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1
Heyman, Jacques. Arches, vaults, and buttresses: Masonry structures and their engineering. Variorum, 1996.
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2
Swinbank, Jean C. M., and Henry J. Heaney. Buttress’s World Guide to Abbreviations of Organizations. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2132-3.
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Pittman, L. M. Buttress’s World Guide to Abbreviations of Organizations. Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0093-6.
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Swinbank, Jean C. M. Buttress's world guide to abbreviations of organizations. Blackie Academic & Professional, 1993.
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5
A, Buttress F., ed. Buttress's world guide to abbreviations of organizations. Blackie Academic & Professional, 1997.
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6
Porter, Edgar, and Ran Ying Porter. Japanese Reflections on World War II and the American Occupation. Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462989733.
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This book presents an unforgettable up-close account of the effects of World War II and the subsequent American occupation on Oita prefecture, through firsthand accounts from more than forty Japanese men and women who lived there. The interviewees include students, housewives, nurses, midwives, teachers, journalists, soldiers, sailors, Kamikaze pilots, and munitions factory workers. Their stories range from early, spirited support for the war through the devastating losses of friends and family members to air raids and into periods of hunger and fear of the American occupiers. The personal accounts are buttressed by archival materials; the result is an unprecedented picture of the war as experienced in a single region of Japan.
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Pollock, Richard A. Craniomaxillofacial Buttresses: Anatomy and Operative Repair. Thieme Medical Publishers, Incorporated, 2012.
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9
Swinbank, Jean C. Buttress's World Guide to Abbreviations of Organizations. Springer Netherlands, 2012.
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10
Pitman, L. Buttress's World Guide to Abbreviations of Organizations. Springer, 2012.
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11
Swinbank, Jean C. Buttress's World Guide to Abbreviations of Organizations. Springer London, Limited, 2012.
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12
Buttress's World Guide to Abbreviations of Organizations. Springer London, Limited, 2012.
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13
Adams, James L. Flying Buttresses, Entropy, and O-Rings: The World of an Engineer. Harvard University Press, 1992.
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14
Flying Buttresses, Entropy, and O-Rings: The World of an Engineer. Harvard University Press, 1993.
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15
Flying buttresses, entropy, and O-rings: The world of an engineer. Harvard University Press, 1991.
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16
Heyman, Jacques. Arches, Vaults and Buttresses: Masonry Structures and Their Engineering (Collected Studies, Cs546). Variorum, 1997.
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17
Framing the Church: The Social and Artistic Power of Buttresses in French Gothic Architecture. Pennsylvania State University Press, 2020.
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18
Bland, William. Experimental Essays on the Principles of Construction in Arches, Piers, Buttresses, &c: Made with a View to Their Being Useful to the Practical Builder. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
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19
Experimental Essays on the Principles of Construction in Arches, Piers, Buttresses, &c: Made with a View to Their Being Useful to the Practical Builder. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2022.
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20
Experimental Essays on the Principles of Construction in Arches, Piers, Buttresses, &c: Made with a View to Their Being Useful to the Practical Builder. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2022.
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21
Hernández, Gleider I. Sources and the Systematicity of International Law. Edited by Samantha Besson and Jean d’Aspremont. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198745365.003.0029.
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This chapter illuminates the role that sources doctrine plays in construing international law as a system. It frames international law’s systemic qualities within the recursive relationship between sources doctrine and debates over international law’s systematicity. Sources doctrine reinforces and buttresses international law’s claim to constitute a legal system; and the legal system demands and requires that legal sources exist within it. International law’s systematicity and the doctrine of international legal sources exist in a mutually constitutive relationship, and cannot exist without one another. This recursive relationship privileges unity, coherence, and the existence of a unifying inner logic which transcends mere interstate relations and constitutes a legal structure. In this respect, the social practices of those officials who are part of the institutional workings of the system, and especially those with a law-applying function, are of heightened relevance in conceiving of international law as a system.
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Wright Rigueur, Leah. Exorcising the Ghost of Richard Nixon. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691159010.003.0006.
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This chapter explains how the appearance of grass-roots black Republican groups was far from unconventional; a spirit of self-determination had buttressed the formation of the National Negro Republican Assembly (NNRA) in 1964. But autonomy, political influence, and growth—the objective goals for most, if not all, black Republican groups—simply was not the reality, as most splinter organizations deteriorated just as quickly as they had risen. The NNRA was reduced to a passing biographical reference by 1969, as most members shifted their political energies elsewhere, while the group's successor, the National Council of Concerned Afro-American Republicans (NCCAAR), disbanded a year after its launch, as a result of infighting and lack of funds.
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Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. Nationalism and Kemalism. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691175829.003.0008.
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This chapter examines Turkish nationalism and Kemalism. The elimination of Islam as an ideological pillar of the main Ottoman successor state created a legitimacy vacuum at the center of the regime. Furthermore, the abolition of the sultanate and the dissolution of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) had given rise to a second void necessitating the creation of substitute foci for popular allegiance—both personal and institutional. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk sought to fill this lacuna with a new civic religion buttressed by a number of cults. The new ideology, unsurprisingly, was a modified, scientifically sanctioned version of Turkish nationalism. In the 1930s, Mustafa Kemal's followers and party pulled together various strands of several associated cults to create Kemalism, an all-encompassing state ideology based on his sayings and writings.
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Siklos, Pierre L. When Finance and the Real Economy Collide. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190228835.003.0002.
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There exist potential conflicts between the processing speed of financial markets and the persistence of macroeconomic variables that dictate the conduct of monetary policy. Maintaining financial stability can require fast thinking, while monetary policy decisions involve slow thinking. A financial stability motive, buttressed by a macroprudential regime, is not enough. Financial stability adds complexity to institutional design that policymakers have yet to face up to. Central banks today are uncomfortable about whether to surprise financial markets. There are more examples of central banks failing unintentionally, surprising the financial markets, than of successful interventions of this kind. Trade-offs between monetary policy and financial stability suggest that conventional pre-crisis responses to economic shocks make it less desirable to resort to changes in central bank policy rates. Are policy rate increases especially too blunt an instrument to deal with a threat to financial instability? Possibly less than we think.
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Macdonald, Iain. Unfettering the Future. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190461454.003.0006.
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This essay explores notions of alienation and estrangement, contrasting Kafka’s The Trial with the classical accounts offered by Hegel and Marx. A sense of impossibility emerges in Kafka’s work that is new and at the same time tragic. We are estranged from the very conditions of recognizing the conflicting forces that define experience—that is, estranged from the possibility of reconciliation that is clearly necessary, but in no way experienced as real, in spite of the inextinguishable hope that such reconciliation may nevertheless be possible. “Oh, [there is] plenty of hope, an infinite amount of hope—but not for us,” as Kafka famously put it. References are made to Adorno’s and Benjamin’s writings on Kafka. The references to tragic ambiguity, initially presented in relation to the work of Vernant and Naquet, are buttressed philosophically by a reflection on the peculiar modality of the “unreal possibility” of overcoming estrangement.
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Hummer, Hans. “More Noble by Sanctity”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797609.003.0008.
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This chapter argues that monasticism is central to understanding the patterns of kinship in early medieval Europe. It examines the passing of an aristocratic consciousness bound to the disintegrating late antique civic order and the formation of a new consciousness flowing from rural centers of power buttressed by estate-laden monasticism during the Merovingian period. The contention is supported with an examination of the rejection of the worldly family in late Roman monasticism and the celebration of the natal family in seventh-century monasticism, as that transformation appears in portrayals of parentage in hagiographical literature. This distinctive conception of kinship was propelled by a dynamic, Augustinian notion of kinship which bound patron families and monasteries to one another, and to the eternal family of God. The chapter ends with an examination of late seventh-century hagiographical works which explicitly embedded a saint’s natal and marital families within the familia Christi.
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Gire, James T., and Abdul Karim Bangura, eds. Corruption in Society. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc., 2023. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781666990911.
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Corruption in Society: Multidisciplinary Conceptualizations is the first book to address the notion of corruption in a truly multidisciplinary manner, augmented with empirical evidence. The prevalent definition in books and articles on corruption is that it is a dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those with political and/or economic power, typically involving bribery. This political-economy or public choice denotation, while very useful, is inadequate for a comprehensive understanding of the concept because the notion of corruption appears in every discipline. For example, in the field of chemistry, chemical corruption concerns (a) the incorporation of defective compounds into experiments to better simulate conditions on the early-Earth and to help us understand how the first molecules of life formed and (b) how to make chemicals appear safer, sometimes dodging restrictions on their use, by minimizing the estimates of how much is released into the environment. In order to address this shortcoming, this book provides a discipline-by-discipline conceptualization of corruption buttressed with evidence from the discipline.
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Joosen, Vanessa, ed. Connecting Childhood and Old Age in Popular Media. University Press of Mississippi, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496815163.001.0001.
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Media narratives in popular culture often ascribe interchangeable characteristics to childhood and old age. In the manner of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson’s Metaphors We Live By, the authors in this volume envision the presumed semblance between children and the elderly as a root metaphor that finds succinct articulation in the idea that “children are like old people” and vice versa. The volume explores the recurrent use of this root metaphor in literature and media from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. The authors demonstrate how it shapes and is reinforced by a spectrum of media products from Western and East-Asian countries. Most the media products addressed were developed for children as their primary audience, and range from children’s classics such as Heidi to recent Dutch children’s books about euthanasia. Various authors also consider narratives produced either for adults (for instance, the TV series Mad Men, and the novel Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close) or for a dual audience (for example, the family film Paddington or The Simpsons). The diversity of these products in terms of geography, production date, and audience buttresses a broad comparative exploration of the connection between childhood and old age, allowing the authors to bring out culturally specific aspects and biases. Finally, since this book also unites scholars from a variety of disciplines (media studies, children’s literature studies, film studies, pedagogy, sociology), the individual chapters provide a range of methods for studying the connection between childhood and old age.
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Jacobs, Nicholas, and Sidney Milkis. What Happened to the Vital Center? Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197603512.001.0001.
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How did a country once praised or blamed for its pragmatism came to be so sharply divided? What Happened to the Vital Center? demonstrates that American politics has become so rancorous because it has been unable to heal wounds opened up by 1960s-era protest and institutional change. As various chapters document, this tumultuous decade resulted in the joining of presidential power, social activism, and high stakes battles over domestic and foreign policy. Surveying the course of American history, the book further shows that previous social divides had been negotiated in a constitutional system buttressed by strong partisan organizations. But beginning in the 1960s, both Democrats and Republicans came to embrace the myth of presidential grandeur, sacrificing collective party responsibility on the altar of executive aggrandizement. While many scholars suggest that the answer to our current predicament is greater presidential power, this work shows that doubling down on the myth of transcendent presidential leadership is likely to exacerbate, not heal, our wounds. Instead, the authors recommend that a reconstituted party system may once again permit political leaders to act as “gatekeepers” to the system, and prevent the worst excesses to democracy that now routinely roil the country.
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Thompson, William R., and Leila Zakhirova. The Netherlands: Not Quite the First Modern Economy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.003.0006.
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In this chapter, we look at four cases: Genoa, Venice, Portugal, and the Netherlands. Genoa, Venice, and Portugal acted as transitional agents over a five- to six-hundred-year period, creating sea power and trading regimes to move Asian commodities and innovations to and from European markets. While Genoa and Venice were primarily Mediterranean-centric, Portugal led the breakthrough from the constraints of the inland sea and inaugurated Europe’s Atlantic focus. None of these actors possessed the power of China nor subsequent global actors, but for their age, they were critical technological leaders, providing a technological bridge from the eastern zone of Eurasia to the western zone. The Netherlands fits into this narrative by combining Baltic and Atlantic activities to construct a European trade regime that greatly overshadowed the earlier transitional efforts. Buttressed by the development of agrarian and industrial technology and a heavy reliance on peat and wind as energy sources, the Dutch case seems idiosyncratic. Most critically, its energy transition was only partial. Although the Netherlands made clear advances in some power-driven machinery and technological innovation , the heat and energy that were expended remained constrained by the inherent limitations of the energy sources.
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Hornbeck II, J. Patrick. Remembering Wolsey. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823282173.001.0001.
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Remembering Wolsey seeks to contribute to our understanding of historical memory and memorialization bexamining in detail the posthumous commemoration and representation of Thomas Wolsey, the sixteenth-century cardinal, papal legate, and lord chancellor of England. Its questions are at once historical and ethical. Analyzing the history of Wolsey’s legacy from his death in 1530 through the present day, this book shows how images of Wolsey have been among the vehicles through which historians, theologians, and others have contested the events known collectively as the English Reformation(s). Over the course of nearly five centuries, Wolsey has been at the center of the debate about King Henry’s reformation and the virtues and vices of late medieval Catholicism. His name and image have been invoked in a bewildering, and often surprising, variety of contexts, including the works of chroniclers, historians, theologians, dramatists, or more recently screenwriters. Cultural producers have often related the story of Wolsey’s life in ways that have buttressed their preconceived opinions on a wide variety of matters. The complex history of Wolsey’s representation has much to teach us not only about the historiography of the English Reformation but also about broader dynamics of cultural and collective memory.
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Allison, Cotton. Effigy. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781666994261.
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Effigy examines the images of a capital defendant portrayed, by the defense attorneys and the prosecutor, during the guilt and penalty phases of capital trial, the trial tactics used to impart these images, and the consequences that result from the jury's attempt to reconcile contradictory images to place one in permanent record as a verdict. These images are starkly contrasted against the backdrop of a brutal murder in which the stereotypes of American fear are realized: Donta Page, the defendant, is an African-American male from a low-income segment of society while Peyton Tuthill, the victim, was a Caucasian female from a middle-income suburb. The prosecuting attorneys depict the defendant as a "savage beast," juxtaposing their image against that of a "troubled youth" as Page is portrayed by the defense attorneys. Slowly and methodically developed as figures with diametrically opposed features, none of which overlap or congeal, both the images are portrayed as real (buttressed by the testimony of witnesses) rather than constructed. The jury is expected to render a verdict that accepts one and rejects the other: there is no middle ground.
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Willumsen, David M. The Acceptance of Party Unity in Parliamentary Democracies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805434.001.0001.
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The central argument of this book is that voting unity in European legislatures is not primarily the result of the ‘disciplining’ power of the leadership of parliamentary parties, but rather the result of a combination of ideological homogeneity through self-selection into political parties and the calculations of individual legislators about their own long-term benefits. Despite the central role of policy preferences in the subsequent behaviour of legislators, preferences at the level of the individual legislator have been almost entirely neglected in the study of parliaments and legislative behaviour. The book measures these using an until now under-utilized resource: parliamentary surveys. Building on these, the book develops measures of policy incentives of legislators to dissent from their parliamentary parties, and show that preference similarity amongst legislators explains a very substantial proportion of party unity, yet alone cannot explain all of it. Analysing the attitudes of legislators to the demands of party unity, and what drives these attitudes, the book argues that what explains the observed unity (beyond what preference similarity would explain) is the conscious acceptance by MPs that the long-term benefits of belonging to a united party (such as increased influence on legislation, lower transaction costs, and better chances of gaining office) outweigh the short-terms benefits of always voting for their ideal policy outcome. The book buttresses this argument through the analysis of both open-ended survey questions as well as survey questions on the costs and benefits of belonging to a political party in a legislature.
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Vail, Mark I. Liberalism in Illiberal States. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683986.001.0001.
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This book analyzes how national liberal traditions have shaped trajectories of economic reform in France, Germany, and Italy since the early 1990s. In some advanced industrial countries, neoliberal programs of expansive market making, characterized by assaults on non-market arrangements such as welfare states, robust regulatory frameworks, and systems of collective bargaining, have assumed quasi-hegemonic status. Rejecting these neoliberal recipes, many continental European countries have charted their own courses, negotiating the transition to a more liberal economic order while preserving or even expanding policies and institutions that serve as buttresses for processes of economic adjustment. In so doing, they have drawn on much older liberal traditions that are defined by nationally distinctive conceptions of the role of the state and its limits, the structure of the social order, and attendant conceptions of the scope and character of state responsibility. The book analyzes developments in fiscal policy, labor-market policy, and finance, three areas that have been central to the evolving relationship between state and market in advanced industrial countries during the contemporary era of transnational neoliberalism. In each domain, authorities have worked to reconcile their political economies to a more liberal order while preserving a significant role for the public institutions in facilitating adjustment. The book argues that outcomes in the three countries cannot be explained solely by recourse to conventional institutional and interest-based accounts and that ideas act as powerful drivers of patterns of economic adjustment in ways that yield strikingly consistent policy trajectories across economic, institutional, and partisan contexts.
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Ballakrishnen, Swethaa S. Accidental Feminism. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691182537.001.0001.
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In India, elite law firms offer a surprising oasis for women within a hostile, predominantly male industry. Less than 10 percent of the country's lawyers are female, but women in the most prestigious firms are significantly represented both at entry and partnership. Elite workspaces are notorious for being unfriendly to new actors, so what allows for aberration in certain workspaces? This book examines how a range of underlying mechanisms — gendered socialization and essentialism, family structures and dynamics, and firm and regulatory histories — afford certain professionals egalitarian outcomes that are not available to their local and global peers. Juxtaposing findings on the legal profession with those on elite consulting firms, the book reveals that parity arises not from a commitment to create feminist organizations, but from structural factors that incidentally come together to do gender differently. Simultaneously, the book offers notes of caution: while conditional convergence may create equality in ways that more targeted endeavors fail to achieve, “accidental” developments are hard to replicate, and are, in this case, buttressed by embedded inequalities. The book examines whether gender parity produced without institutional sanction should still be considered feminist. In offering new ways to think about equality movements and outcomes, the book forces readers to critically consider the work of intention in progress narratives.
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Roy, Anupama. Citizenship Regimes, Law, and Belonging. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192859082.001.0001.
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Law must be seen not simply as bare provisions but examined for the ideological practices that validate it and lay claims to its enforceability. Successive amendments in the citizenship law in India have spawned distinct regimes of citizenship. These regimes manifest a movement from jus soli to jus sanguinis through a complex process of entrenchment of exclusionary nationhood under the veneer of liberal citizenship. This work argues that the contemporary landscape of citizenship in India is dominated by the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) 2019 and the National Register of Citizens (NRC). The CAA 2019 and the NRC emerged as distinct tendencies from the amendment in the Citizenship Act in 2003. These tendencies subsequently become conjoined in an ideological alignment to make citizenship and belonging dependent on lineage and blood ties. The extraordinary legal regime of citizenship spawned by the NRC was justified by invoking the spectre of ‘crisis’ in citizenship precipitated by indiscriminate immigration, and the risks presented by ‘illegal migrants’. The CAA provides for exceptions in this regime by making religion the criterion of distinguishability. The CAA and NRC together constitute a regime of ‘bounded citizenship’ which assumes that citizenship is a natural and constitutive identity. The ideological apparatus of Hindutva has buttressed this regime, eroding the foundational principles of secular-constitutionalism that characterized Indian citizenship in 1949.
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Rosenberg, Michael, and Aslı Erim-Özdoğan. The Neolithic in Southeastern Anatolia. Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0006.
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This article presents data on Neolithic sites in southeastern Anatolia, where, as elsewhere in southwestern Asia, the changes attendant on the Neolithic, while revolutionary in their consequences for the evolution of human cultural and social systems, were gradual. In the Early Aceramic we see the development of sedentary communities based on important economic changes, but ones that still retain major elements of the earlier hunter-gatherer, egalitarian social system. However, those elements are now buttressed with institutions (e.g., general-purpose public buildings, feasting) that permit the now somewhat larger communities to remain intact on a long-term basis and to act as a whole. In the Mature Aceramic (MA), we see some of those same institutions (public buildings and spaces) evolving to (of necessity) more strongly promote group identity at the community level in the still-larger communities that characterize the MA. Beginning in the MA III and continuing through the early part of the Pottery Neolithic, we see the gradual disintegration of the Aceramic Neolithic lifeway and its replacement by one that is quite different, wherein kinship appears to play a larger, more formal role. These social changes are intertwined with important economic changes (the development of the full southwestern Asia domesticate complex) and technological changes (the widespread adoption of ceramic technology), but the specifics of how they are related remains an open question.
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Werth, Tiffany Jo. The Lithic Imagination from More to Milton. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198903963.001.0001.
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Abstract The Lithic Imagination from More to Milton explores how stones, rocks, and the broader mineral realm play a vital role in early modern England’s religious and cultural systems that in turn informs the period’s poetic and visual imagination. The twin buttresses of a human lifespan and the gyre-like turns of England’s long Reformation provide a broad dome under which to locate the many textual and visual archives this book studies. These texts and images participate in specifically English histories (literary, artistic, political, religious), although Continental influences are frequently in dialogue. The religious orbit tracks the rivalries firstly between Jewish and Christian culture, touches on Christianity’s tension with Islam, but most intently follows the antagonisms of Catholic and variants of Reformed or Protestant belief. The bibliography features canonical names such as Shakespeare, Spenser, Donne, Wroth, Herbert, Milton, and Pulter, but puts them in company with lesser-known religious polemicists, alchemists, anatomists, painters, mothers, and stonemasons. The visual archive attends to biblical illustration, tapestries, church furniture, and paintings, anatomical drawings, as well as statues to form a multimedia archive. Similarly, the lithic embraces a wide continuum of mineral forms from bodily encrustations like the kidney and bezoar stone, to salt, iron, limestone, marble, flint, and silicon. The assemblage of materials speaks to aspirational imperial fantasies, looming colonial conquests, syncretism, and supersession, as well as issues of gender and the race-making category of hue, alongside elitist ideologies of an elect, chosen people. All connect via the storied pathways of stone as densely material and a foundation for the abstract imaginary along the scala naturae. Across these human–stone encounters, stone fascinates and betrays and is equal parts damnation and salvation.
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Koganzon, Rita. Liberal States, Authoritarian Families. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197568804.001.0001.
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How can liberals justify adult authority over children? Children are born requiring both subordination to adults and education to equip them for citizenship. These requirements are especially vexing for liberal democracies, for whom the exercise of authority is at odds with the natural liberty and equality of citizens. This difficulty has led some liberal theorists to appeal to the liberal state as a model for familial relations and reject parental authority. My book shows that this effort is misguided, and that early liberals understood parental authority as a necessary protection for children’s own future liberty. It was early modern absolutist theorists—Bodin, Filmer, and Hobbes—who sought congruence between the family and the state, arguing that absolute paternal authority was a salutary education for absolutism’s subjects. But early liberals like Locke and Rousseau opposed congruence. Even as they sought to restrict public authority and limit the formal power of parents, they nonetheless sought to strengthen their private authority over children. They saw that undermining traditional authorities would not issue straightforwardly in freedom but would instead elevate the authority of public opinion to new heights and subject citizens to a new tyranny of opinion. To counteract this threat, they buttressed the pedagogical authority of the family to protect children’s future intellectual liberty and defend liberal citizenship. Their educational writings reveal an important corrective insight for modern liberalism: authority is not only not the enemy of liberty, but actually a necessary prerequisite for it.
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Harold, Franklin M. On Life. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197604540.001.0001.
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Living things are truly strange objects. They stand squarely within the material world, but at the same time flaunt capacities that far exceed those of inanimate matter. Life is in some sense a singular phenomenon: astonishingly, all creatures from bacteria to elephants, redwoods and humans belong to a single enormous family. What life is, how living things work, how they mesh with the realm of physics and chemistry, and how they came to be as we find them—these are the questions that define the science of biology. A rational sense of the world requires finding in it a place for life. Many of the answers are known, but as knowledge expands relentlessly it becomes ever harder to grasp the phenomenon of life whole. This book aims to make the phenomenon of life intelligible to serious readers who are not professional biologists by giving them a sense of the biological landscape: presenting the principles as currently understood and the major issues that remain unresolved, as simply and concisely as may be. What emerges is a biology that is internally consistent and buttressed by a wealth of factual knowledge, but also inescapably historical and complex. The hallmark of life is organization, order that has purpose; and that sets biology apart from the physical sciences. Despite a century of spectacular progress the phenomenon of life remains tantalizingly beyond our grasp, bracketed by two stubborn mysteries: the origin of life at one end, the nature of mind at the other.
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Hamlett, Jane, Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, Katherine L. French, et al., eds. A Cultural History of the Home in the Age of Empire. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474207157.
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During the nineteenth century the home, as both a cultural construct and a set of lived practices, became more powerful in the Western world than ever before. The West saw an unprecedented period of imperial expansion, industrialisation and commercialization that transformed both where and how people made their homes. Scientific advances and increasing mass production also changed homes materially, bringing in domestic technologies and new goods. This volume explores how homes and homemaking were imagined and practiced across the globe in the nineteenth century. For instance, not only did the acquisition of empires lead to the establishment of Western European homes in new terrains, but it also buttressed the way in which Europeans saw themselves, as the guardians of superior cultures, patriarchal relationships and living practices. During this period a powerful shared cultural idea of home emerged – championed by a growing urban middle class – that constructed home as a refuge from a chaotic and noisy industrialised world. Gender was an essential part of this idea. Both masculine and feminine virtues were expected to underpin the ideal home: a greater emphasis was placed on an ideal of the male breadwinner and the need for women to maintain the domestic material fabric and emotional environment was stressed. While these ideas were shared and propagated in print culture across Western Europe and North America there were huge differences in how they were realised and practiced. Home was experienced differently according to class and race; different forms of identity and levels of socio-economic resource fashioned a variety of home-making practices. While demonstrating the cultural importance of home, this book reveals the various ways in which home was lived in the nineteenth century.
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Whitney, Elspeth. Medieval Science and Technology. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400684517.
Full textAbstract:
Medieval science and technology was firmly rooted in Aristotelian explanations of the physical world. This book begins by introducing the basic concepts of the classical tradition, and explains how these ideas were promulgated by the ancient Greeks, preserved and commented on by the great Muslim scholars of the early middle ages, and finally transmitted to western Europe as that region began to grow and expand around 1100 C.E. Specific avenues of inquiry such as astronomy and astrology, optics, chemistry and alchemy, zoology, geography, and medicine are described on their own terms. Rounding out the work is a discussion of the many technological innovations of the medieval age, such as mechanical clocks, firearms, and the blast furnace, that profoundly altered the course of European and world history. Biographical sketches provide insight into the lives and accomplishments of 20 men and women, Christian, Muslim, and pagan, whose works profoundly shaped the era's scientific spirit. Eleven annotated key primary documents afford a fascinating glimpse into how the best minds of the time posed their questions and their answers. An annotated timeline, glossary of terms, several illustrations, and an annotated bibliography round out the work. Medieval scientists, or natural philosophers, as they were then called, were powerfully influenced by the authority of older traditions, including Christianity and scientific ideas dating back to Plato, Aristotle, and Ptolemy. Yet their respect for these traditions was balanced by an equal respect for reason and the spirit of inquiry. Religious faith, far from dampening scientific and technological innovation, actually buttressed their efforts to understand the natural world as it was generally taken for granted that knowledge acquired through reason would harmonize with religious beliefs. While medieval science and technology did not seek to overthrow the prevailing worldviews of the time, their accomplishments did lay the groundwork for the scientific revolution and European global expansion of the early modern age.