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1
Mot︠s︡onelidze, N. S. Stability and Seismic resistance of buttress dams. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 1987.
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2
Coombs, Colby. Denali's West Buttress: A climber's guide to Mt. McKinley's classic route. Seattle, WA: Mountaineers, 1997.
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3
Craniomaxillofacial buttresses: Anatomy and operative repair. New York: Thieme, 2012.
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4
Swinbank, Jean C. M. Buttress's world guide to abbreviations of organizations. London: Blackie Academic & Professional, 1993.
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A, Buttress F., ed. Buttress's world guide to abbreviations of organizations. London: Blackie Academic & Professional, 1997.
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Pittman, L. M. Buttress’s World Guide to Abbreviations of Organizations. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0093-6.
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Swinbank, Jean C. M., and Henry J. Heaney. Buttress’s World Guide to Abbreviations of Organizations. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2132-3.
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Heyman, Jacques. Arches, vaults, and buttresses: Masonry structures and their engineering. Aldershot, Hampshire, Great Britain: Variorum, 1996.
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9
Flying buttresses, entropy, and O-rings: The world of an engineer. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1991.
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12
Foster, Hal. Tarzan in Color: 1931-1932 (Flying Buttress Classics Library). Nbm Pub Co, 1992.
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13
Mount McKinley's West Buttress: The First Ascent: Brad Washburn's Logbook, 1951. Not Avail, 2003.
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14
Coombs, Colby, and Bradford Washburn. Denali's West Buttress: A Climber's Guide to Mt. Mckinley's Classic Route. Mountaineers Books, The, 1997.
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Washburn, Brad. Mount Mckinley's West Buttress: The First Ascent, Brad Washburn's Logbook 1951. Top of the World Press, 2003.
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16
Dr. Hossein Manoochehri Ph.D. Koochehe and Clay Buttress: Main Features of The Indigenous Architecture of Iran. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017.
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17
Reeds Pbo Small Craft Almanac 2012 Andy Du Port and Rob Buttress. Thomas Reed, 2011.
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18
Caniff, Milton. Terry and the Pirates: Color Sundays 12/9/34-12/17/35 (The Flying Buttress Classics Library). Nantier Beall Minoustchine Publishing, 1991.
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19
Valelly, Richard. How Suffrage Politics Made—and Makes—America. Edited by Richard Valelly, Suzanne Mettler, and Robert Lieberman. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697915.013.34.
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Most Americans believe that the franchise has steadily and gradually expanded since the Founding. In fact “suffrage politics” has been far more complex and disjointed. This contribution develops a party-centered approach that identifies several types of enfranchisement and disenfranchisement, as well as suffrage regimes–that is, bundles of institutions and election law that are meant to buttress allocations of voting rights. This party-centered approach allows one to grasp that America’s struggles over the right to vote are, in cross-national perspective, not just unusual but highly unusual, and have been a central force in American political development.
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Lebow, Richard Ned, and Feng Zhang. Taming Sino-American Rivalry. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197521946.001.0001.
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Competition between America and China has intensified since 2009, creating even greater risks of conflict. Why is this so, and what can be done about it? Feng Zhang and Ned Lebow identify the mistakes China and America made in their mutual relations and explain their causes and consequences. Drawing on international relations theory and historical lessons they develop a holistic approach to conflict management and resolution based on a sophisticated staging of deterrence, reassurance, and diplomacy. Minimal deterrence combined with multiple forms of reassurance and sustained diplomatic efforts to reduce or finesse key areas of conflict offer a promising pathway for America and China to enhance their security and buttress their self-esteem.
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van Miert, Dirk. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803935.003.0001.
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After a short preface defining the geographical and temporal boundaries and terminology of this monograph, the introduction sketches the history of biblical scholarship in Western Europe from Valla to Scaliger. This Introduction shows that biblical scholarship reached an advanced level of sophistication in the course of the sixteenth century, stimulated by the rise of Christian Hebraism. Both Catholic and Protestant parties used philology to buttress their own religious arguments and interpretations of history, although some of the new evidence begged for negotiation before it could be suitable for their confessional identities. The rise of biblical philology posed challenges to religion that were similar to those caused by developments in philosophy and the natural sciences.
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Sammons, Benjamin. Hesiod’s Theogony and the Structures of Poetry. Edited by Alexander C. Loney and Stephen Scully. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190209032.013.16.
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The Theogony displays a preoccupation with poetic structure that reflects the cosmic and political structures that are its subject. Consequently the structures that support the poem change with the changing world it describes. In the earlier part of the poem the dominant poetic structure is the catalogue, and Hesiod goes far in showing what he can express with this form alone, particularly through juxtaposition, anachrony, allegory, and paradigmatic patterning. Narrative appears first as free elaboration on the genealogical framework but becomes a dominant poetic form in parallel with the emerging tale of Zeus’s rise to power. These observations buttress existing views on the meaning of the poem’s overall arrangement, and can also shed light on debates about its exact end-point.
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Seligmann, Matthew S. Pay, Promotion, and Democratization. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759973.003.0002.
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As soon as he was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty in 1911, Winston Churchill sought to buttress his credentials as a social reformer by improving conditions for sailors in the Navy and widening the social composition of the officer corps. This chapter examines his efforts towards both of these ends. It shows how he fought against the Treasury and his Cabinet colleagues to offer sailors their first meaningful pay rise in decades. It similarly catalogues the many schemes he introduced to entice people from a wider range of backgrounds, including sailors from the lower deck, to become naval officers. As with enhanced naval pay, this required him to persevere against entrenched interests, but as this chapter will show, his achievements in this area were considerable.
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Rosenberg, Michael. Impure Nuptials and Sex as Work. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190845896.003.0008.
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A number of Talmudic passages, not specifically about virginity testing, buttress the claims made in the previous chapter. The Babylonian Talmud creates a legal culture in which wedding-night bleeding triggers a prohibition on any further sexual relations, thus discouraging sexual aggression. Similarly, the Babylonian Talmud’s discussion of first-time penetrative intercourse on the Sabbath focuses on divorcing the sexual act from acts of violence; this passage also connects a bride’s experience on her wedding night to that of a baby boy at his circumcision, the latter of which is explicitly marked as painful. Finally, an explicit discussion in the Babylonian Talmud tries to minimize descriptions of brides’ pain on their wedding night, in the process revealing Rabbinic male anxiety about their complicity in causing pain.
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Sheth, Falguni. The Racialization of Muslims in the Post-9/11 United States. Edited by Naomi Zack. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190236953.013.49.
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Muslims in the post-9/11 United States have become racialized through a series of laws and public policies ostensibly designed to protect the American public. These occurrences support a functional account of race: laws and public policies are used to render certain populations vulnerable, possibly criminalizing them, rendering them without the protection of legal or political protection, and creating a hostile environment in which those populations are susceptible to political, social, and cultural targeting by the larger society around them. The United States’s social and political approach to law and public policy to buttress national security has created a hostile context for Muslims, rendering them not just a religious group that has been discriminated against, but racializing them and vilifying and dehumanizing them as a racial group.
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Kyritsis, Dimitrios. The Possibility of Constitutional Theory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199672257.003.0001.
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This chapter sets out the main tenets of moralized constitutional theory, which supplies the methodology of the book. According to moralized constitutional theory the purpose of constitutional law is to buttress the legitimacy of a political regime by furnishing standing assurances that government power will be used properly. Although moralized constitutional theory maintains that contentious constitutional law issues are ultimately determined by principles of political morality, it is compatible with both legal positivism and anti-positivism. Moreover, it does not ignore either the history of different legal systems or considerations of political exigency to which constitutions are also sensitive. But it insists that the overarching reason history and political exigency matter is a moral one. Nor does moralized constitutional theory block reform. It is only meant to answer the pressing moral question under what conditions state coercion is warranted here and now.
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Strandburg, Katherine J. Users, Patents, and Innovation Policy. Edited by Rochelle Dreyfuss and Justine Pila. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758457.013.31.
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Users are important innovators in many fields. Often, they do not need socially costly patent incentives to invent, disclose, and disseminate their inventions. A patent-free user innovation (UI) paradigm is likely to be successful and socially desirable when an invention’s value to users has a substantial non-competitive component. If a user innovator values an invention primarily for providing a competitive edge, the patent-free UI paradigm is not viable. Most such inventions have little social value. Some, however, such as improved manufacturing processes, produce significant collateral value for non-users and should be encouraged. Patents may be important for these UIs. Socially beneficial policy interventions to buttress the patent-free UI paradigm might include tools and infrastructure to support user communities and changes to patent doctrine, such as accounting for UI in assessing nonobviousness, patentable subject matter exemptions, particularly for many types of processes, and user exemptions from infringement liability.
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House, Happy. Hh-Buttrbrs Back Nat-CO. Random House Books for Young Readers, 1985.
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30
Rhodes, Rosamond. The Trusted Doctor. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190859909.001.0001.
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Common morality has been the touchstone for addressing issues of medical ethics since the publication of Beauchamp and Childress’s Principles of Biomedical Ethics in 1979. This book challenges that reigning view by presenting an original account of the ethics of medicine. It begins by demonstrating why the standard common morality accounts of medical ethics are unsuitable for the profession and inadequate for responding to the uncommon issues that arise in medical practice. It then explains medicine’s distinctive ethics in terms of the trust that society allows to the profession. Starting with the obligation to “seek trust and be trustworthy,” the book goes on to explicate sixteen specific duties that doctors take on when they join the profession. By enumerating the duties of medical professionals and explaining their importance with numerous clinical examples, this book presents a cohesive and coherent description of the duties of medical professionals that is largely consistent with codes of medical ethics posted on websites of medical societies around the world. It also explains why it is critical for physicians to develop the attitudes or doctorly virtues that comprise the character of trustworthy doctors and buttress physicians’ efforts to fulfill their professional obligations. Together, the presentation of physicians’ duties and the elements that comprise a doctorly character add up to a description of what medical professionalism entails. This analysis provides a clear understanding of medical professionalism and guides doctors in navigating the ethically challenging situations that arise in clinical practice.
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LaZella, Andrew T. The Singular Voice of Being. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823284573.001.0001.
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The Singular Voice of Being: John Duns Scotus and Ultimate Difference reconsiders John Duns Scotus’s well-covered theory of the univocity of being in light of his less explored discussions of ultimate difference. Ultimate difference is a notion introduced by Aristotle and known by the Aristotelian tradition, but one that, the book argues, Scotus radically retrofits to buttress his doctrine of univocity. Ultimate difference for Aristotle meant the last difference in a line of specific differences whereby all the preceding differences would be united into a single substance rather than remain a heapish multiplicity. Scotus both broadens and deepens the term such that, in the end, it comes to resemble its Aristotelian ancestor more in name than in substance. This is because Scotus broadens ultimate difference to include not only specific differences, but also intrinsic modes of being (e.g., finite/infinite) and principles of individuation (i.e., haecceitates). Furthermore, he deepens it by divorcing it from anything with categorial classification, such as substantial form. Rather, by linking ultimate difference to primary diversity irreducible to opposition, privation, or contradiction, Scotus responds to the long-standing Parmenidean arguments against the division of being. Differentiation is not a fall from the perfect unity of being. Rather, ultimate difference divides being by perfective determination of this otherwise indifferent concept. The division of being culminates in individuation as the final degree of perfection, which constitutes indivisible (i.e., singular) degrees of being.
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Pak, G. Sujin. The Reformation of Prophecy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190866921.001.0001.
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The Reformation of Prophecy presents and supports the case for viewing the prophet and biblical prophecy as a powerful lens by which to illuminate many aspects of the reforming work of the Protestant reformers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It provides a chronological and developmental analysis of the significance of the prophet and biblical prophecy across leading Protestant reformers in articulating a theology of the priesthood of all believers, a biblical model of the pastoral office, a biblical vision of the reform of worship, and biblical processes for discerning right interpretation of Scripture. Through the tool of the prophet and biblical prophecy, the reformers framed their work under, within, and in support of the authority of Scripture—for the true prophet speaks the Word of God alone and calls the people, their worship and their beliefs and practices, back to the Word of God. The book also demonstrates how interpretations and understandings of the prophet and biblical prophecy contributed to the formation and consolidation of distinctive confessional identities, especially around differences in their visions of sacred history, Christological exegesis of Old Testament prophecy, and interpretation of Old Testament metaphors. This book illuminates the significant shifts in the history of Protestant reformers’ engagement with the prophet and biblical prophecy—shifts from these serving as a tool to advance the priesthood of all believers to a tool to clarify and buttress clerical identity and authority to a site of polemical-confessional exchange concerning right interpretations of Scripture.
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Ndaliko, Chérie Rivers, and Samuel Anderson, eds. The Art of Emergency. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190692322.001.0001.
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Across Africa, artists increasingly turn to NGO sponsorship in pursuit of greater influence and funding, while simultaneously NGOs—both international and local—commission arts projects to buttress their interventions and achieve greater reach and marketability. As a result, the key values of artistic expression become “healing” and “sensitization” measured in turn by “impact” and “effectiveness.” Such rubrics obscure the aesthetic complexities of the artworks and the power dynamics that inform their production. Clashes arise as foreign NGOs import foreign aesthetic models and preconceptions about their efficacy, alongside foreign interpretations of politics, medicine, psychology, trauma, memorialization, and so on. Meanwhile, each community embraces its own aesthetic precedents, often at odds with the intentions of humanitarian agencies. The arts are a sphere in which different worldviews enter into conflict and conversation. To tackle the consequences of aid agency arts deployment, the volume assembles ten case studies from across the African continent employing multiple media including music, sculpture, photography, drama, storytelling, ritual, and protest marches. Organized under three widespread yet underanalyzed objectives for arts in emergency—demonstration, distribution, and remediation—each case offers a different disciplinary and methodological perspective on a common complication in NGO-sponsored creativity. The Art of Emergency shifts the discourse on arts activism away from fixations on message and toward diverse investigations of aesthetics and power negotiations. In doing so, this volume brings into focus the conscious and unconscious configurations of humanitarian activism, the social lives it attempts to engage, and the often fraught interactions between the two.
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Altman, Michael J. Heathen, Hindoo, Hindu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190654924.001.0001.
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In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Americans did not write about Hinduism. They did write a lot about India, however. In their representations of India, American writers described “heathens,” “Hindoos,” and, eventually, “Hindus.” Before Americans wrote about “Hinduism,” they wrote about “heathenism,” “the religion of the Hindoos,” and “Brahmanism.” This book argues that Americans debated the nature of religion, sought alternatives to American Protestantism, and hailed the supremacy of white Protestant American identity through their representations of religion in India. Representations of India reflected debates about America. Americans used the heathen, Hindoo, and Hindu Other as a foil for representing themselves. Americans of all sorts imagined India for their own purposes. Cotton Mather, Hannah Adams, and Joseph Priestley engaged the larger European Enlightenment project of classifying and comparing religion in India. Evangelical missionaries used images of “Hindoo heathenism” to raise support at home. Unitarian Protestants found a kindred spirit in the writings of Bengali reformer Rammohun Roy. Popular magazines and common schoolbooks used the image of dark, heathen, despotic India to buttress Protestant, white, democratic American identity. Transcendentalists and Theosophists imagined the contemplative and esoteric religion of India as an alternative to materialist American Protestantism. Hindu delegates and American speakers at the 1893 World’s Parliament of Religions engaged in a protracted debate about the definition of religion in the industrializing United States. The questions of American identity, classification, representation, and the definition of “religion” that animated descriptions of heathens, Hindoos, and Hindus in the past still animate American debates today.
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Adams, James L. Flying Buttresses, Entropy, and O-Rings: The World of an Engineer. Harvard University Press, 1992.
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36
Flying Buttresses, Entropy, and O-Rings: The World of an Engineer. Harvard University Press, 1993.
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37
Heyman, Jacques. Arches, Vaults and Buttresses: Masonry Structures and Their Engineering (Collected Studies, Cs546). Variorum, 1997.
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38
Framing the Church: The Social and Artistic Power of Buttresses in French Gothic Architecture. Pennsylvania State University Press, 2020.
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39
Delgado, Melvin. State-Sanctioned Violence. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190058463.001.0001.
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The role and function of the state is not to harm its residents but rather to help them develop their potential and meet their basic human needs. The importance of violence is well attested to by Oxford University Press devoting a book series on interpersonal violence. However, state-sanctioned violence in the United States is not, for example. The saying “The truth will set you free, but first it will make you miserable” comes to mind in writing this book because it holds personal meaning that goes beyond being a social worker and a person of color (Latinx). The basic premise and interconnectedness of the themes in this book were reinforced and expanded in the course of writing. Bonilla-Silva (2019, p. 14) states, “We are living, once again, in strange racial times,” which, indeed, is true. The hope is that readers appreciate the numerous threads between themes, some of which have not gotten close attention by the general public and scholars. Harris and Hodge (2017), for example, adeptly interconnect environmental, food, and school-to-pipeline social injustice issues among urban youth of color, illustrating how oppressions converge. Future scholarship will connect even more dots to create the mosaic that constitutes state-sanctioned violence. It was a relief to see the extent of scholarship on the topics addressed in this book. Bringing together this literature, public reports, and the experiences from those currently dealing with state-sponsored violence allowed for a consistent narrative to unfold. Writing a book is always a process of discovery. There is a body of scholarship to buttress the central arguments of this book, but no such literature addressing the structural interconnectedness of the types of state-sanctioned violence for social work. The sociopolitical, interactional consequences of place, time, people, and events set a social-political context that is understood by social workers and makes this mission distinctive because of this grounding. Viewing state-sanctioned violence, including its laws and policies, within this prism allows the development of a vision or charge that can unite people, as well as a deeper commitment to working with oppressed groups in seeking social justice. Social work is not exempt from having a role in state-sanctioned violence. This book only delves into the profession’s history and evolution to appreciate how it has reinforced a state-sanctioned violence agenda, wittingly or unwittingly. Practice is never apolitical; it either supports a state-sanctioned violence narrative or resists it with counternarratives. Social work must be vigilant of how it supports state violence.
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Ltd, ICON Group. BUTTREY FOOD AND DRUG STORES COMPANY: Labor Productivity Benchmarks and International Gap Analysis (Labor Productivity Series). 2nd ed. Icon Group International, Inc., 2000.
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41
Wright Rigueur, Leah. Exorcising the Ghost of Richard Nixon. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691159010.003.0006.
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This chapter explains how the appearance of grass-roots black Republican groups was far from unconventional; a spirit of self-determination had buttressed the formation of the National Negro Republican Assembly (NNRA) in 1964. But autonomy, political influence, and growth—the objective goals for most, if not all, black Republican groups—simply was not the reality, as most splinter organizations deteriorated just as quickly as they had risen. The NNRA was reduced to a passing biographical reference by 1969, as most members shifted their political energies elsewhere, while the group's successor, the National Council of Concerned Afro-American Republicans (NCCAAR), disbanded a year after its launch, as a result of infighting and lack of funds.
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Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. Nationalism and Kemalism. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691175829.003.0008.
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This chapter examines Turkish nationalism and Kemalism. The elimination of Islam as an ideological pillar of the main Ottoman successor state created a legitimacy vacuum at the center of the regime. Furthermore, the abolition of the sultanate and the dissolution of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) had given rise to a second void necessitating the creation of substitute foci for popular allegiance—both personal and institutional. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk sought to fill this lacuna with a new civic religion buttressed by a number of cults. The new ideology, unsurprisingly, was a modified, scientifically sanctioned version of Turkish nationalism. In the 1930s, Mustafa Kemal's followers and party pulled together various strands of several associated cults to create Kemalism, an all-encompassing state ideology based on his sayings and writings.
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Hernández, Gleider I. Sources and the Systematicity of International Law. Edited by Samantha Besson and Jean d’Aspremont. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198745365.003.0029.
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This chapter illuminates the role that sources doctrine plays in construing international law as a system. It frames international law’s systemic qualities within the recursive relationship between sources doctrine and debates over international law’s systematicity. Sources doctrine reinforces and buttresses international law’s claim to constitute a legal system; and the legal system demands and requires that legal sources exist within it. International law’s systematicity and the doctrine of international legal sources exist in a mutually constitutive relationship, and cannot exist without one another. This recursive relationship privileges unity, coherence, and the existence of a unifying inner logic which transcends mere interstate relations and constitutes a legal structure. In this respect, the social practices of those officials who are part of the institutional workings of the system, and especially those with a law-applying function, are of heightened relevance in conceiving of international law as a system.
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Siklos, Pierre L. When Finance and the Real Economy Collide. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190228835.003.0002.
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There exist potential conflicts between the processing speed of financial markets and the persistence of macroeconomic variables that dictate the conduct of monetary policy. Maintaining financial stability can require fast thinking, while monetary policy decisions involve slow thinking. A financial stability motive, buttressed by a macroprudential regime, is not enough. Financial stability adds complexity to institutional design that policymakers have yet to face up to. Central banks today are uncomfortable about whether to surprise financial markets. There are more examples of central banks failing unintentionally, surprising the financial markets, than of successful interventions of this kind. Trade-offs between monetary policy and financial stability suggest that conventional pre-crisis responses to economic shocks make it less desirable to resort to changes in central bank policy rates. Are policy rate increases especially too blunt an instrument to deal with a threat to financial instability? Possibly less than we think.
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Hummer, Hans. “More Noble by Sanctity”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797609.003.0008.
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This chapter argues that monasticism is central to understanding the patterns of kinship in early medieval Europe. It examines the passing of an aristocratic consciousness bound to the disintegrating late antique civic order and the formation of a new consciousness flowing from rural centers of power buttressed by estate-laden monasticism during the Merovingian period. The contention is supported with an examination of the rejection of the worldly family in late Roman monasticism and the celebration of the natal family in seventh-century monasticism, as that transformation appears in portrayals of parentage in hagiographical literature. This distinctive conception of kinship was propelled by a dynamic, Augustinian notion of kinship which bound patron families and monasteries to one another, and to the eternal family of God. The chapter ends with an examination of late seventh-century hagiographical works which explicitly embedded a saint’s natal and marital families within the familia Christi.
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Macdonald, Iain. Unfettering the Future. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190461454.003.0006.
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This essay explores notions of alienation and estrangement, contrasting Kafka’s The Trial with the classical accounts offered by Hegel and Marx. A sense of impossibility emerges in Kafka’s work that is new and at the same time tragic. We are estranged from the very conditions of recognizing the conflicting forces that define experience—that is, estranged from the possibility of reconciliation that is clearly necessary, but in no way experienced as real, in spite of the inextinguishable hope that such reconciliation may nevertheless be possible. “Oh, [there is] plenty of hope, an infinite amount of hope—but not for us,” as Kafka famously put it. References are made to Adorno’s and Benjamin’s writings on Kafka. The references to tragic ambiguity, initially presented in relation to the work of Vernant and Naquet, are buttressed philosophically by a reflection on the peculiar modality of the “unreal possibility” of overcoming estrangement.
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Thompson, William R., and Leila Zakhirova. The Netherlands: Not Quite the First Modern Economy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.003.0006.
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In this chapter, we look at four cases: Genoa, Venice, Portugal, and the Netherlands. Genoa, Venice, and Portugal acted as transitional agents over a five- to six-hundred-year period, creating sea power and trading regimes to move Asian commodities and innovations to and from European markets. While Genoa and Venice were primarily Mediterranean-centric, Portugal led the breakthrough from the constraints of the inland sea and inaugurated Europe’s Atlantic focus. None of these actors possessed the power of China nor subsequent global actors, but for their age, they were critical technological leaders, providing a technological bridge from the eastern zone of Eurasia to the western zone. The Netherlands fits into this narrative by combining Baltic and Atlantic activities to construct a European trade regime that greatly overshadowed the earlier transitional efforts. Buttressed by the development of agrarian and industrial technology and a heavy reliance on peat and wind as energy sources, the Dutch case seems idiosyncratic. Most critically, its energy transition was only partial. Although the Netherlands made clear advances in some power-driven machinery and technological innovation , the heat and energy that were expended remained constrained by the inherent limitations of the energy sources.
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Hornbeck II, J. Patrick. Remembering Wolsey. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823282173.001.0001.
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Remembering Wolsey seeks to contribute to our understanding of historical memory and memorialization bexamining in detail the posthumous commemoration and representation of Thomas Wolsey, the sixteenth-century cardinal, papal legate, and lord chancellor of England. Its questions are at once historical and ethical. Analyzing the history of Wolsey’s legacy from his death in 1530 through the present day, this book shows how images of Wolsey have been among the vehicles through which historians, theologians, and others have contested the events known collectively as the English Reformation(s). Over the course of nearly five centuries, Wolsey has been at the center of the debate about King Henry’s reformation and the virtues and vices of late medieval Catholicism. His name and image have been invoked in a bewildering, and often surprising, variety of contexts, including the works of chroniclers, historians, theologians, dramatists, or more recently screenwriters. Cultural producers have often related the story of Wolsey’s life in ways that have buttressed their preconceived opinions on a wide variety of matters. The complex history of Wolsey’s representation has much to teach us not only about the historiography of the English Reformation but also about broader dynamics of cultural and collective memory.
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Ballakrishnen, Swethaa S. Accidental Feminism. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691182537.001.0001.
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In India, elite law firms offer a surprising oasis for women within a hostile, predominantly male industry. Less than 10 percent of the country's lawyers are female, but women in the most prestigious firms are significantly represented both at entry and partnership. Elite workspaces are notorious for being unfriendly to new actors, so what allows for aberration in certain workspaces? This book examines how a range of underlying mechanisms — gendered socialization and essentialism, family structures and dynamics, and firm and regulatory histories — afford certain professionals egalitarian outcomes that are not available to their local and global peers. Juxtaposing findings on the legal profession with those on elite consulting firms, the book reveals that parity arises not from a commitment to create feminist organizations, but from structural factors that incidentally come together to do gender differently. Simultaneously, the book offers notes of caution: while conditional convergence may create equality in ways that more targeted endeavors fail to achieve, “accidental” developments are hard to replicate, and are, in this case, buttressed by embedded inequalities. The book examines whether gender parity produced without institutional sanction should still be considered feminist. In offering new ways to think about equality movements and outcomes, the book forces readers to critically consider the work of intention in progress narratives.
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Rosenberg, Michael, and Aslı Erim-Özdoğan. The Neolithic in Southeastern Anatolia. Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0006.
Full textAbstract:
This article presents data on Neolithic sites in southeastern Anatolia, where, as elsewhere in southwestern Asia, the changes attendant on the Neolithic, while revolutionary in their consequences for the evolution of human cultural and social systems, were gradual. In the Early Aceramic we see the development of sedentary communities based on important economic changes, but ones that still retain major elements of the earlier hunter-gatherer, egalitarian social system. However, those elements are now buttressed with institutions (e.g., general-purpose public buildings, feasting) that permit the now somewhat larger communities to remain intact on a long-term basis and to act as a whole. In the Mature Aceramic (MA), we see some of those same institutions (public buildings and spaces) evolving to (of necessity) more strongly promote group identity at the community level in the still-larger communities that characterize the MA. Beginning in the MA III and continuing through the early part of the Pottery Neolithic, we see the gradual disintegration of the Aceramic Neolithic lifeway and its replacement by one that is quite different, wherein kinship appears to play a larger, more formal role. These social changes are intertwined with important economic changes (the development of the full southwestern Asia domesticate complex) and technological changes (the widespread adoption of ceramic technology), but the specifics of how they are related remains an open question.