Academic literature on the topic 'C. arabica'
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Journal articles on the topic "C. arabica"
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SA, Ali ALhaidrai. "Determination of Caffeine and Chlorogenic Acid (CGA) in the Methanolic Extracts Coffee (C. arabica. L) To seeds and peels (Unroasted and Roasted) Cultivars Grown in Yemen by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)." Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal 7, no. 1 (2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000180.
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In this study methanolic extract of one plant namely Arabic coffee, were screened for the presence of analysis Constituents and tested for their of liquid chromatographic separation (HPLC). The quantitative HPLC analysis revealed the results showed presence of Caffeine, chlorogenic acid (CGA) is the concentration of the contents Seeds, peels (unroasted) samples is higher than their contents in the Seeds, and peels (roasted) samples. The highest concentration of Caffeine was 5,334 % in unroasted Arabica coffee peels (Udaini) in Ibb (Kafr) region, while the highest value of chlorogenic acid was 68,460% in unroasted Arabica coffee peels (Tufahi) in Ibb (Kafr). The highest concentration of Caffeine was 9,948% in unroasted Arabic coffee seeds (Udaini) in Ibb (Kafr) region, while the highest concentration of chlorogenic acid was 97,280% in unroasted Arabic coffee seeds (Udaini) in Ibb (Kafr) region. The highest concentration of Caffeine was 1,964 % in roasted Arabica coffee peels (Udaini) in Ibb (Kafr) region, while the highest value of chlorogenic acid was 26,260% in roasted Arabica coffee peels (Bura’ai.) in Sana'a (Haraz). The highest concentration of Caffeine was 2,324% in roasted Arabic coffee seeds (Udaini) in Al- Mahweet (Hufash) region, while the highest concentration of chlorogenic acid was 47,09% in roasted Arabic coffee seeds (Dawairi) in Al- Mahweet (Hufash).
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Arief, Zuhdi Amelca, Muhammad Rusdi, and Abubakar Karim. "Hubungan antara Karakteristik Lahan dan Produksi Kopi Arabika di Kabupaten Bener Meriah." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 8, no. 1 (2023): 383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v8i1.23282.
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Abstrak. Kabupaten Bener Meriah merupakan salah satu wilayah penghasil kopi Arabika di Provinsi Aceh. Kopi Arabika umumnya dapat tumbuh optimal pada ketinggian di atas 800 m dpl. Rata – rata produktivitas kopi Arabika di Kabupaten Bener Meriah belum optimal, yaitu berkisar antara 600-800 kg/ha/tahun. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan karakteristik lahan dan produksi kopi Arabika. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian adalah survei lapangan untuk mendapatkan data karakteristik lahan di Kabupaten Bener Meriah. Tapak pengamatan ditentukan berdasarkan SPL yang dibentuk melalui hasil overlay peta jenis tanah, ketinggian tempat, kemiringan lereng dan peta kebun kopi eksisting di Kabupaten Bener Meriah. Kesesuaian lahan kopi Arabika diperoleh dengan cara membandingkan data karakteristik lahan yang diperoleh di lapangan dengan persyaratan tumbuh kopi Arabika milik Pujianto (1991). Data produksi kopi Arabika diperoleh dengan cara taksasi produksi, yaitu menghitung jumlah gelondong merah pada tanaman kopi contoh untuk. Untuk mendapatkan data hubungan antara karakteristik lahan dan produksi dilakukan analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kelas kelas kesesuaian lahan kopi Arabika di Kabupaten Bener Meriah adalah S3 (sesuai marginal) dengan faktor pembatas kurangnya unsur hara seperti C- Organik, P-tersedia dan N-total dan tingkat kelerengan yang curam. Rata-rata produksi kopi Arabika 828,85 kg/ha biji bersih. Hasil analisis regresi linier berganda antara karakteristik lahan dan produksi menunjukkan sangat kuat dengan nilai 0,857.Correlation between Land Characteristic and Arabica Coffee Production in Bener Meriah DistrictAbstract. Bener Meriah Regency is one of the Arabica coffee producing areas in Aceh Province. Arabica coffee can generally grow optimally at altitudes above 800 m above sea level. The average productivity of Arabica coffee in Bener Meriah Regency is not optimal, which ranges from 600-800 kg/ha/year. The research aims to determine the relationship between land characteristics and Arabica coffee production. The method used in this study was a field survey to obtain data on land characteristics in Bener Meriah Regency. The observation site was determined based on the SST formed by overlaying a map of soil type, altitude, slope and map of existing coffee plantations in Bener Meriah Regency. Land suitability for Arabica coffee was obtained by comparing land characteristic data obtained in the field with the requirements for growing Arabica coffee belonging to Pujianto (1991). Arabica coffee production data was obtained by means of production estimation, namely counting the number of red spindles on the sample coffee plants. To obtain data on the relationship between land characteristics and production, multiple linear regression analysis was performed. The results showed that the Arabica coffee land suitability classes in Bener Meriah Regency were S3 (suitable marginal) with limiting factors for lack of nutrients such as C-Organic, P-available and N-total and steep slopes. The average Arabica coffee production is 828.85 kg/ha of net beans. The results of the multiple linear regression analysis between land characteristics and production showed a very strong value of 0.857.
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AL-GHANAYEM, ABDULLAH A., SANAD M. AL SOBEAI, MOHAMMED S. ALHUSSAINI, BABU JOSEPH, and ABDULMONEIM MOHAMMAD SAADABI. "Short Communication: Antibacterial activity of certain Saudi Arabian medicinal plants used in folk medicine against different groups of bacteria." Nusantara Bioscience 9, no. 4 (2017): 392–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n090409.
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Al-Ghanayem AA, Al Sobeai SM, Alhussaini MS, Joseph B, Saadabi AM. 2017. Antibacterial activity of certain Saudi Arabian medicinal plants used in folk medicine against different groups of bacteria. Nusantara Bioscience 9: 392-395. Medicinal plants from Saudi Arabia has been used in folk medicine for treatment of many diseases. The present research is on medicinal plants, which are locally available such as Acacia ehrenbergiana (Arabic: Salam) (Fabaceae), Calotropis procera (Arabic: Ausher) (Apocynaceae), Haloxylon salicornicum (Arabic: Rimth) (Amaranthaceae), Panicum turgidum (Arabic: Thuman) (Poaceae), Tamarix arabica (Arabic: Athal) (Tamaricaceae), Rhazya stricta (Arabic: Harmal) (Apocynaceae) Rumex vesicarius (Arabic: Humeid) (Polygonaceae) for antimicrobial activity by agar well diffusion method. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) has been determined by broth micro dilution method. A. ehrenbergiana was active against Klebsiella pneumoniae. R. vesicarius and T. arabica showed antibacterial activity against Proteus vulgaris. C. procera showed a moderate inhibitory activity against the bacterial pathogens tested. H. salicornicum extract was more effective towards Gram-positive bacteria. However, other extracts such as P. turgidum and R. stricta were less active against both Gram-positive and negative bacteria tested. The results will be helpful in discovering new phytochemical components with antibacterial activity that can be used against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains.
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Kaswindi, Kaswindi, Bambang Sukarno Putra, and Rita Khathir. "Kajian Mutu Kopi Arabika Gayo Dengan Perlakuan Variasi Suhu dan Lama Penyangraian." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 2, no. 2 (2017): 416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v2i2.3092.
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Abstrak. Mutu kopi arabika gayo sangat tergantung pada proses penanganan pasca panen, terutama proses penyangraian. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu dan lama penyangraian terhadap mutu kopi arabika gayo. Penelitian ini menggunakan biji kopi arabika gayo dari Desa Buntul Kemumu. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktorial dengan variasi suhu 160, 170 dan 180˚C dengan lama penyangraian 15, 20, dan 25 menit. Parameter penelitian meliputi rendemen, kadar air, keasaman (pH), kafein dan uji organoleptik terhadap warna, aroma dan rasa oleh 25 orang panelis. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis sidik ragam (ANOVA) dengan uji lanjut Beda Nyata Jujur (BNJ) pada taraf 5%. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa rendemen, kadar air, dan keasaman kopi arabika gayo dipengaruh secara nyata oleh suhu dan lama penyangraian. Rendemen tertinggi diperoleh pada suhu 160℃ dan lama penyangraian 15 menit yaitu 85,2%. Kadar air pada kopi arabika gayo memenuhi standar SNI yaitu maksimal 7%, kecuali pada perlakuan suhu 160˚C dan lama penyangraian 15 menit yaitu 7,14% . Keasaman (pH) tertinggi diperoleh pada suhu 160˚C lama penyangraian 15 menit yaitu 4,95. Kadar kafein kopi arabika gayo meningkat semakin tinggi suhu dan lama penyangraian. Berdasarkan uji organoleptik menunjukan bahwa kopi arabika gayo yang paling disukai panelis diperoleh suhu penyangraian 170 dan 180˚C dengan lama penyangraian 25 menit.Study of Arabica Gayo Coffee Quality under Temperature and Roasting Duration TreatmentsAbstract. The quality of gayo arabica coffee was affected by postharvest handling especially roasting process. This study aimed to find out the impact of temperature and roasting duration against the quality of gayo arabica coffee.The study was conducted by using Factorial Completely Randomized Design i.e. roasting temperature at 3 levels namely 160, 170 and 180℃, and roasting durations at 3 levels namely 15, 20, and 25 minutes. The coffee beans from Buntul Kemumu Village was evaluated in this study. Parameters analysed were yield, moisture content, acidity, caffeine content and 25 respondent perceptions on colour, aroma and taste. Data were analysed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and honestly significance difference at probability 5%. The results showed that the yield, moisture content, and acidity of gayo arabica coffee bean were influenced by temperature and roasting duration. The highest yield was obtained at treatment 160℃ temperature for 15 minutes roasting, i.e 85.2%. The mositure content of gayo arabica coffee beans followed the SNI qualification, i.e. 7%, unless at treatment 160℃ temperature for 15 minutes roasting, i.e. 7.14%. The highest acidity (pH) was obtained from treatment 160℃ temperature for 15 minutes roasting, i.e. 4.95. The caffeine content increased as temperature and roasting duration increased. Respondent perceptions showed that the best quality of gayo arabica coffee was obtained from treatment 170 and 180℃ temperature for 25 minutes roasting.
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Sharaf, Mostafa, and Abdulrahman Aldawood. "The ant genus Carebara Westwood in the Arabian Peninsula (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." ZooKeys 357 (December 2, 2013): 67–83. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.357.5946.
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The ant genus <i>Carebara</i> of the Arabian Peninsula is revised.<i> Carebara abuhurayri </i>Sharaf & Aldawood, 2011 is synonymized under <i>Carebara arabica</i> Collingwood & van Harten, 2001. <i>Carebara arabica</i> is redescribed and a Neotype is fixed based on a specimen collected from southwestern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A new species, <i>C. fayrouzae</i> sp. n. is described from Saudi Arabia based on queens, major and minor workers. Keys to major and minor workers of the two Arabian <i>Carebara</i> species are given.
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Setotaw, Tesfahun Alemu, Eveline Teixeira Caixeta, Eunize Maciel Zambolim, et al. "Genome Introgression of Híbrido de Timor and Its Potential to Develop High Cup Quality C. arabica Cultivars." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 4 (2020): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n4p64.
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H&iacute;brido de Timor is the principal source for disease and pest resistance genes in C. arabica breeding program worldwide. The part of the chromosome responsible for resistance introgressed from C. canephora to H&iacute;brido de Timor are claimed to affect the cup quality of the C. arabica cultivars derived from the crossing program of H&iacute;brido de Timor. Therefore, this work was done to study the genome introgression of H&iacute;brido de Timor and its impact on the cup quality on the C. arabica cultivars. For genome introgression and genetic relationship analysis, seventy-six accessions from C. arabica, C. canephora and H&iacute;brido de Timor were analyzed using AFLP and SSR molecular markers. To understand the effect of genome introgressed from H&iacute;brido de Timor on cup quality, three C. arabica, seven H&iacute;brido de Timor and six cultivars derived from H&iacute;brido de Timor &times; C. arabica were genotyped using SSR molecular markers and sensorial analysis was performed. The genetic diversity analysis among the tested genotypes showed high genetic similarity between H&iacute;brido de Timor with C. arabica and clear differentiation among coffee species. The analysis of genome introgression of C. arabica and C. canephora var Robusta into H&iacute;brido de Timor not reach 30% of C. canephora genome. The sensorial analysis of coffee genotypes demonstrated non-significant difference on cup quality parameters among C. arabica cv Bourbon and cultivars derived from H&iacute;brido de Timor that showed the possibility of developing C. arabica cultivars without affecting the cup quality. Similarly, the SSR marker diversity showed high genetic similarity between the Bourbon and the C. arabica cultivars derived from H&iacute;brido de Timor.
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Carvalho, Alcides, Aldir Alves Teixeira, Luiz Carlos Fazuoli, and Oliveiro Guerreiro Filho. "Qualidade da bebida em espécies e populações derivadas de híbridos interespecíficos de Coffea." Bragantia 49, no. 2 (1990): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0006-87051990000200009.
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Avaliou-se, em dois experimentos, a qualidade da bebida das espécies Coffea canephora e C. congensis e derivados de híbridações interespecíficas [C. canephora duplicado (dp) x C. arabica, C. canephora x C. eugenioides, C. arabica x C. dewevrei dp e C. racemosa x C. arabica]. Por tratar-se de análise de bebida de cafés pouco conhecidos, avaliou-se a eficiência de uma escala de 1 a 10 pontos em comparação à escala de 0 a 5 pontos utilizada para C. arabica. Foram, também, acrescentadas pelos provadores indicações relacionadas ao gosto da bebida. A escala de 6 pontos mostrou-se pouco eficaz na discriminação dos tratamentos e a de 10 pontos, utilizada alternativamente, revelou-se mais eficiente nos dois experimentos. No primeiro, verificou-se, quanto à qualidade, uma superioridade dos grupos C arabica x C. dewevrei dp e C. canephora dp x C. arabica pelas duas escalas. No segundo experimento, o grupo C. racemosa x C. arabica apresentou a maior média, apesar de não diferir, pela escala 1, dos demais grupos. Pela escala 2, superou, no entanto, os grupos C. canephora e C. congensis. Gostos incomuns foram observados nas amostras com relação à bebida. Atribuem-se à grande diversidade do material analisado e a falta de familiarização dos provadores com espécies bem diferentes de C. arabica, certas discrepâncias com relação à determinação desses defeitos nas amostras analisadas.
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Herrera, J. C., M. C. Combes, H. Cortina, G. Alvarado, and P. Lashermes. "Gene introgression into Coffea arabica by way of triploid hybrids (C. arabica × C. canephora)." Heredity 89, no. 6 (2002): 488–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800171.
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Yorinori, Marcos A., Alessandra F. Ribas, Bernardo Ueno, Nelson S. Massola Júnior, and Rui P. Leite Júnior. "Detecção de Xylella fastidiosa em germoplasma de cafeeiro." Fitopatologia Brasileira 28, no. 4 (2003): 427–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582003000400014.
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A bactéria Xylella fastidiosa possui uma ampla gama de plantas hospedeiras que inclui espécies de pelo menos 28 famílias de mono e dicotiledôneas. Em cafeeiro (Coffea spp.), a ocorrência dessa bactéria foi relatada previamente em cultivares da espécie Coffea arabica. Estudos foram realizados para determinar a presença de X. fastidiosa em diferentes espécies e híbridos interespecíficos de cafeeiro. As amostragens foram realizadas em dois anos consecutivos. As espécies de cafeeiro examinadas foram: C. kapakata, C. canephora, C. racemosa, C. arabica, C. dewevrei, C. stenophylla e C. eugenioides. Também foram incluídos neste estudo híbridos interespecíficos de C. arabica: C. arabica x C. dewevrei, C. arabica x C. eugenioides, C. arabica x C. racemosa e C. arabica x C. robusta. Foram coletadas amostras de ramos plagiotrópicos de diferentes plantas para cada espécie e híbrido. A detecção de X. fastidiosa nas amostras foi realizada utilizando os testes serológicos de DAS-ELISA e imunofluorescência indireta. A bactéria foi detectada nas sete espécies e nos quatro híbridos de cafeeiro examinados. Entretanto, as plantas aparentemente não apresentavam sintomas de infecção por X. fastidiosa. A espécie C. arabica apresentou a maior proporção de amostras positivas e maiores valores de absorbância no teste de DAS-ELISA. Em contraste, as espécies C. racemosa e C. dewevrei foram as que apresentaram menores proporções de amostras positivas para presença de X. fastidiosa, como também menores valores de absorbância no teste de DAS-ELISA.
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Siregar, Zakia Arachmah, Devy Susanty, and RTM Suthamihardja. "FERMENTASI BIJI KOPI ARABIKA (Coffea arabica L.) DENGAN PENAMBAHAN BAKTERI ASAM LAKTAT (Lactobacillus sp)." Jurnal Sains Natural 10, no. 2 (2020): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31938/jsn.v10i2.285.
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FERMENTATION OF ARABIC COFFEE SEEDS (Coffea arabica L.) WITH THE ADDITION OF LACTO ACID BACTERIA (Lactobacillus sp)Coffee bean fermentation is one of a series of processes for making ground coffee that can affect coffee quality. In this study the fermentation of Arabica coffee beans was carried out using lactic acid bacteria (Lactobaciilus sp) in the form of a starter. The analysis was carried out on five samples, namely brand a coffee samples (sample A), coffee samples processed without bacteria (sample B), coffee samples processed with the addition of bacteria and substrate as many as 10:90 (sample C), 20:80 (sample D ), 30:70 (sample E). The five coffee samples were analyzed for water content, pH, extract content, ash content, and caffeine content. Identification of caffeine was carried out by the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method at a wavelength of 275.0397 nm. The highest caffeine content was in sample C at 0.95% and the lowest caffeine content was in sample E 0.71%. The highest extract content was found in sample E at 27.72% and the lowest content in C at 24.60%. The highest water content results were found in sample C of 4.56% and the lowest in sample E of 4.26%. The highest ash content was found in coffee C samples at 4.98% and the lowest ash content in E at 4.43%. The highest value of the degree of acidity (pH) was found in sample B (6.19) and the lowest in sample A (5.41). The results showed that the Arabica ground coffee met the SNI 01-3542-2004 requirements on parameters of moisture content, extract content, ash content and caffeine content. Keywords: Arabica coffee, fermentation, Lactobacillus sp, CaffeineABSTRAKFermentasi biji kopi merupakan salah satu rangkaian proses pengolahan pembuatan kopi bubuk yang dapat mempengaruhi kualitas kopi. Pada penelitian ini fermentasi biji kopi Arabica dilakukan menggunakan bakteri asam laktat (Lactobaciilus sp) dalam bentuk starter. Analisis dilakukan terhadap lima sampel yaitu sampel kopi merk a (sampel A), sampel kopi yang diproses tanpa bakteri (sampel B) , sampel kopi yang diproses dengan penambahan bakteri dan substrat sebanyak 10:90 (sampel C), 20:80 (sampel D), 30:70 (sampel E). Kelima sampel kopi tersebut dianalisis kadar air, pH, kadar sari, kadar abu, dan kadar kafein. Identifikasi kafein dilakukan dengan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 275,0397 nm. Kadar kafein tertinggi terdapat pada sampel C sebesar 0,95 % dan kadar kafein terendah pada sampel E 0,71%. Kadar sari tertinggi terdapat pada sampel E sebesar 27,72% dan kadar sari terendah pada C sebesar 24,60%. Hasil kadar air tertinggi terdapat pada sampel C sebesar 4,56% dan kadar terendah pada sampel E sebesar 4,26%. Kadar abu tertinggi terdapat pada sampel kopi C sebesar 4,98% dan kadar abu terendah pada E sebesar 4,43%. Nilai derajat keasaman (pH) tertinggi didapatkan pada sampel B yaitu sebesar 6,19 dan terendah pada sampel A yaitu 5,41. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa kopi bubuk arabika dengan proses fermentasi enggunakan bakteri asam laktat memenuhi syarat SNI 01-3542-2004 pada parameter kadar air, kadar sari, kadar abu dan kadar kafein.Kata kunci: Kopi arabika, fermentasi, Lactobacillus sp, Kafein
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "C. arabica"
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Alves, Sandriel Trindade. "Desenvolvimento de metodologia analítica para diferenciação de café torrado arábica (C. arabica) e Conilon (C. canephora) e misturas." Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, 2004. http://www.bibliotecadigital.uel.br/document/?code=vtls000100198.
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O elevado valor comercial do café arábica é um atrativo a adição fraudulenta de café conilon. Os grãos v O elevado valor comercial do café arábica é um atrativo a adição fraudulenta de café conilon. Os grãos verdes podem ser visualmente identificados, porém, após torra e moagem não é possível o uso desse critério. Como pertencem ao mesmo gênero, as espécies possuem poucas diferenças na composição para detecção e/ou quantificação da adição. Na literatura existem várias técnicas para diferenciação, algumas muito complexas, exigindo o uso de equipamentos sofisticados. Como a avaliação de um único parâmetro não permite discriminação adequada, é interessante o emprego de Estatística Multivariada. O objetivo do trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de metodologia analítica para diferenciação de café torrado arábica (C. arabica) e conilon (C. canephora) e suas misturas. As amostras foram submetidas à torra média e, após a moagem, foram preparadas misturas, adicionando-se 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 50 % de café conilon ao arábica (IAPAR-59). No método espectrofotométrico, as amostras foram saponificadas em KOH alcoólico, extraindo-se a fase orgânica com terc-butil-metil éter e clarificando-se com água. Após evaporação e secagem, o extrato foi ressuspenso em ácido acético glacial, e reagido com KI e HCl. A diferença de cor, verificada por medidas de absorvância a 290nm e 630nm, foi atribuída aos baixos valores de caveol no café conilon. A técnica mostrou-se também eficiente para discriminação de outras variedades de café arábica: Catuaí, Acaiá e Mundo Novo. A metodologia espectrofotométrica desenvolvida mostrou-se eficiente, simples e robusta, podendo ser utilizada como método de triagem na identificação da adição de café conilon ao arábica. Para determinação de trigonelina, ácido clorogênico (5-ACQ) e cafeína foi desenvolvida e validada uma metodologia por cromatografia a liquído de fase reversa utilizando gradiente de ácido acético e metanol e detecção no UV. A melhor condição de extração foi observada com emprego de água à 80 °C. A identificação foi feita com base no tempo de retenção e empregando-se co-cromatografia. A metodologia permitiu, ainda, a separação e detecção dos ácidos nicotínico, caféico, cumárico e ferúlico. Foram estudados como parâmetros para discriminação a absorbância dos extratos, a 290 e 630nm, após reações colorimétricas e os teores de trigonelina, ácido clorogênico (5-ACQ) e cafeína obtidos por CLAE. A avaliação dos resultados obtidos nas metodologias espectrofotométrica e cromatográfica utilizando Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) e Análise de Agrupamentos (AA) permitiu a separação entre cafés conilon e arábica IAPAR-59 e misturas acima de 25%. Para misturas com menos de 25% de café conilon possivelmente outras variáveis devem ser consideradas para melhorar a discriminação. A técnica proposta mostrou-se eficiente na discriminação das variedades de arábica mais plantadas no Brasil, minimizando tempo e custos da análise e possibilitando seu uso como método de rotina para diferenciação de café torrado arábica (C. arabica) e conilon (C. canephora) e misturas.erdes podem ser visualmente identificados, porém, após torra e moagem não é possível o uso desse critério. Como pertencem ao mesmo gênero, as espécies possuem poucas diferenças na composição para detecção e/ou quantificação da adição. Na literatura existem várias técnicas para diferenciação, algumas muito complexas, exigindo o uso de equipamentos sofisticados. Como a avaliação de um único parâmetro não permite discriminação adequada, é interessante o emprego de Estatística Multivariada. O objetivo do trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de metodologia analítica para diferenciação de café torrado arábica (C. arabica) e conilon (C. canephora) e suas misturas. As amostras foram submetidas à torra média e, após a moagem, foram preparadas misturas, adicionando-se 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 50 % de café conilon ao arábica (IAPAR-59). No método espectrofotométrico, as amostras foram saponificadas em KOH alcoólico, extraindo-se a fase orgânica com terc-butil-metil éter e clarificando-se com água. Após evaporação e secagem, o extrato foi ressuspenso em ácido acético glacial, e reagido com KI e HCl. A diferença de cor, verificada por medidas de absorvância a 290nm e 630nm, foi atribuída aos baixos valores de caveol no café conilon. A técnica mostrou-se também eficiente para discriminação de outras variedades de café arábica: Catuaí, Acaiá e Mundo Novo. A metodologia espectrofotométrica desenvolvida mostrou-se eficiente, simples e robusta, podendo ser utilizada como método de triagem na identificação da adição de café conilon ao arábica. Para determinação de trigonelina, ácido clorogênico (5-ACQ) e cafeína foi desenvolvida e validada uma metodologia por cromatografia a liquído de fase reversa utilizando gradiente de ácido acético e metanol e detecção no UV. A melhor condição de extração foi observada com emprego de água à 80 °C. A identificação foi feita com base no tempo de retenção e empregando-se co-cromatografia. A metodologia permitiu, ainda, a separação e detecção dos ácidos nicotínico, caféico, cumárico e ferúlico. Foram estudados como parâmetros para discriminação a absorbância dos extratos, a 290 e 630nm, após reações colorimétricas e os teores de trigonelina, ácido clorogênico (5-ACQ) e cafeína obtidos por CLAE. A avaliação dos resultados obtidos nas metodologias espectrofotométrica e cromatográfica utilizando Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) e Análise de Agrupamentos (AA) permitiu a separação entre cafés conilon e arábica IAPAR-59 e misturas acima de 25%. Para misturas com menos de 25% de café conilon possivelmente outras variáveis devem ser consideradas para melhorar a discriminação. A técnica proposta mostrou-se eficiente na discriminação das variedades de arábica mais plantadas no Brasil, minimizando tempo e custos da análise e possibilitando seu uso como método de rotina para diferenciação de café torrado arábica (C. arabica) e conilon (C. canephora) e misturas.<br>Considering the high commercial value of arabica coffee, the fraudulent addition of conilon coffee is very attractive. The green bean can be visually identified, however, after the roasting process and grinding this criterion can not be applied. As they belong to the same kind, the species possess few differences for detection and/or quantification of the addition. There are several techniques for differentiation in the literature, some of them very complex and demanding the use of sophisticated equipment. The evaluation of a single parameter does not allow an appropriate discrimination, being necessary the application of multivariate statistical analysis. The aim of this study was to develop an analytical methods for discrimination between arabica and conilon roasted coffees and blends. The samples were medium roasted and ground. Blends were prepared adding 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 50% of conilon coffee to the arabica IAPAR-59. Saponification in alcoholic KOH, extraction with terc-butil-methyl ether and clean up with water were preparatory steps for the spectrophotometric method. The dry extract was redissolved into glacial acetic acid and reacted with KI and HCl. The difference in absorbance measured at 290nm and 630nm was attributed to lower content of kahweol in conilon coffee. The colorimetric reactions were also efficient in discrimination of other arabica coffee varieties: .Catuaí., .Acaiá. and .Novo mundo.. The described spectrophotometric method was rapid, simple and rugged. It can also be used as a screening method in the identification of the addition of conilon to arabica coffee. It was developed and validated a method for simultaneous determination of trigonelline, chlorogenic acid (5-ACQ) and caffeine by reverse phase liquid chromatography. A gradient of acetic acid and acetonitrile was used as mobile phase and UV detection. The best extraction condition was observed with water at 80°C. The identification was based on retention time and co-chromatography. The absorbance of the extract after colour reactions measured at 290 and 630 nm and contents of trigonelline, chlorogenic acid caffeine determined by HPLC were studied as discrimination parameters. These parameters were submitted to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA). The results allowed discrimination between coffees conilon and arabica IAPAR-59 and 25% blends. For blends with less of 25% of conilon coffee the introduction of other variables to improve the discrimination should be considered. The proposed technique was efficient in the discrimination of brazilian arabica coffee varieties decreasing time and costs of analysis. It can be applied as a routine method for differentiation of roasted arabica (Coffea arabica) and conilon coffee (Coffea canephora) and blends.
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Mendes, Luciane Carneiro. "Estudos para determinação das melhores formulações de blends de cafe arabica (C. arabica) com cafe robusta (C. canephora Conilon) para uso no setor de cafes torrados e moido e de cafes expresso." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/254404.
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Orientador: Hilary Castle de Menezes<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T00:35:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2005<br>Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal estudar diversas formulações de blends de café arábica com café robusta através de avaliação sensorial com consumidores, tanto para preparo em filtro de papel como para café espresso. Inicialmente, foi determinada a faixa de grau de torração mais adequada para cada café estudado, através de avaliação sensorial com experts e com equipe treinada para Análise Descritiva Quantitativa. Os resultados apontaram uma torração média como a que apresentava maior intensidade de aroma e sabor característicos de café sem a percepção do sabor queimado, caracterizada pela perda de peso de 15 a 16% e pela da luminosidade do grão (L*) entre 37 e 38. A etapa fundamental do trabalho se deu em seguida com a avaliação dos blends (de 10 a 50% de robusta, cereja descascado) mais uma amostra de arábica 100%, preparados em filtro de papel e tipo espresso, através de Teste de Aceitação com consumidores diários de café. Os resultados para ambos os preparos mostraram não haver diferença significativa (ao nível de 5%) na apreciação das amostras por parte dos consumidores. Os resultados do teste sensorial foram complementados por avaliações químicas. Utilizando-se de técnicas de Comatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC), foram analisados os teores de ácidos clorogênicos, ácidos carboxílicos e açúcares dos cafés arábica e robusta (processado via seca ¿ RS, e cereja descascado - RCD), bem como de alguns blends (arábica 80% e robusta CD 20%; arábica 60% e robusta CD 40%). Foram determinados os teores desses componentes nos cafés verdes, após torração e nas bebidas (filtrada e espresso). Os resultados apontaram diferenças entre o café arábica e os robustas para diversos compostos, especialmente no café verde, havendo também algumas diferenças entre os robustas RCD e RS. Os teores dos componentes encontrados nos blends apresentaram comportamento coerente se comparados os resultados com o café arábica e o robusta RCD 100%. Com a torração as diferenças tenderam a diminuir tornando-se ainda menores com a extração da bebida, seja ela em filtro de papel ou tipo espresso. Para finalizar, foi observado o perfil de voláteis das amostras citadas no parágrafo anterior, exceto para o café verde, usando técnica de isolamento do headspace retido em polímero poroso e analisado por Cromatografia Gasosa (CG). Os resultados mostraram diferenças consideráveis nos perfis encontrados para o café arábica e os cafés robusta especialmente nas bebidas. No entanto, pouca diferença foi notada entre os blends e o café arábica. No geral, embora haja considerável diferença entre o café arábica e o café robusta, quando este é adicionado ao café arábica, até proporções de 50% (como mostrado na avaliação sensorial) pouca diferença se nota, tanto química quanto em relação à aceitação sensorial do produto final. Este resultado mostra a viabilidade do uso do café robusta para ambos os preparos de bebidas, em oposição ao preconceito que existe por parte de alguns setores do agronegócio café<br>Abstract: The main objective of this thesis was to study various blends of arabica and robusta coffees, prepared both by filtration and the espresso technique, by carrying out sensory evaluations with consumers. Initially, for each coffee studied, the most adequate degree of roast was determined using a sensory evaluation by experts and by a panel trained for Quantitative Descriptive Analysis. The results indicated a medium roast as being that presenting greater intensity of characteristic coffee aroma and flavour with no perception of a burnt flavour, characterised by a loss of mass from 15 to 16% and by a bean luminosity (L*) between 37 and 38. The fundamental stage of the work followed with the evaluation of the blends (from 10 to 50% semi-dry processed robusta) plus a 100% arabica sample, prepared both by filtration and by the espresso technique, using an acceptance test with daily coffee consumers. The results for both types of preparation showed no significant difference (at the 5% significance level) in the appreciation of the samples by the consumers. The results of the sensory test were complemented by chemical evaluations. The chlorogenic acid, carboxylic acid and sugar contents of the arabica and robusta (dry processed ¿ RS, semi-dry processed ¿ RCD) coffees, and of some blends (80% arabica + 20% RCD robusta; 60% arabica + 40% RCD robusta) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The contents of these components were determined in the raw coffees, after roasting and in the brews (filtered and espresso). The results showed differences between the arabica and robusta coffees for various components, especially in the raw coffees, some differences between the RCD and RS robustas also being found. The values found in the blends were coherent considering the values found for the 100% robusta RCD and arabica samples. The differences tended to decrease with roasting and were even smaller in the brews, be the samples prepared by filtration or the espresso technique. To finalise the work, the volatile profiles of the samples cited in the previous paragraph, with the exception of the raw samples, were observed, using a technique of isolation from the headspace by retention in a porous polymer and analysis by gas chromatography (GC). The results showed considerable differences between the profiles of the arabica and robusta coffees, especially in the brews, but little difference was noted between the blends and the arabica coffee. In general, despite considerable differences between the arabica coffee and the robusta coffee, when the latter is added to the former up to 50% (as shown in the sensory evaluation), little difference is detected, either chemically or by the sensory acceptance of the final product. These results show the viability of using robusta coffee in both types of brew preparation, contrary to the prejudiced idea existing in some parts of coffee agro-business<br>Doutorado<br>Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos
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Cação, Sandra Maria Bellodi. "Construção e caracterização de uma biblioteca genômica de C. arabica em cromossomo artificial de bactéria." Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, 2012. http://www.bibliotecadigital.uel.br/document/?code=vtls000183065.
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O Brasil é o principal produtor e exportador mundial de café e possui o segundo maior mercado consumidor. Entre os principais objetivos do melhoramento genético de cafeeiros estão os estudos visando à melhoria de cultivares resistentes à ferrugem utilizando como fonte de resistência, progênies oriundas do Hibrido de Timor, planta derivada do cruzamento interespecífico natural entre Coffea arabica e C. canephora, resistente a maioria das raças fisiológicas do fungo Hemileia vastratix. Bibliotecas baseadas nos vetores do tipo Cromossomo Artificial de Bactéria (BAC) são um importante recurso para clonagem posicional, analise comparativa de genomas e construção de mapas físicos. Neste trabalho foi realizada a construção e caracterização de uma biblioteca BAC com 56,832 clones com um tamanho médio de insertos de 118 kb, representando 5 a 6 vezes a cobertura do genoma haplóide de C.arabica. A contaminação foi estimada como 1,04% para cloroplasto e 0,5% para DNA mitocondrial. Combinadas, as técnicas de seleção por PCR de pools representando vários grupos de clones da biblioteca propiciou uma forma rápida e econômica de seleção da biblioteca, pois com um pequeno número de PCR foi possível encontrar clones BAC para os marcadores ancôras e o gene M6PR. As placas foram selecionadas a partir de superpools e pools de placa. Um total de 54 clones BAC foram selecionados, 10 para o M6PR, 11 para o SSR-16 e CCG-3, 12 para o SSR-18 e 10 para ACCG-1. As análises de Southern Blot para o gene M6PR demonstraram que os BAC isolados apresentaram um fragmento relacionado com o fragmento presente no genoma de HT CIFC 832/2, e semelhante no C. eugenioides. No estudo de seleção de clones para as marcas de resistência a ferrugem foram identificados 10 clones positivos para a marca SAT-244, seis para o BA-124 e sete para o M-8. Análises de Fingerprinting mostraram padrões de sobreposição de BAC que deve permitir a formação de contigs BAC abrangendo a região de resistência à ferrugem para o gene SH3. Através do Southern Blot usando sonda M-8 foram identificados clones BAC em dois grupos que correspondem aos subgenomas do HT (CC-P89O21 e Ce-P135L24). Os clones positivos foram classificados em dois grupos que correspondem aos subgenomas do HT. Os clones selecionados para as marcas de resistência a ferrugem, foram submetidos ao seqüenciamento e serão utilizados em estudos de sintenia e comparação de sequencias entre espécies. A biblioteca BAC construída é uma importante ferramenta disponível aos laboratórios de pesquisa em genômica de cafeeiros, visando uma maior integração de informações genômicas e genéticas para aplicação futura em programa de melhoramento.<br>Brazil is the largest producer and exporter of coffee in the world, besides having the second largest consumer market. Among the major goals of genetic breeding of tree coffee are the studies aimed at improving rust resistant cultivars used as sources of resistance, progenies of "Hibrido Timor", plant-derived natural interespecific cross between C. arabica and C. canephora, resistant to most races of fungus H. vastratix. Libraries based in Bacterial Artificial Chromossome (BAC) vectors have become an important tool for genomic research. The BAC libraries are an important resource for applications including gene isolation, comparative genomics, map-based or positional cloning of genes and genome-wide physical map construction. Furthermore, they are important genomic resources for sequencing projects, map-based cloning of either genes or QTLs for important agronomic characteristics. In this work we described the construction and characterization a BAC library consisting of 56.832 clones with an average size of inserts 118 kb, representing 5 to 6 times the coverage C. arabica haploid genome. Based on the percentage of positive clones identified, the contamination was estimated as 1.04% to chloroplast and 0.5% mitochondrial DNA. Combined, the PCR and pools of library clones representing various groups of clones provide an economical form to screening of library, because with a small number of PCRs is possible to find a single target sequence. The plates were selected from of superpools and plate of pools. A total of 54 BAC were selected, 10 for M6PR, 11 for SSR-16 and CCG-3, 12 for SSR-18 and 10 for ACCG-1. In Southern blot analysis for gene M6PR, the genomic DNA of HT showed four bands, probably related with the corresponding bands in C.canephora and C. eugenioides. The BAC clones 1-6 and 8 showed the size same fragment present in the genome of CIFC HT 832/2, and with a similar size in C. eugenioides. The BAC library was used to select clones related with rust resistance markers. Twenty three BACs were selected with three markers for SH3 resistant locus: 10 for the mark-SAT 244, six to BA-124 and seven for M-8. Fingerprinting analysis showed overlapping patterns of those BACs which should allow the formation of BAC contigs spanning the rust resistance region for SH3. Southern Blot analysis using M-8 probe identified BAC clones in two groups that correspond to the HT subgenomes (Cc- P89O21 and Ce- P135L24). Further characterization of those clones will allow a better comprehension of the mechanisms of genetic resistance for rust in coffee, as well as the identification other molecular markers, are useful for further work in developing markers for assisted selection (MAS), and cloning of genes involved in rust resistance.
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Silva, Aline Costa. "FormulaÃÃes de blends de cafà arÃbica (C. arabica) para bebida de cafà espresso: percepÃÃo e expectativa sensorial." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6516.
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nÃo hÃ<br>O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver diferentes blends de cafà arÃbica dos tipos mole, duro e rio para bebida de cafà espresso e avaliar a percepÃÃo e expectativa sensorial do consumidor final. Inicialmente delineou-se o perfil dos consumidores de cafà frequentadores de cafeterias no municÃpio de Fortaleza, Cearà - Brasil. Em seguida, para a definiÃÃo do blends de cafà espresso utilizou-se o planejamento experimental de misturas simplex centrÃide aumentado resultando em 10 tratamentos para 3 componentes. Os dez tratamentos foram submetidos a testes de aceitaÃÃo com provadores nÃo treinados, consumidores de cafà que avaliaram as amostras com relaÃÃo aos parametros aroma, cor, sabor, corpo e impressÃo global. As formulaÃÃes de blends para a bebida de cafà espresso selecionadas foram submetidas a testes de avaliaÃÃo da expectativa dos consumidores. Para a anÃlise dos dados sensoriais obtidos nas trÃs sessÃes empregaram-se tÃcnicas estatÃsticas descritivas, AnÃlise de VariÃncia Univariada (ANOVA) para a comparaÃÃo de mÃdias. Os resultados de aceitaÃÃo dos 10 tratamentos foram analisados atravÃs de superficie de resposta e Mapa Interno de PreferÃncia. O blend composto por grÃos de cafà de classificaÃÃo 100% arÃbica tipo mole (amostra A) foi selecionado devido à possibilidade desse tipo de designaÃÃo gerar uma expectativas no consumidor de produto de boa qualidade. A seleÃÃo dos outros dois blends baseou-se nos critÃrios alto desempenho e baixo desempenho nos testes de aceitaÃÃo, respectivamente. A avaliaÃÃo da percepÃÃo sensorial e expectativa dos consumidores ocorreu em trÃs sessÃes: teste cego, avaliaÃÃo da expectativa atravÃs da embalagem e avaliaÃÃo informada. Cem consumidores de cafà participaram dessas avaliaÃÃes onde a aceitabilidade das amostras foi medida atravÃs de escala hedÃnica estruturada de nove pontos. Os testes foram aplicados no LaboratÃrio de AnÃlise Sensorial da Universidade Federal do CearÃ. Os resultados mostraram que a informaÃÃo 100% arÃbica tipo mole influenciou na aceitaÃÃo. Com relaÃÃo aos blends de cafà arÃbica 50% mole, 25% duro, 25% rio e cafà arÃbica 58% mole, 34% duro e 8% rio, que alcanÃaram aos mais altos valores mÃdios de aceitaÃÃo no teste cego, nÃo conseguiram manter este resultado nas sessÃes de exposiÃÃo das suas embalagens e avaliaÃÃo informada. Portanto, a informaÃÃo na embalagem influenciou na desconfirmaÃÃo negativa da expectativa do consumidor com relaÃÃo à amostra 100% arÃbica tipo mole. Dessa forma, as escolhas dos consumidores baseadas na aceitaÃÃo foram influenciadas nÃo somente pelas caracteristicas sensoriais intrÃnsecas das bebidas de cafÃ, mas tambÃm por suas caracterÃsticas extrÃnsecas, tais como as informaÃÃes composicionais fornecidas ao consumidor final e a embalagem do produto.<br>The objective of this study was to develop different blends of Arabica coffee of types soft, hard and rio to espresso coffee and evaluate the sensory perception and expectation of the final consumer. The experimental planning of mixtures used was the simplex centroid for definition of the blends resulting in ten treatments. For soft coffee type the maximum and minimum limits were respectively 100 and 50%, for hard and rio types the limits were 50 and 0%. The ten treatments were tested for acceptance with untrained assessors who evaluated the samples with relation to aroma, color, flavor, body and overall impression. The formulations selected were submitted to the evaluation of expectation. The results of acceptance were analyzed using response surface and Internal Preference Mapping, resulting in the selection of three blends for the measurement of consumer expectations. The blend that consists of coffee from 100% soft classification (sample A) was selected due to this type of designation generates an expectation in the consumer of product of good quality. The criteria used in selecting the other two blends were high performance and low performance in acceptance tests, respectively. The evaluation of the perception and expectation occurred in three sessions: blind test, evaluation of the expectation of the product with the exposure of the package and informed assessment (package + sample). One hundred coffee consumers participated in this assessment where the acceptability of the sample was measured with the hedonic scale of nine points. The tests occurred at the Sensory Analysis Laboratory of the Federal University of CearÃ. The analysis of the information of the three sessions occurred with the frequency histogram of averages, ANOVA and Tukey test at 5% significance level. The results indicated that the information 100% soft for the sample affected your acceptance. In the samples B (50% soft, 25% hard, 25% rio) and C (58% soft, 34% hard, 8% rio), which achieved higher averages in the blind test, could not maintain the results after the presentation of their packaging. Therefore, the information on the package influenced on the negative disconfirmation of consumer expectations with respect to sample A. Thus, the acceptance and choice of a product are influenced not only by their sensory characteristics (intrinsic), but also by its extrinsic characteristics (information and packaging, for example).
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Lemos, Vin?cius Teixeira. "Aplica??o do ?cido c?trico na produ??o de mudas, no crescimento, estado nutricional e produtividade de caf? ar?bica." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFVJM, 2010. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/1/574.
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Previous issue date: 2010<br>Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)<br>Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (Capes)<br>A cafeicultura a partir dos anos 80 expandiu-se para solos muito intemperizados e pobres em nutrientes, o que requer aplica??o de elevadas quantidades de fertilizantes, principalmente os fosfatados, al?m disso, passou a ser necess?rio se adicionar micronutrientes. Existem compostos hidrossol?veis como o ?cido c?trico, que s?o capazes de formar complexos com Cu, Fe, Zn e Mn e favorecer sua difus?o no solo, solubilizar fosfatos de Fe e Al de baixa solubilidade em solos ?cidos pobres em P, aumentando a disponibilidade de P pelo bloqueio dos s?tios de adsor??o. Diante do intemperismo em solo de cafeeiro e da a??o positiva do ?cido c?trico na libera??o de nutrientes no mesmo, faz-se necess?rio conhecer os reais efeitos desse ?cido org?nico em cafeeiros jovens e em produ??o. Para isso, foram realizados tr?s experimentos visando avaliar o crescimento, estado nutricional e produtividade do cafeeiro, em tr?s est?dios de desenvolvimento da planta. O primeiro experimento, visando avaliar o crescimento, qualidade e o teor nutricional de mudas de caf? cultivar Catua? Vermelho IAC 99 submetidas ? aplica??o de ?cido c?trico e concentra??es de f?sforo no substrato, utilizou-se do esquema fatorial (4x4), sendo o primeiro fator referente ? aplica??o de ?cido c?trico (0, 1, 2 e 4 kg ha-1) e o segundo referente ?s doses de f?sforo (0, 450, 900 e 1800 g P2O5 m-3) aplicadas no substrato. A aplica??o de 1 a 2 kg ha-1 de ?cido c?trico foi a que mais influenciou positivamente o crescimento e a qualidade das mudas sobre a dose de f?sforo padr?o de 900 g P2O5 m-3 no substrato. Houve aumento nos teores foliares de Ca, N, P, S, Cu, Fe e Zn nas doses de 1,6 a 4,0 kg ha-1de ?cido c?trico na aus?ncia de f?sforo. No segundo experimento, realizado em casa de vegeta??o, foram tratadas com quatro doses de ?cido c?trico (0, 1, 2 e 4 kg ha-1) na presen?a e aus?ncia de aduba??o fosfatada de plantio de cafeeiros da cultivar Catua? Vermelho IAC 99. As doses entre 1,0 a 2,0 kg ha-1 de ?cido c?trico contribuem para o crescimento de cafeeiros at? 75 dias ap?s aplica??o (DAA) sem o uso de aduba??o fosfatada na cova. Na presen?a de aduba??o fosfatada de plantio as dosagens de ?cido c?trico utilizadas n?o contribuem para o crescimento e melhoria das plantas. A aplica??o de ?cido c?trico influencia nos teores foliares do cafeeiro independentemente da aduba??o fosfatada no plantio. O terceiro experimento foi conduzido em campo utilizando-se a cultivar Catua? Vermelho IAC 44 com sete anos, implantada no espa?amento 3,8 x 0,7m. Os tratamentos constitu?ram-se de quatro doses de ?cido c?trico (0, 1, 2 e 4 kg ha-1) aplicados em dose ?nica anualmente na proje??o da saia. A produ??o de caf? foi influenciada positivamente quando se adicionou 1,2 e 2,4 kg ha-1 de ?cido c?trico para 90% da m?xima e a m?xima produ??o, com incrementos de 14,5 e 27,2% em produtividades, respectivamente. A aplica??o do produto no solo aumentou a absor??o de P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn, refletindo em maiores teores foliares destes nutrientes. As faixas cr?ticas dos nutrientes nas folhas em fun??o das doses aplicadas de ?cido c?trico, sendo estas: 0,14-0,15 dag kg-1 para P; 3,12-3,21dag kg-1 para K; 1,14-1,18 dag kg-1 para Ca; 0,16-0,18 dag kg-1 para Mg; 0,27-0,23 dag kg-1 para S; 61,8-57,4 mg kg-1 para B; 48,1-55,8 mg kg-1 para Cu; 86,3-91,6 mg kg-1 para Fe; 87,8-93,6 mg kg-1 para Mn; 49,1-60,0 mg kg-1 para Zn.<br>Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2010.<br>ABSTRACT The coffee from the 80 expanded to highly weathered soils and nutrient-poor, which requires application of high amounts of fertilizers, especially phosphorus, in addition, it has become necessary to add micronutrients. There are water soluble compounds such as citric acid, which are capable of forming complexes with Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn and encourage its distribution in the soil, solubilizing iron and aluminum phosphates of low solubility in acidic soils of poor P, increasing the availability of P blocking of the adsorption sites. Before the weathering in the soil of coffee and the positive action of citric acid in the release of nutrients in it, it is necessary to know the real effects of this organic acid in young and coffee production. For this, experiments were carried out to evaluate the growth, nutritional status and productivity of coffee plants, three stages of plant development. The first experiment to evaluate the growth, quality and nutritional content of seedlings of Catua? Vermelho (IAC-99) submitted the application of citric acid and phosphorus concentrations in the substrate, it was used the factorial scheme (4x4), the first factor related the application of citric acid (0, 1, 2 and 4 kg ha-1) and the second referring to the phosphorus levels (0, 450, 900 and 1800 g m-3 P2O5) applied on the substrate. The application 1-2 kg ha-1 of citric acid was the most positively influenced the growth and the quality of seedlings on the phosphorus pattern P2O5 900 g m-3 to the substrate. There was an increase in leaf Ca, N, P, S, Cu, Fe and Zn in doses from 1.6 to 4.0 kg ha-1 from citric acid in the absence of phosphorus. In the second experiment conducted under greenhouse conditions, were treated with four doses of citric acid (0, 1, 2 and 4 kg ha-1) in the presence and absence of phosphate fertilizers planting of coffee trees, IAC 99. Doses from 1.0 to 2.0 kg ha-1 of citric acid contribute to the growth of trees up to 75th days after application (DAA) without the use of phosphate fertilizer in the hole. In the presence of phosphate fertilizers planting dosage of citric acid used does not contribute to the growth and improvement of plants. The application of citric acid influence on foliar coffee regardless of phosphorus fertilization. The third experiment was conducted in the field using the IAC 44 with seven years, implemented in 3.8 x 0.7 m spacing. The treatments consisted of four doses of citric acid (0, 1, 2 and 4 kg ha-1) applied in a single dose under side of the plant. Coffee production was positively affected when added 1.2 and 2.4 kg ha-1 of citric acid for 90% of the maximum and the maximum yield, with increases of 14.5 and 27.2% yields, respectively. The application of the product in the soil increased the uptake of P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, reflecting higher levels of foliar nutrients. The critical ranges of nutrients in the leaves as a function of the applied doses of citric acid, which are: 0.14 to 0.15 dag kg-1 for P, 3.12 to 3.21 dag kg-1 for K, 1.14 - 1.18 dag kg-1 for Ca, 0.16 to 0.18 dag kg-1 for Mg, 0.27 to 0.23 dag kg-1 for S, 61.8 to 57.4 mg kg-1 for B, 48.1 to 55.8 mg kg-1 for Cu, 86.3 to 91.6 mg kg-1 for Fe, 87.8 to 93.6 mg kg-1 for Mn, 49.1 to 60, 0 mg kg-1 for Zn.
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Noir, Sandra. "Diversité des gènes de résistance au sein du génome des caféiers (Coffea L. ). Analyse génétique de la résistance au nématode à galles, Meloidogyne exigua, chez C. Arabica." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20184.
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Marion, de Procé Solène. "Le phénomène culturel en Arabie du Sud-Ouest du VIIIè s. av. J.-C. au IVè s. apr. J.-C." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01H074.
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Le fait religieux en Arabie du Sud est étudié à travers l’analyse des sources archéologiques épigraphiques lors de la période dite sudarabique (du VIIIe s. av. J.-C. au IVe s. apr. J.-C.). Les cadres historiques et environnementaux ainsi que l’état de la recherche sont tout d’abord posés. Les méthodes et la nécessité d’une synthèse sur le sujet sont ensuite exposées. L’étude des lieux de culte occupant le quart sud-ouest de la péninsule Arabique aux périodes considérées selon une progression régionale constitue le cœur de l’étude. Leur architecture, leur histoire ainsi que les témoignages mobiliers et épigraphiques qu’ils ont livré participent à l’établissement de synthèses régionales aboutissant à une proposition de typologie. Dans un troisième temps, le fait religieux dans son ensemble est examiné à la lumière de toutes les sources disponibles (archéologie, architecture, iconographie et épigraphie)<br>The South Arabian religion is studied through the analysis of the archaeological and epigraphic data during the South Arabian period (8th cent. B.C. to 4th cent. A.D.). The historical and environmental frames as well as the state of research are defined in a first chapter. The methods and the need for such a synthesis are then detailed. The study of worship places in the south-west quarter of the Arabian Peninsula during the considered period following a geographical progression composes the heart of the work. Their architecture, their history as well as the artefacts and inscriptions they yielded contributes to regional synthesis leading to a proposition of a typology. In a third chapter, the religious phenomenon of South Arabia is globally considered in the light of all available sources (archaeology, architecture, iconography and epigraphy)
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Voigt, Christiane Hélène. "Recherches sur la tradition arabe du Roman d'Alexandre." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAC036.
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Cette thèse traite de la question de la traduction arabe du Roman d’Alexandre du Pseudo-Callisthène. Le passage du grec à l’arabe est décrit à travers l’examen philologique des différentes recensions grecques (α, β (L, λ), ε, γ) ainsi que de nombreuses sources arabes. Le Roman d’Alexandre présente un cas spécifique dans le domaine des Graeco-Arabica. A côté de la transmission écrite, que ce soit sous forme d’une traduction ou d’une réélaboration thématique, un rôle particulier doit être accordé à la transmission orale basée sur la Sourate de la Caverne du Coran. Non seulement une recension grecque du Roman d’Alexandre s’est manifestée dans les sources arabes, mais plusieurs (α, β, ε, γ), parmi lesquelles la recension β occupe une place importante dans l’Orient. Le but consiste à présenter un aperçu des chapitres du Roman qui ont fait l’objet d’une réception orientale afin de fournir une contribution à la survie de l’antiquité grecque dans l’Islam<br>This thesis deals with the issue of the Arabic translation of the Greek Alexander Romance by Pseudo-Callisthenes. By a philological study of the various Greek recensions (α, β (L, λ), ε, γ) as well as numerous Arabic sources it will be shown how the Alexander Romance, as a special example of the Graeco-Arabic translation movement, was rendered into Arabic. Apart from the written tradition, either in the form of a translation from the Greek or a paraphrase, the oral tradition based on Surah 18 of the Quran plays a central role. The influence of not just one but several recensions (α, β, ε, γ) of the Greek Alexander Romance can be traced in various Arabic sources. Especially the Byzantine β-recension must have played an important part in the East. The aim of the dissertation is to give a detailed overview of those chapters of the Alexander Romance which have been received in the Orient in order to illustrate how ancient Greek literature made its way into the Islamic world
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Douri, Shihab al. "Une nouvelle étude critique de « Travels in Arabia Deserta »." Lyon 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO20025.
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Est-il possible de comprendre l'autobiographie de voyage de C. M. Doughty en tant que construction littéraire, produit culturel ou record de l'expérience personnelle ou par-dessus toute chose? Chaque choix implique une approche critique différente. A notre avis, il n'y a pas d'étude spécifique sur Travels in Arabia Deserta d'un point de vue qui marque l'ensemble de ce chef-d’œuvre. En effet, la potentialité de cette œuvre littéraire est au-delà de la définition. Dans ce contraste avec tout l'héritage des récits de voyage à travers le désert d’Arabie, cette œuvre se distingue par sa complexité singulière, une caractéristique que l'on retrouve à chaque instant au fil des pages de cet ouvrage<br>Should we understand Doughty's autobiography of travel as literary construct, as cultural artifact, as record of personal experience, or as all of the above? Each choice implies a different critical approach. To our mind, no study of Doughty's Travels in Arabia Deserta from the standpoint of a definition would scratch the surface of that masterpiece of travel literature, the potential of this literary work is beyond the reach of definition. In contrast with the whole heritage of travel books, Arabia Deserta is marked by its unique complexity, a characteristic which can be traced in every aspect of the book
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Al-Mufti, Elham Abdul-Wahhab. "Shakwa in Arabic Poetry during the c Abbasid Period." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.503481.
Full textBooks on the topic "C. arabica"
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United States. Defense Mapping Agency. Hydrographic/Topographic Center., ed. Loran-C table: Saudi Arabia north. The Center, 1986.
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United States. Defense Mapping Agency. Hydrographic/Topographic Center., ed. Loran-C table: Saudi Arabia north. The Center, 1987.
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United States. Defense Mapping Agency. Hydrographic/Topographic Center., ed. Loran-C table: Saudi Arabia north. The Center, 1987.
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United States. Defense Mapping Agency. Hydrographic/Topographic Center., ed. Loran-C table: Saudi Arabia south. The Center, 1986.
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United States. Defense Mapping Agency. Hydrographic/Topographic Center., ed. Loran-C table: Saudi Arabia north. The Center, 1986.
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United States. Defense Mapping Agency. Hydrographic/Topographic Center., ed. Loran-C table: Saudi Arabia south. The Center, 1986.
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United States. Defense Mapping Agency. Hydrographic/Topographic Center., ed. Loran-C table: Saudi Arabia south. The Center, 1986.
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United States. Defense Mapping Agency. Hydrographic/Topographic Center., ed. Loran-C table: Saudi Arabia south. The Center, 1986.
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United States. Defense Mapping Agency. Hydrographic/Topographic Center., ed. Loran-C table: Saudi Arabia north. The Center, 1987.
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United States. Defense Mapping Agency. Hydrographic/Topographic Center., ed. Loran-C table: Saudi Arabia north. The Center, 1986.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "C. arabica"
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Ingelbrecht, Ivan L. W., Noel Arrieta Espinoza, Stephan Nielen, and Joanna Jankowicz-Cieslak. "Mutation Breeding in Arabica Coffee." In Mutation Breeding in Coffee with Special Reference to Leaf Rust. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-67273-0_1.
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AbstractCoffee is a perennial (sub)tropical crop and one of the most valuable commodities globally. Coffee is grown by an estimated 25 million farmers, mostly smallholders, and provides livelihoods to about 125 million people. The Coffea genus comprises over 120 species. Two species account for nearly the entire world coffee production: C. arabica L. (Arabica coffee) and C. canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner (Canephora coffee) with the former supplying about 65% of the world’s consumption. Arabica coffee is a self-pollinated, amphidiploid species (2n = 4x = 44) whereas other Coffea species are diploid (2n = 2x = 22) and generally cross-pollinated. Induced mutagenesis using physical and chemical mutagens has been a successful strategy in producing over 3,300 mutant varieties in over 220 crop species with global impact. Spontaneous Arabica coffee mutants of significant economic importance have been found since the early 1900s, following the spread of Arabica coffee cultivation across the globe. However, Arabica coffee has so far not been improved through induced mutagenesis and studies on coffee mutagenesis are scarce. In this chapter, principles and practices of mutation-assisted breeding along with current breeding limitations of Arabica coffee are briefly reviewed, as an introduction to subsequent protocol chapters on mutation induction, advanced cell and tissue culture, Leaf Rust resistance screening and the application of novel molecular/genomics tools supporting mutation-assisted improvement and genetics research of Arabica coffee.
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Gatica-Arias, Andrés, and Jorge Rodríguez-Matamoros. "Chemical Mutagenesis of Zygotic Embryos of Coffea arabica L. var. Catuaí Using EMS and NaN3." In Mutation Breeding in Coffee with Special Reference to Leaf Rust. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-67273-0_9.
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AbstractThe genetic improvement of C. arabica L. is challenged by its low genetic diversity and autogamous reproductive biology. Induced mutagenesis offers an alternative approach to conventional cross-breeding to increase genetic variability in wild and cultivated Arabica coffee germplasm for further use in breeding programs and genetic studies. Here protocols are described for the preparation of zygotic embryos from C. arabica seed and for toxicity testing of zygotic embryos using two chemical mutagens, sodium azide (NaN3) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Zygotic embryos were immersed for 10 min in a solution of NaN3 (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0 and 20. 0 mM) and for 2 h in a solution of EMS (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4 and 6 % v/v). The percentage survival was evaluated and the LD values for NaN3 and EMS were determined at 12.5 mM (51.6%) and 1 % v/v (48.3%), respectively. Our protocols indicate that coffee zygotic embryos are suitable propagules for NaN3 and EMS mutagenesis and expand the types of propagules suitable for induced mutagenesis, breeding and genetic studies in Arabica coffee.
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Wu, Weihuai, Xuehui Bai, Kexian Yi, et al. "Mutation Induction in Coffea arabica L. Using in Vivo Grafting and Cuttings." In Mutation Breeding in Coffee with Special Reference to Leaf Rust. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-67273-0_11.
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AbstractCoffee leaf rust (CLR) caused by the obligate parasite, the biotrophic Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Broome (Basidiomycetes: Pucciniales), is the most devastating disease of Coffea arabica L. Breeding resistant varieties is one of the most economic and environment friendly means to control the disease. However, this is challenged by the loss of resistance after a short period in commercial production. Catimor CIFC7963, an elite, leaf rust resistant Coffea arabica L. variety, has been cultivated in China for decades, which has resulted in the breakdown of its disease resistance. Due to the lengthy breeding process of coffee, the development of new resistant varieties is arduous. Physical and chemical mutagenesis offers an alternative means to more rapidly create novel and beneficial genetic variations. Bud grafting is a propagation technique frequently used for woody plants whereby a bud of one plant is attached to the rootstock of another plant. Likewise, cutting is a frequently used propagation technique. In coffee, physical irradiation of the bud followed by grafting or cutting can accelerate the mutation breeding process, as cutting or grafting increases the growth rate without affecting the major traits of the background varieties. Here, we present protocols to induce mutations on buds of the C. arabica variety Catimor CIFC7963 by gamma-ray irradiation and their subsequent propagation through cutting or bud grafting.
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Gatica-Arias, Andrés, Alejandro Bolívar-González, Elodia Sánchez-Barrantes, Emanuel Araya-Valverde, and Ramón Molina-Bravo. "High Resolution Melt (HRM) Genotyping for Detection of Induced Mutations in Coffee (Coffea arabica L. var. Catuaí)." In Mutation Breeding in Coffee with Special Reference to Leaf Rust. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-67273-0_20.
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AbstractArabica coffee (C. arabica L.) is a highly valued agricultural commodity on the world market. Tons of products are traded internationally, and it has become an extremely valuable resource. However, the species is threatened by the alarmingly low genetic diversity present among its wild populations and agronomic varieties. It is highly relevant to exploit different mechanisms to increase genetic variability in coffee. One of such methods is the induction of variability through chemical or physical mutagenesis. In this work, a population of 320 coffee plants (Coffea arabica L. var. Catuaí) originated from chemically mutagenized embryogenic callus was analysed. Here we describe a protocol for detection of induced mutations using High Resolution Melting (HRM) on a Real Time PCR machine with HRM capabilities. The protocol allows to detect mutations in pooled DNA samples of up to four M2 mutant plants. The procedures and example data are presented for mutation detection in the CaWRKY1 gene. This procedure can be applied for mutation detection in other genes of interest to coffee breeders and scientists.
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Gatica-Arias, Andrés, and Alejandro Bolívar-González. "Chemical Mutagenesis of Embryogenic Cell Suspensions of Coffea arabica L. var. Catuaí Using EMS and NaN3." In Mutation Breeding in Coffee with Special Reference to Leaf Rust. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-67273-0_7.
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AbstractChemical mutagens, such as ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and sodium azide (NaN3), interact with DNA and can primarily induce single base modifications along the genome. Populations derived from chemical mutagenesis experiments are presumed to harbor high density of point mutations in the genome. Therefore, this technique, along with in vitro culture methods such as somatic embryogenesis (SE), can introduce genetic variation in otherwise genetically homogeneous populations. In vitro mutagenesis of embryogenic cell suspension cultures represents an efficient method to quickly develop mutant plantlets of unicellular origin. The development of mutant populations in this important crop represents a fundamental steppingstone in the development of novel varieties and the characterization of candidate genes involved in traits such as disease resistance, grain metabolite content and flowering induction. This chapter describes the protocol for establishment of embryogenic cell suspension cultures as well as methods of mutation induction using EMS and NaN3 on embryogenic cell suspensions of C. arabica, variety Catuaí. Furthermore, this chapter includes a protocol for mutant plant regeneration in in vitro conditions.
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Gallep, Cristiano M., Lilian Padilha, Mirian P. Maluf, and Sttela D. V. F. da Rosa. "Delayed Luminescence in Relation to the Germination and Vigour of Coffee Seeds: Initial Series with C. Arabica Samples." In Springer Proceedings in Physics. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27321-1_9.
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Van Duzer, Chet. "Toponyms in Arabia, Syria, and Mesopotamia." In Henricus Martellus’s World Map at Yale (c. 1491). Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76840-3_3.
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Ellouze, Samira, Maher Jaoua, and Arem Atoui. "C-DESERT Score for Arabic Text Summary Evaluation." In Computational Collective Intelligence. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16014-1_20.
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Waardenburg, Jacques D. J. "Puritans in Arabia: the WahhabI movement (18th-19th c.)." In The Quest for Purity, edited by W. E. van Beek. De Gruyter, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110860924-007.
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Hamdi, Ali, Qais Al-Nuzaili, Fuad A. Ghaleb, and Khaled Shaban. "C-SAR: Class-Specific and Adaptive Recognition for Arabic Handwritten Cheques." In Advances on Intelligent Informatics and Computing. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98741-1_17.
Full textConference papers on the topic "C. arabica"
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Mudjijana, Mudjijana, Muhammad Kusni, Muhammad Aji Wirasena, et al. "The Characteristics of Moisture and Hardness of the Coffee Bean with Different Treatment Related to Roasting and Storage Time: Study Case from Coffee Arabica and Coffee Canephora." In International Conference on Experimental and Computational Mechanic in Engineering 2023. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-ynbc18.
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This study evaluates the effect of varying roasting times and storage durations on the moisture content and hardness of Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora beans. Heat treatment was applied at a temperature of 250°C for 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes, followed by moisture testing using a Moisture Analyzer and hardness testing with a Shore A durometer. The results showed a significant decrease in moisture content as roasting time increased, with the largest reduction observed after 20 minutes of roasting. After one week of storage in airtight containers, all samples exhibited an increase in moisture content, although beans with longer roasting times maintained lower moisture levels compared to unroasted beans. Hardness measurements did not reveal a consistent pattern related to roasting time, but all samples registered values above 80 Shore A. This study provides insights into the impact of heat treatment and storage on the physical characteristics of coffee beans, which is relevant for optimizing the quality of the final product.
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Binsiddiq, F. O., V. V. Cabanting, and J. H. Haberman. "Corrosion of Infrastructure within Madinat Yanbu Al-Sinaiyah, Saudi Arabia." In CORROSION 2000. NACE International, 2000. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2000-00825.
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Abstract Construction of sister cities of Madinat Al-Jubail Al-Sinaiyah in eastern Saudi Arabia and Madinat Yanbu Al-Sinaiyah (MYAS) in western Saudi Arabia began in the mid-1970's to promote industrial development and diversification of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. MYAS resides on the Red Sea approximately 350 km north of Jeddah. The environmental conditions in the Middle East are considered the most aggressive in the world. During summer months, temperatures in MYAS frequently exceed 40°C, with temperature variations of as much as 20°C per day. Relative humidity variations of 40 to 100% over a 24-hour period are not uncommon. Residing on coastal flats of the Red Sea, MYAS has a relatively high groundwater table, close to the ground surface. The soils of the region are laden with salt, exposing concrete structures to wet high-chloride environments. Premature deterioration of concrete structures has been experienced due to chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcing steel. Repairs of deteriorating concrete have been ongoing. Case histories of deteriorating structures are presented to characterize degradation mechanisms as well as repair methodologies.
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Yakuwa, Hiroshi, Matsuho Miyasaka, Kenichi Sugiyama, and Katsuhiro Mitsuhashi. "Evaluation of Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steels for Seawater Pumps." In CORROSION 2009. NACE International, 2009. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2009-09194.
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Abstract The crevice corrosion resistance of duplex and super duplex stainless steels used for seawater pumps was evaluated by comparing the results of immersion tests conducted using actual seawater in the Middle East (Arabian Gulf and Red Sea) and Tokyo Bay with the electrochemical behavior of the stainless steels in artificial seawater, concentrated artificial seawater, and acidic condensed chloride ion solution. The crevice corrosion occurrence rates (C. C. O. R.) in actual seawater decreased as the pitting resistance equivalent (PRE) of the materials became higher, the C. C. O. R.s varied depending on the manufacturing methods of the materials (rolled or cast). The pitting potential in artificial seawater correlated with the C. C. O. R.s in the Middle Eastern seas regardless of the manufacturing methods. Further, the potentiostatic polarization behavior in the artificial seawater and the concentrated artificial seawater with their water temperatures controlled ranging from 20 to 40 °C suggested the possibility that the high C. C. O. R.s observed in the Middle Eastern seas are mainly attributed to the seawater temperature and that the higher corrosion growth rate observed in the Arabian Gulf verses that in the Red Sea is mainly attributed to the salt concentration.
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Carew, J., A. Al-Hashem, and Q. Al-Rashid. "Marine Macrofouling and Corrosion of Some Engineering Alloys in Arabian Gulf Seawater." In CORROSION 2000. NACE International, 2000. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2000-00638.
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Abstract The major fouling organisms on the surfaces of UNS S31600, UNS N08028, UNS N08825, UNS N06030 and UNS C71500, have been identified along the shores of the Arabian Gulf in Kuwait. The corrosion rate of the alloys was also determined as a function of immersion time by the weight loss method. The exposure period covered both the summer and winter seasons at which the average seawater temperature was 35°C and 22°C respectively. With the exception of the UNS C71500, all the other alloys were heavily fouled with greenish, brownish and reddish type of algae and different sizes of barnacles. The limiting factor for performance in seawater has been shown to be crevice corrosion, but UNS N08028, UNS N08825 and UNS N06030 were unaffected by localised corrosion for a period of 9 months.
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Holub, Jiri, Dennis T. Wong, and Marissa Tan. "Analysis of CDT Methods and Factors Affecting Cathodic Disbondment." In CORROSION 2007. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07022.
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Abstract A critical analysis of 22 Cathodic Disbondment Test methods used in the US, European Union, France, Germany, Saudi Arabia, China, Canada, Australia, New Zeeland and Other countries is presented in this paper. Parameters and Procedures used in these Standards are qualified and problems of their application discussed. ASTM G8, ASTM G42, ASTM G80 and four of their generic modifications, as well as CSAZ245.20, EN 10289, DIN 30 671 (1987), API RP 5L7 and AWWA C-210 (old) will generate comparable results, when run under same temperature and duration conditions. Also, CD results obtained with French Standard NF A 49-711 and its generic modifications will be comparable with CD values produced by these tests. Australian AS3862 and related AS/NZS 4352 will give approximately 15 – 20 % smaller cathodic disbondments. ASTM G95 and ISO 15711 (E) test will give larger disbondments owing to the tests’ durations.
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Bairamov, A. KH, R. Bradley, M. N. Al-Sonidah, Toseef Ahmed, and Jim Liang. "Excessive Rate of MIC on 316 SS in Seawater." In CORROSION 2002. NACE International, 2002. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2002-02201.
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Abstract This paper presents the results of investigations, which revealed an extremely high rate of microbiologically induced corrosion of 316 SS plugs used in the tube side of a horizontal titanium heat exchanger operating with Arabian Gulf seawater. Service life to failure was approximately 2.5 years. Operating temperatures at the inlet and outlet were 37°C and 43°C respectively. Site inspection revealed that the conical plugs, with average lengths of 74 mm and maximum diameters of 21 mm, were heavily fouled and some of them were completely covered by a dark-brown slimy paste-like deposit. Analysis of this deposit showed the presence of a relatively high concentration (11 wt. %) of organic matter. Severe local damage in the form of egg-shaped hollows and “bottle-shaped” pits with narrow mouths was found. Calculated corrosion rate was about 8.2 mm/year (323 mpy), which is very high for this alloy in such an application. The results of the SEM/EDS, FTIR and wet analysis are presented and discussed. FGS microbiological test kit analysis registered a severe level (“positive++“) of anaerobic bacteria content in the deposit. The titanium tubes and tube sheet were in very good condition.
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Saricimen, H., N. R. Jarrah, and I. M. Allam. "Investigation of Corrosion of Commercial Grade AISI 316L Stainless Steel Liner Plates in Desalination Plant Conditions." In CORROSION 1994. NACE International, 1994. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1994-94505.
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Abstract The corrosion of AISI Type 316L stainless steel (316L SS) liner plates in the flash chambers of a multistage flash (MSF) desalination plant, located on the Arabian Gulf coast was investigated. The 316L SS liner plates developed severe corrosion within six years of operation. This study was conducted to develop an understanding of the mode and causes of corrosion of the liner plates, and to determine the effect of heat treatment (annealing or heat effect during welding) and temperature of salt solution on corrosion of the liner plates. Specimens of the liner plates were studied in as-received (AR) condition and after being heat treated (HT) at 900°C in air and air-cooled to room temperature. Electrochemical techniques were used to measure the corrosion of the specimens. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) installed with energy dispersive (ED) X-ray diffraction capability was used for identification of compositional and structural changes in the specimens during heat treatment and corrosion. The results showed that:(1) Commercial grade 316L SS is susceptible to pitting, crevice and grain boundary corrosion under the operating conditions in the desalination plant. The heat-affected-zone (HAZ) had larger grains and corroded more severely than other parts of the liner plates. (2) The liner plates had randomly distributed inclusions containing Ti, Cr, Mo, Mn, and S in the structure. (3) Measurement of the corrosion rate, and (4) Metallographic investigation of the AR and HT samples. Sample Preparation The test samples were machined from 2 mm thick 316L SS liner plates, in circular shape with 16 mm diameter. The samples were prepared from weld zone including HAZ and normal liner plates. Some of the samples, both from HAZ and plate, were studied in as-received condition. The remaining of the liner plate samples were investigated after a heat treatment to simulate welding conditions in the SS samples. Table 1 shows elemental analysis of 316L SS samples used in this investigation. Five samples were prepared for metallographic examination: All of the specimens (AR, HAZ and HT) used for electrochemical testing were polished with SiC paper to 600 grit finish. They were then degreased with acetone, washed with distilled water, and dried in air. Heat Treatment The heat treatment was designed to simulate, as closely as possible, the conditions that HAZ is subjected during welding. The 316L SS plate samples were first solution annealed at 900°C for 20h or 120h in air in a laboratory furnace to ensure dissolution of carbide precipitates, if any, and cause appreciable grain growth. Following the solution annealing the samples were cooled in air to simulate the cooling rate during welding and induce sensitization at grain boundaries. The samples were then polished to 0.5 micron surface finish prior to electrochemical tests. (3) The corrosion rate of the AR samples of the liner plates was the lowest. It was followed by corrosion rates of HT and HAZ samples respectively in ascending order.
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Couto, Cinthia, Alexandra Mara Goulart Nunes Mamede, Melicia Cintia Galdeano, Edna Maria Morais Oliveira, and Otniel Freitas Silva. "OBTENÇÃO E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE MATERIAL DE REFERÊNCIA EM BLENDS DE COFFEA. ARABICA E C. CANEPHORA." In SIAN 2017 - III Simpósio de Alimentos e Nutrição. Galoa, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17648/sian-2017-60708.
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Khorsheed, M. S., and W. F. Clocksin. "Structural Features of Cursive Arabic Script." In British Machine Vision Conference 1999. British Machine Vision Association, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.5244/c.13.42.
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Al-Shaher, A. A., and E. R. Hancock. "Arabic Character Recognition with Shape Mixtures." In British Machine Vision Conference 2002. British Machine Vision Association, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5244/c.16.48.
Full textReports on the topic "C. arabica"
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Alessa, Mohammed, Tayba Wahedi, Jumanah Alsairafi, et al. Prevalence of Thyroid cancer in Saudi Arabis: Systematic review and Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.9.0088.
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Review question / Objective: What is the prevalence of Thyroid cancer among population in kingdom of Saudi Arabia?. The aim of this systematic review is to scrutinize the prevalence of thyroid cancer (TC) in Saudi Arabia and assess the relative frequency of subgroups related to types of thyroid cancer, age, and gender. Condition being studied: Thyroid cancer is an abnormal growth of cells that starts in the thyroid gland. There is four types of differentiated thyroid cancer, three of these cancer develop from the follicular cells, the papillary thyroid cancer, follicular thyroid cancer, Hürthle cell carcinoma, and one rare type develops from the thyroid’s C cells called medullary thyroid cancer. There is one undifferentiated thyroid cancer called anaplastic thyroid cancer.
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Evidence to end FGM/C: Research to help girls and women thrive [Arabic]. Population Council, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh8.1005.
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