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Journal articles on the topic 'Bypass diode'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Shin, Woo, Suk Ko, Hyung Song, Young Ju, Hye Hwang, and Gi Kang. "Origin of Bypass Diode Fault in c-Si Photovoltaic Modules: Leakage Current under High Surrounding Temperature." Energies 11, no. 9 (September 12, 2018): 2416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092416.

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Bypass diodes have been widely utilized in crystalline silicon (c-Si) photovoltaic (PV) modules to maximize the output of a PV module array under partially shaded conditions. A Schottky diode is used as the bypass diode in c-Si PV modules due to its low operating voltage. In this work, we systematically investigated the origin of bypass diode faults in c-Si PV modules operated outdoors. The temperature of the inner junction box where the bypass diode is installed increases as the ambient temperature increases. Its temperature rises to over 70 °C on sunny days in summer. As the temperature of the junction box increases from 25 to 70 °C, the leakage current increases up to 35 times under a reverse voltage of 15 V. As a result of the high leakage current of the bypass diode at high temperature, melt down of the junction barrier between the metal and semiconductor has been observed in damaged diodes collected from abnormally functioning PV modules. Thus, it is believed that the constant leakage current applied to the junction caused the melting of the junction, thereby resulting in a failure of both the bypass diode and the c-Si PV module.

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2

Amin, Hajizadeh, and Warrier Anil Kumar Jishnu. "Parameter Identification and Effect of Partial Shading on a Photovoltaic System." E3S Web of Conferences 64 (2018): 06006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186406006.

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Partial shading cause significant losses to the performance of a photovoltaic (PV) system. So, it is imperative to study effects of partial shading; for that a two-diode model of the experimental setup made. Upon verifying the model with the experimental parameters, a MATLAB/Simulink model is made based on this model. Various shading patterns, the effect of bypass diodes; the effect of overlapping bypass diode is studied on this MATLAB/Simulink model. It is found out that the reduction in power loss is depended on the location of the shaded cell but not the area of the shaded cell. Also, the over-lapping bypass diode configuration has a slight improvement in the PV performance compared to the non-overlapping bypass diode configuration. An experimental test is also conducted by applying different shading pattern and they proves the results are compatible with the simulated results.

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3

Álvarez-Tey, Germán, José Antonio Clavijo-Blanco, Álvaro Gil-García, Rafael Jiménez-Castañeda, and Carmen García-López. "Electrical and Thermal Behaviour of Crystalline Photovoltaic Solar Modules in Shading Conditions." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (July 27, 2019): 3038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9153038.

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The shadow effect caused by nearby objects or the lack of cleaning significantly affects the performance of photovoltaics (PV) installations. This article analyses the bypass diode electrical behaviour and the thermal response of a PV crystalline module under shading or soiling conditions. PV cells of different substrings were covered progressively to simulate the effect of shading or soiling while a programmable electronic DC load was connected to a PV module to set an operating voltage. Three different tests were made to different PV crystalline technology. The paper characterizes in real conditions the I–V curve, bypass diode current, and front and back side PV cell temperature with contact sensor and infrared (IR) thermography, respectively. The results showed that the operation voltage established in the PV module defines the electrical bypass diode current and thermal response under normal operating conditions, shading or soiling. To show the bypass diode behaviour in such conditions, I–V curves were obtained, pointing out the value of the current that flows through bypass diodes in the whole voltage range.

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4

Fadliondi, Fadliondi, Haris Isyanto, and Budiyanto Budiyanto. "Bypass Diodes for Improving Solar Panel Performance." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 2703. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i5.pp2703-2708.

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The ouput power of solar panel that decreased due to shading has been improved using bypass diode method. The placement of bypass diodes increased the output current and power. New peaks and maximum powerpoints on the current-svoltage characteristics and power-voltage characteristics were observed. Without bypass diodes, the maximum output power was only around 50 W. After placing bypass diodes, the first peak around 115 W and second peak around 150 W appeared at voltage of around 31 V and 40 V, respectively.

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5

Ren, Huixue, and Peide Han. "Necessity Analysis of Bypass Diode for AC Module under Partial Shading Condition." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 4778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164778.

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To protect a photovoltaic module from the hot spot effect more efficiently, an AC (alternating current) module that contains a module-level MPPT (maximum power point tracking) has been put forward. In this paper, operation states of shadowed solar cells and relevant bypass diodes were studied through MATLAB/Simulink tools, and a commercial PV module was used to reveal the temperature change when working at different LMPP (local maximum power point). Experiment results show that bypass diode can reduce power loss for the AC module to some extent but has a limited effect on protecting the AC module from the hot spot effect. Instead, it is more likely to form a local hot spot when the bypass diode turns on, and the worst shading condition for the AC module with bypass diode is about 46.5% during work states.

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6

Vieira, Romênia G., Fábio M. U. de Araújo, Mahmoud Dhimish, and Maria I. S. Guerra. "A Comprehensive Review on Bypass Diode Application on Photovoltaic Modules." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 14, 2020): 2472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102472.

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Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy has shown significant expansion on the installed capacity over the last years. Most of its power systems are installed on rooftops, integrated into buildings. Considering the fast development of PV plants, it has becoming even more critical to understand the performance and reliability of such systems. One of the most common problems faced in PV plants occurs when solar cells receive non-uniform irradiance or partially shaded. The consequences of shading generally are prevented by bypass diodes. A significant number of studies and technical reports have been published as of today, based on extensive experience from research and field feedbacks. However, such material has not been cataloged or analyzed from a perspective of the technological evolution of bypass diodes devices. This paper presents a comprehensive review and highlights recent advances, ongoing research, and prospects, as reported in the literature, on bypass diode application on photovoltaic modules. First, it outlines the shading effect and hotspot problem on PV modules. Following, it explains bypass diodes’ working principle, as well as discusses how such devices can impact power output and PV modules’ reliability. Then, it gives a thorough review of recently published research, as well as the state of the art in the field. In conclusion, it makes a discussion on the overview and challenges to bypass diode as a mitigation technique.

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7

Utami, Dwi Prima Putri, and Antonius Rajagukguk. "Analysis Of Power Generation Photovoltaic Array 9×10 Wp Under Shading Effect." International Journal of Electrical, Energy and Power System Engineering 3, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ijeepse.3.1.13-16.

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There are several problems that can interfere with the performance of large-scale PV. One that enhances PV performance is shading on a PV module, that make interferes PV performance. This research studied about the effect of shading on the performance of large-scale PV systems through testing a 9 × 10 Wp miniature PV array and simulation using Matlab software. The use of diodes on a PV module can be done to prevent damage to the PV module due to shading. Through the power-voltage (P-V) and current-voltage (I-V) characteristic curves the effect of shading and the use of bypass and blocking diodes can be determined. Shading effect gave in a decrease in power in the PV module. From the results of this study note that the bypass diode and blocking diode output power generated by the PV module can be optimal.

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8

Puca, Alfredo, Alessio Albanese, Giuseppe Esposito, Giulio Maira, Barbora Tirpakova, Giacomo Rossi, Alice Mannocci, and Roberto Pini. "DIODE LASER-ASSISTED CAROTID BYPASS SURGERY." Neurosurgery 59, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 1286–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000249217.27214.ec.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE Conventional suturing methods of microvascular anastomosis are associated with various degrees of vascular wall damage that can lead to thrombosis and bypass occlusion. An experimental model of double end-to-side venous graft anastomosis on the common carotid artery was set up to compare conventional suturing methods with a low-power diode laser vascular welding technique. METHODS The experiments were performed on 40 rabbits that underwent implantation of a 15-mm segment of jugular vein on the common carotid artery. The proximal end-to-side suture was performed by eight interrupted stitches; the distal suture, which was done using a laser welding technique, was supported by four stay sutures. The animals were evaluated after 2 days (n = 15), 9 days (n = 15), and 30 days (n = 10). The vascular segments were excised and subjected to histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural evaluation. RESULTS The average clamping time to perform both anastomoses was 35 minutes. At the end of the follow-up period, one case of complete occlusion was observed after 9 days and one case was observed after 30 days. Surgical observations and pathological evaluation indicated that adoption of the laser welding technique reduced operative time and bleeding. Histologically, a reduction of thrombosis, inflammation, myointimal hyperplasia, and dystrophic calcification was observed in laser-assisted anastomoses. A better preservation of the endothelium was also evident in laser-treated anastomoses. The observed differences were deemed statistically significant (P< 0.05). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated the efficacy of diode laser welding in improving surgical techniques of high-flow bypass and in reducing the vascular wall damage observed with conventional methods.

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9

Tarabsheh, Anas Al, Muhammad Akmal, and Mohammed Ghazal. "Improving the Efficiency of Partially Shaded Photovoltaic Modules without Bypass Diodes." Electronics 10, no. 9 (April 29, 2021): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10091046.

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Photovoltaic (PV) modules comprise bypass diodes to limit hotspot formation. However, they suffer from performance reduction in the presence of partial shading. This paper proposes external circuitry to control the connection type (series/parallel) of the PV cells through a pair of on/off switches resulting in three different operation modes. Mode 1 represents the typical 36 series-connected cells, while mode 2 represents two parallel-connected strings, and mode 3 maximizes the output current where the four strings are connected in parallel. The added values of the approach are that (1) the output current of the PV module can be increased without the need for a buck-boost converter and (2) the partial shading has less impact on the output power than the adoption of bypass diodes. This work shows that simulating three monocrystalline PV modules (120 W, 200 W, and 241 W), consisting of 36, 60, and 72 series-connected cells, lose about 74% when one cell has 80% shading in the absence of bypass diodes. The application of a bypass diode for each pair of strings in the PV module improves this decrease to 61.89%, 40.66%, and 39.47%, respectively. According to our proposed approach, this power loss can be significantly decreased to 19.59%, 50%, and 50.01% for the three PV modules, respectively, representing more than a 42% improvement compared to bypass diodes.

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10

He, Wei, Fengshou Liu, Jie Ji, Shengyao Zhang, and Hongbing Chen. "Safety Analysis of Solar Module under Partial Shading." International Journal of Photoenergy 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/907282.

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Hot spot often occurs in a module when the qualities of solar cells mismatch and bypass diodes are proved to be an efficient alternative to reduce the effect of hot spot. However, these principles choosing a diode are based on the parameters of bypass diodes and PV cells without consideration of the maximum heating power of the shaded cell, which may cause serious consequences. On this basis, this paper presents a new approach to investigate partially shaded cells in different numbers of PV cells and different shading scenarios, including inhomogeneous illumination among solar cells and incomplete shading in one cell, which innovatively combines the same cells or divides one affected cell into many small single cells and then combines the same ones, and analyzes the shaded cell. The results indicate that the maximum power dissipation of the shaded cell occurs at short-circuit conditions. With the number of solar cells increasing, the shaded cell transfers from generating power to dissipating power and there is a maximum point of power dissipation in different shading situations that may lead to severe hot spot. Adding up the heat converted from solar energy, the heating power can be higher. In this case, some improvements about bypass diodes are proposed to reduce hot spot.

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11

Malathy, S., and R. Ramaprabha. "Suitability of Asymmetrical Multilevel Inverters for Partial Shaded Photovoltaic Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 622 (August 2014): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.622.173.

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The efficiency of building integrated photovoltaic (PV) system is greatly affected by the partial shaded conditions. The impact of shading conditions depends not only on the level of shading but also on other factors like array size, type of configuration adopted, pattern and intensity of the shade. The influence of partial shading is much pronounced in series configuration than any other types due to the absence of cross ties. Unless protected by bypass diodes, the thermal stress across the panel increases under shaded conditions and eventually leads to the development of hot spots that can damage the shaded panel permanently. Bypass diode totally isolates the shaded panel from the rest of the of the array leaving the array underutilized. To address this issue, this paper proposes repositioning of the panels to distribute the shade uniformly all over the array. Besides, a hybrid asymmetric multilevel inverter is proposed for power conversion.

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12

Dhimish, Mahmoud, and Zhicong Chen. "Novel Open-Circuit Photovoltaic Bypass Diode Fault Detection Algorithm." IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 9, no. 6 (November 2019): 1819–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2019.2940892.

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13

Green, M. A., E. Suryanto Hasyim, and S. R. Wenham. "Thermal performance of integral bypass diode solar cell modules." Solar Cells 19, no. 1 (November 1986): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6787(86)90053-0.

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14

Rajagukguk, Antonius, Dedet Candra Riawan, and Mochamad Ashari. "Performance Characteristics of Miniature Photovoltaic Farm Under Dynamic Partial Shading." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 11, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v11.i1.pp400-408.

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<p>This paper presents investigation of performance characteristic on a miniature photovoltaic farm under dynamic partially shaded condition. Effects of applying bypass diodes in each photovoltaics modul and the transient current of the diode is also investigated. The miniature of PV Farm consisting 4 photovoltaic panels, connected in series to form one string. The whole system comprises 5 photovoltaic strings, which are connected in parallel producing 30 volt and 60 watt peak power fromminiature PV farm. Shading of 10%, 20 % up to 50 % with dynamically changed is applied. Result from both laboratory tests and simulations is investigated and show very similar.</p>

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15

Shvets, Sergey, and Anatoliy Baishev. "Bypass diode function in solar panels and their diagnostic methods." Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University 23, no. 6 (December 2019): 1187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2019-6-1187-1202.

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16

Suryanto Hasyim, E., S. R. Wenham, and M. A. Green. "Shadow tolerance of modules incorporating integral bypass diode solar cells." Solar Cells 19, no. 2 (December 1986): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6787(86)90036-0.

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17

Hung, Yung-Jr, Jen-Chien Shih, Jian-Fu Liao, Liang-Xuan Lan, and Ying-Chi Chen. "Vertically-Stacked Photovoltaic/Bypass Diode Module With Improved Shadow Performance." IEEE Electron Device Letters 42, no. 9 (September 2021): 1354–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/led.2021.3099738.

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18

Zebiri, Mohamed, Mohamed Mediouni, and Hicham Idadoub. "Modeling and simulation of the shading effect on the performance of a photovoltaic module in the presence of the bypass diode." E3S Web of Conferences 37 (2018): 06002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183706002.

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In photovoltaic renewable energy production systems where production is dependent on weather conditions, maintaining production at a suitable level is more than essential. The shading effect in photovoltaic panels affects the production of electrical energy by reducing it or even causing the destruction of some or all of the panels. To circumvent this problem, among the solutions proposed in the literature we find the use of by-pass diode and anti-return diode to minimize these consequences.In this paper we present a simulation under Matlab-Simulink of the shading effect and we compare the current voltages characteristics (I-V) and power voltage (P-V) of a photovoltaic system for different irradiations in the presence and absence of diode by -pass. For modeling, we will use the diode model and the Lambert W-function to solve the implicit equation of the output current. This method allows you to analyze the performance of a panel at different shading levels.

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19

Pannebakker, Boudewijn B., Arjen C. de Waal, and Wilfried G. J. H. M. van Sark. "Photovoltaics in the shade: one bypass diode per solar cell revisited." Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 25, no. 10 (May 29, 2017): 836–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.2898.

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20

Teo, J. C., Rodney H. G. Tan, V. H. Mok, Vigna K. Ramachandaramurthy, and C. K. Tan. "Effects of bypass diode configurations to the maximum power of photovoltaic module." International Journal of Smart Grid and Clean Energy 6, no. 2 (2017): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12720/sgce.6.4.225-232.

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21

Kim, Katherine A., and Philip T. Krein. "Reexamination of Photovoltaic Hot Spotting to Show Inadequacy of the Bypass Diode." IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 5, no. 5 (September 2015): 1435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2015.2444091.

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22

Roger, V., M. Bajko, K. Petersen, G. D'Angelo, G. Dib, C. Giloux, L. Grand-Clement, et al. "Contact Resistances in the Cold Bypass Diode Leads of the Main LHC Magnets." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 24, no. 3 (June 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2013.2294407.

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23

Shin, Woogyun, Seokhwan Go, Youngchul Ju, Hyosik Chang, and Gihwan Kang. "Estimation of Output Power for PV Module with Damaged Bypass Diode using MATLAB." Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society 36, no. 5 (October 30, 2016): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7836/kses.2016.36.5.063.

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24

Shin, Woo-Gyun, Seok-Hwan Go, Young-Chul Ju, Hyung-Jun Song, and Gi-Hwan Kang. "Electrical Characteristics of PV Modules with Odd Strings by Arrangement on Bypass Diode." Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society 37, no. 4 (August 30, 2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7836/kses.2017.37.4.001.

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25

Ji, Byeong-Gwan, Seung-Gol Lee, Se-Geun Park, and Beom-Hoan O. "Bypass Heat Sink Analysis for a Laser Diode Bar with a Top Canopy." Current Optics and Photonics 1, no. 2 (April 25, 2017): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3807/copp.2017.1.2.113.

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26

Winston, D. Prince, B. Praveen Kumar, S. Cynthia Christabel, Ali J. Chamkha, and Ravishankar Sathyamurthy. "Maximum power extraction in solar renewable power system - a bypass diode scanning approach." Computers & Electrical Engineering 70 (August 2018): 122–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2018.02.034.

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27

Muliadi, M., I. D. Sara, and S. Suriadi. "The effect of bypass diode installation on partially covered solar panel output power." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1087, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1087/1/012077.

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28

Baris, Ronald R., Andrew L. Israel, David W. Amory, and Paul Benni. "Regional cerebral oxygenation during cardiopulmonary bypass." Perfusion 10, no. 4 (July 1995): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765919501000407.

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A significant number of patients suffer transient neuropsychological dysfunction after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Recent studies have implicated reduced levels of O2 supply/demand ratio during the rewarming phase of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Using a near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) system that permits continuous noninvasive monitoring of regional cerebral O2 saturation (rSO2), we investigated rSO2 during CPB. Following Institution Review Board approval and informed consent, 10 patients undergoing elective CABG were studied. Nonpulsatile CPB with a membrane oxygenator, haemodilution and alpha-stat pH management was used. The NIRS system consisting of two low-power laser diode sources (780 nm and 810 nm) with a photodetector placed on the frontal cortex was used to measure continuously haemoglobin, oxyhaemoglobin and cerebral blood volume. Continuous rSO2 measurements were obtained before, during moderate hypothermia, and during the rewarming phase of CPB. A rSO2 < 50% was defined as abnormal. Onset of rSO2 < 50% was at 32°C, and the highest incidence occurred during the late stages of rewarming (35-37°C). On rewarming from hypothermic CPB, 70% of our patients sustained a rSO2 < 50% for an average total duration of 9.3 minutes, primarily at the end of the rewarming period. This suggests a transient global imbalance in cerebral O2 supply and demand in a large percentage of patients during the rewarming phase of CPB. However, it has not been determined how long a rSO2 < 50% can be permitted before neuropsychological dysfunction is induced. Additional studies correlating psychometric testing with rSO2 measurements should prove useful in detecting episodes of impaired cerebral oxygenation, and help define rewarming protocols.

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29

Ji, Byeong-Gwan, Seung-Gol Lee, Se-Geun Park, and Beom-Hoan O. "Thermal Characteristics of a Heat Sink with Bypass Structure for GaN-based Laser Diode." Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics 27, no. 6 (December 25, 2016): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3807/kjop.2016.27.6.218.

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30

Mohammed, Humaid, Manish Kumar, and Rajesh Gupta. "Bypass diode effect on temperature distribution in crystalline silicon photovoltaic module under partial shading." Solar Energy 208 (September 2020): 182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.07.087.

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31

Zheng, Huiying, Shuhui Li, Rajab Challoo, and Julio Proano. "Shading and bypass diode impacts to energy extraction of PV arrays under different converter configurations." Renewable Energy 68 (August 2014): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.01.025.

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32

Ramos-Paja, Carlos Andres, Luz Adriana Trejos-Grisales, and Javier Herrera - Murcia. "Fast calculation of the maximum power point of photovoltaic generators under partial shading." Ingeniería e Investigación 36, no. 3 (December 19, 2016): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v36n3.54279.

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This paper presents a method to calculate the energy production of photovoltaic generators considering partial shading or mismatched conditions. The proposed method is based on the complete one-diode model including the bypass diode in its exponential form, where the current and voltage values of the modules composing the photovoltaic panel array are calculated without using the Lambert-W function. In addition, the method introduces a procedure to calculate the vicinity of the maximum power points, which enables the reduction of the operations required to obtain the global maximum. The proposed method provides short simulation times and high accuracy. On the other hand, since the method does not require complex mathematical functions, it can be implemented straightforwardly on known software packages and development languages such as C and C++. Those characteristics make this method a useful tool to evaluate the economic viability and return-of-investment time of photovoltaic installations. Simulation results and comparisons with a classical procedure confirm the good performance of the proposed method in terms of execution time and accuracy.

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33

Yang, Hong, He Wang, and Minqiang Wang. "Investigation of the Relationship between Reverse Current of Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Conduction of Bypass Diode." International Journal of Photoenergy 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/357218.

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In the process of crystalline silicon solar cells production, there exist some solar cells whose reverse current is larger than 1.0 A because of silicon materials and process. If such solar cells are encapsulated into solar modules, hot-spot phenomenon will emerge in use. In this paper, the effect of reverse current on reliability of crystalline silicon solar modules was investigated. Based on the experiments, considering the different shaded rate of cells, the relation between reverse current of crystalline silicon solar cells and conduction of bypass diode was investigated for the first time. To avoid formation of hot spots and failure of solar modules, the reverse current should be smaller than 1.0 A for 125 mm × 125 mm monocrystalline silicon solar cells when the bias voltage is at −12 V.

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34

Aswal, Pankaj, Mayank Chaturvedi, Puspender Singh, and Pradeep Kumar Juneja. "Concentrating Power for MPPT Solar PV Module forming Channelization of Efficient Energy." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 4, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v4.i3.pp526-531.

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<p>The energy of photovoltaic (PV) is going to become a most relevant part of renewable energy in world, by PVC Cell system for sufficient energy extraction this research will scrutinize the solar PV energy generation and conversion by effective devices to grid alliances Here this treatise target on I-V and P-V characteristics of Photo volatile modules or array, primarily under irregular shading condition, the model development of PV system and considering both physical and electrical parameters of solar PV module. The treatise ponder that how disparate bypass diode collocation could be influences maximum power conclusion characteristics of a solar PV module or array.</p>

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35

Jung, Tae-Hee, Gi-Hwan Kang, and Hyung-Keun Ahn. "Optimal Design of PV Module with Bypass Diode to Reduce Degradation due to Reverse Excess Current." Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials 15, no. 5 (October 25, 2014): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4313/teem.2014.15.5.279.

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36

Gao, Cong, Peng Liang, Huixue Ren, and Peide Han. "Experimental research on the relationship between bypass diode configuration of photovoltaic module and hot spot generation." Journal of Semiconductors 39, no. 12 (December 2018): 124014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/39/12/124014.

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37

Ko, Suk Whan, Young Chul Ju, Hye Mi Hwang, Jung Hun So, Young-Seok Jung, Hyung-Jun Song, Hee-eun Song, Soo-Hyun Kim, and Gi Hwan Kang. "Electric and thermal characteristics of photovoltaic modules under partial shading and with a damaged bypass diode." Energy 128 (June 2017): 232–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.04.030.

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38

Kishore, Divya, Ruchi Goel, Sushil Kumar, and Smriti Nagpal. "Comparison of external versus diode laser conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy with lacrimal bypass tube placement in proximal canalicular blocks." Oman Journal of Ophthalmology 14, no. 2 (2021): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ojo.ojo_49_2020.

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39

Lee, Chung-Geun, Woo-Gyun Shin, Jong Rok Lim, Hye-Mi Hwang, oung-Chul Ju, Young-Seok Jung, Gi-Hwan Kang, Hyo-Sik Chang, and Suk-Whan Ko. "Electric Circuit Analysis for PV Array on Short-Circuit Failure of Bypass Diode in PV Module." Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society 39, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7836/kses.2019.39.6.015.

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40

Yang, Peng, Chu Yan Shen, and Wang Wang Shi. "Design of WSN Sensor Node for Solar Photovoltaic Modules." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 1316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.1316.

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Photovoltaic module is an important part of photovoltaic power generation, so the quality and reliability of Photovoltaic modules directly determine the whole (PV) power system’s stability. Design a JN5139 as control core based on the solar Photovoltaic modules of WSN sensor node. This paper firstly analyzes the sun batteries testing principle, then from two aspects of hardware and software this sensor node in detail, including hardware JN5139 timing acquisition by the output of solar cell piece voltage, current and bypass the diode loop current, judge battery slice of actual work; Software from main program respectively, AD son conversion program, etc are introduced. With the data of experiment collecting, the node is analyzed and evaluated.

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41

Matsumoto, Keito, Manabu Takao, Shinya Okuhara, Miah Md Ashraful Alam, and Yoichi Kinoue. "A Study on Fluidic Diode for Wave Energy Conversion-Effect of Bypass Geometry on the Turbine Performance." Open Journal of Fluid Dynamics 10, no. 03 (2020): 270–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojfd.2020.103016.

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42

Dharma-wardana, M. W. C., and Marek Z. Zgierski. "Designing molecules to bypass the singlet triplet bottleneck in the electroluminescence of organic light-emitting-diode materials." Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics 4, no. 6 (October 30, 2002): S278—S281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1464-4258/4/6/367.

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43

Teo, J. C., Rodney H. G. Tan, V. H. Mok, Vigna K. Ramachandaramurthy, and ChiaKwang Tan. "Impact of bypass diode forward voltage on maximum power of a photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions." Energy 191 (January 2020): 116491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116491.

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44

Murtaza, Ali, Marcello Chiaberge, Filippo Spertino, Diego Boero, and Mirko De Giuseppe. "A maximum power point tracking technique based on bypass diode mechanism for PV arrays under partial shading." Energy and Buildings 73 (April 2014): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.01.018.

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45

Yu, Byunggyu, and Seok-Cheol Ko. "Power dissipation analysis of PV module under partial shading." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i2.pp1029-1035.

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Photovoltaic (PV) generation has been growing dramatically over the last years and it ranges from small, rooftop-mounted or building integrated systems, to large utility scale power stations. Especially for rooftop-mounted PV system, PV modules are serially connected to match with PV inverter input voltage specification. For serially connected PV system, shading is a problem since the shaded PV module reduces the output whole string of PV modules. The excess power from the unshaded PV module is dissipated in the shaded PV module. In this paper, power dissipation of PV module under partial shading is analyzed with circuit analysis for series connected PV modules. The specific current and voltage operating point of the shaded PV module are analyzed under shading. PSIM simulation tool is used to verify the power dissipation analysis. When there is no bypass diode and three solar modules are connected in series, upto 39.1% of the total maximum PV power is dissipated in the shaded PV module. On the other hand, when the bypass is attached, 0.3% of the total maximum power is generated as a loss in the shaded PV module. The proposed analysis technique of shaded PV module could be used in PV system performance analysis, especially for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) performance.

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Murata, Setsuko, Hiroshi Nakada, and Tetsuo Abe. "Theoretical and Experimental Evaluation of the Effect of Adding a Heat-Bypass Structure to a Laser Diode Array." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 32, Part 1, No. 3A (March 15, 1993): 1112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.32.1112.

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Murata, Setsuko, and Hiroshi Nakada. "Adding a heat bypass improves the thermal characteristics of a 50 μm spaced 8‐beam laser diode array." Journal of Applied Physics 72, no. 6 (September 15, 1992): 2514–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.351546.

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Sabbaghpur Arani, M., and M. A. Hejazi. "The Comprehensive Study of Electrical Faults in PV Arrays." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8712960.

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The rapid growth of the solar industry over the past several years has expanded the significance of photovoltaic (PV) systems. Fault analysis in solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays is a fundamental task to increase reliability, efficiency, and safety in PV systems and, if not detected, may not only reduce power generation and accelerated system aging but also threaten the availability of the whole system. Due to the current-limiting nature and nonlinear output characteristics of PV arrays, faults in PV arrays may not be detected. In this paper, all possible faults that happen in the PV system have been classified and six common faults (shading condition, open-circuit fault, degradation fault, line-to-line fault, bypass diode fault, and bridging fault) have been implemented in 7.5 KW PV farm. Based on the simulation results, both normal operational curves and fault curves have been compared.

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Lim, Jong-Rok, YongKi Min, Tae-Hee Jung, Jae-Hyun Ahn, and Hyung-Keun Ahn. "Correlation between Reverse Voltage Characteristics and Bypass Diode Operation with Different Shading Conditions for c-Si Photovoltaic Module Package." JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science 15, no. 5 (October 30, 2015): 577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5573/jsts.2015.15.5.577.

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Ko, Suk-Whan, Young-Chul Ju, Jung-Hun So, Hye-Mi Hwang, Young-Seok Jung, and Gi-Hwan Kang. "The Characteristics of PV module under the Partial Shading Condition and with a Failure of Bypass Diode with Short." Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society 36, no. 4 (August 30, 2016): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7836/kses.2016.36.4.041.

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