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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Butterfly valve

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Academic literature on the topic 'Butterfly valve'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Butterfly valve"

1

Park, Ju Yeop, and Myung Kyoon Chung. "Study on Hydrodynamic Torque of a Butterfly Valve." Journal of Fluids Engineering 128, no. 1 (2005): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2137348.

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Since knowledge on hydrodynamic torque of a butterfly valve is very important for butterfly valve design, its hydrodynamic torque is investigated theoretically. For this, a recently developed two-dimensional butterfly valve model is solved through the free-streamline theory with a newly devised iterative scheme and the resulting two-and three-dimensional torque coefficients are compared with previous theoretical results based on the conventional butterfly valve model and experiments. Comparison shows that the improvement due to the new butterfly valve model is marginal. That is, the three-dime

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2

Eom, K. "Performance of Butterfly Valves as a Flow Controller." Journal of Fluids Engineering 110, no. 1 (1988): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3243503.

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Butterfly valves have been used for shut-off and throttling-control application. It is found that the information available on loss coefficients of butterfly valves for good throttling control is limited at present. This report investigates the performance of two different configurations of butterfly valve: perforated blades and different diameter of solid blades that allow partial opening of the valve at closed position. The experimental results support the suitability of a butterfly valve for good flow control.

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Arman, Rizky, Yovial Mahyoedin, Kaidir Kaidir, and Nando Desilpa. "STUDI ALIRAN AIR PADA BALL VALVE DAN BUTTERFLY VALVE MENGGUNAKAN METODE SIMULASI COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS." JURNAL KAJIAN TEKNIK MESIN 4, no. 1 (2019): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52447/jktm.v4i1.1474.

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ABSTRAKValve adalah alat mekanis yang mengatur aliran atau tekanan cairan. Fungsinya adalah menutup atau membuka aliran, mengontrol laju aliran, mengalihkan aliran, mencegah aliran balik, mengontrol tekanan, atau mengurangi tekanan. Masalah yang umumnya ditemui adalah penutupan valve tidak sempurna dikarenakan adanya kotoran-kotoran yang menghalangi penutupnya untuk menutup secara sempurna. Penanganannya yang paling sederhana yaitu membersihkan dudukan dari kotoran-kotoran tadi secara intensif dan dilakukan pelumasan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan gambaran tentang simulasi aliran

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Kimura, Takeyoshi, Takaharu Tanaka, Kazuhiko Ogawa, and Kayo Fujimoto. "Fluidmechanics Characteristics of Butterfly Valve." JOURNAL OF THE MARINE ENGINEERING SOCIETY IN JAPAN 30, no. 6 (1995): 448–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime1966.30.448.

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Tian, Xiao Bo, Jin Tang Yang, and Dan Meng. "CAE Simulation Study on Thermal Stress of Butterfly Valve and Actuator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 532 (February 2014): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.532.301.

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To the valve system in the furnace hot air duct of the hot-rolled furnace in steel, the thermal Stress of butterfly valve and actuator was simulated by ANSYS. The feasibility of appropriate temperature control measures of too high temperature of butterfly valve and actuator was verified. And in the field, the transformation and the temperature measurement of butterfly valve and actuator were performed; the failure rate was calculated, to ensure that butterfly valve and actuator could meet the requirements of hot rolling.

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6

Et. al., R. Manikandan,. "Design and Analysis of Butterfly Valve." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 1S (2021): 502–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i1s.1915.

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The main objective of this project is shape optimization and structural stability of the butterfly valve for metallic and nonmetallic materials butterfly valve is mostly used in the engine carburetors need to make structural stability and shape optimization plays the main role for this component, design modifications and material comparative analysis done in ANSYS Structural modules and find the optimized shape through stress, strain and deformation results

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7

Xu, Benliang, Zuchao Zhu, Zhe Lin, Dongrui Wang, and Guangfei Ma. "Numerical and experimental research on the erosion of solid-liquid two-phase flow in transport butterfly valve based on DEM method." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 73, no. 4 (2021): 606–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-12-2020-0454.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the mechanism of particle erosion in butterfly valve pipelines under hydraulic transportation conditions. The results will affect the sealing and safety of butterfly valve pipelines and hopefully serve as reference for the anti-erosion design of butterfly valve pipelines. Design/methodology/approach Through the discrete element method (DEM) simulation that considers the force between particles, the detached eddy simulation (DES) turbulence model based on realizable k-epsilon is used to simulate the solid-liquid two-phase flow-induced erosion cond

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8

Asai, Tohru. "Butterfly technique in mitral valve repair." Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals 28, no. 7 (2020): 413–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0218492320916298.

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Degenerative mitral regurgitation due to posterior leaflet prolapse is often associated with tissue redundancy in the leaflet height and free margin of the prolapsing segment. The butterfly technique has been introduced for focal resection to precisely control the leaflet height without annular plication. This technique is indicated for a high prolapsing leaflet, greater than 20 mm. With intraoperative measurement of leaflet heights and ink dot marking as a depth indicator, the butterfly technique can be safely performed in most high posterior leaflet prolapse cases, without increasing the ris

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9

Mândrea, Lucian, Corina Cipu, Corina Băbuţanu, and Gabriela Oprina. "The Effects Produced by a Butterfly Valve in a Hydraulic Closed Circuit." Applied Mechanics and Materials 811 (November 2015): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.811.117.

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The paper presents the operation of a hydraulic closed circuit equipped with a butterfly valve which can close with a step of 10o. Using four pressure transducers and one temperature transducer, the authors determined the volumetric flow rate, the average water velocity and the local pressure loss in the butterfly valve, the flow coefficient Kv and also the incipient cavitation coefficient. Recommendations for the disposal of the butterfly valve are made and conclusions are obtained regarding the range of opening degrees in which the butterfly valve is better to be used.

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Wang, Xiao Zhi, Hong Hui Zhu, and Zhi Gang Liu. "Coupling Effect of Temperature Stress in Butterfly Valve Mechanical System Based on FLUENT Numerical Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 716-717 (December 2014): 702–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.716-717.702.

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The butterfly valve system is an important part of the steel heating furnace temperature control. In high temperature, the coupling effect of temperature field and stress deformation of the butterfly valve is stronger. We did not consider it in the numerical simulation research in the past, and studied the overall characteristics of butterfly valve only by 2D numerical simulation, resulting in the decrease of the numerical simulation accuracy. This paper uses the way of the FLUENT software and ANSYS software joint control, and has established the mathematical model of fluid and solid coupling

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Butterfly valve"

1

Del, Toro Adam. "Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Butterfly Valve Performance Factors." DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1456.

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Butterfly valves are commonly used in industrial applications to control the internal flow of both compressible and incompressible fluids. A butterfly valve typically consists of a metal disc formed around a central shaft, which acts as its axis of rotation. As the valve's opening angle is increased from 0 degrees (fully closed) to 90 degrees (fully open), fluid is able to more readily flow past the valve. Characterizing a valve's performance factors, such as pressure drop, hydrodynamic torque, flow coefficient, loss coefficient, and torque coefficient, is necessary for fluid system designers

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2

Lind, Sofia. "Wear reduction between disc edge and seat in a butterfly valve." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-62586.

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This thesis was written on behalf of SOMAS instruments AB. SOMAS develops, manufactures and markets valves. The mission was to reduce the wear between the disc edge and the seat in a butterfly valve that are used at high temperatures. This study investigated the possibility of using a surface treatment or coating that can reduce wear or if a new base material is better to use than the current steel 316 material. Possible materials, surface treatments and coatings were investigated and compared in a material study. In discussion with the company, four test pairs were chosen; • Steel 316 - Steel

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3

Taylor, Ryan Chandler. "Effect of a Simulated Butterfly Valve on the Erosion-Corrosion Rate of Nickel Aluminum Bronze Alloys in Highly Turbulent Seawater." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83818.

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Nickel aluminum bronze (NAB) alloys are used in naval and maritime applications for their excellent corrosion resistance under the influence of seawater. One application involves the use of a NAB butterfly valve within a NAB fluid line to control fluid flow of seawater. Due to the chaotic environment, the corrosion rate of the NAB tubing downstream from the valve increases significantly. The disc angle at which the valve alters fluid flow causes an increase in the fluid velocity and an increase in the turbulence produced on the downstream side of the valve. These fluid conditions contribute to

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4

Miguel, Eloir. "Análise do fenômeno da cavitação em válvula borboleta usando a fluidodinâmica computacional." Universidade de Taubaté, 2015. http://www.bdtd.unitau.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=766.

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O foco desta pesquisa é a análise computacional da cavitação em válvula borboleta utilizando o software comercial Ansys CFX versão 14. Dentre várias aplicações, a válvula pode ser utilizada no controle da vazão de água para lavagem de gases oriundos do processo de fabricação do aço num conversor LD. Foi estabelecido como parâmetros constantes de simulação, a pressão a montante e jusante respectivamente em 150 e 60 kPa e a temperatura de 80C. O objetivo deste trabalho é conhecer, através da simulação computacional, os ângulos em que a cavitação torna-se crítica na válvula borboleta, mapeando as

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5

Gipka, Ondřej. "Ekonomický náhled volby rychlozávěrného ventilu pro vodní dílo Vranov." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230430.

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The thesis deals with the evaluation of the investment in the fast closing valve replacement in The dam Vranov using Computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The final effects of the fast closing valve replacement will be examined on three different types of valves with regard to the turbine output in operation zone and without the influence of water intake runner and turbine draft tube. The aim of the thesis is to theoretically evaluate alternatives of the fast closing valve replacement and define its basic characteristics and classifications.

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6

Foral, Martin. "Optimalizace sacího potrubí zážehového motoru." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228432.

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The work deals with design solutions to the intake manifold modern contemporary internal combustion engines. Then describes the types of flow and structural design of ports, including the intake of their basic properties. The thesis also compare the results of the analysis and design optimization based on simulation of flow inlet port and measure the actual inlet port.

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Davis, R. Ted. "Aerating Butterfly Valves to Suppress Cavitation." DigitalCommons@USU, 1986. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3952.

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Proper aeration of cavitating hydraulic equipment can greatly reduce cavitation intensity, noise, and damage. This thesis quantifies the benefit, in terms of damage and noise, from aerating six inch butterfly valve. The incipient damage level of cavitation was obtained for both aerated and non -ae ra ted conditions. The level is defined as one pit per square inch of a soft aluminum test specimen per one minute of operation. A description of the cavitation pits that occurred plus where they appeared is presented. A graph showing the aerated and non-aerated limits of incipient damage is given al

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8

Huška, Lukáš. "Software pro řízení zapalování a vstřikování spalovacích motorů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-218797.

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This master thesis deals with ignition systems which are used in cars vehicles with gas engines and also with setting of the best moment of ignition of gasoline-air mixture in cylinders of engine. Ways of gas injection at diesel engines and their control systems are also described in this thesis. Next chapter deals with control unit and describes main actions which are necessary for today’s motor vehicles. As illustration is used example of succession of actions which are necessary for calculation and setting regular value of pre-ignition. At the end is shown animation, which can be used for p

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9

Gomes, Kirk J. "Experimental High Speed Compressible Subsonic Flow Pressure Losses Across Gate, Butterfly and Ball Valves and Their Use in Natural Gas Transmission Flow Control Simulation Software." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1301930298.

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Müller, Jan. "Kondenzační technika a odvody spalin." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226844.

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This thesis is developed as a proposal for heating for a primary school and kindergarten in the region of Brno-countryside. For the insulated building, a combination of heating and air-conditioning is proposed. The concept is designed so that the air-conditioning preheats the exterior air and the heating system warms the incoming air to a comfortable temperature. For the required thermal performance, sources of heat (for gas and pellets) and a layout solution for the boiler room is designed. Drainage of combustion products is proposed for both solutions. The project solution is per the extent

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Books on the topic "Butterfly valve"

1

Papadopoulos, A. A value analysis investigation of a fire protection butterfly valve. UMIST, 1990.

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2

Eom, Kenny. Performance of butterfly valves as a flow controller. Institute for Aerospace Studies, 1986.

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3

Amzad, Ali, and Schuraytz Irving M, eds. Butterfly valves: Torque, head loss, and cavitation analysis. 2nd ed. American Water Works Association, 2012.

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4

Serrudo, Juan Fernando Guerra. Mi guía de mariposas del Valle de La Paz: My butterfly guide of Valley of La Paz = Chuquiyaw qhirwa tuqin pilpintut yatxatawi. UTB, Universidad Tecnológica Boliviana, 2014.

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5

The 2006-2011 World Outlook for Industrial Power-Operated, On-Off Mounted Butterfly Valve Actuators. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.

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6

Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 World Outlook for Industrial Power-Operated, On-Off Mounted Butterfly Valve Actuators. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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7

Butterfly Valves: Torque, Head Loss, and Cavitation Analysis (Awwa Manual). American Water Works Association, 2001.

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8

Ackery, PR, CR Smith, and R. Vane-Wright. Carcasson's African Butterflies. CSIRO Publishing, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643100787.

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The result of more than 20 years of research and collaboration by international butterfly experts, this book is the first comprehensive catalogue to the butterfly fauna of any major tropical region and, as such, provides a basic research tool for any worker with an interest in African butterflies. Covering 3593 recognised species in 300 genera, it deals with about 20% of the world butterfly fauna. Included are entries for all genus-group, species-group and infra-subspecific names applicable to the Afrotropical butterflies, a total of about 14 000 names. This work has a more wide-ranging appeal

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9

Noise generated by flow through large butterfly valves. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.

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10

Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 World Outlook for Parts for Industrial Butterfly Valves. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Butterfly valve"

1

Youngchul, Park, and Song Xueguan. "Numerical Analysis of Large Diameter Butterfly Valve." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8919-0_24.

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2

Huh, Sun Chul, Yong Gil Jung, Won Jo Park, and Jae Joon Sim. "A Study on Sealing Mechanism of Butterfly Valve." In Experimental Mechanics in Nano and Biotechnology. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-415-4.1259.

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3

Kim, S. W., J. H. Kim, Y. D. Choi, and Y. H. Lee. "Flow Characteristics of Butterfly Valve by PIV and CFD." In New Trends in Fluid Mechanics Research. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75995-9_149.

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4

Patil, Shridevi V., V. N. Gaitonde, Vinayak N. Kulkarni, and Sanjay V. Kulkarni. "Rearranging and Optimizing of Butterfly Valve Manufacturing Layout Using Simulation." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9931-3_19.

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5

Yi, Guodong, Shaoju Zhang, and Zhenan Jin. "Simulation Analysis of Sealing Performance of Double-Offset Butterfly Valve." In Advances in Mechanical Design. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9941-2_69.

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6

Mu, Yuanpeng, Zhixian Ma, and Mingsheng Liu. "Research of the Influence of Valve Position on Flow Measurement of Butterfly Valve with Differential Pressure Sensor." In Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9524-6_29.

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Chen, Zhikun, Ruicheng Zhang, and Xu Wu. "Active Disturbance Rejection Decoupling Control Method for Gas Mixing Butterfly Valve Group." In Information Computing and Applications. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25255-6_77.

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8

Large, Julien, Jérôme Fouque, and David Reungoat. "Study of the Hydrodynamic Phenomena and Fluid–Structure Interactions of a Bypass Butterfly Valve with Double Disc." In Advances in Hydroinformatics. Springer Singapore, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4451-42-0_28.

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Rajagopal. "Consumer Value Management." In The Butterfly Effect in Competitive Markets. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137434975_5.

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10

Sansone, Robert C. "Contiguous Sealing of Metal Seated Butterfly Valves." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Developments in Valves and Actuators for Fluid Control. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11463-6_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Butterfly valve"

1

Salinas, Michael A., J. Warren Green, and Kevin Tran. "Revising the City of Houston’s Standard Butterfly Valve Detail for Large Diameter Butterfly Valves." In Pipelines 2020. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483190.025.

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2

Avila, Alberto, Cristian Carvajal, and Carlos Cotrino. "Characterization of a butterfly-type valve." In 2011 IEEE IX Latin American Robotics Symposium and IEEE Colombian Conference on Automatic Control (LARC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/larc.2011.6086857.

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3

Park, Ju Yeop, Gong Hee Lee, and Do Hwan Lee. "Study on the Operability Margin Variation of Butterfly Valve." In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37512.

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Design basis capability of safety-related butterfly valve of nuclear power plant should be verified due to the regulation of Korea. Therefore, based on the results from the torque coefficient of thin symmetric plate, the nuclear utility has performed the engineering calculation to determine the required torque for operating a butterfly valve and the margin of operability at design basis condition. However, recent research showed that the torque coefficient of the thin symmetric plate used before is rather larger than newly determined one. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of change i

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Kim, Donghae. "Weak-Link Analysis of Motor-Operated Butterfly Valve." In 2002 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2002-26095.

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The purpose of this paper is to address the structural integrity of the motor operated butterfly valve assembly by providing the methodology and equations to quantitatively determine the permissible component load in the load path from the operator to the valve. The weak link analysis is to determine the maximum allowable torque on the butterfly valve by equating the stresses caused by the torque and seismic load with the appropriate allowable stress value, and then the unknown torque is solved. Analysis methods are based on classical static force balancing equations and on classical axial, sh

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5

Ogawa, K. "Cavitation Noise Reduction Around a Butterfly Valve by Semicircular Fins." In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37418.

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Butterfly valves are widely used in industry because of their compactness and simple construction. Many kinds of valves have been proposed to prevent cavitation. However, those valves are fairly expensive and the structures of the valve are complicated. In this paper, the attachment of fins to the valve body is proposed to reduce cavitation noise. The cavitation around the butterfly valve occurs because of the interference of the flow from the nozzle side and the flow from the orifice side. To avoid this interference, semicircular fins were attached to the valve body. From the experimental res

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6

Wu, Jun, Fan Bai, Yong Liu, Xingsheng Lao, and Chunhui Dai. "Numerical Research on Shock Resistance Safety Analysis of Ship Power Plant Valve." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-82137.

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In order to increase the operation safety of ship nuclear power platform. A typical butterfly valve with nuclear safety class 2 of ship power plant is studied in this paper. Numerical analysis on shock resistance safety of butterfly valve is conducted by three-dimensional finite element method. Firstly, the load type under working condition and the stress evaluation criteria of valve safety analysis are determined based on national standards and ASME standards. Secondly, the finite element model of butterfly valve is constructed and the equivalent stress distribution of butterfly valve is obta

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7

Lattouf, Dominic, and B. P. Huynh. "Flow Across a Butterfly Valve in a Dam Penstock." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-71322.

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Butterfly valves are typically used as emergency closure devices in dam penstocks; these valves must be capable of closing if a penstock bursts. This paper summarizes a 3D CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) study that was conducted on the water flow across a sizable butterfly valve (1.6m in diameter) in a dam penstock with 57m of water head. The main aim is to determine the maximum torque required to close the valve. Thus semi steady flow conditions across the valve at various degrees of closure were investigated and the corresponding torque calculated. A maximum torque of about 87 700 N-m has

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8

Hashemi, Saeed, Hannah Mitchell, and William K. Durfee. "Experimentally Validated Models for Switching Energy of Low Pressure Drop Digital Valves for Lightweight Portable Hydraulic Robots." In ASME/BATH 2019 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2019-1651.

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Abstract The most critical factors for a switching valve in a lightweight, portable hydraulic systems are low pressure drop, low power consumption, fast response time, and small size and weight. In this paper, experimentally validated models are proposed for switching energy required by two valve architectures with minimum pressure drop (ball and butterfly valves). The orifice in a hydraulic valve creates a pressure drop across the valve that needs to be minimized especially for low-pressure passive applications. The ideal switching valve for a hydraulic device is one with an opening diameter

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9

Tebib, Safouane, Marlene Sanjose, Chaofan Zhang, Stephane Moreau, and Martin Brouillette. "Large Eddy Simulation of an Outflow butterfly valve." In AIAA AVIATION 2020 FORUM. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2020-2607.

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10

Song, Xueguan, Lin Wang, Youngchul Park, Nader Barsoum, Sermsak Uatrongjit, and Pandian Vasant. "FLUID AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF LARGE BUTTERFLY VALVE." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON POWER CONTROL AND OPTIMIZATION: Innovation in Power Control for Optimal Industry. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3008687.

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Reports on the topic "Butterfly valve"

1

Meadows, J. B., G. E. Robbins, and D. G. Roselius. Large scale steam valve test: Performance testing of large butterfly valves and full scale high flowrate steam testing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/188883.

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