Academic literature on the topic 'Buttocks muscles'

31-year-old man with quadriplegia after a motor vehicle accident now has a draining decubitus ulcer Axial FSE T1-weighted images (Figure 14.5.1) and fat-suppressed T2-weighted images (Figure 14.5.2) demonstrate a large soft tissue defect in the left lower buttock extending to the ischial tuberosity. The ischial tuberosity shows abnormally decreased T1-signal intensity and increased T2-signal intensity. Note also the abnormally increased signal intensity in the adjacent left obturator externus muscle....

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) has already been introduced; let’s summarize what we know about it so far. Part of the peripheral nervous system, the ANS consists of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which consists of outflow from the thoracic and upper lumbar spine, and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), including outflow from the cranial nerves emanating from the upper spine and also from the mid-lumbar to the sacral areas at the buttock region. Several neurochemicals help transmit autonomic instructions. These include epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenalin), dopamine, and acetylcholine. This chapter will focus on how abnormalities in the regulation of the ANS cause many of the symptoms and signs observed in fibromyalgia. Our body has numerous receptors or surveillance sensors that detect heat, cold, and inflammation. These ANS sensors perform a function known as autoregulation. As an example of how the ANS normally works, why don’t we pass out when we suddenly jump out of bed? Because the ANS instantly constricts our blood vessels peripherally and dilates them centrally. In other words, as blood is pooled to the heart and the brain, the ANS adjusts our blood pressure and regulates our pulse, or heart rate, so that we don’t collapse. On the local level, these sensors dilate or constrict flow from blood vessels. They can secondarily contract and relax muscles, open and close lung airways, or cause us to sweat. For instance, ANS sensors can tone muscles, regulate urine, and regulate bowel movements, as well as dilate or constrict our pupils. The SNS arm of the ANS is our “fight or flight” system, releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine as well as a neurochemical called dopamine. Whereas the SNS often acts as an acute stress response, the PNS arm tends to protect and conserve body processes and resources. The SNS and PNS sometimes work at cross purposes, but frequently they work together to permit actions such as normal sexual functioning and urination. How do the workings of the ANS relate to fibromyalgia? The SNS is underactive in fibromyalgia in the sense that an increased ratio of excitatory to inhibitory responses from central sensitization results in lower blood flow rates, leaky capillaries, at relatively low baseline blood pressure.

The snow hits your windshield without mercy. The car’s headlights reveal nothing about the highway. You can only guess where the lanes are, where the shoulder begins, where the exit ramps might be. The blizzard has so iced the road that you crawl along at five miles an hour. Other travelers sit stranded in their cars off the road, lights dimming in the dark. Hours later, you flop exhausted on the bed. Tension tightens your shoulders and forehead. You close your eyes. On the back of your eyelids, everything appears again in startling detail: the swirling snowflakes, the headlights, the windshield wipers fighting the moisture — all in slow motion this very minute. . . . > Modern art objects had aesthetic appeal when the viewer could stand apart from them to appreciate their sensory richness, their expressive emotion, or their provocative attitude. Today, detached contemplation still holds antique charm, as the contemporary scene presents quite different circumstances. . . . Flashbacks, a kind of waking nightmare, often belong to your first experiences with virtual reality. Subtract the terror and sore muscles and you get an idea of how I felt after two and a half hours in the exhibit Dancing as the Virtual Dervish (Banff, Alberta). Even the next day, my optical nerves held the imprint of the brightly colored transhuman structures. I could summon them with the slightest effort—or see them sometimes in unexpected flashes of cyberspace. . . . > Art is coming to terms with interactivity, immersion, and information intensity. Aesthetics—the delighted play of the senses—cannot preserve its traditional detachment. The modern museum with its bright spaces and airy lighting is giving way to darkened rooms glowing with computer screens and hands-on buttons. . . . For hours, you feel a touch of perceptual nausea, a forewarning of the relativity sickness called AWS (Alternate World Syndrome) in my book The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality. Everything seems brighter, even slightly illusory. Reality afterwards seems hidden underneath a thin film of appearance. Your perceptions seem to float over a darker, unknowable truth. The world vibrates with the finest of tensions, as if something big were imminent, as if you were about to break through the film of illusion.

Rachel is eight years old. She was slow to crawl and walk. She still cannot pedal a tricycle, fasten small buttons, or tie her laces. She is very poor at sports and is often teased by the other children for her awkward running style. She is a messy eater and washes herself and brushes her teeth with great difficulty. Her mother says that she has a poor sense of direction and still confuses right with left. Rachel’s school work is satisfactory. Her writing is untidy, but if she prints slowly it is legible. Rachel has been tested by a psychologist and found to have some visual perception difficulties, but to be of normal intelligence. Her reading, spelling, and arithmetic are in the average range. A paediatrician has examined Rachel and detected no abnormalities that can account for her clumsiness. The term ‘clumsiness’ will be used in this chapter to refer to unexplained, significant difficulties in the coordination of movement in a child of average, or above average, intelligence. This sort of clumsiness is commonly associated with other forms of specific learning difficulty, such as reading difficulty. This does not mean, however, that most children with specific learning difficulty are clumsy. Many are, in fact, well coordinated. But clumsiness is far more common in children with specific learning difficulty than in other children. Clumsiness is more common in boys and quite often runs in families. The word ‘motor’ is used for movement. Gross motor skills involve large groups of muscles responsible for activities such as walking, running, jumping, hopping, and bicycle riding. Fine motor skills involve the hands and fingers, and are concerned with activities such as writing, drawing, using scissors, and tying knots. There are a number of standardized tests of both gross and fine motor proficiency. These may be performed by a physiotherapist, an occupational therapist, or a doctor. Activities must be carefully observed to detect the presence of tremors and other unusual movements. Balance, strength, tone, reflexes, and ability to interpret certain sensations are all assessed. It is essential that rare, serious conditions associated with poor coordination are excluded by a doctor.

Abstract Cushions have been used on spine boards to reduce the interface pressure acting on the skin and thus prevent the formation of pressure ulcers. Several studies have focused on determining how using different types of cushions can reduce the normal interface pressure on the buttocks while lying on the spine boards. On the other hand, and while it has been agreed upon that the shear stresses contribute to the formation of pressure ulcers, this role has not been understood or quantified. The purpose of this work is to use 3-D finite element modeling to determine the contact frictional she

We developed an assistance apparatus for upper limbs for patients who can control their finger but they cannot lift up their arms themselves, for example myopathy and hemiplegic patients. The mechanism of assistance is utilized the differential gears to lose the weight and volume of the mechanical arm. That enabled us to configure three motors to drive two DOFs (Degrees of freedom) for the shoulder and one DOF for the elbow around the root of the mechanical arm. This arm has two support trays, for wrist and upper arm. Furthermore, to realize other ADL (activities of daily living) motions (for