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1
Janovicek, K. J., T. J. Vyn, R. P. Voroney, and O. B. Allen. "Early corn seedling growth response to acetic, propionic and butyric acids." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, no. 3 (1997): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-122.
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Corn (Zea mays L.) responses to crop rotation, tillage practice and/or plant residue placement may be due to differential production of acetic, propionic and butyric acids which are associated with the anaerobic decomposition of plant residues. To evaluate early corn growth response to acetic, propionic and butyric acids, a series of bioassays was conducted in which seeds of three commercially available corn hybrids, Pioneer 3737, Pioneer 3949 and Hyland 2260, were germinated and allowed to develop in solutions containing these acids alone or in combination at four concentrations (1.0 ×10−4 M, 1.0 × 10−3 M, 5.0 ×10−3 M, and 1.0 × 10−2 M) which were adjusted to two solution pH levels (4.5 and 7.5). None of the acids or acid mixtures tested affected seed germination. However, all three acids inhibited corn radicle growth. The magnitude of inhibition was butyric > propionic > acetic. Reducing solution pH tended to increase the degree of radicle growth inhibition. Particularly with propionic and butyric acids, the extent of radicle growth inhibition was affected by hybrid. Results indicated early corn growth inhibition associated with these acids is affected by acid type, acid concentration, solution pH and corn hybrid. Key words: Allelopathy, acetic, propionic, butyric, corn, hybrid response
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MUHAMMAD, QUDRAT-I.-KHUDA. "On the Constitution of some δ-Ketodicarboxylic Acids." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 8, Jan-Dec 1931 (2022): 215–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6825283.
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Krisnan, Rantan, Yuli Retnani, Budi Tangendjaja, Rita Mutia, and Anuraga Jayanegara. "In ovo Feeding of Butyric Acid Replacing Antibiotics Function to Increase Poultry Productivity." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 29, no. 1 (2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v29i1.1918.
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Antibiotics have an important role in increasing livestock productivity. The ban on the use of these products encourages efforts to find substitute products. Butyric acid is one of the organic acids and considered to be potential to replace the role of antibiotics. In principle, both antibiotics and butyric acids can create livestock conditions physiologically and metabolically well to achieve good productivity. Several mechanisms of butyric acid in increasing livestock productivity can provide explanation for the positive effects of this material. Characteristics of butyric acids such as corrosive, volatile and have unpleasant odor encourage the need for an appropriate application technology. In ovo feeding technology can be the right solution to eliminate the constraints of using butyric acid. This technology has also been widely studied and proven to increase livestock productivity through improved hatching parameters, performance of livestock, improvement of organs/digestive tract (intestine), repair of bones, muscles and meat, and enhancement of immunity.
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Sugiharto, S., T. Yudiarti, I. Isroli, et al. "Effect of dietary supplementation of formic acid, butyric acid or their combination on carcass and meat characteristics of broiler chickens." Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture 44, no. 3 (2019): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.44.3.286-294.
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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of dietary supplementation of formic acid, butyric acid or their combination on carcass and meat characteristics of broiler chicks. A number of 288 day-old-chicks (Lohmann MB-202 meat broilers) were distributed to four groups, including CONT (basal diet with no additive as a control), FORM (basal diet containing 0.1% formic acid), BUTR (basal diet with 0.03% butyric acid) and FORM+BUTR (basal diet with 0.1% formic and 0.03% butyric acid). At day 35 the birds were slaughtered and eviscerated, and from which the breast meat was obtained. Carcass and cut yields of broilers were not different (P>0.05) among CONT, FORM and BUTR birds. The combination of formic and butyric acids increased (P<0.05) the relative weight of back of broilers. Meat pH value was higher (P<0.05) in organic acids treated than in non-treated birds. Organic acids lowered (P<0.05) drip loss of broiler meat. Butyric acid increased (P<0.05) moisture and decreased (P<0.05) the content of meat protein. Formic acid increased (P<0.05), whereas butyric acid and combination of formic and butyric acids decreased (P<0.05) lightness values of breast meat. Yellowness values of meat increased (P<0.05) with organic acid administration. Intense bands of 25 kDa (phosphoglycerate mutase) was observed in most of meat samples from the treated birds, but not in meat from the control birds. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of organic acids was capable of improving the meat quality of broiler meats. The treatments may prevent the pale, soft and exudative (PSE)-like condition in broiler meats.
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Liu, Ying, Yingxi Geng, Renyong Zhao, Huabao Zheng, and Wenqiao Yuan. "Effects of Formic and Levulinic Acids on Butyric Acid Synthesis by Clostridium tyrobutyricum in Xylose Media." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 6 (2019): 1803–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13669.
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Abstract. Weak acids released during hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass are potential inhibitors of microorganism fermentation. In this study, the effects of formic and levulinic acids on butyric acid synthesis by were investigated. With the addition of 1.2 to 4.8 g L-1 of formic acid, increased lag time, decreased cell density, and lower butyric acid productivity were observed. Up to 15% and 56% reduction in peak cell density and butyric acid productivity, respectively, were caused by formic acid addition, whereas there was no significant difference in butyric acid yield between the control and formic acid treated groups (except for the 2.4 g formic acid L-1 treatment). Levulinic acid did not show any notable effects on within the investigated concentration range (0 to 4.8 g L-1). Overall, showed strong tolerance of both formic and levulinic acids, but neither of these acids could be metabolized by the microbe.HighlightsFormic acid had dosage-dependent inhibitory effects on C. tyrobutyricum.Levulinic acid had no effects on cell growth or butyrate synthesis.Neither formic acid nor levulinic acid was metabolized by C. tyrobutyricum.C. tyrobutyricum showed strong tolerance to formic acid and levulinic acid. Keywords: Butyric acid, Clostridium tyrobutyricum, Formic acid, Levulinic acid, Lignocellulosic hydrolysate, Xylose.
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Tajarudin, Husnul, Myrto-Panagiota Zacharof, Karnika Ratanapongleka, Paul Williams, and Robert Lovitt. "Intensive Production of Carboxylic Acids Using C. butyricum in a Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)." Fermentation 4, no. 4 (2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation4040081.
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This work reports on the use of a bench-scale chemostat (CSTR) in continuous mode and of a pilot-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) in fed-batch mode to intensively produce acetic and butyric acids using C. butyricum grown on synthetic media. These studies were then used to perform a cost estimation study of the MBR system to assess the potential economic impact of this proposed methodology, regarding the production of carboxylic acids. The MBR system was found to be highly productive, reaching 37.88 g L−1 h−1 of acetic and 14.44 g L−1 h−1 of volumetric cell productivity, favoring acetic acid production over butyric acid at a ratio of 3 moles to 1. The cost of preparation and production of carboxylic acid using this system was found to be 0.0062 £PS/kg with up to 99% carbon recovery.
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Isroli, I., R. Murwani, T. Yudiarti, et al. "Body weight, haematological indices and intestinal morphometric of broilers provided with diets containing formic acid, butyric acid or their blends." Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture 45, no. 1 (2020): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.45.1.37-46.
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The study investigated the influence of dietary incorporation of formic acid, butyric acid or their blends on growth rate, haematological indices and intestinal morphometric of broilers. A number of 240 Lohmann MB-202 chicks were pass rounded to four dietary groups, including CONT (chicks taking in basal feed with no additive), BTRT (chicks receiving basal feed with 0.03% butyric acid), FRMT (chicks receiving basal feed with 0.1% formic acid) and BTRT+FRMT (chicks receiving basal feed containing 0.03% butyric acid and 0.1% formic acid). Weight of chicks and intake were measured every week, while blood sample was collected at day 21 and 35. At day 35, birds were slaughtered and small intestinal segments and digesta were collected. At day 21, body weight was bigger (P<0.05) in BTRT+FRMT than in other birds. Feeding the blends of formic and butyric acids resulted in higher (P<0.05) value of mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) at day 21. Feeding organic acids was associated with the lower (P<0.05) proportion of thrombocytes in broilers at day 35. Supplementation of butyric acid resulted in higher (P<0.05) serum albumin concentration at day 35. Butyric acid produced higher (P<0.05) levels of triglyceride as well as low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the serum. The mixture of formic and butyric acids resulted in higher (P<0.05) titer of antibody against Newcastle disease vaccine (NDV) at day 21. Feeding formic acid decreased (P<0.05) ileal population of lactose negative enterobacteria at day 35. Overall, dietary supplementation of the blends of formic and butyric acids resulted in improved growth and immune defence of broiler chicks.
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Jakobsdottir, Greta, Cecilia Jädert, Lena Holm, and Margareta E. Nyman. "Propionic and butyric acids, formed in the caecum of rats fed highly fermentable dietary fibre, are reflected in portal and aortic serum." British Journal of Nutrition 110, no. 9 (2013): 1565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114513000809.
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SCFA are important end products formed during colonic fermentation of dietary fibre (DF). It has been suggested that propionic and butyric acids affect metabolic parameters, low-grade systemic inflammation, insulin resistance and obesity. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the various SCFA profiles observed after fermentation in the caecum of rats fed pectin, guar gum and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) were also represented in hepatic portal and aortic serum. The SCFA in serum were extracted using hollow fibre-supported liquid membrane extraction before GLC analysis. The concentrations of acetic, propionic and butyric acids in caecal content correlated well with those in portal serum (P< 0·001) for all the three diets. A weaker correlation was found for propionic and butyric acids between the caecal content and aortic serum (P< 0·05). Butyric acid concentration in caecal content was also reflected in the aortic serum (P= 0·019) of rats fed FOS. FOS gave rather low amounts of the SCFA, especially butyric acid, but caecal tissue weight was higher with FOS than with the other two diets. This may be explained by rapid fermentation and quick utilisation/absorption of the SCFA. The present study also showed that propionic acid was metabolised/utilised to a higher extent than butyric acid by colonocytes before reaching the liver. We conclude that the formation of propionic and butyric acids in the caecum is reflected by increased concentrations in the aortic blood. This approach may therefore simplify the evaluation and study of SCFA from DF in human subjects.
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Al-Mutairi, Hany M. S., Elsayed O. S. Hussein, Abdul Rahman Jar El Nabi, et al. "Does the Consumption of Acidified Drinking Water Affect Growth Performance and Lymphoid Organs of Broilers?" Sustainability 12, no. 8 (2020): 3093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083093.
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This study was conducted to compare the effects of single and synergistic organic acids (formic (F) and butyric (B) acids) on the performance and lymphoid organs of broiler chicks. In total, 450 one-day-old ISA JA57 chicks were assigned randomly to nine groups, each of five replicates (10 chicks/replicate): The control group, without added acids; groups 2 and 3, with 0.2% and 0.3% formic acid, respectively; groups 4 and 5, with 0.2% and 0.3% butyric acid, respectively; group 6, with 0.2% formic acid and 0.3% butyric acid; group 7, with 0.2% butyric acid and 0.3% formic acid; groups 8 and 9, with 0.2% butyric and formic acids and 0.3% butyric and formic acids, respectively. The control group received tap water, and other treatment groups received acidified drinking water, as previously described. The results indicated that treatment resulted in a significantly higher (p < 0.05) average live weight and weight gain at four weeks of age than in the control group. Nevertheless, group 7 showed significant decreases in the feed conversion ratio compared with the other treatments between four and five weeks of age. The carcass percentage was highest when B3, F3B2, and B2 were added to the drinking water, whereas control and F2B3 showed lower carcass percentage than the other treatments. At 42 days of age, the addition of organic acids to the drinking water of broilers had significant effects on the bursa of Fabricius and thymus percentages, but no effect on the spleen percentage. Water acidification by F and B alone and in combination did not affect poultry performance. However, it improved the lymphoid organ weight, indicating improved immunity and carcass percentage at 42 days of age.
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Tunes, Lilian Madruga de, Suemar Alexandre Gonçalves Avelar, Antonio Carlos Souza Albuquerque Barros, Daniele Cardoso Pedroso, Marlove Fátima Brião Muniz, and Nilson Lemos de Menezes. "Critical levels of organic acids on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat." Revista Brasileira de Sementes 34, no. 3 (2012): 366–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-31222012000300002.
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The objective of this study was to determine the responses of the wheat cultivars CD 108 and CD 111 for tolerance to organic acids. The effects of five concentrations of the three main acids formed in the soil were studied: acetic acid (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 mM), propionic acid (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 mM) and butyric acid (0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 mM). Tests included germination, shoot length, root length and dry weight of shoot and root. The variable root length is the most responsive variable for all the acids tested and the critical level of toxicity of acetic, propionic and butyric acids, which reduced root length by at least 50% was 9.0, 8.5 and 4.0 mM respectively. It was concluded that the presence of acetic, propionic and butyric acids in the germination substratum of wheat seeds of the cultivars CD 111 and CD 108 reduced seedling development, mainly by reducing the length of the radicles.
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Ndelekwute, EK, GE Enyenihi, UL Unah, and HC Madu. "Dietary effects of different organic acids on growth and nutrient digestibility of broiler." Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 45, no. 2 (2016): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v45i2.29802.
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An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of organic acids (acetic, butyric, citric and formic acids) on growth and nutrient digestibility of broilers. One hundred fifty (150) day old Hubbard chicks were used. There were five dietary treatments such viz Diet 1 as control contained no organic acid, diets 2, 3, 4, and 5 contained 0.25% acetic, butyric, citric and formic acids, respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times having 10 birds arranged in completely randomized design (CRD). Feed and water were given ad libitum. Feeding of organic acid diets lasted for 7 weeks starting from the second week. At the starter phase, formic acid improved live weight. Feed and water intakes were significantly (P<0.05) reduced by butyric acid. Feed: gain ratio was improved by formic acid. At the finisher phase, live weight was significantly (P<0.05) improved by the acids except butyric acid. Feed intake, daily gain and feed: gain ratio were not significant (P>0.05). Crude protein and ether extracts digestibility were improved by all the organic acids (P<0.05). It is therefore concluded that 0.25% formic acid could be added to broiler diets.Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2016. 45 (2): 10-17
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Amante, E. R. "A Natural Antifungal from Cassava Starch Fermentation Wastewater." Nutrition and Food Processing 4, no. 1 (2021): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/036.
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Sour cassava starch production process, during the fermentation step, an acidic wastewater is generated, in this study named wastewater of cassava starch fermentation (WCSF). It has been studied the effect of WCSFs (from three industrial source: WCSF 1, 2 and 3) and patterns of organic acids (lactic, acetic, propionic and butyric acids, which were the main organic acids present in the WCSFs) singly or together on the development and growing of Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia fructicola and Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes. WCSFs showed antimicrobial effect on the three fungi studied. WCSF2 inhibited the germination of conidia from the three fungi, while WCSFs 1 and 3 inhibited conidia germination of B. cinerea and C. gloeosporiodes. The acetic, propionic, butyric and the mix acids were also effective in the reduction of conidial germination. In the analysis of mycelia growth, it has been observed that the growing was statically smaller, in relation to negative control, for all fungi in the treatments with the WCSFs and with the pattern solution of butyric acid. Which suggest that the WCSFs compounds and butyric acid are effective inhibitor for fungi and justify future studies using this wastewater.
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Пальцын, А. А., and Н. Б. Свиридкина. "Butyric acid (butyrate)." Nauchno-prakticheskii zhurnal «Patogenez», no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.25557/2310-0435.2021.01.79-86.
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Бутановая кислота - одна из короткоцепочечных жирных кислот (КЖК). Присутствует в молочных продуктах и сливочном масле, поэтому имеет второе название - масляная (бутират). Как и другие КЖК, образуется в толстом кишечнике человека местной анаэробной флорой из грубой растительной пищи - пищевых волокон. Собственные пищеварительные механизмы человека не способны создавать КЖК. Эти кислоты - главный источник энергии для микрофлоры толстого кишечника и обеспечивают около 15% общих энергозатрат тела. Бутират проникает во многие среды организма, служит сигнальной молекулой множества физиологических и патологических процессов. Достаточная продукция бутирата толстым кишечником - свидетельство нормального состояния кишечной микробиоты, существенно влияющей и даже определяющей развитие (или не развитие) многих болезней, в том числе нейроиммунных: болезней Альцгеймера и Паркинсона, шизофрении, множественного склероза, аутизма и расстройств аутистического спектра. В арсенале современной медицины опосредованные микробиомом влияния могут быть наиболее выполнимыми и действенными способами профилактики и лечения. Butyric acid, also known as butyrate, is one of the short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). It is present in dairy products and, especially, in butter. Like other SCFA, butyrate is formed in the human large intestine from coarse, vegetable fiber by the local anaerobic flora. The digestive mechanisms are not capable of creating SCFA. These acids are the main source of energy for the microflora in the large intestine, and they also provide about 15% of the total energy consumed by the body. Butyrate penetrates many body environments, and it serves as a signaling molecule for many physiological and pathological processes. Normal production of butyrate by the large intestine is evidence of the normal state of the intestinal microbiota, which significantly affects and even determines the development, or not the development, of many diseases. Among these are neuroimmune diseases, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, autism and autism spectrum disorders. In the arsenal of modern medicine, microbiome-mediated influences may be among the most feasible and effective preventive and therapeutic means.
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Rufino, Luciana Moura, Romão Da Cunha Nunes, José Henrique Stringhini, et al. "Available phosphorus reduction in weaned piglets’ diets containing phytase combined with butyric and benzoic acids." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 3 (2017): 1439. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n3p1429.
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This study aimed to evaluate the reduction of available phosphorus (Pa) in the diet of weaned piglets using phytase combined with butyric and benzoic acids. A total of 120 piglets with initial weight of 6.7 ± 0.02 kg were used in a randomized block design with six treatments: control; reduction of 0.15% Pa (Pa red); Phytase + Pa red; Phytase + butyric acid + Pa red; Phytase + benzoic acid + Pa red; Phytase + butyric acid + benzoic acid + Pa red; five replicates, with four animals each. The experimental diets had no influence on the fecal scores, Escherichia coli count, or the pH of the digestive tract. An improved villus:crypt ratio was found when the combination of phytase with butyric and benzoic acids was used. The histomorphometry of the jejunum and of the ileum showed no differences with respect to villus height, crypt depth, and villus:crypt ratio. The bones of the piglets fed with a diet containing reduced levels of available phosphorus showed less resistance to fracture. The levels of calcium in the raw bones were lower in the piglets that received a diet containing phytase and butyric acid. Reduced phosphorus deposition was observed in the bones of animals that received the diet containing phytase, butyric acid, and benzoic acid. It is concluded that the inclusion of phytase and butyric and benzoic acids, and their combination, in the diet of weaned piglets does not affect the pH of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon, and does not change the frequency of diarrhea or the E. Coli count. The association of butyric and benzoic acids with phytase in the diet of piglets after weaning improves the villus:crypt ratio of the duodenum. The use of phytase (1000 UF/kg) allows the formulation of diets for weaned piglets with a 0.15% reduction in the level of available phosphorus without damaging the concentration of calcium and phosphorus in the bones and without altering bone resistance.
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Manoppo, Jeanette Irene Christiene, Natharina Yolanda, and Adrian Umboh. "Fecal short-chain fatty acids level and pediatric relapsing nephrotic syndrome." Paediatrica Indonesiana 64, no. 4 (2024): 332–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi64.4.2024.332-8.
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Background The gut microbiota has a potential role in the development of nephrotic syndrome. Fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels are representative of gut microbiota activity. Objective To assess for potential associations of fecal short-chain fatty acid levels in pediatric relapsing nephrotic syndrome. Methods This cross-sectional study was done on patients at the Pediatric Nephrology Subdivision of Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou General Hospital, a referral hospital in Manado, Indonesia. Subjects were 25 patients aged less than 18 years with nephrotic syndrome (NS). We compared the levels of fecal acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid percentage, absolute butyric acid, and total short-chain fatty acid between children with relapsing and non-relapsing NS. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to determine the significant SCFA cut-off level to diagnose NS. Results Comparison of fecal SCFAs between relapsing and non-relapsing NS groups showed significantly lower butyric acid percentages, absolute butyric acid level, and total SCFAs levels in the relapsing NS group, but not in acetic acid or propionic acid levels. Further multivariate analysis did not show a significant difference in total SCFA levels between relapsing and non-relapsing NS. Absolute butyric acid level had the strongest association with relapsing NS, with the highest predictive score. The absolute butyric acid cut-off value of 0.85 mg/mL had a high sensitivity (90%) and high specificity (93.3%) for predicting relapsing nephrotic syndrome. Conclusion Fecal acetic acid, propionic acid, and total short-chain fatty acid in stool are not associated with relapsing NS in children. However, fecal butyric acid measurements are inversely associated with relapsing NS.
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Dijkstra, Jan, Huug Boer, Jaap Van Bruchem, Marianne Bruining, and Seerp Tamminga. "Absorption of volatile fatty acids from the rumen of lactating dairy cows as influenced by volatile fatty acid concentration, pH and rumen liquid volume." British Journal of Nutrition 69, no. 2 (1993): 385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19930041.
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The effect of rumen liquid volume, pH and concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) on the rates of absorption of acetic, propionic and butyric acids from the rumen was examined in lactating dairy cows. Experimental solutions introduced into the emptied, washed rumen comprised two different volumes (10 or 30 1), four levels of pH (4.5, 5.4, 6.3, 7.2) and three levels of individual VFA concentrations (20, 50 or 100 mM-acetic, propionic or butyric acid). All solutions contained a total of 170 mM-VFA and an osmotic value of 400 mOsmol/l. Absorption rates were calculated from the disappearance of VFA from the rumen corrected for passage with liquid phase to the omasum. An increase in initial fluid pH caused a reduction in fractional absorption rates of propionic and butyric acids. Increasing the initial pH from 4.5 to 7.2 reduced fractional absorption rates of acetic, propionic and butyric acids from 0.35, 0.67 and 0.85 to 0.21, 0.35 and 0.28/h respectively. The fractional absorption rates of all VFA were reduced (P < 0.05) by an increase in initial rumen volume. The fractional absorption rate of acetic acid was lower (P < 0.05) at an initial concentration of 20 mM than of 50 mM. The fractional absorption rate of propionic acid tended (P < 0.10) to decrease as the level of concentration increased while fractional absorption rate of butyric acid was not affected by butyric acid concentration. These results indicate that relative concentrations of VFA in rumen fluid might not represent relative production rates and that attempts to estimate individual VFA production from substrate digestion must take account of pH and VFA concentration.
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Grenier, Daniel, and Denis Mayrand. "Cytotoxic effects of culture supernatants of oral bacteria and various organic acids on Vero cells." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 31, no. 3 (1985): 302–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m85-057.
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Dilute culture filtrates of the three asaccharolytic black-pigmented Bacteroides species as well as B. macacae, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and animal strains resembling B. gingivalis were cytotoxic for the African green monkey kidney cell line (Vero cells). Butyric or propionic acid, major metabolic products of these bacteria, seem to be responsible for the characteristic morphological changes observed. Among the organic acids studied, only butyric, propionic, and valeric acids exhibited cytotoxic effects. Finally, cumulative effects (as opposed to synergistic) were observed when mixtures of two organic acids were tested.
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Ndelekwute, E. K., E. D. Assam, P. C. Ekere, and U. E. Ufot. "Effect of organic acid treated diets on growth, apparent nutrient digestibility and faecal moisture of broiler chickens." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 43, no. 2 (2021): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v43i2.877.
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An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of four organic acids (acetic, butyric, citric and formic acids) inclusion in the diets of broilers on growth, nutrient digestibility and faecal moisture. One hundred and fifty one day old Arbor-Acre - plus chicks were used. There were five dietary treatments. Basal diet which served as control contained no organic acid was formulated, while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively contained 0.25% acetic, butyric, citric and formic acids formed by adding 0.25% of each acid to the basal diet. Each treatment was replicated three times with 10 birds per replicate, arranged in completely randomized design (CRD). Diets were both isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The experiment lasted for 4 from the fourth to the eight week. Feed and water were given ad libitum. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in live weight, daily gain, feed intake, feed: gain ratio and protein efficiency ratio. Acetic acid significantly (P<0.05) increased water intake. Fecal moisture was significantly reduced by citric and butyric acids. Higher crude protein digestibility was achieved by butyric acid (69.98%) citric (69.67%) and formic acid (71.33%) than the control (63.75%). Digestibility of CF, EE and ash was significantly (P<0.05) higher in all the organic acid groups. Feeding of diets treated with 0.25% of the test organic acids at the finisher phase, in that despite improved digestibility of nutrients the practice should not be encouraged for reasons of insignificant growth performance.
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Bories, A., Y. Sire, and T. Colin. "Odorous compounds treatment of winery and distillery effluents during natural evaporation in ponds." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 1 (2005): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0016.
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During treatment of winery and distillery wastewater by natural evaporation in ponds, formation of malodorous compounds induces harmful olfactory effects. In this work, we studied the origin of malodorous compounds and methods to prevent and treat odours. The formation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) from pure substrates (glycerol, lactic and tartaric acids, ethanol) and complex media (winery and distillery wastewater) was studied. Various anaerobic bacteria ferment the glycerol and produce butyric or propionic acid. Valeric and caproic acids were observed at lower concentrations than butyric and propionic acids, but their malodorous intensities were higher. Microflora produce butyric, valeric, caproic, heptanoic and octanoic acids from ethanol, the main component of winery wastewater. When nitrate (an electron acceptor) is added, catabolism leads to an anaerobic respiration phenomenon (denitrification). The organic compounds are oxidised to CO2 and the nitrate is reduced to N2 (odourless compounds), without VFA formation. The preventive treatment of odours by nitrate addition was tested on an industrial scale in winery and distillery ponds. Furthermore, the study took the effect of nitrate on VFA degradation into consideration. The results make it possible to consider using nitrate for the curative treatment of pond odours.
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Yang, K., C. Oh, and S. Hwang. "Optimizing volatile fatty acid production in partial acidogenesis of swine wastewater." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 8 (2004): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0512.
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This research has been conducted based on the fact that acetic and butyric acids are favorable substrates for methanogens, and that a low level of propionic acid production during acidogenesis minimizes the inhibition effect on methanogenic growth. Raw swine wastewater was pretreated with ammonia stripping to enhance acidogenesis. The ammonia nitrogen concentration of less than 1.2 g/L did not significantly affect the biochemical acidogenic potential of swine wastewater. For acidogenesis of swine wastewater, a et of experiments were carried out to produce short chain volatile fatty acids (VFA) in laboratory-scale continuously stirred tank reactors. The production of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids associated with simultaneous changes in hydraulic retention time (HRT) and temperature was investigated. Response surface methodology was successfully applied to approximate the responses of the VFA productions. The optimum physiological conditions where the maximum acetic and butyric acids production occurred were 2.4 days HRT at 34°C and 2.1 days HRT at 35°C, respectively. The propionic acid production linearly increased as both HRT and temperature increased.
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Barengolts, Elena, Stefan J. Green, George E. Chlipala, et al. "Predictors of Obesity among Gut Microbiota Biomarkers in African American Men with and without Diabetes." Microorganisms 7, no. 9 (2019): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090320.
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Gut microbiota and their biomarkers may be associated with obesity. This study evaluated associations of body mass index (BMI) with circulating microbiota biomarkers in African American men (AAM) (n = 75). The main outcomes included fecal microbial community structure (16S rRNA), gut permeability biomarkers (ELISA), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs, metabolome analysis). These outcomes were compared between obese and non-obese men, after adjusting for age. The results showed that lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), the ratio of LBP to CD14 (LBP/CD14), and SCFAs (propionic, butyric, isovaleric) were higher in obese (n = 41, age 58 years, BMI 36 kg/m2) versus non-obese (n = 34, age 55 years, BMI 26 kg/m2) men. BMI correlated positively with LBP, LBP/CD14 (p < 0.05 for both) and SCFAs (propionic, butyric, isovaleric, p < 0.01 for all). In the regression analysis, LBP, LBP/CD14, propionic and butyric acids were independent determinants of BMI. The study showed for the first time that selected microbiota biomarkers (LBP, LBP/CD14, propionic and butyric acids) together with several other relevant risks explained 39%–47% of BMI variability, emphasizing that factors other than microbiota-related biomarkers could be important. Further research is needed to provide clinical and mechanistic insight into microbiota biomarkers and their utility for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Sahin, Seda, and Ersin cek. "The effects of different fatty acids on nesfatin-1, omentin-1, adropin, leptin and ghrelin levels." Medicine Science | International Medical Journal 12, no. 4 (2023): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/medscience.2023.08.168.
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There are many studies on nesfatin-1, omentin, adropin, leptin, and ghrelin. However, data on the effects of long, medium, and short chain fatty acids on serum/tissue concentrations of nesfatin-1, omentin, adropin, leptin, and ghrelin are scarce. This study aims to investigate the effects of butyric acid, caprylic acid, and oleic acid alone or in combination on nesfatin-1, omentin, adropin, leptin, and ghrelin secretion. In the study, 49 male Wistar rats were used. The rats were randomly divided into 7 groups as control (CONT), butyric acid (BA), caprylic acid (CA), oleic acid (OA), butyric acid+caprylic acid (BA+CA), butyric acid+oleic acid (BA+OA) and caprylic acid+oleic acid (CA+OA) groups. The rats were orally administered fatty acids for twenty-one days. At the end of the study, the levels of nesfatin-1, omentin, adropin, leptin, and ghrelin were determined by the ELISA method. When the groups were compared in terms of nesfatin-1, omentin, adropin, leptin, and ghrelin levels, the butyric acid group had higher nesfatin-1, omentin, adropin, leptin, and ghrelin levels than the other groups (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in the other groups (p>0.05). In conclusion, it was observed that butyric acid use caused an increase in serum nesfatin-1, omentin, adropin, leptin, and ghrelin levels.
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Patel, Alok, Ulrika Rova, Paul Christakopoulos, and Leonidas Matsakas. "Assessment of Fatty Acids Profile and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Production by the Oleaginous Marine Thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. T66 Cultivated on Volatile Fatty Acids." Biomolecules 10, no. 5 (2020): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10050694.
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Thraustochytrids are considered natural producers of omega-3 fatty acids as they can synthesize up to 70% docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) of total lipids. However, commercial and sustainable production of microbial DHA is limited by elevated cost of carbon substrates for thraustochytrids cultivation. This problem can be addressed by utilizing low-cost renewable substrates. In the present study, growth, lipid accumulation and fatty acid profiles of the marine thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. T66 (ATCC-PRA-276) cultivated on volatile fatty acids (C1, formic acid; C2, acetic acid; C3, propionic acid; C4, butyric acid; C5, valeric acid and C6, caproic acid) and glucose as control were evaluated for the first time. This strain showed an inability to utilize C3, C5 and C6 as a substrate when provided at >2 g/L, while efficiently utilizing C2 and C4 up to 40 g/L. The highest cell dry weight (12.35 g/L) and total lipid concentration (6.59 g/L) were attained when this strain was cultivated on 40 g/L of butyric acid, followed by cultivation on glucose (11.87 g/L and 5.34 g/L, respectively) and acetic acid (8.70 g/L and 3.43 g/L, respectively). With 40 g/L butyric acid, the maximum docosahexaenoic acid content was 2.81 g/L, corresponding to 42.63% w/w of total lipids and a yield of 0.23 g/gcell dry weight (CDW). This marine oleaginous microorganism showed an elevated potential for polyunsaturated fatty acids production at higher acetic and butyric acid concentrations than previously reported. Moreover, fluorescence microscopy revealed that growth on butyric acid caused cell size to increase to 45 µm, one of the largest values reported for oleaginous microorganisms, as well as the presence of numerous tiny lipid droplets.
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Filípek, Jaroslav, and Rudolf Dvořák. "Determination of the Volatile Fatty Acid Content in the Rumen Liquid: Comparison of Gas Chromatography and Capillary Isotachophoresis." Acta Veterinaria Brno 78, no. 4 (2009): 627–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200978040627.
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Two analytical procedures for determining volatile fatty acids in the rumen liquid were compared: capillary isotachophoresis (ITP) and gas chromatography. Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric and valeric acids were determined. No significant differences (n = 53, P ≥ 0.05) have been identified in the amounts of acetic and propionic acids and the results are highly consistent. For butyric acid, the method of gas chromatography yielded higher results with a constant error of approximately 0.5 mmol/l in the whole range of concentration. In terms of diagnostics, however, this size of error is non-significant. In the case of valeric acid a proportional error was found. Gas chromatography yielded higher values, the difference being greater for the low values while for the higher values the results are almost identical. However, valeric acid is a minor acid and its determination is of secondary significance to rumen fermentation assessment. The gas chromatography method is able to clearly differentiate between n and iso forms in the case of butyric and valeric acids. It can be stated that the two analytical methods yield comparable results and both can be used for the needs of practical diagnostics.
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Melnychuk, Iryna. "GUT MICROBIOTA METABOLITES CONNECTIONS WITH ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY ATRIAL FIBRILLATION CHARACTERISTICS IN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE." Eastern Ukrainian Medical Journal 12, no. 1 (2024): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/eumj.2024;12(1):137-147.
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The aim: To reveal the connections between gut microbiota metabolites and echocardiography (TTE) atrial fibrillation (AF) characteristics in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Materials and methods: 300 patients were divided into 3 groups: the first group(CAD) – 149 patients with CAD but without arrhythmias, the second group (CAD+AF) – 124 patients with CAD and AF paroxysm, and the control group – 27 patients without CAD and arrhythmias. TTE was done by ALOKA SSD-5000. The level of trimethylamine (TMA), trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) of plasma, and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) levels were determined by gas chromatography with mass electron detection. Results: Isocaproic and isobutyric fecal acids appear in group II in comparison with CG. In group ІІ, patients’ rise of TMA (16.13%), TMAO (57.54%) levels, and decreased ratio (26.16%) in comparison with group I was revealed, P<0.05. In group ІІ patients rise of valeric (1128.43%) and depletion of butyric (78.75%), isovaleric (43.71%), caprylic (99.21%) acids, middle chain fatty acids (95.54%), and the total amount of fecal SCFA (17.09%) in comparison with group I was found, P<0.05. In group ІІ, patients’ rise in left atrium diameter (10.03%), left atrium volume (15.40%), and left atrium volume index (11.48%) in comparison with group I was revealed, P<0.05. The largest amount of correlations was observed between echocardiography indexes and TMA (total number = 11), butyric acid (total number = 10) and TMAO (total number = 9). Left atrium diameter index, which commonly increased in patients with atrial fibrillation, was correlated with TMA (r=0.392), TMAO (r=0.333), butyric acid (r=-0.321), isobutyric acid (r=-0.359) and middle chain fatty acids (r=-0.362), P<0.05. Conclusion: Associations between gut microbiota metabolites and TTE AF characteristics in patients with CAD were based mostly on correlations between left atrium indexes and TMA, TMAO, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, and middle chain fatty acids.
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Szczuko, Małgorzata, Gabriela Duliban, Arleta Drozd, Diana Sochaczewska, Kamila Pokorska-Niewiada, and Maciej Ziętek. "The Association of Short-Chain Fatty Acids with the Occurrence of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Infants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 23 (2024): 12487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312487.
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Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced by the fermentation of undigested polysaccharides; they are a group of metabolites resulting from the activity of intestinal bacteria. The main SCFAs are acetic, butyric, propionic, valeric, and caproic acid, and their levels and proportions depend on various factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the concentration of SCFAs and the occurrence of specific gastrointestinal symptoms in infants. This study was conducted using faecal samples obtained at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of age. The SCFA content was measured using gas chromatography. At 1 month, an association was found between butyric acid and flatulence. At 3 months, an association was found between butyric acid and flatulence/gas and between 3,4-methylovaleric acid and mucus in the stool. At 6 months, an association was found between butyric and valeric acids and flatulence. By 12 months, the gastrointestinal symptoms had decreased significantly. This study confirms that there is an association between SCFA levels and the presence of bloating, gas, mucus in the stool, and constipation in the gastrointestinal tract. Higher levels of butyric and valeric acids may lead to an increase in troublesome symptoms, such as flatulence and gas, in the first few months of life but are not associated with the occurrence of intestinal colic. The level of 3,4-methylovaleric acid is associated with the presence of allergies, whereas a decrease in acetic acid and an increase in isovaleric acid may exacerbate defecation problems in infants.
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Iwami, Y., S. Hata, N. Takahashi, and T. Yamada. "Difference in Amounts between Titratable Acid and Total Carboxylic Acids Produced by Oral Streptococci during Sugar Metabolism." Journal of Dental Research 68, no. 1 (1989): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345890680010101.
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The acid produced by the resting cells of Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10449 and HS 6 and S. sanguis ATCC 10556 during sugar metabolism was estimated with a pH-stat and a carboxylic acid analyzer. Lactic, formic, acetic, pyruvic, and carbonic acids were detected in the reaction mixtures, but propionic, citric, succinic, iso-butyric, butyric, iso-valeric, and valeric acids were not detected. The amount of titratable acid estimated by alkaline titration with the pH-stat was larger than the amount of total carboxylic acids estimated with the carboxylic acid analyzer. The difference in quantity between the titratable and the total carboxylic acids increased significantly with an increase in the period of incubation with sugar. Moreover, the value of the alkaline titration of standard lactic, formic, acetic, and pyruvic acids was equal to the amount analyzed with the carboxylic acid analyzer. The results indicated that these two streptococci produced not only these carboxylic acids but also other acid(s), possibly non-carboxylic acid(s), during their sugar metabolism.
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Kara, Kanber, and Mehmet Akif Öztaş. "The Effect of Dietary Fermented Grape Pomace Supplementation on In Vitro Total Gas and Methane Production, Digestibility, and Rumen Fermentation." Fermentation 9, no. 8 (2023): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9080741.
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The aim of this study comprises the effect of fermented grape pomace (FGP) in experimental total mixed rations (TMR) at different rates (0, 7.5%, 15%, and 22.5%) on the in vitro cumulative gas production (6th, 12th, 18th and 24th hours), methane production, ruminal fermentation values, pH and ammonia-nitrogen and straight and branched short-chain fatty acids (SCFA and BCFA) concentration. The method of in vitro total gas production was carried out in glass syringes. Ruminal in vitro methane production linearly decreased by adding up to 22.5% FGP in experimental TMR (p < 0.05). The molarities of acetic, propionic, butyric, and valeric acids in the in vitro fermentation fluid linearly decreased with the addition of FGP to TMR (p < 0.05). FGP up to 22.5% in experimental TMRs decreased the molarity of iso-valeric acid and iso-butyric acid from BSCFAs (p < 0.05). As a result, it was concluded that the use of FGP, containing a low level of total condensed tannins (TCTs), up to 22.5% in the experimental TMR based on dry matter (DM) did not adversely affect the in vitro ruminal fermentation value and had an anti-methanogenic effect. In addition, some SCFA (acetic, propionic, butyric, and valeric acids) molarities and iso-acid BSCFA (iso-butyric and iso-valeric acid) did not change up to 15% rate of FGP in the ration. Still, these values decreased by using a 22% rate of FGP. The dose-dependent effect of FGP on ruminal iso-acids has been associated with the ability of TCTs to inhibit ruminal protein degradation partially.
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Sam, Qi Hui, Hua Ling, Wen Shan Yew, et al. "The Divergent Immunomodulatory Effects of Short Chain Fatty Acids and Medium Chain Fatty Acids." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 12 (2021): 6453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126453.
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Fatty acids are derived from diet and fermentative processes by the intestinal flora. Two to five carbon chain fatty acids, termed short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are increasingly recognized to play a role in intestinal homeostasis. However, the characteristics of slightly longer 6 to 10 carbon, medium chain fatty acids (MCFA), derived primarily from diet, are less understood. Here, we demonstrated that SCFA and MCFA have divergent immunomodulatory propensities. SCFA down-attenuated host pro-inflammatory IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα response predominantly through the TLR4 pathway, whereas MCFA augmented inflammation through TLR2. Butyric (C4) and decanoic (C10) acid displayed most potent modulatory effects within the SCFA and MCFA, respectively. Reduction in TRAF3, IRF3 and TRAF6 expression were observed with butyric acid. Decanoic acid induced up-regulation of GPR84 and PPARγ and altered HIF-1α/HIF-2α ratio. These variant immune characteristics of the fatty acids which differ by just several carbon atoms may be attributable to their origins, with SCFA being primarily endogenous and playing a physiological role, and MCFA exogenously from the diet.
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Feng, Yubo, Jing Zhang, Lan Zhou, et al. "The Isolation, Identification, and Whole-Genome Sequencing of a Potential Probiotic, Clostridium butyricum YF1, Isolated from the Intestine of the Ricefield Eel (Monopterus albus)." Animals 15, no. 4 (2025): 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040511.
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Clostridium butyricum, recognized as a probiotic, is widely distributed in the intestines of various animals. In this study, the C. butyricum strain YF1 was isolated from the intestine of the ricefield eel (Monopterus albus) using an anaerobic culture method and was identified through morphological, physiological, biochemical, and 16S rRNA sequence analyses. Notably, C. butyricum YF1 exhibited a rapid growth rate and was found to produce ten types of short-chain fatty acids, particularly high-yield acetic acid and butyric acid. Additionally, YF1 demonstrated a high tolerance to elevated temperatures (70 °C), bile salts (0.1% to 0.5%), artificial intestinal fluid, and artificial gastric fluid, while being sensitive to most antibiotics. Further whole-genome sequencing revealed that C. butyricum YF1 has a total genome size of 4,314,266 bp and contains 3853 coding genes. Specifically, 82 tRNAs, 21 rRNAs, 288 repeat sequences, 13 prophages, and two gene islands were detected. Moreover, gene function analysis indicated that the highest number of genes were annotated to metabolic processes, and the butyric acid metabolism pathway was found to be complete. Meanwhile, 598 virulence genes and 186 resistance genes were predicted. In conclusion, the findings from this study contribute to probiotic development and provide innovative approaches for the sustainable and healthy cultivation of ricefield eels.
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Łoniewska, Beata, Magda Fraszczyk-Tousty, Piotr Tousty, Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka, Dominika Maciejewska-Markiewicz, and Igor Łoniewski. "Analysis of Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) in Healthy Children during the First Two Years of Life: An Observational Prospective Cohort Study." Nutrients 15, no. 2 (2023): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15020367.
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Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are important metabolites of the gut microbiota. The aim is to analyze the influence of perinatal factors, which can affect the gut microbiota, on the concentrations of fecal SCFAs over the first two years of life. Gas chromatography was used to analyze SCFA in a total of 456 fecal samples from 86 children. Total SCFA concentrations increased until 12 months and stabilized after that. Antibiotic treatment during pregnancy was associated with an increase in acetic acid, propionic acid and total SCFA in meconium and a decrease in the same SCFAs at 6 months. Butyric acid was increased after Caesarean delivery until 1 month. In formula-fed children, propionic acid (at 1 month) and butyric acid and total SCFA (at 12 months) were increased. Acetic and linear butyric acids and total SCFAs were also increased at 12 months in children born vaginally that were also formula-fed. Higher butyric acid was observed in children of mothers with normal pre-pregnancy weight and adequate weight gain during pregnancy. Butyric acid was also elevated in 6-month-old infants with a higher body weight (≥85th percentile). Acetic acid concentrations were significantly higher in 2-year-old females vs. males. We conclude that perinatal factors are linked to changes in fecal SCFAs and further long-term epidemiological studies are warranted.
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Nixarlidis, Christos, and John D. Chisholm. "DDQ catalyzed oxidative lactonization of indole-3-butyric acids." RSC Advances 14, no. 33 (2024): 24207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d4ra05265j.
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Pochitskaya, I. M., A. P. Laktionova, and V. L. Roslik. "RESEARCH OF AROMA FORMED COMPONENTS OF RENNET CHEESES." Food systems 1, no. 4 (2019): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21323/2618-9771-2018-1-4-19-26.
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The results of the study of the composition of volatile compounds of rennet cheeses are presented. Sample preparation was performed using Supelco’s solid-phase microextractor, including a special fiber material coated with a layer of divinylbenzene-carboxene-polydimethylsiloxane «DVB / Carboxen / PDMS StableFlesh ™». Using gas chromatography with mass-selective detection, about 400 aroma-forming components were detected, among which 39 compounds were identified, which form the basis of the flavor profile of cheeses. The main flavor descriptors for all cheeses are: propionic, butyric, and caproic acids, acetoin, methyl amyl ketone, 2-nonanone, and limonene. It has been established that the profile of volatile components for cheeses various ripening periods, has significant differences. Thus, for semi-hard cheeses made using propionic acid microorganisms, the most characteristic components are acids — propionic and butyric, as well as compounds of the terpene series o-cymene and β-pinene. For semi-hard cheeses of the Dutch group (formed from the layer), with maturities from 20 days to 3 months, the terpene compounds and esters are the most significant, whereas for superhard cheeses with a maturity of more than a year, the main components affecting the aromatic profile are butyric and caproic acids, 2-heptanone and limonene. Semi-hard and hard cheeses with ripening periods from 3 to 6 months are characterized by a high content of caproic and butyric acids, as well as by the presence of such aromatic substances as limonene and acetic acid ethyl acetate (hexyl acetate). Semi-hard cheeses, which are molded in bulk, with maturities from 10 days to 3 months contain acetoin, caproic acid, as well as significant quantities of the same limonene and hexylacetate.
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Cao, Hua, Manfred Jung та George Stamatoyannopoulos. "Hydroxamic Acids Derivatives Induce γ Globin Gene Expression in Vivo." Blood 104, № 11 (2004): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.1224.1224.
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Abstract We have previously shown that four hydroxamic acids: butyric and propionic hydroxamic acids, subericbishydroxamic acid (SBHA) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) are potent inhibitors of histone deacetylase and strong inducers of fetal hemoglobin expression in vitro (Exp Hematol.31:197, 2003). In the present study we tested their effect on fetal hemoglobin synthesis in vivo. Transgenic mice carrying the human μLCR Aγ construct continue to express the human γ gene in the adult stage of development ( γ/α mRNA ratio ~ 5%, Blood.77:1326, 1991). These mice were crossed to mice heterozygous for a thalassemia gene due to β globin gene deletion (PNAS.92:11608, 1995). The β thalassemia/μLCR Aγ mice represent an appropriate moderately anemic animal model for testing the effects of Hb F inducers. Compounds were administered subcutaneously with a mini-osmotic pump continuously for 7days in a high and a low concentration. Concentrations were: for butyric hydroxamic acid: 500mg/kg/day/100mg/kg/day; for propionic hydroxamic acid: 500mg/kg/day/100mg/kg/day; for SAHA: 100mg/kg/day/20mg/kg/day; and for SBHA: 200mg/kg/day/40mg/kg/day. Two test groups were studied. In group 1, 70μL mice blood was drawn every other day up to 20 days; in group 2, 70μL mice blood was drawn only on days 0 and 21. Reticulocytes and F reticulocytes were measured using flow cytometry, while γ globin gene expression was quantitated by RNase protection assay. Butyric and propionate hydroxamic acids increased reticulocytes by 70.52% (from 13.96% to 23.81%) and 172.52% (from 10.34% to 28.20%) respectively. There was only small increase in reticulocytes in the mice treated with SAHA (from 13.33% to 15.36%), SBHA (from 14.24% to 16.27%) and the PBS control (11.06% to 14.11%). All the compounds increased the level of γ mRNA: butyric hydroxamate by 53.07%; propionic hydroxamate by 40.05%; SAHA by 49.87%, and SBHA by 34.05%. These results suggest first that all the hydroxamic acid derivatives we used increase fetal hemoglobin in vivo in the thalassemia animal model; second butyric and propionic hydroxanic acids are in addition inducers of in vivo erythropoiesis.
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Ndelekwute, E. K., E. D. Assam, P. C. Ekere, and U. E. Ufot. "Effect of organic acid treated diets on growth, apparent nutrient digestibility and faecal moisture of broiler chickens." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 43, no. 1 (2021): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v43i1.2762.
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An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of four organic acids (acetic, bubric, citric and formic acids) inclusion in the diets of broilers on growth, nutrient digestibility and faecal moisture. One hundred and fifty one day old Arbor-Acre-plus chicks were used. There were five dietary treatments. Basal diet which served as control contained no organic acid was formulated, while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively contained 0.25% acetic, butyric, citric and formic acids formed by adding 0.25% of each acid to the basal diet. Each treatment was replicated three times with 10 birds per replicate, arranged in completely randomized design (CRD). Diets were both isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The experiment lasted for 4 from the fourth to the eight week. Feed and water were given ad libitum. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in live weight, -daily gain, feed intake, feed: gain ratio and protein efficiency ratio. Acetic acid significantly (P<0.05) increased water intake. Fecal moisture was significantly reduced by citric and butyric acids. Higher crude protein digestibility was achieved by butyric acid (69.98%) citric (69.67%) and formicucid (71.33%) than the control (63.75%). Digestibility of CF, EE and ash was significantly (P<0.05) higher in all the organic acid groups. Feeding of diets treated with 0.25% of the test organic acids at the finisher phase, in that despite improved digestibility of nutrients the practice should not be encouraged for reasons of insignificant growth performance.
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Qureshi, Nasib, Siqing Liu, and Badal C. Saha. "Butyric Acid Production by Fermentation: Employing Potential of the Novel Clostridium tyrobutyricum Strain NRRL 67062." Fermentation 8, no. 10 (2022): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8100491.
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In this study, the ability of a novel strain of Clostridium tyrobutyricum NRRL 67062 to produce butyric acid during glucose fermentation was evaluated. The strain was evaluated for substrate and product inhibition in batch experiments using anaerobic tubes. To characterize glucose inhibition, initial glucose concentrations ranging from 60 to 250 g L−1 were used, and it was demonstrated that a glucose concentration of 250 g L−1 exerted strong inhibition on cell growth and fermentation. To evaluate butyric acid inhibition, the culture was challenged with 5–50 g L−1 of butyric acid at an initial pH of 6.5. These experiments were performed without pH control. When challenged with a butyric acid concentration of 50 g L−1, cell growth was slow; however, it produced 8.25 g L−1 of butyric acid. This suggested that the butyric acid tolerance of the culture was 58 g L−1. In a scaled-up batch experiment, which was performed in a 2.5 L fermentor with an initial glucose concentration of 100 g L−1, the pH was controlled at 6.5. In this experiment, the strain produced 57.86 g L−1 of butyric acid and 12.88 g L−1 of acetic acid, thus producing 70.74 g L−1 of total acids with a productivity of 0.69 g·L−1·h−1. A concentration of 70.74 g L−1 of acids equates to a yield of 0.71 g of acid per g consumed glucose. The maximum cell concentration was 3.80 g L−1, which may have been the reason for high productivity in the batch culture. Finally, corn steep liquor (CSL; a commercial nutrient solution) provided greater growth and acid production than the refined medium.
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Sadurní, Meritxell, Ana Cristina Barroeta, Cinta Sol, Mónica Puyalto, and Lorena Castillejos. "Short Communication: Evaluation of Intestinal Release of Butyric Acid from Sodium Butyrate Protected by Salts of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids in Broiler Chickens." Animals 12, no. 24 (2022): 3525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12243525.
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Butyric acid has received great attention as a feed additive to maintain or increase the gut integrity and health of broiler chickens. Particularly, the protection of butyrate is under research to allow slow intestinal release of butyric acid and to promote its beneficial effects throughout the intestine. This study evaluated in vivo the intestinal release of butyric acid from sodium butyrate protected by salts of medium-chain fatty acid in broilers. Brilliant blue was used as an inert marker, so it was included in the feed additive that broilers ingested for two days. The gastrointestinal tract was then colored in blue from jejunum and backward. Considering the digesta color of the broilers non-supplemented as blank, it allowed quantification of the amount of brilliant blue, and consequently, butyric acid delivered in the intestine from the protected feed additive. Few traces of butyric acid were released in the duodenum and proximal jejunum, whereas the major amount (45.9%) was delivered in the distal ileum (p < 0.001). These results suggest that this in vivo approach allows for evaluation of the intestinal delivery of butyric acid supplemented as protected sodium butyrate by medium-chain fatty acids, showing a gradual intestinal release of butyric acid in broiler chickens.
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Akayzin, E. S., A. S. Metelev, and A. E. Akayzina. "INDICATORS OF VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS IN DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSTICS OF INFECTED AND STERILE PANCREONECROSIS." Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 64, no. 11 (2019): 644–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2084-2019-64-11-644-648.
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The aim of the study was to assess the information content of volatile fatty acid parameters for the differential diagnosis of infected and sterile pancreatic necrosis. The work is based on the results of examination and treatment of 34 patients with pancreatic necrosis. The analysis of concentrations of volatile fatty acids: acetic, propionic, butyric and isovaleric was carried out on an automated gas chromatograph «Crystallux-4000» with a capillary column «HP-FFAP» and flame ionization detector. The indicators of acetic, propionic, butyric, isovaleric acid and the sum of volatile fatty acids are statistically significantly higher in patients with infected pancreatic necrosis compared with the indicators of volatile fatty acids in patients with sterile pancreatic necrosis. Volatile fatty acid values can be used for the differential diagnosis of infected and sterile pancreatic necrosis
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Nurliyani, Harmayani Eni, Rahmatulloh Satyaguna, and Rakasivi Kanita Galih Julia. "Fatty Acid Profile of Synbiotic Cheese and its Effect on Intestinal Inflammation in Rats." International Journal of Probiotics and Prebiotics 14, no. 1 (2019): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37290/ijpp2641-7197.14:45-50.
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Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) is a local perennial plant rich in glucomannan. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of porang glucomannan addition during cheese processing on fatty acid profile, organic acid and vitamin B6 of goat milk cheese ripened with Lactobacillus rhamnosus. In addition, the effect of cheese consumption on short-chain fatty acid profile in the caecum digesta of inflammatory rats was evaluated. We found that the addition of glucomannan to the cheese during its ripening increased the levels of myristic, pentadecanoic acid, and cis-oleic acids. Rats consuming this cheese had elevated cecal levels of propionic, butyric, total short-chain fatty acids, and lactic acid bacteria. Consumption of synbiotic cheese also decreased the intestinal inflammation via increasing the total lactic acid bacteria, propionic, butyric, and total short-chain fatty acids.
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Kurz, Thomas, Detlef Geffken, and Claudia Wackendorff. "Carboxylic Acid Analogues of Fosmidomycin." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 58, no. 5 (2003): 457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2003-0517.
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N-Alkylation of N-Boc-O-benzylhydroxylamine (1) with benzyl 4-bromobutyrate (2) in DMF gave N,O-bisprotected benzyl 4-hydroxyamino-butyrate (3), which was converted into 4-benzyloxyamino-butyric acid benzyl ester (4) with TFA in methylene chloride. Treatment of 4 with formic acid/acetic anhydride or various acid chlorides followed by catalytic hydrogenation led to 4-(N-acyl-N-hydroxyamino)-butyric acids 6.
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Melnychuk, Iryna, and Viktor Lyzogub. "Fecal short chain fatty acids role in atrial fibrillation paroxysm pathogenesis through coronary artery disease patients." Ukrainian Scientific Medical Youth Journal 144, no. 1 (2024): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32345/usmyj.1(144).2024.18-25.
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gut microbiota composition and its metabolites is an essential part of human health. Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are known gut microbiota metabolites. Lack of them is common for dyslipidemia and inflammatory changes. But their role in atrial fibrillation (AF) and coronary artery disease (CAD) pathogenesis is still uninvestigated. The aim: to estimate the fecal short chain fatty acids changes in patients with atrial fibrillation paroxysm and coronary artery disease and found their connections with known cardiometabolic risk factors. Materials and methods: 300 patients were investigated. We divided them into 3 groups: I group – 149 CAD patients without rhythm disorders, II group – 124 patients with CAD and AF paroxysm and control group (CG) – 27 patients without CAD and arrhythmias. Fecal SCFA was checked by gas chromatography with mass electron detection. Results: Fecal SCFA changes in patients with AF paroxysm and CAD were found in our investigation. Isocaproic and isobutyric fecal acids appears in CAD and AF patients’ samples in comparison with control group. In the patients with AF and CAD significant increasing of valeric (1128,43%) and decreasing butyric (78,75%), isovaleric (56,29%), caprylic (99,21%) acids, medium chain fatty acids (95,54%) and unsaturated fatty acids (38,76%) levels was revealed in comparison with CAD patients without arrhythmias (P<0,05). The largest amount of correlations was between total amount of SCFA, medium chain fatty acids (total amount = 7), butyric acid (total number = 6) and cardiometabolic risk factors (P<0,05). The acceptable role of total amount of short chain fatty acids (AUC = 0.7907) and butyric acid (AUC=0.7127) in AF paroxysm occurrence in CAD patients was proven by ROC-analysis. Conclusions: SCFA-synthesis violations were reveled in patients with atrial fibrillation paroxysm and coronary artery disease. To propose the new ways of gut microbiota and cardiometabolic risk factors correction will be interesting for future investigations.
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Crichlow, E. C., and B. F. Leek. "Forestomach epithelial receptor activation by rumen fluids from sheep given intraruminal infusions of volatile fatty acids." American Journal of Veterinary Research 47, no. 5 (1986): 1015–18. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1986.47.05.1015.
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SUMMARY Forty-four reticuloruminal epithelial receptors were tested with rumen fluids obtained from 12 sheep before they were intraruminally infused with 4.0M acetic acid (8 sheep) or 4.0M butyric acid (4 sheep; preinfusion rumen fluid) and with rumen fluids obtained at the onset of ruminai stasis (abolition rumen fluid). The preinfusion rumen fluids from the 8 acetic acid-infused sheep (mean pH, 6.55) contained 1.7 mM nondissociated volatile fatty acids (vfa)/L and excited none of the 25 receptors tested. Preinfusion rumen fluids from the 4 butyric acid-infused sheep (mean pH, 6.98) contained 0.3 mM nondissociated vfa/L and also did not evoke responses in any of the 19 receptors tested. Abolition rumen fluids from sheep treated with acetic acid excited 17 of the 25 receptors tested and contained 89.4 mM nondissociated vfa/L, of which nondissociated acetic acid comprised 85.0 mM/L. Abolition rumen fluids from sheep treated with butyric acid activated 14 of the 19 receptors tested and contained 61.1 mM nondissociated vfa/L, of which 38.7 mM/L was nondissociated butyric acid. Preinfusion rumen fluids whose pH values were adjusted to that of abolition rumen fluids with HCl contained nondissociated vfa levels ranging from 16.3 mM/L (acetic acid-treated sheep) to 20.6 mM/L (butyric acid-treated sheep) and elicited responses in 4 of 30 receptors tested. Preinfusion rumen fluids whose pH values were adjusted to the pH value of abolition rumen fluid with acetic acid contained 29.5 mM nondissociated vfa/L and excited 7 of 13 tested receptors. Preinfusion rumen fluids whose pH values were adjusted to the pH of abolition rumen fluid with butyric acid had 66.0 mM nondissociated vfa/L and evoked responses in 14 of the 17 tested receptors. Abolition rumen fluids whose pH values were adjusted (with NaOH) to the pH of preinfusion rumen fluids showed decreased concentrations of nondissociated vfa: from 63.6 mM/L to 5.6 mM/L in the acetic acid-treated sheep and from 61.1 mM/L to 0.8 mM/L in the butyric acid-treated sheep. These abolition rumen fluids with adjusted pH only activated 3 of the 36 receptors, whereas before pH was adjusted to preinfusion rumen fluid values, they had activated 28 receptors.
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Lin, Jing, Suhas M. Nafday, Sara N. Chauvin, et al. "Variable Effects of Short Chain Fatty Acids and Lactic Acid in Inducing Intestinal Mucosal Injury in Newborn Rats." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 35, no. 4 (2002): 545–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.2002.tb07883.x.
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ABSTRACTBackgroundShort chain fatty acids and lactic acid are colonic bacterial fermentation products.MethodsTo evaluate the effects of these organic acids on the intestinal mucosa, a total of 72 newborn Sprague‐Dawley rats (10 days old) were studied. A 3.5F catheter was inserted per rectum 4.0 cm deep into the proximal colon for organic acid administration at a volume of 0.1 ml/10 g body weight. The pH of organic acid solutions and normal saline was adjusted to 4.0. Group 1 (n = 10) received normal saline as a control. Group 2 (n = 11) received 150 mM acetic acid. Group 3 (n = 11) received 300 mM acetic acid. Group 4 (n = 10) received 150 mM butyric acid. Group 5 (n = 11) received 300 mM butyric acid. Group 6 (n = 7) received 150 mM lactic acid, and group 7 (n = 12) received 300 mM lactic acid. Animals were killed 24 hours after colonic installation of test solutions.ResultsBoth 300 mM acetic acid and 300 mM butyric acid were associated with impaired weight gain, increased colon wet weight, and increased histologic injury scores in the colon and distal ileum (P < 0.05, analysis of variance). Both 150 mM acetic acid and butyric acid at 150 mmol/L induced minimal injury in the colon and distal ileum. Neither 150 mM nor 300 mM lactic acid induced any identifiable gross or microscopic intestinal mucosal injury.ConclusionLuminal short chain fatty acids can induce dose‐dependent intestinal mucosal injury in newborn rats, resembling the pathology seen in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Overproduction/accumulation of short chain fatty acids, but not lactic acid, in the proximal colon and/or distal ileum may play a role in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants.
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Gruber-Khadjawi, M., and H. H�nig. "Chemoenzymatic preparation of optically active hydroxy azido butyric acids." Biotechnology Letters 14, no. 5 (1992): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01021249.
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Dohányos, M., B. Kosová, J. Zábranská, and P. Grau. "Production and Utilization of Volatile Fatty Acids in Various Types of Anaerobic Reactors." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 1 (1985): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0015.
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Production and subsequent utilization of fatty acids (from C2 to C6) was followed in three types of anaerobic reactors:uplow sludge bed reactor (USBR),upflow fixed bed reactor (UFBR),downflow fixed bed reactor (DFBR). It was found that the concentrations of lower fatty acids increased exponentially with increasing volumetric loading of the reactor in the range up to 15 kg m−3d−1 (as COD). Up to a loading of about 4 kg m−3d−1, only acetic and propionic acids appeared. Butyric and valeric acids were found only at a loading higher than 4 kg m−3d−1, caproic acid at a loading higher than 8 kg m−3d−1. The highest removal rates along the reactor were observed for butyric acid, the lowest for propionic acid. The volumetric rate of biogas production (volume of gas per volume of reactor per time) increased with increasing loading rates up to 4.6 m3m−3d−1. The UFBR was in general less sensitive to inhibition by fatty acids and to lower temperatures and fluctuation of loads than the other two types of reactors.
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Linh, Cao Nhat, Alexander N. Zyablov, Olga V. Duvanova, and Vladimir F. Selemenev. "SORPTION OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS BY MOLECULARLY IMPRINTED POLYMERS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 63, no. 2 (2020): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20206302.6071.
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Molecularly imprinted polymers were synthesized as selective coatings of piezoelectric sensors for determination of carboxylic acids in the intermediate fractions of rectified ethanol. Molecularly imprinted polymers were obtained by reorganizing and imidizing polyamic acid chains in N,N-dimethylformamide in the presence of a template by the non-covalent imprinting method. The ability of molecularly imprinted polymers to recognize the target templates was evaluated by studying their sorption properties in comparison with non-imprinted polymers using direct conductometry in static mode. The equilibrium time of polyimide and molecularly imprinted polymers for acetic, propionic, butyric acids is in the range of 40 - 80 min. The type of sorption isotherm of acetic acid is characteristic of polymeric materials with micropores. During the sorption of acetic acid at low concentrations, the solvent-ethanol strongly competes with the adsorbed substance due to the close molecular sizes and the presence of group -OH. The type of sorption isotherms of propionic and butyric acids refers to the monomolecular adsorption. The sorption of carboxylic acids by molecularly imprinted polyimide is carried out mainly due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between carboxyl groups of adsorbent and adsorbate. According to the sorption data, the degrees of extraction, distribution coefficients, and imprinting factor values were calculated (IF = 3.0-15.1). It is shown that the molecularly imprinted polymers for carboxylic acids have better sorption ability to acid molecules than their non-imprinted polymers. At the same time, the molecularly imprinted polymer for butyric acid has the highest sorption capacity. Thus, the possibility of using molecularly imprinted polymers for carboxylic acids based on polyimide as selective coatings of piezosensors has been established.
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Henningsson, Åsa M., E. Margareta, G. L. Nyman, and Inger M. E. Björck. "Influences of dietary adaptation and source of resistant starch on short-chain fatty acids in the hindgut of rats." British Journal of Nutrition 89, no. 3 (2003): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2003782.
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The effect of adaptation time on the concentration and pattern of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) formed in the hindgut of rats given resistant starch (RS) in the form of raw potato starch (RPS) or high-amylose maize starch (HAS) was evaluated. Each starchy material was tested in diets containing 100 g indigestible carbohydrate/g DM, and fed for 13, 28 and 42 d. At the end of each period, the content of SCFA was determined in caecum, distal colon and faeces. The caecal concentration of total and individual SCFA increased for both diets with increasing adaptation time. The concentration of butyric acid was higher in the group fed RPS than in that fed HAS at all adaptation times. The caecal proportion of butyric acid was low both in rats fed RPS and HAS (6 and 4 %, respectively) following 13 d of adaptation. However, after 28 d of adaptation, the proportion of butyric acid had increased to 19 % in rats given RPS. A longer adaptation period (42 d) did not increase the proportion of butyric acid further. With HAS, there was also a significant (P<0·01) increase in the proportion of butyric acid with longer adaptation time. However, the increase was much slower and the proportion of butyric acid reached 6 and 8 % after 28 and 42 d respectively. It is concluded that the pattern of SCFA formed from RS in rats is dependent on adaptation time. It cannot be excluded that the different patterns of SCFA reported in the literature for RS may be due to the time of adaptation.
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ATALAY, Aysun, Filiz YILDIZ-AKGÜL, and Özer KINIK. "Şarap Üretim Atıklarından Elde Edilen Farklı Üzüm Posalarının İzmir Tulum Peynirinin Olgunlaşmasına Etkisi: Yağ Asidi Bileşimi, Serbest Yağ Asitleri ve Uçucu Bileşikler Üzerine Bir Araştırma." Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 20, no. 2 (2023): 311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25308/aduziraat.1406041.
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This research aimed to examine the fatty acids, free fatty acids, and volatile compounds of İzmir Tulum cheeses ripened in brines prepared using different grape pomaces from wine production waste. For this purpose, four groups of Izmir Tulum cheese were produced: white wine waste: sultaniye grape pomace (W), red wine waste: petit-verdot grape pomace (R), red and white wine mixture waste: 1:1 mixture of sultaniye and petit-verdot (RW) and control: pomace-free group (C). Among the short chain fatty acids, butyric (C4), caproic (C6), caprylic (C8) and capric (C10) acids were determined in all cheese samples. Long chain fatty acids such as myristic (C14), palmitic (C16) and oleic (C18:1) acids were found in high amounts. The most abundant free fatty acids in all cheese samples were oleic acid (C18:1) followed by stearic acid. Butyric (C4) and caproic (C6) acid contents increased during storage and were highest in RW and R samples at the end of storage. A total of 32 volatile components (12 acids, 3 alcohols, 9 esters, 3 terpenes, 2 hydrocarbons, 3 other compounds) were detected in İzmir Tulum cheese samples during the ripening period. It was observed that the volatile components content varied according to the grape pomace type (p
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PAGGI, R. A., J. P. FAY, and C. FAVERIN. "In vitro ruminal digestibility of oat hay and cellulolytic activity in the presence of increasing concentrations of short-chain acids and glycerol." Journal of Agricultural Science 142, no. 1 (2004): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859604003958.
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The effects of acetic, propionic, butyric and lactic acids (short-chain acids), and of glycerol, on the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of oat hay, and on cellulolysis by a protein extract of rumen fluid were studied. The objective was to gain information on the impact of increasing the concentrations of those compounds in the medium on degradative activities carried out by rumen microorganisms. Short-chain acids were assayed as sodium salts and, for all compounds, the concentrations were 50, 100, 200 and 300 mM. The volatile fatty acids (VFA: acetic, propionic and butyric acids) were tested separately or in two mixtures A and B that contained different proportions of each VFA. The IVDMD was assayed according to a modified Tilley & Terry (1963) technique while cellulolysis was assessed by the hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) in 1-h incubations at 39 °C. Parallel incubations with NaCl were utilized as controls for ionic strength and osmolarity changes in the incubation medium. Increases of 100–300 mM of short-chain acids decreased IVDMD between 7 and 39%. The inhibitions produced by increases of 200 and 300 mM of acetic acid were smaller than those caused by the same concentrations of either butyric or lactic acids. Increases of 100, 200 and 300 mM of glycerol reduced by 8–15% the IVDMD, and the inhibitions produced by increments of 200 and 300 mM of this compound were smaller than the ones elicited by the short-chain acids, with the exception of 200 mM of acetic acid that did not differ. The IVDMD was inhibited by NaCl only when concentrations were increased by 200 (12%) and 300 mM (26%). The degradation of CMC was reduced by 7–20% by 200 and 300 mM increases of the short-chain acids or glycerol, the exception being lactic acid that had no effect. One hundred mM increases of acetic and butyric acids inhibited the CMC degradation by 7 and 9%, respectively, whereas only butyric acid was inhibitory (7%) at 50 mM. Greater concentration increases of both VFA mixtures A and B than of the individual VFA were necessary to inhibit the hydrolysis of CMC. Cellulolytic activity was decreased 6 and 9% by increases of 200 and 300 mM of NaCl, respectively, and these drops of activity were smaller than those obtained with increases in any of the other compounds. Since osmolarity and/or ionic strength changes in the medium cannot completely account for the observed inhibitions of IVDMD and cellulolysis, it is suggested that glycerol and the anions of short-chain acids produce changes in the reaction media polarity that contribute to the inhibitory effects observed. Alterations in the media could also bring about conformational changes in the degradative enzymes leading to reduced rates of reaction and subsequent decreases in IVDMD and cellulolysis. Since most of the effects were observed with concentration increases that were larger than the physiological concentrations in the rumen, it is suggested that the compounds tested have little impact in vivo on the ruminal degradative activities that were evaluated.
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Baldi, Simone, Marta Menicatti, Giulia Nannini, et al. "Free Fatty Acids Signature in Human Intestinal Disorders: Significant Association between Butyric Acid and Celiac Disease." Nutrients 13, no. 3 (2021): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13030742.
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Altered circulating levels of free fatty acids (FFAs), namely short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs), and long chain fatty acids (LCFAs), are associated with metabolic, gastrointestinal, and malignant diseases. Hence, we compared the serum FFA profile of patients with celiac disease (CD), adenomatous polyposis (AP), and colorectal cancer (CRC) to healthy controls (HC). We enrolled 44 patients (19 CRC, 9 AP, 16 CD) and 16 HC. We performed a quantitative FFA evaluation with the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method (GC–MS), and we performed Dirichlet-multinomial regression in order to highlight disease-specific FFA signature. HC showed a different composition of FFAs than CRC, AP, and CD patients. Furthermore, the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) confirmed perfect overlap between the CRC and AP patients and separation of HC from the diseased groups. The Dirichlet-multinomial regression identified only strong positive association between CD and butyric acid. Moreover, CD patients showed significant interactions with age, BMI, and gender. In addition, among patients with the same age and BMI, being male compared to being female implies a decrease of the CD effect on the (log) prevalence of butyric acid in FFA composition. Our data support GC–MS as a suitable method for the concurrent analysis of circulating SCFAs, MCFAs, and LCFAs in different gastrointestinal diseases. Furthermore, and notably, we suggest for the first time that butyric acid could represent a potential biomarker for CD screening.