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Journal articles on the topic 'Butoxide'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Meelua, W., V. Bua-Own, Robert Molloy, and Winita Punyodom. "Comparison of Metal Alkoxide Initiators in the Ring-Opening Polymerization of Caprolactone." Advanced Materials Research 506 (April 2012): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.506.142.

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Four metal tert-butoxides, namely: aluminum (III) tert-butoxide, Al (Ot-C4H9)3, tin (II) tert-butoxide, Sn (Ot-C4H9)2, titanium (IV) tert-butoxide, Ti (Ot-C4H9)4, and lithium tert-butoxide, Li (Ot-C4H9), were used as initiators in the bulk ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone (CL). The polymerizations were carried out at 120 °C for 72 hrs. It was found that the Al (Ot-C4H9)3 only partially dissolved in the CL monomer and gave a low % conversion. The Li (Ot-C4H9) initiator did not dissolve and gave no polymerization. In contrast, the Sn (Ot-C4H9)2 initiator dissolved completely,

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2

Battaglia, Christine L. R., Robert M. Gogal, Kurt Zimmerman, and Hara P. Misra. "Malathion, Lindane, and Piperonyl Butoxide, Individually or in Combined Mixtures, Induce Immunotoxicity via Apoptosis in Murine Splenocytes In Vitro." International Journal of Toxicology 29, no. 2 (2010): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581809357954.

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Lindane, malathion, and piperonyl butoxide were cultured singly or as mixtures with murine splenocytes to evaluate changes in cell death and caused cytotoxicity in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Pesticide mixture studies were then performed based on minimum cytotoxicity concentrations (<LC25). Cytologic analysis and the alamarBlue assay revealed that individual pesticides and mixtures of malathion/lindane and malathion/piperonyl butoxide prompted cytotoxicity, which was supported by DNA ladder analysis. Using 7-aminoactinomycin D, apoptosis was quantified at 6.5%, 12.0%, 13.2%,

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3

Wang, Yong. "Potassium tert-Butoxide." Synlett 2011, no. 19 (2011): 2901–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1289873.

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4

Roy, Somnath, Ananda Mukhopadhyay, and Guruswami Gurusubramanian. "The Synergists Action of Piperonyl Butoxide on Toxicity of Certain Insecticides Applied Against Helopeltis Theivora Waterhouse (Heteroptera: Miridae) in the Dooars Tea Plantations of North Bengal, India." Journal of Plant Protection Research 49, no. 2 (2009): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-009-0034-0.

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The Synergists Action of Piperonyl Butoxide on Toxicity of Certain Insecticides Applied AgainstHelopeltis TheivoraWaterhouse (Heteroptera: Miridae) in the Dooars Tea Plantations of North Bengal, IndiaHigher efficacy of mixture of insecticides with synergists piperonyl butoxide (PB) was reported in controlling in the Dooars population ofHelopeltis theivoraWaterhouse. Therefore, the use of synergists as one of the countermeasures against the insecticide resistance problem ofH. theivorais recommended. The combination of deltamethrin +PB (piperonyl butoxide), quinalphos +PB and imidacloprid +PB sh

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5

Simarmata, Marulak, and Donald Penner. "Protection from Primisulfuron Injury to Corn (Zea mays) and Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) with Herbicide Safeners." Weed Technology 7, no. 1 (1993): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00037088.

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Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate and compare herbicide safeners for protection of corn and sorghum from herbicidal injury from metolachlor, primisulfuron, and the interaction of primisulfuron with terbufos, an insecticide. With the exception of CGA-133205 which killed corn, the safeners oxabetrinil, flurazole, naphthalic anhydride, dichlormid, and R-29148 protected against significant injury from the interaction between primisulfuron (40 g ai ha−1) and terbufos (9.8 kg ha−1equivalent to 750 g per 1000 m of row) and from metolachlor (6.7 kg ai ha−1). No primisulfuron-terbufos inter

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6

Arthur, Frank H. "Residual Efficacy of Cyfluthrin Applied Alone or in Combination with Piperonyl Butoxide or Piperonyl Butoxide + Chlorpyrifos-methyl as Protectants of Stored Corn2." Journal of Entomological Science 29, no. 2 (1994): 276–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-29.2.276.

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Pioneer variety ‘3320’ seed corn, treated with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 ppm cyfluthrin, each rate of cyfluthrin + 8.0 ppm piperonyl butoxide, or each rate of cyfluthrin + 8.0 ppm piperonyl butoxide + 6.0 ppm chlorpyrifosmethyl, was stored for 10 months at ambient conditions in south Georgia. Every 2 months the corn was sampled and bioassayed with maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky), and red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Maize weevil survival on corn treated with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ppm cyfluthrin ranged from 39.5 to 76.0%, 4.0 to 29.5%, and 1.0 to 11.5%, respectively. Weevi

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7

Arthur, Frank H. "Efficacy of Cyfluthrin, Cyfluthrin + Piperonyl Butoxide, and Cyfluthrin + Piperonyl Butoxide + Chlorpyrifos-Methyl as Protectants of Stored Peanuts1." Peanut Science 21, no. 1 (1994): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-21-1-11.

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Abstract Inshell peanuts were treated with 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 ppm cyfluthrin, each rate of cyfluthrin + 8.0 ppm piperonyl butoxide, and each rate of cyfluthrin + piperonyl butoxide + 25 ppm chlorpyrifos-methyl. After 10 months red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), populations in peanuts treated with 0.5 and 1.0 ppm cyfluthrin averaged 89.5 and 34.2 adults per 12.7 kg peanuts; populations in peanuts treated with 1.0 and 1.5 ppm cyfluthrin + piperonyl butoxide averaged 72.0 amd 41.5 adults per 12.7 kg peanuts. Populations in the remaining 8 treatments ranged from 0.5 to 7.2 adults.

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8

&NA;. "Piperonyl butoxide/pyrethrins interaction." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1213 (2008): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200812130-00076.

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9

Bond, Andrew D., David J. Linton, and Andrew E. H. Wheatley. "Methylzinctert-butoxide tetrahydrofuran solvate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 57, no. 7 (2001): m298—m300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536801009667.

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10

Kumbhakar, N. K., P. K. Sanyal, D. Rawte, D. Kumar, A. E. Kerketta, and S. Pal. "Efficacy of pharmacokinetic interactions between piperonyl butoxide and albendazole against gastrointestinal nematodiasis in goats." Journal of Helminthology 90, no. 5 (2015): 624–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x15000930.

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AbstractTo test the hypothesis that modulation of hepatic microsomal sulphoxidation and sulphonation by the cytochrome P450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide could increase bioavailability of albendazole, the present study was undertaken to understand the pharmacokinetics of albendazole in goats at a dose of 7.5 mg kg− 1 body weight with and without co-administration with piperonyl butoxide at 63.0 mg kg− 1 body weight. Plasma albendazole sulphoxide metabolite, the anthelmintically active moiety, reached its maximum concentration of 0.322 ± 0.045 μg ml− 1 and 0.384 ± 0.013 μg ml− 1 at 18 h and 24 h

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11

Sinclair, P. R., W. J. Bement, H. L. Bonkovsky, et al. "Uroporphyrin accumulation produced by halogenated biphenyls in chick-embryo hepatocytes. Reversal of the accumulation by piperonyl butoxide." Biochemical Journal 237, no. 1 (1986): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2370063.

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Cultures of chick-embryo hepatocytes were used to study the mechanism by which 3,4,3′,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl and 2,4,5,3′,4′-pentabromobiphenyl cause accumulation of uroporphyrin. In a previous paper, an isoenzyme of cytochrome P-450 induced by 3-methylcholanthrene had been implicated in this process [Sinclair, Bement, Bonkovsky & Sinclair (1984) Biochem. J. 222, 737-748]. Cells treated with 3,4,3′,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl and 5-aminolaevulinate accumulated uroporphyrin and heptacarboxyporphyrin, whereas similarly treated cells accumulated protoporphyrin immediately after piperonyl butoxide

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12

Collins, PJ. "Resistance to grain protectants in field populations of the sawtoothed grain beetle in southern Queensland." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 3 (1985): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850683.

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Resistance of field strains of Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (sawtoothed grain beetle) to grain protectants was assessed using commercial dose rates of protectant in treated grain bioassays. Grain protectants tested were: chlorpyrifos- methyl, 5 and 10 mg/kg grain; methacriphos, 10 and 18 mg/kg; pirimiphos-methyl 4 mg/kg; fenitrothion, 12 mg/kg, plus carbaryl, 8 mg/kg; fenitrothion, 12 mg/kg, plus bioresmethrin, 1 mg/kg, plus piperonyl butoxide, 8 mg/ kg; pyrethrins, 3 mg/kg, plus piperonyl butoxide, 24 mg/kg. About 10% of farms surveyed and about 42% of merchant premises were infested. Most of

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13

Tumer, F., Y. Taskesenligil, A. Dastan, and M. Balci. "Attempted Synthesis of a Highly Strained Bicyclic Alkyne: Reaction of 8-Chloro-6,9-Dihydro-5,9-Methano-5h-Benzocycloheptene With Potassium T-Butoxide and an Anomalous Substitution Reaction at a Vinyl System." Australian Journal of Chemistry 49, no. 5 (1996): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9960599.

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Treatment of alkene (9) with N- bromosuccinimide gave a mixture of monobromides [(10) and (11)] which were hydrolysed to the corresponding exo alcohol (13). Oxidation of (13) and subsequent hydrogenation of unsaturated ketone (14) afforded the ketone (15). Ketone (15) was treated with PCl5, followed by potassium t- butoxide to give chloro alkene (8b). Reaction of (8b) with potassium t- butoxide resulted in the formation of unexpected allyl ether (18) whose formation mechanism has already been discussed.

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14

Cilek, J. E., and F. W. Knapp. "Evaluation of the Efficacy of Total Release Aerosol Foggers on Nine Species of Insects, 1987." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 13, no. 1 (1988): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/13.1.413.

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Abstract An enclosed 4000 ft3 room was utilized for comparing the effectiveness of R-322 (0.5% fenvalerate 1% piperonyl butoxide 1% MGK 264); R-323 (0.1% Bay FCR 1272, 0.5% pyrethrins, 1% piperonyl butoxide, 1% MGK 264, 11.3% petroleum distillates); and R-324 (0.5% pyrethrins, 1% piperonyl butoxide, 1.67% MGK 264, 11.83% petroleum distillates) against 9 insect species. Testing was conducted at 60-70° and 90-100°F. Each species was placed separately in 6.5 (length) × 3.2 inch (diam) screen cages and suspended from the ceiling ca. 5 ft from the floor prior to testing. Three cages/species were ex

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15

Yardimci, Mustafa, Yusuf Sevgiler, Eyyup Rencuzogullari, Mehmet Arslan, Mehmet Buyukleyla, and Mehmet Yilmaz. "Sex-, tissue-, and exposure duration-dependent effects of imidacloprid modulated by piperonyl butoxide and menadione in rats. Part I: oxidative and neurotoxic potentials." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 65, no. 4 (2014): 387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-65-2014-2554.

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Abstract Earlier research has evidenced the oxidative and neurotoxic potential of imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, in different animal species. The primary aim of this study was to determine how metabolic modulators piperonyl butoxide and menadione affect imidacloprid’s adverse action in the liver and kidney of Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes. The animals were exposed to imidacloprid alone (170 mg kg-1) or in combination with piperonyl butoxide (100 mg kg-1) or menadione (25 mg kg-1) for 12 and 24 h. Their liver and kidney homogenates were analysed spectrophotometrically for glutat

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16

Licup, Bianca Patricia E., Listya Purnamasari, Joseph Penano Olarve, and Joseph Flores Dela Cruz. "Evaluation of Adulticidal Efficacy of Cypermethrin, Tetramethrin, and Piperonyl Butoxide in Housefly (Musca Domestica)." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN 16, no. 3 (2024): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v16i3.2024.222-228.

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Introduction: Houseflies serve as vectors of diseases in animals and humans. Chemical pesticides are a practical way of eliminating insects; however, resistance to insecticides has been reported. This study aims to evaluate the adulticidal efficacy of cypermethrin, tetramethrin, and piperonyl butoxide in housefly. Methods: Adult flies were cultured within net enclosures using completely randomized design with four replications each treatment. Treatment A was water and served as the negative control, treatment B was cypermethrin + tetramethrin + piperonyl butoxide 32% EC and served as the posit

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17

YANG, Xiyun, Jianfeng ZHANG, Shenghai YANG, and Haiqiang HUANG. "Electrochemical Synthesis of Zirconium n-Butoxide." Electrochemistry 85, no. 1 (2017): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5796/electrochemistry.85.2.

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18

Butler, W. H., K. L. Gabriel, F. J. Preiss, and T. G. Osimitz. "Lack of genotoxicity of piperonyl butoxide." Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology 371, no. 3-4 (1996): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1218(96)90113-5.

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19

Vardavas, Alexander I., Christina Tsitsimpikou, and Aristidis M. Tsatsakis. "Piperonyl Butoxide: Friend or hidden foe?" Public Health and Toxicology 5, no. 1 (2025): 1–3. https://doi.org/10.18332/pht/202100.

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20

Toro, Roberta Grazia, Mohamed Diab, Tilde de Caro, Mona Al-Shemy, Abeer Adel, and Daniela Caschera. "Study of the Effect of Titanium Dioxide Hydrosol on the Photocatalytic and Mechanical Properties of Paper Sheets." Materials 13, no. 6 (2020): 1326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13061326.

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Different amounts of a stable aqueous TiO2 hydrosol were used to fabricate paper sheets having photocatalytic activity. The TiO2 hydrosol was prepared in aqueous medium using titanium butoxide as precursor and acetic acid as catalyst for the hydrolysis of titanium butoxide. An aging process at room temperature and atmospheric pressure was finally applied to obtain crystalline anatase TiO2 hydrosol. The effects of different TiO2 hydrosol loadings on the mechanical strength and barrier properties of modified paper sheets were investigated in detail. The photocatalytic behavior of TiO2-modified p

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21

Werstiuk, Nick Henry, and George Timmins. "Homoenolization of 1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one in perdeuterated tert-butyl alcohol. Evidence that the medium potassium tert-butoxide – tert-butyl alcohol is unstable at elevated temperatures." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 2 (1985): 526–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-085.

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Homoenolization of 1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one (1) (fenchone) in potassium tert-butoxide – tert-butyl alcohol-O-d and perdeuterated potassium tert-butoxide – tert-butyl alcohol at 220 °C established that there is significant deterioration of the medium and dilution of the deuterium pool. We show that the major pathway of deterioration of the medium and dilution of the pool involves formation of isobutene by elimination of water from the alcohol. Exchange data already accumulated in the literature are used to support our view that the elimination also occurs at 185 °C, the tempera

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22

Muhammad, Ibrahim, Madasamy Hari Balakrishnan, Manickam Sasidharan, and Subramaniyan Mannathan. "Potassium tert-butoxide mediated aerobic hydroxylation of arylboronic acids: an application towards the synthesis of (E)-phenoxy acrylates." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 28 (2019): 11065–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj02121c.

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23

Kim, Bo Ram, Gi Hyeon Sung, Ki Eun Ryu, et al. "Direct synthesis of pyrazoles from esters using tert-butoxide-assisted C–(CO) coupling." Chemical Communications 51, no. 44 (2015): 9201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc02020d.

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24

Cakir, G., O. Yavuz, and O. Kocak. "Effects of Piperonyl Butoxide and Tetramethrin Combinations on Biological Activities of Selected Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticides against Different Housefly (Musca domestica L., Diptera: Muscidae) Populations." Acta Veterinaria Brno 77, no. 3 (2008): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200877030467.

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Piperonyl butoxide (PBO), a methylenedioxyphenyl compound, is primarily used as a synergist in combination with space spray, residual and admixture products for the control of insect pests in or around domestic and commercial premises, especially food preparation areas. Also, tetramethrin is known as a knockdown agent on target organism and it is generally used with piperonyl butoxide. In this study, effects of piperonyl butoxide and tetramethrin combinations on biological activities of synthetic pyrethroids, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and permethrin against different housefly (Musca domestic

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25

Arthur, Frank H. "Degradation and Efficacy of Deltamethrin + Chlorpyrifosmethyl and Cyfluthrin + Chlorpyrifos-methyl as Protectants of Wheat Stored in Southeast Georgia1." Journal of Entomological Science 30, no. 3 (1995): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-30.3.397.

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Soft red winter wheat (27.27 kg replicates) treated with combinations of deltamethrin + chlorpyrifos-methyl, with and without piperonyl butoxide, and cyfluthrin, applied alone or with either chlorpyrifos-methyl or piperonyl butoxide, was stored from 15 May 1992 to 9 February 1993 (6 chemical treatments and an untreated control). Each replicate was artificially infested with 50 adult lesser grain borers, Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.), and 50 adult rice weevils, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), upon initial storage, sampled with probe traps at monthly intervals, and subsequently reinfested. Trap catch of l

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26

Devine, G. J., and I. Denholm. "An unconventional use of piperonyl butoxide for managing the cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 88, no. 6 (1998): 601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300054262.

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AbstractBemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a pest of global importance which resists many conventional insecticides. Novel strategies for control are required and these may incorporate compounds whose lethal and sublethal effects have gone unremarked. Although most commonly employed as an insecticide synergist, piperonyl butoxide alone was lethal to predominantly second instar nymphs of the cotton whitefly, B. tabaci at LC50s of between 60 and 600 ppm, depending on the strain. Formulated and technical material were similarly toxic and far more so than detergents. Some strains exhibited slight toler

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27

Jarczewski, Arnold, Grzegorz Schroeder, Wlodzimierz Galezowski, Kenneth T. Leffek, and Urszula Maciejewska. "The kinetics, isotope effects, and mechanism of the reaction of 2,2-di(4-nitrophenyl)-1,1,1-trifluoroethane with alkoxide bases in alcohol solvents." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 3 (1985): 576–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-094.

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The reaction between 2,2-di(4-nitrophenyl)-1,1,1-trifluoroethane and the alkoxide bases ŌCH3, ŌC2H5, ŌnC4H9, ŌCH(CH3)2, and ŌC(CH3)3 in their corresponding alcohol solvents is a multistep reaction with several intermediates: 2,2-di(4-nitrophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-1-alkoxyethane (A), 2,2-di(4-nitrophenyl)-1-fluoro-1-alkoxyethene (B), 2,2-di(4-nitrophenyl)-1,1-dialkoxyethene (C), 2,2-di(4-nitrophenyl)-1,1-difluoroethene (D), and 4,4′-dinitrobenzophene (E). Rate constants and activation parameters have been measured for the appearance of the two stable products B and C. The kinetic deuterium isotope

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28

Brooks, Joe E., Peter J. Savarie, and John J. Johnston. "The oral and dermal toxicity of selected chemicals to brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis)." Wildlife Research 25, no. 4 (1998): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97035.

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We evaluated the oral and dermal toxicity of 18 chemicals to brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis). Chemicals that produced mortality when dosed orally were rotenone, propoxur, natural pyrethrins, allethrin, resmethrin, diphacinone, warfarin, and aspirin. The lowest oral doses that gave 100% mortality were: rotenone, 2.5 mg kg-1; pyrethrins, 40 mg kg-1; propoxur, 40 mg kg-1; diphacinone, 80 mg kg-1; and aspirin, 1280 mg kg-1. Allethrin, resmethrin, and warfarin produced 80% mortality at 40 mg kg-1, the highest dose tested. Materials given orally that produced little mortality were permethrin,

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29

Kim, Jaeheon, Joonsoo Chun, and Ryong Ryoo. "MFI zeolite nanosheets with post-synthetic Ti grafting for catalytic epoxidation of bulky olefins using H2O2." Chemical Communications 51, no. 66 (2015): 13102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc04510j.

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30

Smith, Andrew J., Daniela Dimitrova, Jude N. Arokianathar, et al. "New reductive rearrangement of N-arylindoles triggered by the Grubbs–Stoltz reagent Et3SiH/KOtBu." Chemical Science 11, no. 14 (2020): 3719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sc00361a.

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31

Gai, Rafaela, Roberto do Carmo Pinheiro, José S. S. Neto, et al. "The intramolecular 5-exo, 7-endo-dig transition metal-free cyclization sequence of (2-alkynylphenyl) benzyl ethers: synthesis of seven-membered fused benzo[b]furans." Green Chemistry 18, no. 24 (2016): 6648–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6gc02423h.

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32

Mayr, Lukas, Xue-Rong Shi, Norbert Köpfle, et al. "Chemical vapor deposition-prepared sub-nanometer Zr clusters on Pd surfaces: promotion of methane dry reforming." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 46 (2016): 31586–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp07197j.

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33

Kurnia, Kiki A., Tânia E. Sintra, Yann Danten, Maria Isabel Cabaço, Marcel Besnard, and João A. P. Coutinho. "A simple method for preparation of a novel hydrophobic ionic liquid with a per-fluoro-tert-butoxide anion." New Journal of Chemistry 41, no. 1 (2017): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6nj02575g.

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34

Bai, Li-Gang, Yue Zhou, Xin Zhuang, et al. "Base-promoted aerobic oxidation of N-alkyl iminium salts derived from isoquinolines and related heterocycles." Green Chemistry 22, no. 1 (2020): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9gc03629f.

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35

Novkovic, L., M. Trmcic, M. Rodic, et al. "Synthesis of endoperoxides by domino reactions of ketones and molecular oxygen." RSC Advances 5, no. 120 (2015): 99577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra13476e.

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36

Svoboda, Jiří, Miloslav Nič, and Jaroslav Paleček. "Application of Magnesium Alkoxides to Syntheses of Benzoheterocyclic Compounds." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 58, no. 3 (1993): 592–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19930592.

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The Dieckmann condensation of methyl [(2-methoxycarbonyl)phenyl]-X-acetates Ia-Ih (X = O, S, SO2, NH, NCH3) initiated by action of magnesium methoxide, ethoxide, isopropoxide and other basic reagents have been studied under various conditions. Whereas magnesium methoxide has comparable efficiency as sodium methoxide and potassium tert-butoxide in syntheses of benzoheterocyclic compounds IIa-IIh, magnesium ethoxide gives the ethyl ester IIb in medium yield, and magnesium isopropoxide is quite inefficient in the condensation reaction. The alkylation of the esters IIa, IId, and IIg with methyl ch

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37

Wu, Yinuo, Pui Ying Choy, and Fuk Yee Kwong. "Direct intermolecular C–H arylation of unactivated arenes with aryl bromides catalysed by 2-pyridyl carbinol." Org. Biomol. Chem. 12, no. 35 (2014): 6820–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ob01211a.

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38

Yang, Hye Sung, Lingamurthy Macha, Hyun-Joon Ha, and Jung Woon Yang. "Functionalisation of esters via 1,3-chelation using NaOtBu: mechanistic investigations and synthetic applications." Organic Chemistry Frontiers 8, no. 1 (2021): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0qo01135e.

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39

Tkalcec, E., H. Ivankovic, J. Macan, and A. Hriberski. "Formation Mechanisms of Sol-Gel Derived Cordierite." Advances in Science and Technology 45 (October 2006): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.266.

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Gels with cordierite stoichiometry, Mg2Al4Si5O18, were prepared by sol-gel technique using three different starting aluminum sources: nano-sized γ-Al2O3, aluminium nitrate nonahydrate and Al-sec-butoxide, as aluminum sources, using tetraetoxysilane (TEOS) and magnesium nitrate hexahydrate in all three gels as sources for silicon and magnesium. The influence of Al-precursors on formation mechanism and sintering behavior of gels was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and dilatometry. Gels calcined at 700°C were characterized by different specific surface

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40

Ahmad, Khursheed, Praveen Kumar, and Shaikh M. Mobin. "Hydrothermally grown novel pyramids of the CaTiO3 perovskite as an efficient electrode modifier for sensing applications." Materials Advances 1, no. 6 (2020): 2003–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ma00303d.

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Ullattil, Sanjay Gopal, and Pradeepan Periyat. "A ‘one pot’ gel combustion strategy towards Ti3+ self-doped ‘black’ anatase TiO2−x solar photocatalyst." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 16 (2016): 5854–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta01993e.

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42

Li, Wanyong, Mengting Lv, Xiaolin Luo, Zhouyu Wang, Qiao Song, and Xiaoqi Yu. "Direct synthesis of carbamates, thiocarbamates, and ureas from Boc-protected amines: a sustainable and efficient approach." RSC Advances 14, no. 29 (2024): 20656–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d4ra03683b.

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This investigation unveils a novel methodology for the straightforward transformation of Boc-protected amines into carbamates, thiocarbamates, and ureas, utilizing tert-butoxide lithium as the sole base.

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43

Shen, Yanchang, та Zhenghong Zhang. "HMPA Promoted Sequential Transformations of Phosphonates. Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of (E)-4-Ethoxycarbonyl-γ,δ-unsaturated Nitriles". Journal of Chemical Research 23, № 9 (1999): 556–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/174751989902300919.

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The HMPA promoted sequential transformations of diethyl ethoxycarbonyl phosphonate with potassium tert-butoxide, acrylonitrile and aldehydes affords 4-ethoxycarbonyl-( E)-γ,δ-unsaturated nitriles in 71–86% yields.

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44

Oda, Shinya, Shinji Kohara, Ryo Tsutsui, Mamoru Kasasaku, and Hiromitsu Kozuka. "Structure and glass transition of amorphous materials composed of titanium-oxo oligomers chemically modified with benzoylacetone." RSC Advances 10, no. 27 (2020): 15665–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra01047b.

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Zheng, Hong-Xing, Chuan-Zhi Yao, Jian-Ping Qu, and Yan-Biao Kang. "nBu4NOTf-promoted radical self-hydrogen transferring isomerization under transition metal-free conditions." Organic Chemistry Frontiers 5, no. 7 (2018): 1213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7qo01138e.

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Novak, Igor, and Branka Kovač. "Photoelectron spectroscopy of titanium(IV) tert-butoxide." Chemical Physics Letters 427, no. 1-3 (2006): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2006.06.048.

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Suzuki, Hideko, and Nobuo Suzuki. "Piperonyl butoxide mutagenicity in human RSa cells." Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology 344, no. 1-2 (1995): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1218(95)90035-7.

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Immoos, J. E., A. J. Brattesani, and P. F. Sieving. "Synthesis of piperonyl butoxide-UL-phenyl-14C." Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 38, no. 6 (1996): 511–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1344(199606)38:6<511::aid-jlcr862>3.0.co;2-7.

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Hoberman, Alan M., and Judith W. Hauswirth. "Developmental and reproduction toxicity of piperonyl butoxide part 2 developmental safety of piperonyl butoxide in the NZW rabbit." Reproductive Toxicology 112 (September 2022): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.07.009.

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Arthur, Frank H. "Cyfluthrin Applied with and without Piperonyl Butoxide and Piperonyl Butoxide Plus Chlorpyrifos-Methyl for Protection of Stored Wheat." Journal of Economic Entomology 87, no. 6 (1994): 1707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/87.6.1707.

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