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Journal articles on the topic 'C 2000 to c 2100'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 29 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Hayward, P. J., I. M. George, R. A. Kaatz, and D. R. Olander. "Measurement of 2000–2100°C oxygen diffusion coefficients in hypostoichiometric UO2." Journal of Nuclear Materials 244, no. 1 (1997): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3115(96)00722-2.

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2

Nipoti, Roberta, A. Nath, Mulpuri V. Rao, et al. "High Dose Al⁺ Implanted and Microwave Annealed 4H-SiC." Materials Science Forum 717-720 (May 2012): 817–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.717-720.817.

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A post implantation microwave annealing technique has been applied for the electrical activation of Al+ implanted ions in semi-insulating 4H-SiC. The annealing temperatures have been 2000-2100°C. The implanted Al concentration has varied from 5 x 1019 to 8 x 1020 cm-3. A minimum resistivity of 2 x 10-2 Ω∙cm and about 70% electrical activation of the implanted Al has been measured at room temperature for an implanted Al concentration of 8 x 1020 cm-3 and a microwave annealing at 2100°C for 30 s.

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3

Jayakumari, Sethulakshmy, та Merete Tangstad. "Transformation of β-SiC from Charcoal, Coal, and Petroleum Coke to α-SiC at Higher Temperatures". Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 51, № 6 (2020): 2673–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-020-01970-1.

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AbstractSiC is one of the main intermediate compounds formed during the industrial production of silicon (Si). In the Si process, SiC is produced when carbon added to the raw materials reacts with the silicon monoxide gas (SiO(g)) formed in the furnace. Carbon materials used are either biomass-based (charcoal and wood chips) or based on fossil sources (coal, coke, petroleum coke). The most common forms of SiC prevailing at atmospheric pressure are the polytypes of α-SiC and β-SiC. β-SiC is formed at low temperatures and transforms to α-SiC at higher temperatures (> 2000 °C). In this study,

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4

Martynenko, V. V., P. O. Kushchenko, V. V. Primachenko, I. G. Shulyk, O. B. Protsak, and V. V. Varganov. "Phase formation processes and main properties of zirconia-alumina ramming mix on a phosphate bond, depending on the temperature of its thermal treatment." Scientific research on refractories and technical ceramics 121 (December 30, 2021): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35857/2663-3566.121.06.

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The phase formation processes and the main properties of samples from zirconia-alumina ramming mix on a phosphate bond, thermal-treated in the temperature range 200—2100 °C, have been studied. It was found that, the most complete interaction of P2O5 with cubic ZrO2 occurs in the temperature range 1200—1400 °C. This manifests itself in a significant destabilization of the cubic ZrO2 phase (the amount of which varies from 70 to 35 %) and is accompanied by a drop in the samples strength (cold crushing strength varies from 62—72 to 35—44 N/mm2), which remains sufficient to maintain the structural

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5

Li, Long, Wen Sun Ge, Yong Chen, and Zhao Hui Sun. "Study on Slag Corrosion of the Magnesia Lining during Ferrovanadium Smelting Process." Advanced Materials Research 779-780 (September 2013): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.779-780.96.

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The V2O3 is used as raw material to smelt FeV80 alloy by means of electric aluminothermic process in the vanadium products factory of PanGang, resulting in serious corrosion of magnesia lining. In order to analyze the above issues, some lining samples were taken from the locations where the refractory contacts with molten slag after furnace cooling, and processed to conduct SEM analysis. The research results showed that the slag corrosion of magnesia lining proceeds mainly in form of dissolution, The solubility of MgO in molten slag increases from 3.3% to 41% with the increase of smelting temp

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6

Tan, Z., L. L. Tieszen, E. Tachie-Obeng, S. Liu, and A. M. Dieye. "Historical and simulated ecosystem carbon dynamics in Ghana: land use, management, and climate." Biogeosciences Discussions 5, no. 3 (2008): 2343–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-2343-2008.

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Abstract. We used the General Ensemble biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS) to simulate responses of natural and managed ecosystems to changes in land use, management, and climate for a forest/savanna transitional zone in central Ghana. Model results show that deforestation for crop production during the last century resulted in a substantial reduction in ecosystem carbon (C) stock from 135.4 Mg C ha−1 in 1900 to 77.0 Mg C ha−1 in 2000, and in soil organic C stock within the top 20 cm of soil from 26.6 Mg C ha−1 to 21.2 Mg C ha−1. If no land use change takes place from 2000 through 2100, low

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Chen, Jiaxin, Stephen J. Colombo, Michael T. Ter-Mikaelian, and Linda S. Heath. "Future carbon storage in harvested wood products from Ontario’s Crown forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 7 (2008): 1947–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-046.

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This analysis quantifies projected carbon (C) storage in harvested wood products (HWP) from Ontario’s Crown forests. The large-scale forest C budget model, FORCARB-ON, was applied to estimate HWP C stock changes using the production approach defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Harvested wood volume was converted to C mass and allocated to four HWP end-use categories: in use, landfill, energy, and emission. The redistribution of C over time among HWP end-use categories was calculated using a product age-based C-distribution matrix. Carbon emissions for harvest, transport,

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8

Tan, Z., L. L. Tieszen, E. Tachie-Obeng, S. Liu, and A. M. Dieye. "Historical and simulated ecosystem carbon dynamics in Ghana: land use, management, and climate." Biogeosciences 6, no. 1 (2009): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-45-2009.

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Abstract. We used the General Ensemble biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS) to simulate responses of natural and managed ecosystems to changes in land use and land cover, management, and climate for a forest/savanna transitional zone in central Ghana. Model results show that deforestation for crop production during the 20th century resulted in a substantial reduction in ecosystem carbon (C) stock from 135.4 Mg C ha−1 in 1900 to 77.0 Mg C ha−1 in 2000, and in soil organic C stock within the top 20 cm of soil from 26.6 Mg C ha−1 to 21.2 Mg C ha−1. If no land use change takes place from 2000 thr

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9

Akasofu, Syun Ichi, and Hiroshi L Tanaka. "On the importance of the natural components in climate change study: Temperature rise in the study of climate change." Physics & Astronomy International Journal 5, no. 2 (2021): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/paij.2021.05.00236.

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The theme of this paper is to show that the temperature rising rate by the greenhouse gases is only 1/5 of what is generally considered. This conclusion is based on identifying two natural global changes. One of them is a near-linear change after the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the second is the Pacific (PDO) and Atlantic AMO) decadal oscillations, together called MDO. After the end of the LIA in about 1850, the rising rate of temperature rise has been approximately linear with the rate + 0.3°C/100 years, while the MDO has been super9 posed on it with an amplitude of 0.2°C (the range = 0.4ºC) and

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10

Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich, Tabea K. Lissner, Erich M. Fischer, et al. "Differential climate impacts for policy-relevant limits to global warming: the case of 1.5 °C and 2 °C." Earth System Dynamics 7, no. 2 (2016): 327–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-327-2016.

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Abstract. Robust appraisals of climate impacts at different levels of global-mean temperature increase are vital to guide assessments of dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The 2015 Paris Agreement includes a two-headed temperature goal: "holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C". Despite the prominence of these two temperature limits, a comprehensive overview of the differences in climate impacts at these levels is still missing. Here we provi

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11

Murray-Tortarolo, G., P. Friedlingstein, S. Sitch, et al. "The carbon cycle in Mexico: past, present and future of C stocks and fluxes." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 15 (2015): 12501–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-12501-2015.

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Abstract. We modelled the carbon (C) cycle in Mexico with a process-based approach. We used different available products (satellite data, field measurements, models and flux towers) to estimate C stocks and fluxes in the country at three different time frames: present (defined as the period 2000–2005), the past century (1901–2000) and the remainder of this century (2010–2100). Our estimate of the gross primary productivity (GPP) for the country was 2137 ± 1023 Tg C yr−1 and a total C stock of 34 506 ± 7483 Tg C, with 20 347 ± 4622 Pg C in vegetation and 14 159 ± 3861 in the soil. Contrary to o

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12

Preetha, Pooja, and Mahbub Hasan. "Scrutinizing the Hydrological Responses of Chennai, India Using Coupled SWAT-FEM Model under Land Use Land Cover and Climate Change Scenarios." Land 12, no. 5 (2023): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12050938.

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This study implemented a coupled SWAT-FEM simulation model to evaluate the impacts of land use land cover and climate change scenarios (LCS) on the water resources of river catchments in Chennai, India. The land use land cover data were obtained by merging the source data from National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) and International Water Management Institute (IWMI). Climate change simulations were obtained from four global climate models (GCM), including GFDL Baseline Scenario (1981–2000), GFDL A1B Scenario (2081–2100), CCSM4 Baseline Scenario (1986–2005), and CCSM4 A1B Scenario (2081–2100). T

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13

Pesonen, Petro, Minerva Piha, Marja Ahola, Elisabeth Holmqvist, and Terhi Honkola. "Pottery, language and iron." Documenta Praehistorica 52 (March 18, 2025): 2–27. https://doi.org/10.4312/dp.52.4.

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This paper examines two Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age pottery types in Finland, Luukonsaari and Sirnihta Wares, which were previously poorly defined and dated. New radiocarbon dates and Bayesian modelling place Luukonsaari Ware in c. 2800–2100 cal BP and Sirnihta Ware in c. 2000–1450 cal BP. These periods were crucial for the emergence of coastal farming and inland hunter-gatherer societies. The study explores typological and chronological variations, connections with other pottery types, influences from Textile Ware, and links to proto-languages. It also discusses the arrival of Saami la

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14

Murray-Tortarolo, G., P. Friedlingstein, S. Sitch, et al. "The carbon cycle in Mexico: past, present and future of C stocks and fluxes." Biogeosciences 13, no. 1 (2016): 223–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-223-2016.

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Abstract. We modeled the carbon (C) cycle in Mexico with a process-based approach. We used different available products (satellite data, field measurements, models and flux towers) to estimate C stocks and fluxes in the country at three different time frames: present (defined as the period 2000–2005), the past century (1901–2000) and the remainder of this century (2010–2100). Our estimate of the gross primary productivity (GPP) for the country was 2137 ± 1023 TgC yr−1 and a total C stock of 34 506 ± 7483 TgC, with 20 347 ± 4622 TgC in vegetation and 14 159 ± 3861 in the soil.Contrary to other

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15

Almazroui, Mansour. "Temperature Changes over the CORDEX-MENA Domain in the 21st Century Using CMIP5 Data Downscaled with RegCM4: A Focus on the Arabian Peninsula." Advances in Meteorology 2019 (May 20, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5395676.

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This paper examined the temperature changes from the COordinated Regional climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) over the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) domain called CORDEX-MENA. The focus is on the Arabian Peninsula in the 21st century, using data from three Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models downscaled by RegCM4, a regional climate model. The analysis includes surface observations along with RegCM4 simulations and changes in threshold based on extreme temperature at the end of the 21st century relative to the base period (1971–2000). Irrespective of the drivi

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16

Huh, Sung Wook, A. Y. Polyakov, Hun Jae Chung, et al. "Deep Electron and Hole Traps in 6H-SiC Bulk Crystals Grown by the Halide Chemical Vapor Deposition." Materials Science Forum 527-529 (October 2006): 497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.527-529.497.

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Deep electron and hole traps were studied in a series of high purity 6H-SiC single crystals grown by Halide Chemical Vapor Deposition (HCVD) method at various C/Si flow ratios and at temperatures between 2000 oC and 2100 oC. Characterization included Low Temperature Photoluminescence (LTPL), Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS), Minority Carrier Transient Spectroscopy (MCTS), and Thermal Admittance Spectroscopy (TAS) measurements. Concentrations of all deep traps were shown to strongly decrease with increased C/Si flow ratio and with increased growth temperature. The results indicate that

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17

FERNÁNDEZ-ROLDÁN, JUAN DAVID, JOHN D. LYNCH, and GUIDO FABIAN MEDINA-RANGEL. "On the identities of Caecilia degenerata Dunn, 1942 and of C. corpulenta Taylor, 1968 (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Caeciliidae) with descriptions of three new species of Caecilia Linnaeus, 1758 from the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia." Zootaxa 5227, no. 2 (2023): 205–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5227.2.3.

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The Central portion of the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia is currently reported to harbor two species of Caecilia distributed at comparable elevations on opposite versants of these Mountains. These are C. corpulenta, known from Virolín, Santander, at 1700–2000 m on the western slopes of the Cordillera Oriental and C. degenerata, known from Garagoa, Boyacá, and Choachí and Fomequé, Cundinamarca, at 1800–2100 m on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Oriental. Both species have dermal scales and lack secondary grooves, and have been subjected to misidentifications by herpetologists studying the

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18

Shevko, V. M., A. M. Mambetali, G. E. Karataeva, and B. A. Lavrov. "Production of ferroalloys from carbonaceous rock with replacement of steel chips with magnetite." Engineering Journal of Satbayev University 144, no. 2 (2022): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51301/ejsu.2022.i2.01.

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The article presents the results of studies on the production of ferrosilicon, ferrosilicoaluminium and Fe-Si-Al ligatures when replacing steel chips with magnetite. The object of research was the carbonaceous rock of the Borly deposit. Thermodynamic modeling was carried out using the HSC-5.1, Chemistry software package of the Finnish metallurgical company Outokumpu, based on the principle of minimizing Gibbs energy, and experimental studies-electric melting in an arc furnace at 1000-1400°C begin to form. It was found that under equilibrium conditions, the interaction of Borly ash components w

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19

KOÇ, İsmail. "Küresel İklim Değişikliği Senaryoları ile Samsun İlinde Yakın Gelecekteki Biyokonfor Bölgelerinin Belirlenmesi." Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 22, no. 2 (2022): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.1179080.

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Çalışmanın amacı: Bu çalışmada, Eşleştirilmiş Model Karşılaştırılma Projesinin iklim değişikliği senaryoları kapsamında (SSPs 245 ve SSPs 585) çalışma alanının mevcut durum ve gelecekteki (günümüz, 2040, 2060, 2080) iklim değişikliklerinin belirlemesi amaçlamıştır. Çalışmanın alanı: Çalışmaya konu alan Samsun ilidir. Materyal ve yöntem: Güncel iklim verileri Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü'ne bağlı 24 meteoroloji istasyonu tarafından yapılan ölçümlerden elde edilmiştir. Bu verilerden elde edilen 2000-2020 dönemine ait ölçüm verileri kullanılarak, bu çalışma için “Ters Mesafe Ağırlıklı”

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20

Krutskii, Yuriy L., Tatiana M. Krutskaya, Tatiana S. Gudyma, Konstantin B. Gerasimov, Roman R. Khabirov, and Anna V. Mass. "Carbothermal and boron carbide reduction of oxides of some transition metals." MATEC Web of Conferences 340 (2021): 01040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134001040.

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The study presents a possible mechanism to produce carbides and diborides of transition metals, such as titanium, vanadium, chromium and zirconium. The carbothermal synthesis of transition metal carbides has defined the direct dependence between the thermodynamic stability of oxides and the temperature range of the reduction onset (the stronger the oxide, the higher the value of the temperature is). It reaches 2000-2100, 1500-1600, 1300-1400 and 2100-2200°C for such carbides as TiC, VC0,88, Cr3C2 and ZrC respectively. The same dependence has not been found for the diborides of these metals. Op

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21

Schleussner, C. F., T. K. Lissner, E. M. Fischer, et al. "Differential climate impacts for policy-relevant limits to global warming: the case of 1.5 °C and 2 °C." Earth System Dynamics Discussions 6, no. 2 (2015): 2447–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esdd-6-2447-2015.

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Abstract. Robust appraisals of climate impacts at different levels of global-mean temperature increase are vital to guide assessments of dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Currently, two such levels are discussed in the context of the international climate negotiations as long-term global temperature goals: a below 2 °C and a 1.5 °C limit in global-mean temperature rise above pre-industrial levels. Despite the prominence of these two temperature limits, a comprehensive assessment of the differences in climate impacts at these levels is still missing. Here we provide

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22

Al-Ruheili, Amna M., Alaba Boluwade, and Ali M. Al-Subhi. "Predicting Mango Sudden Decline Due to Ceratocystis fimbriata Under a Changing Climate." Arab Journal of Plant Protection 39, no. 3 (2021): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-039.3.215223.

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Mango fruit trees are an important fruit crop due to their high value. Mango sudden decline (MSD) is a major disease that threatens mango trees in Oman and worldwide. The objective of this study was to identify those areas in northern Oman in which Ceratocystis fimbriata (a plant fungal pathogen causing MSD) may establish itself under various climate change scenarios. The MaxEnt model used in this study was based on data for the period 1970-2000 and then projected to future climate periods. This study modeled the future distribution of C. fimbriata for 2021–2040, 2041–2060, 2061–2080, and 2081

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23

Banerjee, A., A. C. Maycock, A. T. Archibald, et al. "Drivers of changes in stratospheric and tropospheric ozone between year 2000 and 2100." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 21 (2015): 30645–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-30645-2015.

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Abstract. A stratosphere-resolving configuration of the Met Office's Unified Model (UM) with the United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosols (UKCA) scheme is used to investigate the atmospheric response to changes in (a) greenhouse gases and climate, (b) ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and (c) non-methane ozone precursor emissions. A suite of time-slice experiments show the separate, as well as pairwise, impacts of these perturbations between the years 2000 and 2100. Sensitivity to uncertainties in future greenhouse gases and aerosols is explored through the use of the Representative Concentration

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Banerjee, Antara, Amanda C. Maycock, Alexander T. Archibald, et al. "Drivers of changes in stratospheric and tropospheric ozone between year 2000 and 2100." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 5 (2016): 2727–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2727-2016.

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Abstract. A stratosphere-resolving configuration of the Met Office's Unified Model (UM) with the United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosols (UKCA) scheme is used to investigate the atmospheric response to changes in (a) greenhouse gases and climate, (b) ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and (c) non-methane ozone precursor emissions. A suite of time-slice experiments show the separate, as well as pairwise, impacts of these perturbations between the years 2000 and 2100. Sensitivity to uncertainties in future greenhouse gases and aerosols is explored through the use of the Representative Concentration

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25

Kumar, Nilesh, Narendra Agrawal, Dhiraj Khalkho, and L. K. Srivastava. "Impact Assessment of Climate Change on Water Requirements for Summer Paddy Cultivation in Raipur District, Chhattisgarh." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 14, no. 11 (2024): 899–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i114596.

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Water is a crucial and finite resource, primarily utilized for irrigation, necessitating effective distribution for long-term sustainability. This study quantifies the water requirements for summer paddy cultivation in Raipur district, Chhattisgarh, and assesses its implications under changing climatic conditions. The FAO-CROPWAT 8.0 model was applied to assess irrigation parameters using historical meteorological data from 2000 to 2020 and projected meteorological data from 2040 to 2100. Reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) was estimated using Penman-Monteith method, incorporating crop coeffici

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26

Barker, Terry, S. Santos, Å. Scrieciu, S. Tashchilova, and R. Warren. "Potential macroeconomic benefits of stringent greenhouse-gas stabilisation targets: modelling the 2°C target in CIAS with E3MG 2000-2100." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 6, no. 50 (2009): 502010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1307/6/50/502010.

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27

Aliev, A. A. "Long-Term Strength Estimation of Zirconia Ceramics." Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, no. 11 (728) (November 2020): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2020-11-83-88.

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A standard experimental assessment of the service life of high-temperature zirconia ceramics (GOST 4070–2014) requires the use of complicated heating and measuring equipment and hundreds of expensive specimens. This necessitates the development of calculation methods for evaluating long-term strength depending on the thermomechanical loading conditions without carrying out a full range of laboratory tests. The existing experimental estimation models of the primary and secondary creep regimes of ceramics consider the temperature range up to 1600°C, which is lower than zirconia limiting operatin

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Winther Johannsen, Jens, Julian Laabs, Magdalena M. E. Bunbury, and Morten Fischer Mortensen. "Subsistence and population development from the Middle Neolithic B (2800–2350 BCE) to the Late Neolithic (2350–1700 BCE) in Southern Scandinavia." PLOS ONE 19, no. 10 (2024): e0301938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301938.

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The present study aims to explore the hypothesis of a link between a population increase derived from intensified food production and the development from the widespread cultural diversity of the Middle Neolithic B (MNB) to the cultural unity towards the end of the Late Neolithic (LN) in Southern Scandinavia. We explore this through quantitative modelling of radiocarbon dates, aoristic time series of material culture and palynological data. On this basis, we propose three main results that may explain the transformation: (1) A supra-regional population increase, culminating in the middle of th

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29

Selvey, Linda. "Coal and health in Australia." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 126, no. 2 (2014): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs14040.

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It is worth remembering that perhaps the biggest health impact of mining and burning coal today is the impact on our climate due to the CO2 that will be released from coal combustion. At Copenhagen in December 2009, world leaders agreed on a target of 2°C warming. At current global emissions we are way off that target, and are set for at least 4°C warming by 2100. If we are going to meet the 2°C degree target, then the world can only emit 1000 billion tonnes of CO2 between 2000 and 2050. In the first 13 years of the century, we’ve already burned 40% of that. If we were to mine and then burn Au

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ZHAO, GUOCHUN, ALFRED KRÖNER, SIMON A. WILDE, et al. "Lithotectonic elements and geological events in the Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping belt: a synthesis and implications for the evolution of the Trans-North China Orogen." Geological Magazine 144, no. 5 (2007): 753–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756807003561.

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The Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping belt is located in the middle segment of the Trans-North China Orogen, a Palaeoproterozoic continental collisional belt along which the Eastern and Western blocks amalgamated to form the North China Craton. The belt consists of the medium- to high-grade Hengshan and Fuping gneiss complexes and the intervening low- to medium-grade Wutai granite–greenstone terrane, and most igneous rocks in the belt are calc-alkaline and have affinities to magmatic arcs. Previous tectonic models assumed that the Hengshan and Fuping gneiss assemblages were an older basement to the Wutai

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Anderson, Kevin, and Alice Bows. "Reframing the climate change challenge in light of post-2000 emission trends." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 366, no. 1882 (2008): 3863–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0138.

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The 2007 Bali conference heard repeated calls for reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions of 50 per cent by 2050 to avoid exceeding the 2°C threshold. While such endpoint targets dominate the policy agenda, they do not, in isolation, have a scientific basis and are likely to lead to dangerously misguided policies. To be scientifically credible, policy must be informed by an understanding of cumulative emissions and associated emission pathways. This analysis considers the implications of the 2°C threshold and a range of post-peak emission reduction rates for global emission pathways and

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32

Mezghani, Abdelkader, Andreas Dobler, Jan Erik Haugen, et al. "CHASE-PL Climate Projection dataset over Poland – bias adjustment of EURO-CORDEX simulations." Earth System Science Data 9, no. 2 (2017): 905–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-905-2017.

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Abstract. The CHASE-PL (Climate change impact assessment for selected sectors in Poland) Climate Projections – Gridded Daily Precipitation and Temperature dataset 5 km (CPLCP-GDPT5) consists of projected daily minimum and maximum air temperatures and precipitation totals of nine EURO-CORDEX regional climate model outputs bias corrected and downscaled to a 5 km × 5 km grid. Simulations of one historical period (1971–2000) and two future horizons (2021–2050 and 2071–2100) assuming two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) were produced. We used the quantile mapping method and

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Hatsusaka, Kazuaki, and Kazuchika Ohta. "Discotic liquid crystals of transition metal complexes 34: spectroscopic properties of bis[octakis(3,4-dialkoxy-phenoxy)phthalocyaninato]lutetium(III) complexes." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 07, no. 02 (2003): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424603000148.

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Spectroscopic properties of discotic liquid crystalline bis[octakis(3,4-dialkoxyphenoxy)-phthalocyaninato]lutetium(III) complexes, {[( C n O )2 PhO ]8 Pc }2 Lu (n = 12: 2a and n = 13: 2b), were investigated by recording electronic absorption spectra in the region of 250-2600 nm under three different conditions; solution, mixed solvent solutions, and a thin film at various temperatures. An intermolecular charge transfer (CT) band was found at about 2000-2100 nm both for the n-hexane solution and the thin film. It was established for the first time from the solvent-polarity-dependent and tempera

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Hadikusumah. "STUDY ON SEA LEVEL RISE IN THE WESTERN INDONESIA." Marine Research in Indonesia 29 (May 11, 2018): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v29i0.419.

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Study on mean sea level (MSL) rise has been done on tide data at some locations in the Western Indonesia. To account the effect of climate change, air temperature analyses from some weather stations are also performed. The results showed that air temperature has changed between 0.0 to 0.44°C per ten years. The sea level analysis showed that mean sea level at Western Indonesia rise between 3.10 to 9.27 mm per year. Based on the results, the prediction on mean sea level change in the years of 2000, 2030, 2050 and 2100 for Cirebon location are 17 cm, 39 cm, 55 cm, and 92 cm, respectively.

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Magnani, Giuseppe, Giuliano Sico, and Alida Brentari. "Two-Step Pressureless Sintering of Silicon Carbide-Based Materials." Advances in Science and Technology 89 (October 2014): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.89.70.

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Pressureless sintering of silicon carbide powder requires addition of sintering aids and high sintering temperature (>2100°C) in order to achieve high sintered density (>95% T.D.). The high sintering temperature normally causes an exaggerated grain growth which can compromise the mechanical properties. Two-step sintering (TSS) can be used to overcome this problem. By this method, high sintered density is obtained avoiding the grain growth associated to the last step of the sintering. Two-step sintering was successfully applied to different commercial silicon carbide powders with differen

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Rao, Mulpuri V., Y. L. Tian, Syed B. Qadri, Jaime A. Freitas, and Roberta Nipoti. "Ultra Fast High Temperature Microwave Annealing of Ion Implanted Large Bandgap Semiconductors." Materials Science Forum 645-648 (April 2010): 709–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.645-648.709.

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In this work, the surface, lattice and electrical properties of implanted 4H-SiC, GaN and ZnO, annealed by a novel ultra-fast microwave heating method, are compared to that of conventional annealing methods. In this new method, amplified and variable frequency microwaves from a signal generator are directly coupled to the semiconductor sample through a microwave head. Since, the microwaves are only absorbed by the sample, without heating of the ambient, ultra-high heating (> 2000°C/s) and cooling rates and very high (2100°C) annealing temperatures can be reached. For Al and P species implan

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Boudebbouz, Ali, Aissam Bousbia, Rassim Khelifa, et al. "Milk quality and production under climate change uncertainty: case of the Algerian cattle breed." Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development (JAEID) 117, no. 2 (2023): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/jaeid-15000.

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Algerian indigenous cattle breeds are well adapted to the harsh local arid and semi-arid environments. This study aims to summarize livestock practices, milk quality, and discuss the potential of local cattle breeds to maintain production capacity in the face of global warming conditions. A total of 175 smallholder farmers who practice the breeding of the Algerian local cattle breed were interviewed using a formal questionnaire. Following that, 122 milk samples were collected for physicochemical and bacteriological analyses. Climate data variability in the study area was evaluated. Results rev

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Hansen, J., M. Sato, R. Ruedy, et al. "Dangerous human-made interference with climate: a GISS modelE study." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, no. 6 (2006): 12549–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-12549-2006.

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Abstract. We investigate the issue of "dangerous human-made interference with climate" using simulations with GISS modelE driven by measured or estimated forcings for 1880–2003 and extended to 2100 for IPCC greenhouse gas scenarios as well as the "alternative" scenario of Hansen and Sato (2004). Identification of "dangerous" effects is partly subjective, but we find evidence that added global warming of more than 1°C above the level in 2000 has effects that may be highly disruptive. The alternative scenario, with peak added forcing ~1.5 W/m2 in 2100, keeps further global warming under 1°C if c

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Such-Gutiérrez, Marcos. "The Akkadian word ab(2)-ru-(u)m / a2-bu-ru-(u)m in the Ur III period (c. 2100-2000 BC)." ISIMU 24 (July 3, 2023): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/isimu2021.24.012.

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Hunter, J. S., G. T. Fincher, and D. C. Sheppard. "Observations on the Life History of Onthophagous depressus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 31, no. 1 (1996): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-31.1.63.

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Adult Onthophagus depressus Harold constructed brood cells of cattle dung 15 to 30 cm below the soil surface. These brood cells averaged 23.1 mm long and 16.1 mm wide. Adult females deposited a single egg in the egg chamber of each brood cell. Eggs were 2.3 to 2.5 mm long and 1.1 to 1.4 mm wide. Embryonic development required 2.5 to 4.3 d; larval development (three instars) 27 d, and pupal development about 12 d. Development from egg to adult averaged 46.3 d at 25–27°C. Adult beetles were captured in all months except February with peak flight activity between 2000 and 2100 h (EST). Overwinter

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Dahl, Jacob L. "Where have all the Ur III seals gone?" Avar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Life and Society in the Ancient Near East 3, no. 2 (2024): 195–252. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/aijls.v3i2.2851.

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In this paper I analyse the late 3rd millennium and early 2nd millennium seals in two mid-size collections and reach the conclusion that exceedingly few of them date to the Ur III period (c 2100 – 2000 BC). I include some observations on other collections. I then ask the basic question: where have all the Ur III seals gone? After briefly exploring other options, I suggest with online visual evidence, that the vast majority of the Ur III seals were re-cut in the Old Babylonian period. At the end of the paper, I suggest that the absence or presence of seals from specific periods can be used to m

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Hammoudy, Wahib, Rachid Ilmen, and Mohamed Sinan. "High-resolution RCP scenario for the 21st century in the North-West region of Morocco, future projections for 2041-2060, 2061-2080 and 2081-2100." Brazilian Journal of Science 2, no. 10 (2023): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bjs.v2i10.375.

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Climate model simulations of future climate are the basis for adaptation decisions, which the effectiveness will depend on the quality of the models. A set of climate models developed under the CMIP6 project and generated by the spatial bias correction disaggregation method (BCSD) using a statistical downscaling algorithm have been used. These models are used to evaluate the future changes in thermal extremes projected by the climate models over the different time horizons with comparison to the 1981-2000 reference period. These projections are made under the scenario RCP 4.5 (optimistic). The

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PANKAJ PANWAR, SHARMISTHA PAL, NANCY LORIA, et al. "Spatio-temporal variability of climatic parameters across different altitudes of North- Western Himalaya." Journal of Agrometeorology 21, no. 3 (2021): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v21i3.252.

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Climate change impact varies across different altitudinal ranges and demands local specific management strategies for water resource and farming system management. The present study analyses spacio-temporal climate parameters across different altitudes of Himachal Pradesh a hilly state of India. Analysis shows that annually, minimum temperature has significantly decreased by -0.09°C at altitude I (350 - 400 m) while maximum temperature has significantly increased by 0.05°C at altitudes I and II (1400-1500 m) and decreased significantly by -0.08°C at altitude III (2000- 2100 m). Higher regions

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Baisholanov, S. S. "Assessment of heat supply of vegetation period within the northern grain-seeding territory of Kazakhstan." Ukrainian hydrometeorological journal, no. 18 (October 29, 2017): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31481/uhmj.18.2016.11.

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Introduction. The existing agroclimatic handbooks in Kazakhstan are outdated both in informational and technological senses. Therefore necessity of agroclimatic resources reassessment arose. Purpose. Research of heat supply of vegetation period within the Northern grain-seeding territory of Kazakhstan. Methods. Data of meteorological stations for period of 1981-2014 were used. Methods of statistic and climatologic processing of data were applied. The agroclimatic maps were drafted using ArcGIS 10.1 software. Results. The article describes a thermal regime, duration and heat s

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UTKIN, A. V., D. A. BANNYKH, M. A. GOLOSOV, A. T. TITOV, and N. I. BAKLANOVA. "BEHAVIOUR OF CF/ZRB2-SIC COMPOSITE PREPARED BY CERAMIC PREPREG METHOD IN HIGH ENTHALPY GAS FLOW." Chemistry for Sustainable Development 32, no. 5 (2024): 662–70. https://doi.org/10.15372/csd2024601.

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High-temperature ceramic materials Cf/ZrB2-SiC consisting of a refractory ZrB2-SiC matrix reinforced with continuous carbon fibres (Cf) are of intense interest as candidates for the development of next-generation thermal protection for propulsion systems designed to operate under extreme conditions of temperature, mechanical load, and aggressive gas flows. The focus of these studies is on the oxidative and ablative stability, which is crucial for the practical application of high-temperature materials. In the present work, high-temperature Cf/ZrB2-SiC composites were prepared by the ceramic pr

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Boberg, Fredrik, Ruth Mottram, Nicolaj Hansen, Shuting Yang, and Peter L. Langen. "Uncertainties in projected surface mass balance over the polar ice sheets from dynamically downscaled EC-Earth models." Cryosphere 16, no. 1 (2022): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-17-2022.

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Abstract. The future rates of ice sheet melt in Greenland and Antarctica are an important factor when making estimates of the likely rate of sea level rise. Global climate models that took part in the fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) have generally been unable to replicate observed rates of ice sheet melt. With the advent of the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), with a general increase in the equilibrium climate sensitivity, we here compare two versions of the global climate model EC-Earth using the regional climate model HIRHAM5 downscaling of EC-Earth fo

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Gangstø, R., F. Joos, and M. Gehlen. "Sensitivity of pelagic calcification to ocean acidification." Biogeosciences 8, no. 2 (2011): 433–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-433-2011.

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Abstract. Ocean acidification might reduce the ability of calcifying plankton to produce and maintain their shells of calcite, or of aragonite, the more soluble form of CaCO3. In addition to possibly large biological impacts, reduced CaCO3 production corresponds to a negative feedback on atmospheric CO2. In order to explore the sensitivity of the ocean carbon cycle to increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2, we use the new biogeochemical Bern3D/PISCES model. The model reproduces the large scale distributions of biogeochemical tracers. With a range of sensitivity studies, we explore the ef

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Schleussner, C. F., K. Frieler, M. Meinshausen, J. Yin, and A. Levermann. "Emulating Atlantic overturning strength for low emission scenarios: consequences for sea-level rise along the North American east coast." Earth System Dynamics Discussions 1, no. 1 (2010): 357–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esdd-1-357-2010.

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Abstract. In order to provide probabilistic projections of the future evolution of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), we calibrated a simple Stommel-type box model to emulate the output of fully coupled three-dimensional atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Based on this calibration to idealised global warming scenarios with and without interactive atmosphere-ocean fluxes and freshwater perturbation simulations, we project the future evolution of the AMOC within the covered calibration range for the lower

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Hansen, J., M. Sato, R. Ruedy, et al. "Dangerous human-made interference with climate: a GISS modelE study." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 9 (2007): 2287–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-2287-2007.

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Abstract. We investigate the issue of "dangerous human-made interference with climate" using simulations with GISS modelE driven by measured or estimated forcings for 1880–2003 and extended to 2100 for IPCC greenhouse gas scenarios as well as the "alternative" scenario of Hansen and Sato (2004). Identification of "dangerous" effects is partly subjective, but we find evidence that added global warming of more than 1°C above the level in 2000 has effects that may be highly disruptive. The alternative scenario, with peak added forcing ~1.5 W/m2 in 2100, keeps further global warming under 1°C if c

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Simonenko, E. P., A. F. Kolesnikov, A. V. Chaplygin, et al. "Surface Transformation Of Ultrahigh-Temperature Ceramics HfB2-SiC-C(graphene) Under The Influence Of High-Speed Disossociated Nitrogen Jets." Žurnal neorganičeskoj himii 69, no. 4 (2024): 594–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044457x24040156.

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In order to study the promising potential of HfB2–30 vol % SiC ultrahigh-temperature ceramic materials modified with low amounts of reduced graphene oxide for the creation of aerospace equipment intended for use in N2-based atmospheres, the effect of high-speed dissociated nitrogen flow on it has been investigated. It has been established that under the chosen conditions of exposure during the stepwise increase of the anode power supply of plasma torch and, accordingly, the influencing heat flux, at certain parameters there is a sharp increase in the surface temperature from ~1750 to 2000-2100

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