpion (Buthus tamulus) venom on neuromuscular transmission in vitro." Toxicon 31, no. 11 (1993): 1373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(93)90203-u.

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40

Shao, Jianhua, Chunchao Zhao, Changye Hui, Rui Zhao, and Xiaoyang Ruan. "Molecular cloning and functional identification of analgesic peptides from Buthus martensii Karsch." Turkish Journal of Biochemistry 38, no. 4 (2013): 499–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/tjb.2013.84429.

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41

Lourenço, Wilson R., and Elise-Anne Leguin. "A new species of the genus Buthus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from northern Cameroon." Euscorpius 2012, no. 152 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2012.vol2012.iss152.1.

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42

Gomase, Virendra, Nandkishor Chikhale, and Ganesh Vankhede. "Prediction of antigenic MHC binders of neurotoxin M14 protein from Buthus eupeus." World Allergy Organization Journal &NA; (November 2007): S237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wox.0000302010.15388.b6.

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43

Gong, J., R. Manjunatha Kini, P. Gopalakrishnakone, and M. C. E. Gwee. "Separation and fractionation of toxins from the scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch venom." Toxicon 33, no. 11 (1995): 1398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(95)98351-u.

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44

Wu, Gong, Yiming Li, Dongsheng Wei, et al. "Solution Structure of BmP01 from the Venom of Scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 276, no. 3 (2000): 1148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2000.3435.

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45

Zheng, Yueyuan, Qiuyi Wen, Yushi Huang, and Dean Guo. "The Significant Therapeutic Effects of Chinese Scorpion: Modern Scientific Exploration of Ion Channels." Pharmaceuticals 17, no. 12 (2024): 1735. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17121735.

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Chinese scorpion (CS), a traditional animal-based medicine used for over a millennium, has been documented since AD 935–960. It is derived from the scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch and is used to treat various ailments such as stroke, epilepsy, rheumatism, and more. Modern research has identified the pharmacological mechanisms behind its traditional uses, with active components like venom and proteins showing analgesic, antitumor, antiepileptic, and antithrombotic effects. Studies reveal that CS affects ion channels, crucial for cellular functions, through interactions with sodium, potassium, and calcium channels, potentially explaining its therapeutic effects. Future research aims to elucidate the precise mechanisms, target specific ion channel subtypes, and validate clinical efficacy and safety, paving the way for novel therapies based on these natural compounds.

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46

Cao, Z., W. Wang, X. Xiao, K. Chen, X. Liang, and D. Yu. "High-Level Expression and Purification of an Analgesic Peptide from Buthus martensii Karch." Protein & Peptide Letters 14, no. 3 (2007): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986607780090883.

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47

Abid Ali, Syed, J. Gunter Grossmann, Atiya Abbasi, and Wolfgang Voelter. "Structural and Conformational Analysis of Scorpion (Buthus sindicus) Hemocyanin Using Low Resolution Techniques." Protein & Peptide Letters 14, no. 5 (2007): 481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986607780782731.

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BEN OTHMEN, A., N. CHATTI, Z. BEN ALI-HAOUAS, I. OULDBRAHIM, and K. SAID. "Allozymic differentiation of Tunisian populations of Androctonus species and Buthus occitanus (Scorpiones: Buthidae)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 81, no. 2 (2004): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2003.00285.x.

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Zhu, Shunyi, and Wenxin Li. "Precursors of three unique cysteine-rich peptides from the scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 131, no. 4 (2002): 749–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00020-9.

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50

Borchani, Lamia, Maria Stankiewicz, Charles Kopeyan, et al. "Purification, structure and activity of three insect toxins from Buthus occitanus tunetanus venom." Toxicon 35, no. 3 (1997): 365–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(96)00173-0.

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