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Journal articles on the topic 'Buttressess'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 23 June 2025

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1

Barlow, Jos, Bernard O. Lagan, and Carlos A. Peres. "Morphological correlates of fire-induced tree mortality in a central Amazonian forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 19, no. 3 (2003): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467403003328.

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Tree characteristics were recorded from 2829 standing trees in 24 0.25-ha terra firme forest plots in central Amazonia, 3 y after a surface fire had swept through the study area. Sixteen of the plots were within forest that burnt for the first time at the end of the 1997-98 El Niño (ENSO) event, and the remaining eight plots were within unburnt primary forest. In order to investigate the morphological correlates of tree mortality, we measured tree diameter at breast height (dbh) and bark thickness, and recorded burn height, bark roughness and the presence of latex, resin and buttress roots. Leaf litter depth was also recorded at the base of all trees in the unburnt forest. Using logistic regression models, tree mortality was best explained by the burn height, although dbh and the presence of buttresses were also important. Buttressed trees were associated with deeper leaf litter accumulation at their bases and higher char heights than trees without buttresses. Moreover, trees surviving the fire had significantly thicker bark than living trees in unburnt forest plots, indicating that thin-barked trees are more prone to selective mortality induced by heat stress. Latex did not appear to have had any significant effects on mortality, though resins were less abundant amongst the live trees in the burnt forest than in the unburnt controls. Levels of fire-mediated tree mortality in this study are compared with those in other Amazonian forest regions in light of historical factors affecting tree resistance to fires.

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2

Ochsendorf, J. A., J. I. Hernando, and S. Huerta. "Collapse of Masonry Buttresses." Journal of Architectural Engineering 10, no. 3 (2004): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1076-0431(2004)10:3(88).

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3

Ngomanda, Alfred, Quentin Moundounga Mavouroulou, Nestor Laurier Engone Obiang, et al. "Derivation of diameter measurements for buttressed trees, an example from Gabon." Journal of Tropical Ecology 28, no. 3 (2012): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467412000144.

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Many tropical tree species have buttresses at the standard breast height (1.3 m above ground) of diameter measurement, with a presumable role in improving nutrient acquisition or tree anchorage in the ground (Newbery et al. 2009, Richter 1984). Measuring the diameter using standard dendrometrical tools such as callipers or graduated tapes, which require that the cross-section of the trunk has a convex shape, is then impossible (Nogueira et al. 2006). The recommended method in this case is to measure the diameter above the buttress (DAB), thus possibly leading to biased estimates of the basal area (West 2009), of tree above-ground biomass (Dean & Roxburgh 2006, Dean et al. 2003) and of tree growth (Metcalf et al. 2009). As an alternative, one can measure the basal area at breast height of buttressed trees, using a method that can deal with the irregular non-convex shape of the cross-section of the stem such as the Picus calliper, photogrammetry or 3D laser scanning (Badia et al. 2003, Dean 2003, Newbery et al. 2009).

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4

Martínez-Muñoz, David, José V. Martí, José García, and Víctor Yepes. "Embodied Energy Optimization of Buttressed Earth-Retaining Walls with Hybrid Simulated Annealing." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (2021): 1800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041800.

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The importance of construction in the consumption of natural resources is leading structural design professionals to create more efficient structure designs that reduce emissions as well as the energy consumed. This paper presents an automated process to obtain low embodied energy buttressed earth-retaining wall optimum designs. Two objective functions were considered to compare the difference between a cost optimization and an embodied energy optimization. To reach the best design for every optimization criterion, a tuning of the algorithm parameters was carried out. This study used a hybrid simulated optimization algorithm to obtain the values of the geometry, the concrete resistances, and the amounts of concrete and materials to obtain an optimum buttressed earth-retaining wall low embodied energy design. The relation between all the geometric variables and the wall height was obtained by adjusting the linear and parabolic functions. A relationship was found between the two optimization criteria, and it can be concluded that cost and energy optimization are linked. This allows us to state that a cost reduction of €1 has an associated energy consumption reduction of 4.54 kWh. To achieve a low embodied energy design, it is recommended to reduce the distance between buttresses with respect to economic optimization. This decrease allows a reduction in the reinforcing steel needed to resist stem bending. The difference between the results of the geometric variables of the foundation for the two-optimization objectives reveals hardly any variation between them. This work gives technicians some rules to get optimum cost and embodied energy design. Furthermore, it compares designs obtained through these two optimization objectives with traditional design recommendations.

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5

ter Steege, Hans, Ben J. H. ter Welle, and Peter B. Laming. "The Possible function of Buttresses in Caryocar Nuciferum (Caryocaraceae) in Guyana: Ecological and Wood Anatomical Observations." IAWA Journal 18, no. 4 (1997): 415–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001507.

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This paper describes the microscopic structure and morphology of stern and buttresses of swamp-grown Caryocar nuciferum L. and discusses the function of buttresses. Buttresses are mainly found at the opposite side of the leaning direction of a tree and thus could function as tension members. In contrast to the stern wood, which exhibits a moderate amount of tension wood fibres with a gelatinous layer, the wood of the buttresses on the tension side and the compression side of the leaning tree is characterised by thick-walled tension wood fibres. In addition, the number of vessels in the buttresses is substantially higher than that in the stern wood. The preferential direction of the buttresses and the anatomical differences in the various parts of the tree are discussed.

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6

Bhrany, Amit Dave. "Craniomaxillofacial Buttresses: Anatomy and Repair." Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery 14, no. 6 (2012): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archfaci.2012.906.

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7

Huerta, S. "The safety of masonry buttresses." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering History and Heritage 163, no. 1 (2010): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ehah.2010.163.1.3.

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8

Young, Truman P., and Victoria Perkocha. "Treefalls, Crown Asymmetry, and Buttresses." Journal of Ecology 82, no. 2 (1994): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2261299.

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9

Quintas, V. "Structural analysis of flying buttresses." European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering 21, no. 4 (2016): 471–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2015.1131201.

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10

Cotogno, Paolo. "Buttresses of the Turing Barrier." Acta Analytica 30, no. 3 (2015): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12136-014-0248-2.

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11

Bhrany, Amit Dave. "Craniomaxillofacial Buttresses: Anatomy and Repair." Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery 14, no. 6 (2012): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archfacial.2012.906.

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12

de Sloover, J. R., and M. Fagnant. "Buttresses of tropical forest trees and spatial competition." Phytocoenologia 24, no. 1-4 (1994): 573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/24/1994/573.

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13

Lavinia, D. T. "Flying Buttresses and the Artistic Expression of Vertical Ambition in Gothic Church Architecture." Art and Society 3, no. 4 (2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/as.2024.08.01.

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This paper explores the pivotal role of flying buttresses in Gothic church architecture, emphasizing their structural innovation and symbolic significance. Gothic architecture, emerging in the 12th century, is renowned for its verticality and light-filled spaces, which were made possible by the advent of flying buttresses. These external supports allowed for the construction of thinner walls and larger windows, leading to the iconic luminosity and height of Gothic cathedrals. Through Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres Cathedral, and Reims Cathedral, this paper examines how flying buttresses facilitated these architectural feats and contributed to the aesthetic and theological ambitions of the era. The analysis also highlights the artistic expressions found in the decoration of flying buttresses and their enduring influence on subsequent architectural styles. By integrating engineering prowess with profound spiritual symbolism, flying buttresses epitomize the vertical ambition and creative ingenuity of Gothic architecture.

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14

James, John. "Evidence for Flying Buttresses before 1180." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 51, no. 3 (1992): 261–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990687.

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15

Sokolov, V. M. "Calculation of buttresses of retaining walls." Hydrotechnical Construction 20, no. 3 (1986): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01431884.

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16

Stephens, J. R., S. Holmes, and B. T. Evans. "Functional buttresses of the skull base." International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 44 (October 2015): e148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2015.08.817.

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17

Ennos, A. R. "The function and formation of buttresses." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8, no. 10 (1993): 350–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(93)90217-d.

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18

CHAPMAN, COLIN A., LES KAUFMAN, and LAUREN J. CHAPMAN. "Buttress formation and directional stress experienced during critical phases of tree development." Journal of Tropical Ecology 14, no. 3 (1998): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467498000261.

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Patterns of buttress formation in tropical trees vary greatly within and among species. In Kibale National Park, Uganda, some form of a buttres was found on 23% of the 78 species (1785 trees) sampled from a variety of distantly related families. Large differences in buttress formation were documented within a single family and even within the same genus. Previous studies have suggested that buttresses are mechanical adaptations to counter asymmetric loads experienced during brief critical phases in a tree’s development and these persist after the need for a mechanical support has disappeared. As a tree grows from the understorey, up to the canopy, or emerges from the canopy, the potential number of occasions that a tree will experience directional stress increases. Many canopy level trees will probably have been in the vicinity of a treefall gap during their development, while emergent trees may experience gap exposure in addition to wind stresses associated with canopy emergence. Therefore, it is predicted that understorey trees should have fewer and less developed buttresses (after correcting for overall tree size) than canopy trees, which should have fewer and less developed buttresses than emergent trees. Detailed measurements of buttresses from 194 trees of eight species support this prediction. There was no evidence that trees thought to have experienced directional stress associated with selective logging almost 30 y ago had increased the number or size of existing buttresses. The pattern of buttressing in Kibale generally supports the idea that buttresses are mechanical adaptations to counter episodic asymmetric loads, and that buttresses persist after the need for a mechanical support has disappeared.

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19

Kurosawa, Koreyuki, Naoko Sato, Akira Ohkoshi, et al. "Multiple Buttresses Reconstruction of Maxilla with Fibular Flap Using Computer-aided Design/Computer-aided Manufacturing after Maxillectomy." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open 12, no. 6 (2024): e5914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000005914.

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Background: The maxilla comprises horizontal and vertical buttresses, each with specific functions, supporting various organs, such as the eyes, nose, and oral cavity. Notably, they combine to form a three-dimensional structure, which enables the buttresses to provide their inherent support strength. However, reconstructing the maxilla after maxillectomy by assembling new buttresses is challenging. We successfully reconstructed all the buttresses crucial for facial appearance and dental rehabilitation using a vascularized fibular flap. Methods: Four patients underwent maxillary buttress reconstruction with a fibular flap after total or subtotal maxillectomy. We used computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing digital technology to osteotomize the fibula into multiple segments and assemble them to reconstruct the maxillary buttresses. Each buttress was assembled based on a preoperative simulation. Results: All patients underwent immediate one-stage maxillary reconstruction. They had good maxillary buttress alignment and acquired good facial appearance, eye position, nasal airway, and prosthetically suitable maxillary alveolus ridge. Conclusions: The combination of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing digital technology and surgical techniques has enabled novel maxillary reconstruction, providing great hope to patients experiencing facial disfigurement and loss of function after maxillectomy.

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20

Warren, Steven D., Hal L. Black, David A. Eastmond, and Wayne H. Whaley. "Structural Function of Buttresses of Tachigalia Versicolor." Ecology 69, no. 2 (1988): 532–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1940451.

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21

Wells, Mark D., Scott Oishi, and Mustafa Sengezer. "Sagittal Fractures of the Palate: A New Method of Treatment." Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery 3, no. 2 (1995): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/229255039500300205.

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A new technique is described for stabilizing complex vertical fractures of the maxilla. Advantageous use of the comminuted fracture pattern of the maxillary buttresses allows the maxilla to be divided into two parts at the Le Fort I level. with intermaxillary fixation applied, stabilization is achieved by applying miniplate fixation to the nasal side of the hard palate. The maxilla is reduced to the previously stabilized anterior midfacial buttresses with plates and screws. Comminuted segments of defects in the anterior buttresses are replaced with contoured calvarial grafts. This method has the advantage of maintaining transverse palatal width in a rigid fashion without the need for further osteotomies. It has satisfactorily restored preinjury occlusal relationships in six patients, without the need for dental splints. In no instance has hardware extrusion occurred after fixation.

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22

Takamochi, K., S. Oh, and K. Suzuki. "P-231 * PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED TRIAL COMPARING BUTTRESSED VERSUS NON-BUTTRESSED STAPLING IN PULMONARY LOBECTOMY." Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery 17, suppl 1 (2013): S60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icvts/ivt288.231.

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23

KARTHIK, THIPPARTHI, KANDALAI SRIKANTH, and V. KASTRO KIRAN. "EFFECT OF COUNTERFORTS AND BUTTRESSES ON RETAINING WALL." i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering 10, no. 3 (2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jce.10.3.17412.

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24

De Lorenzis, Laura, Rossana Dimitri, and John Ochsendorf. "Structural study of masonry buttresses: the trapezoidal form." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings 165, no. 9 (2012): 483–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stbu.10.00042.

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25

De Lorenzis, Laura, Rossana Dimitri, and John Ochsendorf. "Structural study of masonry buttresses: the stepped form." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings 165, no. 9 (2012): 499–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stbu.10.00043.

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26

Ochsendorf, J., and L. De Lorenzis. "Failure of rectangular masonry buttresses under concentrated loading." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings 161, no. 5 (2008): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stbu.2008.161.5.265.

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27

Nikolinakou, Maria-Katerina, Andrew J. Tallon, and John A. Ochsendorf. "Structure and form of early Gothic flying buttresses." Revue Européenne de Génie Civil 9, no. 9-10 (2005): 1191–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17747120.2005.9692807.

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28

Stephens, J., B. Evans, and S. Holmes. "Functional vs anatomical buttresses of the skull base." British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 53, no. 10 (2015): e124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2015.08.243.

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29

Nikolinakou, Maria-Katerina, Andrew J. Tallon, and John A. Ochsendorf. "Structure and form of early Gothic flying buttresses." Revue européenne de génie civil 9, no. 9-10 (2005): 1191–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/regc.9.1191-1217.

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30

Orlek, Barry S., Peter G. Sammes, and David J. Weller. "Use of steric buttresses to enhance intramolecular cycloadditions." Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, no. 18 (1993): 1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c39930001412.

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31

Herwitz, Stanley R. "Buttresses of tropical rainforest trees influence hillslope processes." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 13, no. 6 (1988): 563–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290130610.

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32

Islomov, Muxammadjon Islom o'g'li, and Asliddin Gadayev. "THE STRUCTURE OF THE UPPER AND LOWER JAWS, AGERELATED CHARACTERISTICS. CONCEPT OF FACE BUTTRESSES." JOURNAL OF SCIENCE-INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN UZBEKISTAN 1, no. 9 (2023): 411–19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10324262.

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This article, "The Structure of the Upper and Lower Jaws: Age Related Characteristics and the Concept of Face Buttresses," provides a comprehensive exploration of the anatomical features of the upper and lower jaws, with a particular focus on how these structures evolve with age. The concept of face buttresses, crucial for facial stability, is introduced and analyzed in detail. The study has significant clinical implications for orthodontics and maxillofacial surgery, offering insights into age-related changes and their impact on facial anatomy

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33

Hutterer, Maile. "Architectural Design as an Expression of Religious Tolerance:." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 76, no. 3 (2017): 281–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2017.76.3.281.

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The inventive hybridity of early modern ecclesiastical architecture in France mixes the traditional and local forms derived from the medieval past with neoclassical ones imported from Italy and ultimately derived from antiquity. Although this combination of seemingly disparate styles generally characterizes sixteenth-century French churches, the flying buttresses of the Church of Sainte-Madeleine in Montargis remain exceptional in their classicizing reimagination of a conventional architectural typology. In Architectural Design as an Expression of Religious Tolerance: The Case of Sainte-Madeleine in Montargis, Maile Hutterer suggests that the unusual form of the Montargis buttresses derives from the political and religious circumstances of their creation. Calvinist Jacques Androuet du Cerceau I is the most likely designer of the Montargis buttresses, and they were constructed while Montargis was part of the holdings of Protestant sympathizer Renée de France. The designer's careful balancing of orthodoxy and heterodoxy paralleled Renée's carefully constructed position between Catholicism and Calvinism.

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34

Гайворонский, Иван Васильевич, А. А. Родионов, Геннадий Иванович Ничипорук, Инга Александровна Горячева, and Мария Георгиевна Гайворонская. "HUMAN PELVIS BUTTRESS SYSTEM AND THE ROLE OF SKELETAL MUSCLES IN ITS FORMATION (REVIEW ARTICLE)." Морфология, no. 4-5 (September 30, 2020): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.34922/ae.2020.158.4.014.

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В связи с вертикальным положением тела на таз человека действуют такие механические силы, как масса тела, внутренностей, внутрибрюшное давление, тяга мышц, связочного аппарата. Под воздействием этих сил происходит моделирование костных структур - внутренних пластинок губчатого вещества и замыкательных пластинок компактного вещества, наибольшая концентрация которых происходит в местах воздействия сил сжатия и растяжении. Указанные места повышенной плотности костной ткани в составе костного таза являются его контрфорсами. Связующим фундаментом контрфорсной системы таза является крестец, воспринимающий воздействия механических сил и передающих их на тазовые кости. Авторами выделены следующие костные контрфорсы: 1 - пояснично-крестцово-подвздошно-бедренный; 2 - пояснично-крестцово-подвздошно-седалищный; 3 - крестцово-седалищный; 4 - крестцово-бедренный; 5 - крестцово-подвздошнолобковый. Рассматривать контрфорсы таза необходимо с позиций арочных конструкций с обязательным взаимодействием контралатеральных сторон. Арочные конструкции, образованные пояснично-крестцово-подвздошно-бедренным, крестцовобедренным и крестцово-подвздошно-лобковыми контрфорсами, функционируют при вертикальном положении тела, а пояснично-крестцово-подвздошно-седалищные и крестцово-седалищные контрфорсы - при сидячем положении тела. Важнейшую роль в формировании и поддержании костных контрфорсов также играют скелетные мышцы, прикрепляющиеся к костям таза. Они не только изменяют его костную структуру, но и передают напряжение при своем сокращении на другие кости, формируя мышечные контрфорсные системы. В работе доказано наличие следующих костно-мышечных контрфорсов: 1 - наружного и внутреннего подвздошно-бедренного; 2 - наружного и внутреннего запирательнобедренного; 3 - лобково-седалищно-бедренно-большеберцового; 4 - седалищно-большеберцово-малоберцового контрфорсов. Показано, что таз является важнейшей частью опорно-двигательного аппарата человека и стабилизационным кольцом для свободной нижней конечности. In connection with the vertical position of the body, such mechanical forces as body weight, viscera, intra-abdominal pressure, traction of muscles, tendons and ligament apparatus act on the human pelvis. The bone structures - the internal plates of the spongy substance and the end plates of the compact substance, the highest concentration of which occurs at the sites of compression and tension - are modeled under the influence of these forces. The aforementioned places of increased bone density in the composition of the bone pelvis are its buttresses. The connecting foundation of the buttress system of the pelvis is the sacrum, perceiving the effects of mechanical forces and transmitting them to the pelvic bones. The authors distinguished the following bone buttresses: 1 - lumbo-sacral-iliac-femoral; 2 - lumbo-sacral-iliac-sciatic; 3 - sacro-sciatic; 4 - sacro-femoral; 5 - sacro-iliac-pubical. It is necessary to consider buttresses of the pelvis from the position of arched structures, with the obligatory interaction of the contralateral sides. Arched structures formed by the lumbo-sacral-iliac-femoral, sacro-femoral and sacro-iliac-pubic buttresses function when the body is in vertical position, and the lumbo-sacral-iliac-sciatic and sacroiliac buttresses when the body is in seated position. Skeletal muscles attached to the bones of the pelvis also play an important role in the formation and maintenance of bone buttresses. They not only change its bone structure, but during their contraction also transmit tension to other bones, forming muscle buttress systems. In the work, the presence of the following musculoskeletal buttresses is proved: 1 - the external and internal ileo-femoral; 2 - external and internal obturator-femoral; 3 - pubic-sciaticfemoral-tibial; 4 - sciatic-tibial-fibular buttresses. It is shown that the pelvis is the most important part of the human musculoskeletal system and the stabilization ring for the free lower limb.

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35

Bedolla-Arroyo, J. A., W. Martínez-Molina, E. M. Alonso-Guzmán, and J. L. Briansó-Penalva. "Revisión tratadística de las proporciones empleadas en la construcción de la estructura de la iglesia de San Juan bautista en Tiripetío, Michoacán, México. Comentarios a los resultados del análisis estructural a botareles de contrafuertes ysu restauración." Revista ALCONPAT 2, no. 2 (2012): 114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21041/ra.v2i2.32.

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RESUMENEl edificio en estudio es emblemático. Se encuentra desplantado sobre un suelo arcilloso. Ha sufrido modificaciones por motivos estructurales, arquitectónicos, estéticos y funcionales. La construcción de este templo data del siglo XVI. Se construyó con mampostería de piedra natural junteada con arcilla y techumbre de madera. Su planta está conformada por una sola nave rectangular de 12 m de ancho x 50 m de largo, la cual contempla 5 contrafuertes laterales, que presentan falla estructural en sus extremos superiores e inferioresAl analizar las causas del origen de las fracturas presentes, se comprueba que el edificio se construyó de acuerdo a la geometría propuesta en diversos tratados antiguos, lo que supondría un adecuado comportamiento mecánico. Se presentan las principales conclusiones obtenidas del análisis estructural realizado a los botareles de los contrafuertes, así como del estudio de Mecánica de Suelos realizado, concluyéndose que las fracturas presentes en los botareles de los contrafuertes se deben a la inadecuada selección de la mampostería natural empleada y a un inadecuado procedimiento constructivo.Palabras clave: Fábrica; tratados; edificios históricos; contrafuertes; botareles.ABSTRACTThe Tiripetío building is emblematic. It is founded on a clay soil. It has undergone modifications due to structural, architectural, aesthetic and functional reasons. The construction of this temple dates back from the 16th century. It was built with stone masonry natural binder with clay and wood roof. The plant consists of a single rectangular bay of 12 m wide x 50 m in length, which includes 5 lateral buttresses, showing structural failure in the upper and lower ends. To analyze the root causes of the fractures, it was checked that the building was built according to the geometry described in various former treaties which would have a proper mechanical behavior. The main conclusions obtained from the structural analysis at botareles buttresses, as well as the study of soil mechanics, were that fractures present at the botareles of the buttresses are due to improper selection of the used natural masonry as well as an inappropriate construction procedure.Keywords: Factory; treaties; historic buildings; buttresses; flying buttresses.

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Wild, Christian T., Karen E. Alley, Atsuhiro Muto, Martin Truffer, Ted A. Scambos, and Erin C. Pettit. "Weakening of the pinning point buttressing Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica." Cryosphere 16, no. 2 (2022): 397–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-397-2022.

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Abstract. The Thwaites Eastern Ice Shelf buttresses a significant portion of Thwaites Glacier through contact with a pinning point 40 km offshore of the present grounding line. Predicting future rates of Thwaites Glacier’s contribution to sea-level rise depends on the evolution of this pinning point and the resultant change in the ice-shelf stress field since the breakup of the Thwaites Western Glacier Tongue in 2009. Here we use Landsat-8 feature tracking of ice velocity in combination with ice-sheet model perturbation experiments to show how past changes in flow velocity have been governed in large part by changes in lateral shear and pinning point interactions with the Thwaites Western Glacier Tongue. We then use recent satellite altimetry data from ICESat-2 to show that Thwaites Glacier’s grounding line has continued to retreat rapidly; in particular, the grounded area of the pinning point is greatly reduced from earlier mappings in 2014, and grounded ice elevations are continuing to decrease. This loss has created two pinned areas with ice flow now funneled between them. If current rates of surface lowering persist, the Thwaites Eastern Ice Shelf will unpin from the seafloor in less than a decade, despite our finding from airborne radar data that the seafloor underneath the pinning point is about 200 m shallower than previously reported. Advection of relatively thin and mechanically damaged ice onto the remaining portions of the pinning point and feedback mechanisms involving basal melting may further accelerate the unpinning. As a result, ice discharge will likely increase up to 10 % along a 45 km stretch of the grounding line that is currently buttressed by the Thwaites Eastern Ice Shelf.

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Johnson, Philip L., Samuel W. Nolan, and Patrick O. Shires. "Geologic Model for Alluvium-Buttressed Landslides." Environmental & Engineering Geoscience 29, no. 4 (2023): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21663/eeg-d-22-00095.

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Abstract Large, deep-seated landslides typically occur in hillside settings without any natural buttressing, and many of these landslides remain relatively unstable and prone to reactivation. However, where large, deep-seated landslides have moved into incised valleys that subsequently experienced alluvial aggradation, a natural buttress of alluvium may cover the toes of these landslides, increasing stability. This study presents three examples of large, deep-seated landslides that are buttressed by Quaternary alluvium. The McCracken Hill Landslide in southern California and the Potrero Canyon Landslide Complex in central California are proximal to the Pacific coast. The Knights Valley Landslide Complex in northern California is much farther inland than the other examples. We analyzed the stability of one of the example landslides to demonstrate that a buttress of alluvium increases stability. In most settings, base level primarily controls alluvial aggradation. Base-level rise may result from either climatically driven late Quaternary eustatic sea-level rise or local factors such as damming of streams or downstream tectonic uplift. Late Quaternary eustatic sea-level rise caused alluvial aggradation at the McCracken Hill and Potrero Canyon sites. Downstream tectonic uplift likely caused local base-level rise and alluvial aggradation at Knights Valley.

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Brandonisio, Giuseppe, Maurizio Angelillo, and Antonello De Luca. "Seismic capacity of buttressed masonry arches." Engineering Structures 215 (July 2020): 110661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110661.

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Islam, Arsalla, Lauren B. Mashaud, Yan Peng, Antonio O. Castellvi, Deborah C. Hogg, and Daniel J. Scott. "T1676 Pre-Loaded Buttressed Versus Non-Buttressed Linear Staple Lines: A Randomized, Blinded In-Vivo Comparison." Gastroenterology 138, no. 5 (2010): S—892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(10)64122-4.

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Arnold, William, and Scott A. Shikora. "A Comparison of Burst Pressure Between Buttressed Versus Non-Buttressed Staple-Lines in an Animal Model." Obesity Surgery 15, no. 2 (2005): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1381/0960892053268309.

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Clark, William W. "Reading Reims, I. The Sculptures on the Chapel Buttresses." Gesta 39, no. 2 (2000): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/767141.

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McDermott, John F. "Leaning-Structure Statics—Flying Buttresses and Mayan Vault Ceilings." Journal of Architectural Engineering 4, no. 2 (1998): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1076-0431(1998)4:2(75).

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Boothby, Thomas E., and John F. McDermott. "Leaning-Structure Statics—Flying Buttresses and Mayan Vault Ceilings." Journal of Architectural Engineering 5, no. 3 (1999): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1076-0431(1999)5:3(104).

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44

Pankratova, Nataliia, Mikhail Postnikov, Aziza Khasbolatova, et al. "DEVIATIONSIN THE POSITION OFTHETHIRD MOLARS." Archiv Euromedica 10, no. 4 (2020): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35630/2199-885x/2020/10/4.35.

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Timely teething is one of the most important indicators of the harmonious development of the dentoalveolar system, which is determined by the correct (physiological) position of the teeth in the dentition, ensuring the optimal shape and function of the temporomandibular joint, the work of the chewing muscles, the height of the lower part of the face, and aesthetics of a smile. Retention of individual teeth is often the reason for the formation of anomalies in the dentition, their closure, functional and aesthetic disorders. An urgent problem in modern dentistry is the problem associated with the development of third molars. According to the results of the analysis of 3000 orthopantomograms of the jaws of patients 7–25 years old with dentoalveolar anomalies, the spatial arrangement of the primordial of the third molars relative to the buttresses of the upper and lower jaws was studied. It was found that the buttresses on the upper jaw are vertical and do not interfere with the correct eruption of the third molars. The buttresses located near the primordial of the third molars on the lower jaw contribute to the retention of the third molars due to the change in inclination during the formation stage.

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Memmott, Jane, and Stephen L. Sutton. "Sandfly stratification on tree buttresses in a Costa Rican tropical rainforest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 10, no. 1 (1994): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400007732.

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ABSTRACTIn humid forests tree buttresses and tree trunks are used as diurnal resting sites by phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae). When several species are present on the same buttress, the sandfly species are spatially segregated resulting in a pattern of vertical stratification on the buttress within 100 cm of ground level. A change in the distribution of one species induces a change in the distribution of an adjacent species. This is demonstrated under both natural and experimental conditions. Observations of sandflies at dawn and dusk have revealed that the buttress is used as a swarming site; this behaviour provides our favoured explanation for the patterns of vertical stratification on tree buttresses.

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Pandey, C. B., Lalita Singh, and S. K. Singh. "Buttresses induced habitat heterogeneity increases nitrogen availability in tropical rainforests." Forest Ecology and Management 262, no. 9 (2011): 1679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.07.019.

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Choony, Nandeo, Anjum Dadabhoy, and Peter G. Sammes. "On the use of removable steric buttresses in cycloaddition reactions." Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1, no. 13 (1998): 2017–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a802415d.

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Salman, S. N., N. Iqbal, S. Shafique, and S. M. Haider. "Reconstruction of facial buttresses in the management of midface fractures." International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 36, no. 11 (2007): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2007.09.164.

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ORLEK, B. S., P. G. SAMMES, and D. J. WELLER. "ChemInform Abstract: Use of Steric Buttresses to Enhance Intramolecular Cycloadditions." ChemInform 25, no. 1 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199401063.

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Ning, Qing Chen, Xu Yang, Yan Shi, and Lun Li. "Computation and Analysis of Buttressed Quay’s Floor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 2185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.2185.

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In the design and construction code for gravity quay, the inner floor of multi-ribbed buttressed quays generally is divided into two parts to calculate. The part within 1.5 times the rib spacing is as a three fixed edges and one simply-supported slab. The restriction effect of the three fixed edges is the same. However, because of the difference in thickness between vertical plate and rib with the change in the vertical direction of the flow, the effect of them is not the same. It will lead to the result deviating. Sometimes, there will be a phenomenon that the maximum bending moment of inner floor is smaller than the mid-span moment. Finite element software ANSYS was used to make a 3D numerical simulation on a buttressed quay in this paper. Shortcomings in the current code are addressed by comparing the calculation results. This can provide references for engineering design.

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