Dissertations / Theses: 'C Auxiliary Sciences of History'

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Pierce, Elizabeth A. "Identity at the far edge of the earth : an examination of cultural identity manifested in the material culture of the North Atlantic, c. 1150-1450." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2011. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2530/.

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Beginning in the late eighth century A.D., the Vikings of Scandinavia expanded westward, first to raid and later to settle and trade. By the 11th century, they inhabited territory extending into the North Atlantic, including the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Greenland. These settlements were by no means monocultural and were located hundreds of miles away from the population centres of medieval Europe. In time, this distance and the relative isolation of the region contributed to the development of new cultural identities of the inhabitants. Unfortunately, the Middle Ages have not received as much attention as the Viking Age in the North Atlantic, and little has been written about identity in the North Atlantic aside from the underlying assumption that the people were Norwegian prior to forming their own local identities. This thesis aims to examine these identities over the entire North Atlantic region by studying the relationships between the island groups and questioning how the inhabitants used material culture to interact within a larger European, Christian milieu. Focussing on the period c. 1150-1450, this thesis approaches the cultural identity of these societies by evaluating the material culture and practices of the inhabitants using theoretical frameworks in identity, material culture, and island archaeology that have rarely, if ever, been applied in the medieval North Atlantic. Because of the wide geographical scope of this study, three case studies of artefact assemblages will be used: one each in the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Greenland. These assemblages will be analysed both for the style and form of the objects and for the domestic and overseas contacts they represent, using the British Isles and Norway as starting points because of their known contacts with the North Atlantic. Material culture can be manipulated in order to create identities that give the user certain social, political or economic advantages. Understanding the material choices made in the North Atlantic, such as church architecture, clothing, table wares and dress accessories, can help us to understand the identities these people sought to portray. Further, using the abovementioned theoretical approaches, this thesis attempts to understand why certain material choices were made and what advantages those people hoped to gain by using that material culture. It is hoped that this thesis will help to illustrate the role that material culture played in cultural identity of the North Atlantic settlements in the Middle Ages, and to promote further discussion of identity in the North Atlantic on a regional level in this period.

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Golden, James Michael. "Roger Fry as a Protestant art critic." Thesis, University of Essex, 2017. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/19435/.

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This thesis argues that Roger Fry should, in part at least, be placed within a tradition of British, Protestant, art criticism. To this end I compare his work with that of the leading nineteenth-century British art critic John Ruskin. I discuss the problems both men had in engaging with a predominately Catholic art form, and place their work within a wider British tradition. I consider their personal histories and how they gave a similar interpretation of art history. I explore the work of both men on Venetian art and artists with particular references to Ruskin’s The Stones of Venice and Fry’s writings on Bellini and Giotto. I examine how Fry sought to distance artworks from the culture that produced them and how this affected his view on art history. I compare Fry’s aesthetic ideas with the Theocentric theory of art advanced by Ruskin in the second volume of Modern Painters. Here I compare their respective formalist ideas. I discuss how Fry’s formalism led him to reject Impressionism and champion the Post-Impressionists. I examine the controversy surrounding the 1910 and 1912 Post-Impressionist exhibitions and how they raised the question of the moral value and use of art. I end with a discussion of Ruskin’s concept of the Theoretic faculty and contend that Fry held a similar concept. Overall I argue for the presence of continuity between Fry’s early and later ideas on art criticism and history that can partly be explained by his religious background.

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Emmerson, Nicola. "Heritage wrought iron : towards the development of evidence based standards for coating." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/84439/.

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Effective management of heritage assets relies on decision-making which is underpinned by empirical evidence of impact of treatments on long term survival prospects of materials. Historic wrought iron presents a particular problem for conservation. It occupies a niche position between heritage and engineering, is frequently exposed to outdoor atmospheric corrosion and, in the case of bridges, gates and similar structures, may be required to perform a distinct function. Sector guidance to direct practices is based on anecdotal evidence and established methods. British Standards relate to modern steels hence application to historic ferrous metals is complicated by differences in metallurgy and lack of concession to conservation ethics. This study generates empirical evidence of the effects of five surface preparation methods and three protective coating systems on the corrosion rate of historic wrought iron samples. Immersion in sodium hydroxide solution and blasting with crushed walnut shells are found to reduce corrosion rates of uncoated wrought iron. Aluminium oxide and glass beads blasting increase corrosion rate but offer removal of contaminants and a keyed surface for coating adhesion. Flame cleaning increases corrosion rate by almost four times the uncleaned wrought iron corrosion rate. A two-pack epoxy resin coating system with polyurethane topcoat applied over substrate surfaces blasted to Sa2.5 (near white metal) and a surface tolerant single-pack alkyd coating applied over coherent oxide layers successfully prevented corrosion for almost two years in high static relative humidity environments. An alkyd system applied over Sa2.5 blasted surface does not significantly reduce corrosion rate of the uncoated substrate. A cost benefit approach to interpreting the empirical results in relation to practicalities of applying the treatments is advocated. The methods developed for standardising historic sample material and measuring oxygen consumption of coated samples as proxy corrosion rate offer scope for further work in this area. A standardised approach to testing permits correlation of test data between workers in this area to generate a database of empirical data to inform decision-making.

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Secker, Jane-Louise. "Newspapers and historical research : a study of historians and custodians in Wales." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 1999. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/17693/.

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Examines the historiographical and practical problems of using newspapers in historical research. Studies the methods of different types of professional and non-professional historians, to evaluate the value of newspapers as historical documents and the problems particular to them. Examines the difficulties associated with newspapers in library collections from both the perspectives of newspaper users and custodians. Seeks to provide recommendations for both groups to facilitate the use of newspapers. The research adopted essentially qualitative methods. Using questionnaires and interviews, the opinions and experiences of historians in Wales were studied. Case studies of newspaper collections in Wales were undertaken to examine current policies and strategies at a local level. The research was also undertaken with collaboration from the British Library Newspaper Library and with specific reference to the work of the NEWSPLAN project. Concludes that newspapers are an important source for all manner of historical enquiries, but that historians often require further guidance in order to search, use and evaluate them. Different patterns of use were observed among different types of historians. Also suggests that newspapers are unlike other historical documents, because of their nature and role in society. Specific techniques are provided to assist the historian using newspapers. The use of newspapers is also shaped by the policies and strategies of both local and national newspaper collections. Thus, guidelines and recommendations are provided to assist these organisations. Further work is urged, to understand the needs of historians and the specific problems that newspapers present, following the five million pound Heritage Lottery Fund Award for the NEWSPLAN project in March 1999.

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Wright, Allan Dene. "The archaeology of variation : a case study of repetition, difference and becoming in the Mesolithic of West Central Scotland." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3310/.

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This thesis comprises a regional synthesis of the diversity of the human experience in West Central Scotland during the Mesolithic period (c.7875-c.4200BCE). The research area incorporates the modern local authorities of Ayrshire, Dunbartonshire, Glasgow City, Inverclyde, Lanarkshire and Renfrewshire. The regional profile has been constructed from a comparison of the lithic assemblages from mainland coastal and inland sites in a transect (c.2550km2) from Ballantrae and Girvan on the Ayrshire coast inland to Loch Doon, South Ayrshire and beyond to the Daer Valley in South Lanarkshire. Three other sites from South Lanarkshire outwith the transect have also been included in the study, namely Climpy, Powbrone and Weston. Reference has also been made to sites on the islands of the Firth of Clyde and at Loch Lomondside. The archaeological and environmental evidence from the Ayrshire coast has been considered, supporting the interpretation of probable sedentism at Girvan during the Late Mesolithic. The theoretical structure can be distilled into two main themes, namely variation and technology which are folded into a cohesive framework by reference to the philosophies of Gilles Deleuze, and in particular his 1968 work Difference and Repetition. The concepts of repetition, difference and becoming have given meaning to variation as something more profound than a mere contradiction. In this thesis, these concepts have been recast to incorporate the chaîne opératoire. Firstly, variation in people and things are forged in the social dimension through repetition. Secondly, technology is understood as inseparable from the agent, where the people and things are both subject and object, and things may be understood as detached parts of people. It is by conjoining these enhanced constructs of variation and technology that people and things as technology inscribe the landscape to create a meaningful taskscape; referring to the notion proposed by Ingold in 1993. These concepts as becoming have been used to explore notions of identity, group identity, social boundaries and taskscape as inseparable qualities of Mesolithic lifeways. Detailed technological analysis of the surface collections and excavated assemblages comprised within this study has confirmed the continuity of lithic practice across the greater part of the Mesolithic period. Subtle nuances have been recorded in technological choices made, and also in the composition of the lithic assemblages. The main variation lies in the choice of raw materials. The distinctions are more profound than the dominant use of flint at the coast and chert inland. Marked variations in both the colour and original cortical surface of raw materials are identified suggesting differentiated resources across the landscape and different groups of hunter-gatherers. The presence of flint at the inland sites is interpreted as representative of pioneer incursions. The variations in the assemblages of West Central Scotland, together with the cautious use of ethnographic analogy allow consideration of the cosmological significance of raw materials and the materiality of stone. The notion that the use of specific raw materials is culturally proscribed has been instrumental in the interpretation of hunter-gatherers groups who are either predominantly practising sedentism at the coastal lagoonal habitats of Girvan, or creating new group identities and adopting more mobile lifeways inland.

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Hay, Frederick George. "Explaining historical conflict, with illustrations from 'emergent' Scottish Jacobitism." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8479/.

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The connecting premise of this study is that the explanation of human action, much of which involves conflict in various forms, is distinctive. It must address the singularity of actions (their attachment to specific moments) and its contingency (that different actions could plausibly have been taken instead). Both stem from the involvement of time in human action, such that its explanation must adopt the form of historiography. Part One argues that the authority of explanation in the physical sciences does not extend to human action as it derives from successful physical demonstration in experiment or industrial replication, not from special epistemological warrant, processes inapplicable to human action; that the distinguishing involvement of human consciousness and the will to act introduces a particular awareness of the passage of time that confers timeliness to actions, while precluding full knowledge of the consequences of actions; that the social nature of human action involves the emergence of diverse groups that generate complex divisions between ‘we’ and ‘they’ that form the basis for conflict over the consequences of action; that resolving the conflict of warfare produces collective agreements to avoid future conflict; that this conflict can reach considerable levels of brutality and lethality even outside warfare; and that moral codes that might constrain such conflict have limited effectiveness. Part Two illustrates the relevance of perspectives in reducing the complexities of reality to facilitate action, referring to categories appropriate to the emergence of Scottish Jacobitism in the late seventeenth and early eighteen centuries: dynastic, religious, economic and military. It also suggests how contingency could be addressed through conjectures about the actions that might have been taken but were not. Part Three suggests a basis in the role of expectations for the tendency of human perspectives on their context of action to change radically, and for actions to change accordingly as situations are seen ‘in a different light’. At various points in the study use is made of an analogy drawn between the adversarial advocacies presented at a trial by jury and the general explanation of human action. This illuminates both the fact that different perspectives on the same evidence can yield contrary explanations and that all explanation of human action necessarily confronts a problem of reflexivity: the perspectives of agents have to be represented through the perspectives of those seeking to explain their actions.

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Ballard, Susan Elaine. "Perceiving images : constituting British identities in museums." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/362440/.

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Nikolovska, Kristina. "'Let it be known' : interrogating historical writing in Church Slavonic paratexts of Southeastern Europe (1371-1711)." Thesis, University of Kent, 2015. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/53887/.

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The period of Ottoman rule, pejoratively termed the ‘Turkish yoke’, is often regarded in the Balkans – a region divided by quests for self-definition – as a period of darkness and suffering. Given the paucity of South Slavic historical records, scholars have sought to corroborate evidence of the ‘yoke’ in ‘historical paratexts’, fragmentary records of historical events to be found in the margins of Church Slavonic manuscripts and early printed books. With the Ottoman Empire on the verge of collapse in the first decades of the twentieth century, scholars and folklorists from the several splintered nations that form the Balkans became very interested in archiving and compiling these paratextual materials into published compendia, a trend which continues up to the present day. They believed that conserving these presumed eyewitness testimonials would preserve the core of the nation, an idea that has been transmitted largely unchallenged. These paratexts are seen as ‘writing from below’ which records facts about the suffering brought about by Ottoman rule. Present scholarship in the Balkans has interpreted ‘znatise’ (‘let it be known’), the formulaic expression that announces some of these annotations, as indicative of a self-conscious tendency to create historically truthful records of the South Slavs under Ottoman rule. However, one only needs to sift through these various records to be struck by the repetitions and the limited scope of the patterns that pervade a majority of these inscriptions as opposed to the range of observations that could be expected to result from an autobiographical impulse. This thesis accounts for these patterns and challenges the dominant interpretation of these paratexts by locating them within the larger writing traditions to which they belonged. By interrogating the relationship between paratextual writing and Church Slavonic historiography, this study provides an alternative framework which explains and brings together sources that have otherwise been left disparate and scattered. The formula ‘let it be known’ is to be understood not as testimony but rather as apocalyptic prophecy. The thesis demonstrates that historical paratexts mainly recorded those events -- such as natural disaster, famine, the outbreak of disease and celestial phenomena -- that were understood as portents and figured in apocalyptic literature. In this light, the clergy’s tone towards the military successes and the Ottoman reign is shown to be determined by an apocalyptic understanding of history. We also see how South Slavic attitudes towards the Ottomans were diverse with references to the Sultan ranging from ‘son of perdition’ (Antichrist) to ‘Tsar’ depending on the political relations between a diocese and the Ottoman administration. The thesis also provides new readings of three important paratextual accounts: (i) Monk Isaija’s colophon of 1371 (ii) Deacon Dimitar’s colophon of 1466 and (iii) the self-narratives of Mihail of Kratovo written between 1649 and 1660. The labels of ‘truthfulness’, ‘factuality’, and ‘sincerity’ that have been attributed to these first person accounts are questioned by demonstrating the socially strategic and ambiguous nature of these paratexts.

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Austin, Jacqueline F. "Writers and writing in the Roman Army at Dura-Europos." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/895/.

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This socio-palaeographic thesis maintains that behind the uniform appearance of Roman army writing was a particular, dedicated training. Focussing on the third century Dura-Europos, it uncovers evidence for the thorough schooling given to the clerks of the resident Cohors XX Palmyrenorum enabling them to fulfil their administrative duties. These include maintaining efficient documentation systems and preparing a range of accurate, legible texts, and the clerks were trained to produce a repertoire of standard military scripts. Additionally other soldiers and the more general public were taught to read and to understand, to varying degrees, but the clerks, distinct, were specialist writers who found dignity in the work that they did. This dissertation, a preliminary study, draws throughout from the camp’s rich epigraphic and papyrological evidence. It sets out the context in which clerical soldiers worked and the evidence for army literate education and then introduces Roman writing, its form and development generally, before analysing in detail the letter-forms used in one particular standard hand over the decades the cohort’s documents span. In this hand, the well-known development out of Old Roman Cursive is presented and discussed. A brief additional chapter presents the possibility that military clerks also produced camp signage.

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Bisset, Sophie. "The light of conscience : Jean Barbeyrac on moral, civil and religious authority." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43291/.

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Jean Barbeyrac (1674-1744) is best known for his annotated French translations of the natural law treatises of Hugo Grotius, Samuel Pufendorf and Richard Cumberland and has generally been understood through the prism of his interpretations of these. However, not only was he in fact an independent natural law thinker, who drew eclectically from a vast array of authors, synthesising their ideas to construct his own distinct theory; he also wrote extensively on morals and politics in other genres, works that have received very little attention and never been seen in their coherence with his natural law ideas. This thesis considers Barbeyrac as a thinker in his own right, drawing together all of his major and many of his minor works and situating them within a number of the wider contexts Barbeyrac inhabited: namely, as a Huguenot refugié, a member of the Republic of Letters and a professional academician. Barbeyrac's central concern was the relationship between moral, civil and religious authority, and the core of his solution was a comprehensive concept of conscience that unified and naturalised man's moral and religious duties and served as the source of authoritative moral judgement. The first three chapters of the dissertation focus on the structure of his natural law theory, arguing that the attempt to establish conscience as a comprehensive faculty of moral judgement caused intractable philosophical tensions, reflected in his innovative but inchoate theory of permissive natural law. The final two chapters extend this analysis beyond Barbeyrac's natural law, arguing that despite his efforts to balance the potentially competing demands that arise when the authority of conscience comes into conflict with other sources of moral authority, namely ecclesiastical and civil, Barbeyrac had to insist that, ultimately, individuals must uphold the first and principal duty of natural law to follow the light of conscience.

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Hayne, Jeremy Mark. "Culture contact and exchange in Iron Age north Sardinia (900 BC-200 BC)." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2013. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4132/.

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Prehistoric Sardinia is best known for its Bronze Age Nuragic culture which lasted from the mid-2nd millennium until the early 1st millennium. The Iron Age and later prehistory of the island are often subsumed into discourses that emphasise the colonising Phoenicians (8th-6th centuries BC) and Carthaginians (6th-2nd centuries BC). In the north of the island the local communities, being neither part of the Bronze Age Nuragic culture nor of the colonized world of the south, are seen in relation to foreign communities rather than from local perspectives. This thesis uses postcolonial theoretical frameworks of island identity, consumption and materiality to examine the local/foreign interactions that take place in north Sardinia in the period between 900 – 200 BC. The main focus is to set the interrelationships between the local Sardinian communities and the Phoenician, Etruscan, Greek and Carthaginian traders and settlers who frequented the shores in a context that emphasises local and indigenous agency. At the same time this topic provides an opportunity to re-examine the scholarship that has led to north Sardinia being overlooked. This thesis covers a long time period and the project is divided geographically between three different zones of north Sardinia (the north-west, the central-east and the Olbia area) and chronologically between the 9th- 7th centuries, the 7th – 5th centuries and the 4th-2nd centuries BC. The data set includes the archaeological material from 51 north Sardinian sites that contain evidence of local/foreign interactions during these periods. Using this data a few well excavated sites are studied in greater detail to examine and question the models of acculturation and resistance that form the traditional perspectives of scholars working in the north. For example, the presence or lack of foreign material culture on indigenous sites has often been understood from the perspective that desire for foreign goods was natural. This approach overemphasises the role that foreign communities had in contact situations and at the same time underemphasises the agency and choices of the local inhabitants. Indeed an examination of the data shows how local practices continued and that the foreign presence had a limited impact. One of my aims in this thesis is to avoid a dualistic position which sets the local communities against foreign ones; in fact local/foreign interactions can result in the creation of ‘hybrid’ products, practices and communities and I explore how far we can see the hybridization of north Sardinian communities in the different phases of the 1st millennium through the material culture that informed their actions. A second aim is to explore what types of changes took place in north Sardinian identities through the types of objects they consumed. Some of the larger Iron Age sites were sanctuaries and thus I examine how far local communities used ritual as a way of mediating the exchanges between them and foreign people through their selection of the material culture. Thirdly, this thesis approaches the social identities of the Sardinians using a bottom-up approach to the interactions. This allows me to compare the different ways in which local communities experienced foreign contacts and culture over a broad period and the evidence illuminates the variety of ways that island identities were developed in the various regions of north Sardinia.

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Hopes, David. "Being objective : communities of practice and the use of cultural artefacts in digital learning environments." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5344/.

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Over the past decade there has been a dramatic increase in the volume of digital content created from museum, library and archive collections but research on how this material is actually used, particularly in digital learning environments, has fallen far behind the rate of supply. In order to address this gap, this thesis examines how communities of practice (CoPs) involved in the supply and use of digital artefacts in the Higher Education sector in the UK interact with content and what factors affect this process. It focuses on a case study involving the digitisation of Shakespeare collections used in postgraduate research, and the testing of use in a range of different learning environments. This produced a number of significant findings with implications for the HE and cultural sectors. Firstly, similar patterns of artefact use were found across all users suggesting there are generic ways in which everyone interacts with digital artefacts. However, distinct forms of use did emerge which correspond with membership of particular communities of practice. Secondly, members of a CoP appear to share a particular learning style and this is influenced by the learning environment. Finally, the research indicates that a mixed method for analysing and measuring use, piloted and tested in the case study, is possible.

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Wan, Zakaria Wan Fariza Alyati Binti. "Futures studies in contemporary Islamic and Western thought : a critical study of the works of Ziauddin Sardar, Mahdi Elmandjra, Alvin Toffler and Daniel Bell." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/882/.

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Futures Studies, or the study of future, is a post-Enlightenment new field of inquiry in Western history of intellectual tradition. It attempts to study the probable, possible and desirable futures for human. Nevertheless, the study and concern on future is not a unique Western phenomenon. Indeed, every society and civilization has its own version of “futures studies”, as found in astrology, numerology, palm reading and so on and so forth. Islam - as the religion of fitrah (primordial nature) - regards future within an eternal conception of time – the dunyā and the akhīrah. With the influence of Western analysis on future, this research attempts at firstly recognizing the notion of future in both Islam and Western traditions. In so doing, we chose two Muslim scholars, Ziauddin Sardar and Mahdi Elmandjra, who are both prominent in the study of future, and also two Western scholars, Alvin Toffler and Daniel Bell as representatives of Western tradition in studying future. Secondly, this research traces the development of futures thinking in both Western and Islamic context and argues that futures thinking, indeed Futures Studies, has become a significant mode of thinking in Western society within its reception of modernity, and now postmodernity. The development of Futures Studies and futures thinking on their Muslim counterpart shows similar interest, though with much slower pace. Our analysis therefore focuses on the thematical aspects of the scholars’ thoughts and compares the divergences between both Muslim and Western views on future, as well as their resemblances. We then conclude that the significance of futures thinking and Futures Studies should be urgently recognized by the Muslims in order to resolve their present condition in which they become part of the contributing factor. This, as we argue and believe, should be realized through an ijtihādic struggle – to be ready to criticize oneself, and recognize one’s weaknesses and mistakes in understanding and practicing one’s own religion and then to set forward the best resolution to be implemented for a desirable future. Only through this process of self-criticism and self-awareness that we can contemplate a self-renewal process for ourselves, and most importantly, for the Muslim society and its civilization in the future.

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Morgan-Forster, Antonia H. "Climate, Environment and Malaria during the Prehistory of Mainland Greece." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1579/.

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Interpretations of osteological remains from mainland Greece during the 1960-1980s led to the suggestion that the most virulent form of malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, was prevalent between the Mesolithic and Late Bronze Age (c. 8700 cal. BC-1100 cal. BC). Although disregarded over the past decade, the theory has regained support in recent years from osteological, epidemiological, environmental and DNA studies. However, the presence of this strain of malaria in prehistoric Greece remains controversial. This thesis evaluates 1) the palaeoclimatic conditions of the Aegean between the Mesolithic and Late Bronze Age and 2) the palaeoenvironmental conditions of three archaeological settlements, with the aim of ascertaining whether the climatic and environmental conditions were as conducive for P. falciparum and the mosquito vectors as the osteological evidence suggested. Equal consideration is given to the so-called ‘lesser strains’ of malaria, P. vivax and P. malariae, the significance of which is considered to have been underestimated in previous studies.

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Tucker, Joanna. "A new approach to medieval cartularies : understanding manuscript growth in AUL SCA MS JB 1/3 (Glasgow Cathedral's Registrum Vetus) and the Cartulary of Lindores Abbey in Caprington Castle." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8466/.

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Medieval cartularies have been the focus of many studies in the past few decades. Rather than simply repositories for charter texts, cartularies are now regarded by those who study them as carefully curated collections of texts whose contents and arrangement reflect the immediate concerns and archival environment of the communities that created them. One feature of cartularies which has not received attention is the ‘growth’ of their manuscripts beyond the initial phase of creation. This growth refers not only to the addition of fresh gatherings but also to the piecemeal addition of texts into the available spaces, often in a haphazard order and by many scribes working across a number of decades. ‘Manuscript growth’ is not an uncommon feature of cartularies from the central middle ages, particularly from the thirteenth century onwards. As a phenomenon, however, it has not been recognised or studied, for the good reason that it is difficult to discuss haphazard manuscript growth in a systematic way. This thesis offers a new methodology which engages with multi-scribe contributions to ‘active’ cartularies. It takes a holistic approach which integrates the textual and ‘physical’ evidence of cartularies, and embraces all forms of scribal activity. By studying the growth of cartulary manuscripts, we can gain significant insights into the contemporary use and perception of these valuable objects. This thesis therefore takes a fresh look at the ‘genre’ of medieval cartularies through the eyes of the manuscript evidence itself, and what this can reveal about its medieval scribes and readers. Two manuscripts are taken as the basis of this study: the older cartulary of Glasgow Cathedral (AUL SCA MS JB 1/3) and the older cartulary of Lindores Abbey (in private ownership in Caprington Castle). Chapter 1 introduces the field of cartulary studies, with reference to new work in this area (particularly in relation to cartularies in France and England). Central questions in this field are introduced, such as the definition of a cartulary, their creation and function. It also discusses approaches to analysing complex codices and multi-scribe activity within other manuscript genres. In Chapter 2, a new methodology will be introduced for analysing manuscript growth. This involves rethinking our approach to some familiar elements of manuscripts: their codicology, binding history, the scribes, as well as the challenge of dating the various contributions to the cartularies. New concepts and terminology will be introduced (such as ‘relative dating’ and ‘series’) that have been developed in response to these two complex cartularies. By applying this new methodology, the creation and subsequent growth of each manuscript can be examined in detail in Chapter 3 (for Glasgow Cathedral’s cartulary) and Chapter 4 (for Lindores Abbey’s). It is shown that the contemporary experience of these two cartularies was as a collection of simultaneously ‘active’ units (either unbound or in temporary bindings), offering new scribes a choice of where to place their material. Chapter 5 draws together the analysis, and focuses on the initial creation of the cartularies, the nature of their growth by piecemeal additions, and the reasons for this growth. This reveals two communities that took an active approach to reading and extending their cartularies, treating these manuscripts as a shared space. The vexed question of ‘repeated’ texts within cartularies is reconsidered in this light. The analysis allows us to develop a deeper understanding of the cartularies’ function and the role of their scribes as primarily readers, whose interactions with the manuscript were responsive and dynamic. The institutional setting is also discussed. The thesis concludes by considering the implications of this study for our understanding of the function and typology of cartularies, their relationship to archives of single-sheet documents, and as sources for institutional identity, as well as the potential of the methodology to act as a starting point for studying scribal interactions and scribes as readers in other manuscript genres with multi-scribe growth.

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Lewis, William R. "Reframing strategic inertia : the politics of innovation and the case of GM biotechnology." Thesis, University of Essex, 2017. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/20061/.

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In a broad sense this thesis concerns the politics (and ethics) of strategic management, organisational psychology, organisational narratives, knowledge management and conditions of innovation. More specifically, this is research into the dimension of politics and the legitimacy of power relations within the synchronization of time and space in social organisations, typically as part of the design and implementation of strategy, in context of organisational definitions of innovation and contestations of 'the new'. With a conceptual archaeology, the thesis contends that strategy research focuses on the nodal concepts of 'inertia', 'adaptation' and 'friction', in context of three past conceptual frameworks: namely, Newtonian mechanics, Hobbesian interpretations of evolution, and Clausewitzian military theory. A genealogical approach is used to reveal the persistent influence of the Newtonian notion of simultaneity (absolute time and absolute space) across these three frameworks in their combinatorial guise in the discourse of strategic management. The genealogy unfreezes the nodal concepts by showing the history of their contingent construction and selection. Finally, a critical analysis scrutinizes the contextual appropriateness of applying the concept of simultaneity to social matters. The thesis rejects simultaneity and its dominant position as an 'articulatory practice' of organisational strategy. By decoupling the notion of simultaneity from frames through which sense is made of motion and events, the grip that structuralism has on organisational strategy is loosened and by substituting simultaneity with political power the implications for strategic management become clear. The approach draws from Political Discourse Theory to reframe the strategy discourse, in its current conception, as hegemonic and an antagonistic system of 'Politics' that, instead of facilitating either stability or innovation, leads, instead, to 'conceptual inertia' and economic stagnation, by repressing emergences of 'the Political'. The thesis proposes a strategy of 'agonism' as an alternative. Rather than replacing one despotic concept with another, the suggestion of agonistic strategy is made because agonism allows for its own reinterpretation, thus does not represent a sedimented centre of a discourse. In this way, agonism is less susceptible to stagnation, and more amenable to innovation. The theoretical framework is then accompanied with a study of the design and implementation of strategy within a research institute engaged with the innovation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) using the CRISPR-cas9 technique. The selection of this case organisation allows for an analysis of the politics and power relations at play in the definitions of innovation, and a means to ground a study of the social construction of reality within an empirical setting regarding the strategic development of genetic constructs.

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Georgiou, Andriani. "The cult of Flavia Iulia Helena in Byzantium : an analysis of authority and perception through the study of textual and visual sources from the fourth to the fifteenth century." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4175/.

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The symbolic role of Helena throughout the Byzantine period has never been considered in any detail. Many of the literary sources, particularly historiographical and hagiological texts, are not easily accessible and have not been translated. The visual sources referring to Helena, such as works of late Roman and Byzantine art, coinage, illustrated manuscripts, reliquaries, and wall paintings, have never been collected. My thesis collects and re-evaluates the textual and visual evidence from the fourth to the fifteenth century in order to explore the origins and development of Helena's cult; the emergence of a Helena-legend with symbolic and metaphorical functions; and the ways that the Byzantines reconstructed, judged, and appreciated her role. Special attention is given to the relationship between word and image, as well as the influence exerted on them by contemporary political and social developments. This thesis demonstrates that memories of Helena as an empress and as a saint were manufactured in several distinct stages over several centuries; and that her role differed in the eastern and western halves of the former Roman empire. The evidence is analysed thematically and in chronological order.

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Nasanen, Liisa Maria Elina. "Stabilisation of archaeological copper alloy artefacts using subcritical fluid technology." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2018. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/114466/.

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The research presented aimed to investigate potential of subcritical fluid technology to effect Cl- release and transform compounds of copper alloy artefacts of cultural significance. The work intended to determine the most effective pH, temperature, and time combination subcritical treatment variables to: 1. transform or solvate insoluble or sparingly soluble copper compounds containing Cl - CuCl and Cu2(OH)3Cl (atacamite and clinoatacamite); 2. examine impact on typical patina compounds Cu2O and ‎Cu2CO3(OH)2 and to establish optimal conditions for their retention throughout treatment. Additionally, the research expected to offer guidance on the values of the operational parameters to use when applying subcritical treatment to archaeological copper alloy objects. The series of experiments yielded preliminary results on solvation, extraction, chemical transformation, and physical modification of the predominant corrosion products found on copper alloy artefacts. Experiments were completed using analogue pressed pellets of corrosion products, naturally corroded copper coupons and archaeological artefacts, with specific focus on corrosion profiles, metallography and microstructure. The results of extraction show significant amounts of Cl- are removed and thus the reactivity of objects is reduced. While this study conclusively demonstrated subcritical treatment is capable of both removal and transformation of Cl-bearing compounds commonly present in copper alloy objects, it cannot be recommended for treating archaeological objects based on these results alone. Aesthetic and physical changes are unpredictable and may be unacceptable. Accepting these changes cannot directly be balanced against the proven effectiveness of subcritical treatment for removing Cl, nor its rapid treatment time.

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Morrison, Hazel Margaret Catherine. "Unearthing the 'clinical encounter' : Gartnavel Mental Hospital, 1921-1932 : exploring the intersection of scientific and social discourses which negotiated the boundaries of psychiatric diagnoses." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5766/.

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Charting the trans-Atlantic movement of ‘dynamic’ psychiatry from The Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic, Baltimore, to Gartnavel Mental Hospital, Glasgow, this thesis throws light upon the resultant ‘dynamic’ case note records, produced in Gartnavel during the 1920s. By undertaking an in-depth, qualitative analysis of Gartnavel’s case note records and corresponding archival materials, I explore the polemical question, posed, amongst others, by Foucault, of how psychiatry achieves its distinct status as a science of the individual. Foucault, most notably in Discipline and Power, ascribes to the psychiatric profession the power to fashion individual patient histories into cases, cases which simultaneously emphasise the individuality of a patient, while condensing, i.e. ‘fixing’ their identities that they may be constituted ‘an object for a branch of knowledge and a hold for a branch of power’. This thesis, while recognising the validity of this argument, explores how the clinical practices and philosophical outlook of dynamic psychiatry in the early twentieth century enabled both patient and psychiatrist to negotiate the construction of the psychiatric case note record, and consequently of patients’ individual identities. D. K. Henderson, physician superintendent of Gartnavel between 1921 and 1932, was one of the first, if not the first psychiatrist fully to incorporate dynamic principles into the working practices of a British mental hospital. Initiating methods of case note taking and staff meeting consultation (now integral components of modern day psychiatric practice) he transported the teachings of his mentor, the Swiss émigré psychiatrist Adolf Meyer, to the everyday clinical practices of Gartnavel. The dissemination of dynamic psychiatry through Henderson’s published works and medical teachings is recognised as having integrally shaped the practices of Scottish psychiatry in the twentieth century. However, the significance of the unpublished case note records, produced under his superintendence of Gartnavel during the 1920s, as sources of historical enquiry has gone largely unrecognised. A near-unique archive of ‘dynamic’ case note records is used in this thesis to reveal, what Roy Porter termed, a ‘history from below’ of clinical practices and examinatory processes. For as Henderson employed stenographers and clinical clerks to record verbatim and semi verbatim the dialogues that passed between patients and psychiatrists within staff meetings and mental examinations, I, as Porter himself aspired to, take as the focus of my research a history of the ‘two-way encounters between doctors and patients’. By employing an interdisciplinary research method, one that incorporates Foucauldian, literary, critical medical humanities, as well as more traditional forms of medical history scholarship, I establish a history of dynamic psychiatry set within clinical encounters. Engaging with current debate, evolving primarily within the interdisciplinary sphere of the medical humanities, I argue these records reveal a history of medical humanism, one in which both patients and psychiatrists actively shaped the history of twentieth century Scottish psychiatry.

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Tolley, Rebecca. "Review of Fashion Fads through American History: Fitting Clothes into Context." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5623.

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Flisher, Lorraine. "Cranbrook, Kent, and its neighbourhood area, c. 1570-1670." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2003. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6168/.

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This thesis contributes to the discipline of historical research through the detailed local study and analysis of micro-economic developments and social trends within the 'market town' of Cranbrook, Kent and its neighbouring parishes. In particular this study examines the symbiotic relationship between the market town as a nodal point for industry and commerce within the context of the local economy and social structure of its rural hinterland. The nature and incidence of demographic growth within Cranbrook's neighbourhood during local periods of epidemic disease and economic dislocation, provide a context in which to examine the extent to which the Wealden wood pasture agrarian regime could absorb and sustain demographic growth within individual local economies. Social relations within Cranbrook, show that the town was not isolated from its rural hinterland. The inhabitants of the town and the countryside interacted within a local economy based upon textile manufacture and farming, which effectively defined the complex social hierarchy of the 'neighbourhood'. Kinship-networks among longstanding resident families and their comparative status, wealth and influence within individual parishes, show the importance of familial relationships to business success and social status within the community. Parish office holding among Cranbrook's 'chief inhabitants' are explored within the concepts of religious ideology and social control in early modem England. Cranbrook society is examined within the context of developing religious attitudes and puritan ideas, which took hold and flourished in this period. The thesis also investigates the slow decline of the broadcloth industry in the region and contributes to the proto-industrialization debate. The effect of economic recession in broadcloth manufacture is examined against the decline of the neighbourhood population, the contraction in market demand for Wealden broadcloth and increased poverty.

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Fletcher, Robert Lee III. "The Association Between Periodontal Disease and C-Reactive Protein In Patients With a History Of Heart Attack." VCU Scholars Compass, 2004. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1528.

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The patient population consisted of a maximum of 18,570 subjects who completed the NHANES III questionnaire and examination from 1988 - 1994. The physical examination included such things as body mass index and serum samples, social and medical history. The periodontal examination recorded probing depth, attachment loss and gingival bleeding. Serum samples were analyzed for CRP levels, cholesterol levels etc. Demographic, cardiovascular and oral health variables were compared in subjects with a history of heart attack. Result showed that history of heart attack is associated with increased odds ratio for elevated CRP, diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol, male gender, non-white race and smoking. Of the periodontal indicators of disease, only gingival bleeding had an increased odds ratio for association with heart attack history. The unadjusted odds ratio was 1.25 with 95% CI[0.84-1.87]. The adjusted odds ratio increase to 1.93 with 95% CI [1.02-3.71]. These findings are consistent with previous research indicating that elevated CRP is associated with increased risk of heart attack. The interesting finding of this study is that only gingival bleeding, not probing depth or attachment loss, had an increased odds ratio for an associated with self-reported history of heart attack.

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Bethune, Kate. "British politeness and elite culture in revolutionary and early national Philadelphia, c.1775-1800." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609079.

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Clermont-Legros, Jean-Francis. "The quest for a social ethics : an intellectual history of U.S. social sciences : the case of Herbert Hoover, Wesley C. Mitchell, Charles E. Merriam and Mary van Kleeck." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100339.

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Between 1900 and 1930, social scientists attempted to refashion social ethics by conducting extensive social research. Some of them collaborated with Herbert Hoover before and after he became president. In the 1920s, they accepted positions on Herbert Hoover's various commissions. The work they did on these commissions made them a forum for manifesting their interest in modernizing social ethics. At one and the same time, they were in a position to define both social ethics and the purpose of the social sciences. Throughout this dissertation, I explore the cases of three social scientists involved with Hoover's commissions: the economist Wesley Clair Mitchell, the political scientist Charles Edward Merriam, and the industrial researcher and social worker Mary van Kleeck. Wesley Clair Mitchell addressed issues of American consumption and economic behaviour. Charles Edward Merriam analyzed the political behaviour of American citizens. Mary van Kleeck surveyed labour relations between American workers and employers. In this dissertation, I have employed methods developed by intellectual historians, focussing on the published and unpublished papers that these social experts and Herbert Hoover himself produced. This collaboration between Hoover and some of the most prominent social scientists of the day explains the ambitious project they undertook, that of adjusting social ethics to the modern living conditions they had discovered while carrying out their social research. In so doing, they sought to adapt the traditional code of conduct of most Americans to the new circumstances that prevailed in the first decades of the twentieth century.

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Masuez, Nicolas. "Prosopographie de la société juive du royaume de Judée de 134 av. J.-C. à 73/74 siècle ap. J.-C., d'après l'oeuvre de Flavius Josèphe." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Sorbonne - Paris IV, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01018853.

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Le royaume de Judée va, entre la fin du IIème siècle av. J.-C. à l'an 70 ap. J.-C., connaître de profonds bouleversements. La société juive face aux puissances hellénistiques et romaine va réussir à conserver son identité tout en perdant son phare qu'est le Temple. La guerre contre Rome, à partir de 66 ap. J.-C,. révèle des tensions politiques, sociales et religieuses. Il n'y a pas un judaïsme mais des judaïsmes. L'aristocratie sacerdotale de plus arrogante va tenter de conserver son influence à tout prix. Une partie de la population va remettre en cause la structure de la société. Bien souvent ces révoltés, insurgés, tant méprisés par Flavius Josèphe, vont se battre pour défendre un idéal alliant une forme de patriotisme au judaïsme.

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Moret, Pierre. "Architecture, urbanisme et organisation du territoire dans l'Ibérie de l'âge du Fer et de l'époque républicaine (VIIe - Ier siècle avant J.-C.)." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00365271.

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Cette étude offre sur la longue durée une synthèse de l'évolution des formes d'habitat dans l'Ibérie de l'âge du Fer et du début de l'époque romaine.
La première partie jette quelques éclairages sur la longue période qui va du VIIe au IVe siècle, en mettant l'accent sur les mutations de l'Ibérique Ancien (autour du VIe siècle), tant du point de vue des fortifications que de l'architecture domestique. La deuxième partie aborde la transition des IIIe et IIe siècles, d'abord sous le rapport des modèles architecturaux hellénistiques et de leurs voies de diffusion, avant et après la conquête romaine, avec l'examen d'un cas particulier (les tours pentagonales) ; puis à propos des enceintes urbaines des cités pérégrines du IIe siècle. Centrée sur le Bas Aragon entre le VIIe et le IIIe siècle, la troisième partie envisage une forme d'habitat particulière : les maisons-tours isolées, qui ouvre des perspectives sur les rapports entre aristocratie et architecture de prestige, et sur la hiérarchie des types d'établissement. La quatrième partie traite d'un autre dossier spécifique, celui des maisons fortes isolées qui se multiplient dans le sud de l'Hispanie à partir du milieu du Ier siècle av. J.-C. Cette forme originale d'habitat rural pose la question d'un mode de romanisation sui generis qui mêle des traits italiques, puniques, hellénistiques et ibériques.

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Emery, Astrid. "Concevoir et bâtir dans la Mésopotamie protohistorique : l'utilisation de schémas architecturaux au IVe millénaire av. J.-C." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00350431.

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Cette étude couvre l'ensemble de l'architecture mésopotamienne du IVe millénaire av. J.-C., tant les grands ensembles monumentaux comme celui d'Uruk que le bâti domestique. En s'attachant à la planification technique et métrologique de la conception et l'implantation des plans, elle a livré une série de résultats concluants sur l'emploi d'un petit nombre d'unités de mesure récurrentes organisées en système et sur l'utilisation de schémas aux proportions simples dans la construction des bâtiments. L'examen de quelques sites exceptionnels a montré qu'y avait été mis en œuvre un projet architectural planifié à l'échelle du site entier, permettant ainsi d'approcher le modèle mental idéal d'architecture domestique en vigueur et des implications sociales qu'il véhicule. Par ailleurs, l'inscription du corpus dans la diachronie permet d'apporter quelques éléments à la question de l'« expansion urukéenne » qui teinte l'ensemble des relations interrégionales en Mésopotamie au IVe millénaire.

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Aurières, Elise. "Alexandre Koyré aux Etats-Unis : un ambassadeur de l'histoire des sciences." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H215.

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Cette thèse vise à analyser, préciser et évaluer quel fut le rôle exact joué par Alexandre Koyré dans l'institutionnalisation de l'histoire des sciences aux Etats-Unis. Il s'agit de comprendre comment Koyré a renouvelé le paysage intellectuel dans lequel il s'insère au début des années 1940 et comment les historiens américains se sont approprié ses idées pour servir à la professionnalisation de l'enseignement de l'histoire des sciences aux États-Unis
This dissertation aims at analyzing, specifying and estimating the exact role played by Alexandre Koyré in the institutionalization of the history of science in the United States. The goal is to understand how Koyré renewed the intellectual landscape in which he was inserted at the beginning of the 1940s, and how a number of American historians and philosophers did appropriate his ideas in their efforts to professionalize the history of science teaching in the United States

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Hosgor, Sumeyye. "Credit And Financing In Early Modern Ottoman Empire: The Galata Example." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614335/index.pdf.

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The present study aims to reveal the credit practice in Galata region in seventeenth century, through dealing with the credit relations between religious groups and the position of women in economic relations as the main themes. Galata was one of the most important international trade ports in seventeenth century for not only the Otoman Empire but also the Mediterranean region. While it was expected that the credit organization in Galata should be different than the ones of priorly studied cities of Anatoli, Kayseri and Bursa, as a result of the combination of multinational structure of the region and its important trade port characteristics, it is seen that Galata was similar to the other cities with regard to the credit organization. Paralel to the results of other studies, it is observed that money exchange between religious groups was intensive and both Muslim and non-Muslim women were actively involved in economic life, by analyzing court records that belonged to the seventeenth century. The existance of credit relations without heed to religious or gender differences proved the existance of trust feeling between the groups. Like the previous studies about the practice of credit and credit organization in other Ottoman cities, this thesis attempts to help to understand the socio- economic structure of the Otoman society.

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Gilmour, Alison Julia. "Examining the 'hard-boiled bunch' : work culture and industrial relations at the Linwood car plant, c.1963-1981." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1830/.

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This thesis investigates the nature of work culture and industrial relations at the Linwood car plant during the period 1963-1981. In Part One, Chapter One provides an overview of the historical debate over the use of oral testimony as well as introducing the methodology employed within the oral history project encompassed within the thesis. Chapter Two provides an analysis of the nature of work at the Linwood car plant and the ways in which this impacted on behaviour and attitudes in the workplace. This is further developed in Chapter Three where the focus is on organisational mischief, and consideration is given to the nature, consequences and explanations for this behaviour. The analysis developed in Part One, focuses on the dominant explanations for problematic industrial relations based on the notion of a ‘clash of work cultures’ due to an absence of intrinsic rewards in automated assembly-line work. Within the thesis such dominant narratives are not entirely supported by the Linwood sample, as a wide variety of attitudes towards work are exhibited, leading the thesis to question the validity of the categories of intrinsic and extrinsic reward. In Part Two of the thesis there is a shift in focus as the analysis concentrates on structures of authority at Linwood and the impact on industrial relations. Chapter Four gives consideration to the influence of historical contingency on management decision-making. Part of the 1976 government rescue package was a Planning Agreement incorporating employee participation in management decision-making that articulated with the Labour government’s manifesto commitment to industrial democracy. Yet throughout the different phases of ownership, interactions between management and workers at the Linwood plant explored in this thesis reveal a dichotomy between the rhetoric and reality of industrial democracy and worker participation. The final chapter of the thesis offers an exploration of shop floor industrial politics, and causes of strikes, to highlight the narratives of tension underpinning interactions at Linwood. The thesis provides a nuanced approach, highlighting variety of experience and importantly a complex interplay of interests shaping work culture and the nature of industrial relations in the car plant.

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Gandini, Cristina. "Des campagnes gauloises aux campagnes de l'Antiquité tardive : la dynamique de l'habitat rural dans la cité des Bituriges Cubi (IIe s. av. J.-C. - VIIe s. ap. J.-C.)." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00128373.

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Ce travail a pour objet de suivre l'évolution de l'habitat rural dans une partie du centre de la Gaule, du IIe s. av. J.-C. au VIIe s. ap. J.-C. L'espace choisi correspond à la cité des Bituriges Cubi. Cette échelle spatiale permet de saisir l'évolution du peuplement dans des milieux offrant des potentialités et des contraintes variées à l'occupation humaine.
L'étude repose sur des données de prospections archéologiques – aériennes et pédestres -, complétées par la documentation provenant de sites fouillés.
Après avoir mesuré les distorsions qui affectent la carte archéologique, notre approche s'est développée selon trois axes : typologique, spatial et diachronique. Pour étudier la manière dont un espace est occupé, la première étape consiste à identifier les formes de l'habitat et à en percevoir la variété, ce qui revient à élaborer une classification. L'originalité de cette démarche réside dans la combinaison de variables qui n'ont jamais été associées pour la caractérisation des sites. A l'occasion de cette analyse, une importante réflexion a été menée sur la pertinence des critères permettant de caractériser et de hiérarchiser les habitats ruraux gallo-romains. Ce classement a ensuite permis d'appréhender l'organisation du peuplement, au long des huit siècles pris en compte dans cette étude, en mettant en évidence le rôle joué par chaque établissement dans la structuration du réseau d'habitat. Leur répartition a été confrontée aux informations environnementales disponibles, en ayant recours à un Système d'Information Géographique. Les stratégies de l'occupation rurale ont ainsi pu être analysées et ont fait apparaître des modes d'occupation du sol variés au sein de cette entité géographique.

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Scouflaire, Marie-France A. "L'institution des nipûtum dans les royaumes paléo-babyloniens, 2000-1600 av. J.-C." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210539.

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Les deux codes de lois de l'époque babylonienne ancienne consacrent plusieurs rubriques à la nipûtum, elles ont été transcrites, traduites et commentées à de multiples reprises. D’autre part, des dizaines de textes éparpillés, auxquels il n'est fait que de vagues allusions dans les commentaires, abordent le même sujet; chaque fois qu'ils sont cités, ils ne le sont que parce qu'ils peuvent éclairer un peu le sens des codes .

Nous avons décidé d'agir en sens contraire de la recherche traditionnelle et de proposer une définition de la nipûtum grâce aux textes de la pratique .Les codes semblent en effet traiter de l'anormal plutôt que du normal .La nipûtum n'y est définie qu'en termes d'abus :saisie non justifiée ou mauvais traitements pouvant entraîner la mort de la personne saisie .De plus, ils ne parlent de la nipûtum qu'en cas de dettes et seulement pour des opérations entre particuliers, mettant face à face un banquier tout puissant et un citoyen pauvre en difficulté .

L'institution des nipûtum se met tout d'abord en valeur par sa grande extension chronologique, elle est présente dès le début des dynasties amorrites jusqu’au dernier roi de Babylone, soit pendant trois siècles .En ce qui concerne la répartition géographique, elle est en usage dans l'ensemble de la Mésopotamie, du nord au sud, de Sippar à Ur, et d'est en ouest, même dans des zones tout à fait éloignées, comme Mari .

\
Doctorat en Langues et lettres
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Le, Fort Geneviève. "La royauté sacrée chez les Mayas de l'époque classique (200-900 ap. J.-C.)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211725.

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Karnava, Artemis. "The cretan hieroglyphic script of the second millennium BC: description, analysis, function and decipherment perspectives." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211862.

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Barbié, Olivier. "Convergences entre économie et sociologie autour du concept de réseau social." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00612275.

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Il est notoire que la relation traditionnelle entre économie et sociologie est le conflit. Mais je montre que l'importance de ce conflit est minorée par les économistes. Car si la sociologie, initialement positiviste, s'est construite par opposition à l'économie classique, l'ensemble des écoles économiques marginalistes se sont elles aussi construites par opposition à la sociologie positiviste. Lorsque le dialogue théorique existe, il passe par la sociologie économique. Certains voudraient assimiler la sociologie économique à une branche de la sociologie [Smelser, Swedberg, 1994]. Je montre que la forme traditionnelle prise par la sociologie économique passe par la reconstruction de l'autre science (et non la coopération) et que ce processus de reconstruction à mobilisé des auteurs de chaque camp, et pas seulement des sociologues durkheimiens. Actuellement, le pilier sociologique de la sociologie économique est fortement associé au courant de pensée gravitant autour du sociologue Mark Granovetter, et se réclamant de Max Weber [Smelser, Swedberg, 1994, repris par Steiner, 1999]. Ce courant de pensée se sent quelques affinités avec le courant institutionnaliste. Il a aussi été signalé des affinités avec les travaux d'Alan Kirman. [Steiner, 2005]. En sélectionnant trois concepts issus de la nouvelle sociologie économique (le capital social, l'encastrement social et le réseau social), je montre qu'en fait Alan Kirman représente ici de nombreux économistes. Sachant que les concepts de capital social et d'encastrement social peuvent se ramener au concept de réseau social, il est tentant de réduire l'étude des réseaux sociaux à la seule analyse des réseaux sociaux produite par les granovetteriens tels que Linton Freeman et Stanley Wasserman [Freeman, 2004]. Or, une ligne de clivage importante sépare la définition des réseaux qui les considère comme des objets réels (substantivisme) et la définition qui les considère comme de purs concepts mathématiques (structuralisme) [Mercklé, 2004]. Je montre que cette ligne de clivage a laissé des traces au coeur même de l'analyse des réseaux sociaux. Il est connu que l'approche structurale des réseaux est dominante, et représenté l'état le plus avancé de l'analyse des réseaux sociaux [Mercklé, 2004]. Mais si cette approche existe, c'est parce que les sociologues qui l'ont fondée (Harrison White et Mark Granovetter) ont identifié structure sociale et réseau social. Autrement dit, le point central de convergence entre économistes et sociologues n'est pas méthodologique (l'usage des réseaux sociaux définis structuralement) mais théorique (l'identification de la structure sociale à un réseau social). Je montre ensuite que l'économie des réseaux, largement initiée par Alan Kirman à partir des années 1990, s'inscrit dans une logique où le système des prix est déterminé par une structure sociale réticulaire. Parmi toutes les approches économiques qui utilisent le concept de réseau, l'économie des réseaux est donc celle qui est la plus proche de la sociologie de Harrison White et de Mark Granovetter. Je me suis alors attaché à retracer l'histoire de l'économie des réseaux, ce qui n'avait pas été fait jusqu'à ce jour. Une fois assuré que la sociologie économique contemporaine concentre l'essentiel des relations théoriques entre sociologie et économie, et que le lien le plus étroit unie d'une part la nouvelle sociologie économique, formalisée ou non par l'analyse des réseau sociaux, et d'autre part l'économie des réseaux, j'ai ensuite cherché à décrire cette proximité méthodologique et théorique, en auscultant les modèles mathématiques existants. L'économie des réseaux repose sur un formalisme apte à uniformiser l'écriture de la plupart des modèles économiques [Sanjeev Goyal, 2007]. Malheureusement, ce méta modèle n'a été que partiellement construit. Je me suis donc attaché à achever sa formalisation. Ensuite, j'ai vérifié que ce méta-modèle pouvait prendre en charge l'intégralité de l'analyse des réseaux sociaux. Le propos de la thèse est donc démontré : le concept de réseau social permet l'établissement d'une convergence méthodologique et théorique entre l'économie des réseaux et la sociologie structurale, que cette dernière soit formalisée selon l'analyse des réseaux sociaux ou non. Toutefois, ce résultat peut être étendu. Je montre en effet que les modèles d'Alan Kirman, typiques de l'analyse des réseaux, peuvent être traduits dans le langage de l'analyse complexe, y compris pour les modèles les plus proches de la sociologie. En appliquant le formalisme de l'analyse complexe à la théorie des marchés de Harrison White, je montre enfin que cette forme particulière de sociologie économique s'intègre parfaitement au cadre général de l'analyse systémique. La conclusion qui s'impose est que l'important rapprochement entre disciplines permis par l'analyse des réseaux sociaux fusionnée à la théorie des jeux au sein de la théories des jeux en réseaux (telle que pratiquée par l'économie des réseaux) n'est qu'une modeste partie des convergences bien plus importantes encore qui sont en train de se mettre en place entre sciences à travers l'émergence du paradigme de la complexité.

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Vergnaud, Baptiste. "Recherches sur les fortifications d'Anatolie occidentale et centrale au début du premier millénaire av. J.-C. (Xe-VIe s.)." Phd thesis, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00802897.

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La présente thèse vise à apporter des éclaircissements sur la réapparition du souci défensif, sa matérialisation et son évolution en Anatolie occidentale et centrale au début du premier millénaire av. J.-C. (Xe-VIe s.). Le territoire soumis à l'examen comprend la Phrygie, la boucle de l'Halys, la Carie, la Lydie, l'Ionie, l'Eolide et la Troade. Cette étude s'intéresse en premier lieu aux différentes méthodes de fortification utilisées au cours de cette période. Par l'examen des principales caractéristiques architecturales des murs de défense (techniques de construction, dispositifs défensifs), cette étude cherche à déterminer de quelle manière ces nouvelles constructions s'inscrivent dans la tradition architecturale anatolienne et dans quelle mesure leurs concepteurs contribuèrent à l'évolution de celle-ci en adoptant et en transformant les méthodes de fortification qui en sont issues. La construction d'un rempart, parce qu'elle impliquait de nombreux acteurs, était un fait de société majeur. Par leur conception, les techniques utilisées pour leur construction, leur emprise dans le paysage, les murailles sont des monuments chargés de symboles et des témoins privilégiés de l'histoire des sociétés qui les ont construites et perfectionnées. Au-delà des considérations archéologiques, cette étude s'attache donc aussi à replacer la construction de fortifications dans le contexte militaire mouvementé de l'Anatolie préclassique et tente également d'évaluer l'impact d'un tel projet de construction dans l'histoire politique et sociale des populations anatoliennes de l'âge du fer.

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Bodenstein, Felicity. "L’histoire du Cabinet des médailles et antiques de la Bibliothèque nationale (1819-1924) : un Cabinet pour l’érudition à l’âge des musées." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040071.

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Le Cabinet des médailles et antiques de la Bibliothèque nationale conserve les « bijoux savants » aux origines du collectionnisme occidental avec son médaillier universel, des pierres gravées et des collections d’antiques d’une diversité étonnante. Si celles-ci proviennent pour les parties les plus anciennes, des collections de la maison royale et de trésors ecclésiastiques, cette thèse ne remonte pas aux origines du département mais s’occupe de son destin à l’âge des musées, entre la Restauration, avec l’arrivée au département en 1819 de Désiré Raoul-Rochette (1789-1854) et la période qui suit la première guerre mondiale jusqu’à la mort d’Ernest Babelon (1854-1924). Elle cherche à comprendre, comment ce « parangon des cabinets d’amateurs de jadis » s’est développé, pris comme il l’était entre une tradition antiquaire aristocratique et les exigences de la modernité, républicaine et spécialiste. Elle aborde les différents aspects de la vie du département à l’intérieur du quadrilatère Richelieu. Tout d’abord, comme le portrait d’un lieu d’histoire d’un point de vue institutionnel et architectural qui permet de comprendre la place accordée historiquement à la culture matérielle au sein de la Bibliothèque nationale. Ensuite l’histoire du développement des collections et puis celle de leur valorisation muséographique et scientifique sont examinées au prisme de l’expansion du domaine de l’archéologie et de l’essor des sciences auxiliaires de l’histoire au XIXe siècle
The Cabinet des médailles et antiques in the French National Library holds a particular place in the vast constellation of Parisian museums. Home to the so-called « bijoux savants » that founded western collecting culture since the Renaissance, it is at once a universal coin cabinet, one of the worlds foremost collections of cut stones and gems, but also a miscellaneous collection of antiquities representing all periods and places. As described in 1930 by one of its curators, it represents a « parangon of amateur cabinets from another time ». This thesis does not directly deal with its prestigious origins but tells one chapter of its long history, looking at how, from the period of the Restoration onwards (beginning with the direction of Désiré Raoul-Rochette in 1819) until the passing of Ernest Babelon in 1924, this cabinet of antiquarian culture and collections adapted and developed to the modern Republican museum age. The life of the department is first considered as a means of understanding the role of material culture and the place of the museum inside France’s national library in the nineteenth century. It then goes on to consider the development of the collections themselves and their scientific and museological exploitation in light of the rapidly expanding practice of archaeology and highly specialised auxiliary sciences of history

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Timmermans, Benoît. "Les origines romantiques de la pensée abstraite: histoire et enjeux de l'algèbre moderne." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210698.

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Zannier, Marie-Pierre. "Paysages du grand domaine et normes agronomiques de Caton à Pline l'Ancien : représentations de l'espace et "bonne mesure"." Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00256683.

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Produits principalement entre le IIe s. av. et le Ier s. ap. J.-C., les écrits agronomiques latins, de Caton à Pline l'Ancien, permettent d'évaluer et de comprendre les contraintes naturelles et sociales qui ont déterminé, de façon évolutive, un modèle d'organisation et de gestion du domaine agropastoral. Formes de raisonnement et caractéristiques de composition et d'énonciation participent d'un effort de codification de la science agronimique et de ses objets. Tout en impliquant une représentation idéale des paysages du fundus, les normes agronomiques romaines sont édictées de façon de plus en plus souple pour intégrer la pluralité et la diversité des situations agraires que rencontre Rome au fur et à mesure de son expansion. Une analyse de fréquence des thèmes relatifs aux paysages fait apparaître les critères majeurs d'appréciation de l'environnement qui retiennent l'attention des experts agronomiques dans la perspective d'une exploitation et d'un aménagement, raisonnés et rentables, de l'espace rural. Ces normes agronomiques sont également soutenues par des considérations d'ordre idéologique. Illustrées par l'utilisation de symboles et d'images, les valeurs prônées, issues de l'ornamentum nobiliaire, viennent justifier les principes d'ordre et de mesure qui dovent présider à l'organisation spatiale et humaine des fundi ruraux.

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Ammar, Mohammed. "Réinterprétation de l'iconographie votive géométrique carthaginoise à travers une approche transdisciplinaire: le "duo céleste", le losange, l'idole-bouteille, le "signe de Tinnit" et l'étendard, VIIe/VIe - IIe s. av. J.-C." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210218.

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Durant le premier millénaire, entre le VIIe/VIe et le IIe siècle avant Jésus-Christ, les Carthaginois ont élevé des stèles votives dans un sanctuaire à ciel ouvert. Dédiées à la dyade Baal Hamon et Tinnit Pane Baal, ces sculptures montrent sur leur surface décorée une iconographie qui se compose, en grande partie, de signes et symboles géométriques: un losange, une image céleste composée d’un disque et d’un croissant, une « idole-bouteille », le signe dit « de Tinnit » et un étendard nommé « caducée » dans la littérature. À ce jour, les informations liées à l’interprétation de ces images sont restées largement disparates et fragmentaires et aucune synthèse approfondie n’a encore été publiée à leur sujet. Afin d’aboutir à des résultats tangibles, il s’avère indispensable de mettre à plat l’ensemble des connaissances acquises sur le sujet. À cette fin, une nouvelle approche méthodologique basée sur une typologie raisonnée, c’est-à-dire diachronique et limitée à la seule métropole carthaginoise, sera mise en place. En outre, cette démarche doit être définie en adéquation avec le contexte régional tyrien, berceau de l’idéologie religieuse carthaginoise. Au-delà du rapport de ces images avec les divinités invoquées, la typologie à promouvoir doit, en même temps, nous permettre de clarifier le contexte chronologique propre à chacun de ces éléments figurés. / During the first millennium, between the VIIth/VIth and IInd century bc, the Carthaginians have erected votive stelae in an open air precinct. Dedicated to the dyad Baal Hamon and Tinnit Pane Baal, those sculptures show on their decorated surface an iconography mostly composed of geometric signs and symbols: a lozenge, a celestial pattern made up of a disk and a crescent, a “bottle idol”, the “Tinnit sign” and a standard named “caduceus” in the literature. To date, the information tied up with the interpretation of those images are largely disparate and fragmentary and no thorough synthesis has been published on their subject. In order to reach tangible results, it is necessary to gather all known data’s on the subject. To that end, a new methodological approach, based on a diachronic typology limited to the sole Carthaginian metropolis, will be put in place. Moreover, this approach must be defined in adequacy with the Tyrian regional context, cradle of the Carthaginian religious ideology. Beyond the links of those images with of the invoked divinities, the typology to promote must allow us, in the same time, to clarify the chronological context peculiar to each of the studied items.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
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Bieganski, Nicolas. "Recherches sur l'administration de la Thébaïde à l'époque ptolémaïque, 323-30 av. n. è." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209845.

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Au début de l’époque ptolémaïque, la Thébaïde constitue un ensemble original tant géographiquement que structurellement :elle s’étend de Syène à Lykopolis et est administrée comme un nome depuis Thèbes qui est sa métropole, avec un stratège et un nomarque (thébarque) établis à sa tête. Le règne des Lagides est marqué par une normalisation de cette administration, qui s’effectue au rythme des troubles politiques (sécession de 206-186, guerre civile de 132-124, révolte thébaine de 88-85) ;au Ier siècle et suite à des évolutions successives, le nome canonique est redevenu l’unité territoriale de base de l’administration thébaïque. Cette restructuration ne peut être comprise qu’au regard de l’histoire de la région dans les derniers siècles de l’époque pharaonique :les Lagides ont hérité d’une désorganisation née de la Troisième Période intermédiaire et de la Basse Époque, au cours desquelles les temples ont occupé une place prépondérante dans le gouvernement méridional, se substituant souvent à un pouvoir central défaillant. Les souverains grecs se sont appuyés sur ces institutions religieuses pour installer leur administration en Thébaïde, suivant en cela la tradition égyptienne ;les constructions religieuses, nombreuses dans le sud, sont à mettre en parallèle à cet effort d’ « administralisation »./At the beginning of the Ptolemaic period, the Thebaid is an original set both geographically and structurally :it stretches from Aswan to Lykopolis and is administered as a nomos from Thebes which is his metropolis, headed by a strategos and a nomarch (thebarch). The reign of the Ptolemies is characterized by a normalization of this administration, which fluctuated with the political unrest (secession of 206-186, civil war of 132-124, Theban revolt in 88-85) :in the 1st Century BC and after successive developments, the canonical nomos is again the basic territorial unit of the southern administration. This restructuring can be understood only in the light of the history of the region in the last centuries of the Pharaonic era :the Ptolemies had inherited a disruption created by the Third Intermediate Period and the Late Period, during which temples have occupied a prominent place in the southern government, often replacing a failing central power. The Greek rulers have relied on these religious institutions to set up their administration in the Thebaid, in line with Egyptian tradition ;religious buildings, many in the South, are set parallel to this effort of “administralization”.
Doctorat en Langues et lettres
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Moine, Deborah. "Les représentations des empereurs romains Julio-Claudiens en Egypte." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209554.

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La domination romaine est une période « mal-aimée » de l’Egypte ancienne. Elle est néanmoins très intéressante et mériterait davantage d’études.

Réaliser une analyse du matériel de cette époque n’est donc pas chose aisée. Il faut comprendre, dès le départ, que la recherche sera confrontée à des préjugés, des problèmes de documentation et une certaine négligence de la part des scientifiques. Il convient de poser les buts de recherche, de se conformer à une méthodologie rigoureuse et de dégrossir une série de conclusions.

Il semble opportun d’étudier l’art d’époque Julio-Claudienne en Egypte. Cette thématique s’impose pour de multiples raisons.

Nous nous trouvons face à deux civilisations sortant d’un conflit récent (les guerres civiles romaines qui ont conduit à l’affrontement d’Octave-Auguste avec Antoine et Cléopâtre VII, dernière reine de la dynastie Lagide) où l’une a triomphé de l’autre. Ces tensions vont-elles être tangibles dans l’art ?Pour des raisons matérielles, il faut délimiter le sujet à aborder. L’étude de cet article sera donc consacrée majoritairement aux images de temple et aux stèles.

Ce ciblage s’explique non seulement pour des raisons matérielles mais aussi pour l’intérêt scientifique que ce sujet représente. Pendant longtemps, les reliefs égyptiens d’époque romaine ont été considérés comme un art altéré sans aucune autre fonction que de préserver une tradition vouée à son inéluctable disparition. Plusieurs questions se sont posées d’emblée :qui commanditait les monuments, qui les finançait, qui les réalisait, y-avait-il un suivi de la part du pouvoir central romain et qui en étaient les relais ?

L’image royale des temples d’époque romaine en Egypte est fortement tributaire des types iconographiques des époques pharaonique et ptolémaïque. Néanmoins, certains détails révèlent qu’il ne s’agît pas d’une copie servile. Les innovations d’époque romaine sont visibles dans le rendu du détail, des suggestions de volume ou l’utilisation d’un mode représentatif. L’étude de ces images permet de mieux comprendre les techniques de dessin en Egypte romaine et l’organisation du travail des artistes :isoler des « mains », supputer l’existence de « cahiers de modèles » et d’écoles de style ( parfois, plusieurs au sein d’un même temple ). Certaines scènes sont plus récurrentes dans certains endroits géographiques: leur analyse permet de comprendre les enjeux géographiques, politiques et religieux que la propagande voulait faire passer à travers elles.

Enfin, d'autres recherches (prosopographie.) pourraient permettre de mieux comprendre le microcosme où se sont élaborées ces images.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
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Chatzivasiliou, Despina. "Dispositifs rituels et urbanisation en Grèce archaïque: le cas d'Athènes et de l'Attique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209424.

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Constamment habité au cours des siècles, le territoire de l’Attique comporte des couches denses et pleines de trouvailles qui furent conservées ou réintégrées dans les nouvelles réalités naissantes d’une époque à l’autre. On risque toutefois de ne pas pouvoir discerner les étapes en raison de la procédure complexe et longue par laquelle l’espace se structure, une ville se construit et une cité prend sa forme. L’espace athénien s’articule à l’époque où la ville se transforme en centre civique pour le territoire de l’Attique. Nous nous appuyons sur l’examen des dispositifs rituels des VIIe et VIe s. non seulement les temples et les sanctuaires, mais aussi tout aménagement voué aux cultes et aux rites. L’histoire de la topographie cultuelle d’Athènes et de l’Attique nous permet d’étudier l’urbanisation de la ville. Nous proposons ainsi de répondre à de nombreuses questions ayant trait à la localisation, la datation et l’identification des sites comme le Pelargikon, l’Agora archaïque, le Brauronion de l’Acropole, etc. Les indices archéologiques nous amènent à formuler l’hypothèse que l’ensemble du territoire consiste en des unités géographiques secondaires, qui se développent d’une manière indépendante – comme Éleusis et Sounion – et qui se rattachent progressivement à l’espace athénien selon une volonté politique de centralisation, mise en œuvre seulement à partir de l’époque de Clisthène. Enfin, l’étude des sources littéraires permet de déconstruire les représentations spatiales et les revendications ethniques, comme on le constate à propos d’Éleuthère et des confins nord de l’Attique./

Attica offers a variety of significant archaeological findings in dense layers that were preserved or reused from one generation to the next, which contributed to form new social realities. However, we may not be able to discern these successive stages because they have been obscured by the complex and lengthy process, both in the physical and political senses, through which the territory and its city center have been built. The Athenian control over Attica took form at a time when the city was becoming a civic urban center for the whole region; this evolution is the result of a long process. This study examines the religious patterns of the archaic period, temples, shrines and any place dedicated to cults and rituals. The history of the cult topography of Athens and Attica in the seventh and sixth century gives us the key to an interpretation of the urban structure. We propose to review several topographical questions of localization and the identification of sites, such as the Pelargikon, the archaic agora, the Brauronion on the Acropolis, and so on. The archaeological evidence leads us to argue that the territory as a whole consisted in secondary geographical units, like Eleusis and Sounion, and was gradually connected to Athens, following the politically motivated centralization, that took place at the time of Cleisthenes. The study of literary sources, mythology and iconography finally leads us to carry out a deconstruction of the spatial and ethnic representations, as we show, concerning Eleutherai and the Northern frontiers of Attica.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
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Le, Person Gwenaëlle. "La psukhê et les phrenes sont malades : représentations du délire à l'époque classique (VIe-IIIe)." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00267188.

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Les médecins et les biologistes de l'époque classique, qu'il s'agisse des Hippocratiques ou d'Aristote, décrivent et expliquent les altérations du raisonnement d'un point de vue physiologique et tentent d¤établir une typologie des troubles qui affectent la psukhè et les phrenes en distinguant diverses pathologies spécifiques telles que la mania, l'épilepsie et la mélancolie. Méthode et raisonnement tendent vers la rationalité, ils peuvent paraître en opposition avec le discours platonicien et les descriptions du théâtre tragique qui attribuent une origine divine aux troubles de la raison. Chez Platon, la mania, qu'elle soit érotique, poétique, mantique ou télestique est présentée comme un bienfait pour les personnes qui en sont atteintes, tandis que dans la tragédie, les troubles de la raison sont décrits comme une altération des phrenes et associés à la souffrance et à la destruction. Ces ensembles documentaires soulignent que la « folie » est polymorphe et qu'il n'existe pas de représentation unifiée du délire. Cependant, entre eux, des accords existent dans les domaines de la description des symptômes de certaines affections, notamment de la mania, comme du vocabulaire employé pour dire les troubles de la raison. Il semble que ces discours soient issus d¤une base de croyances communes dont ils développent un aspect spécifique, nous permettant ainsi de restituer une représentation de la « folie » ordinaire, représentation certes incomplète et imparfaite, mais qui tente d¤être la plus proche possible des réalités socioculturelles et des mentalités de cette l¤époque

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Vanthieghem, Naim. "Contributions à la reconstitution, à l'édition et à l'étude des archives papyrologiques dites d'Hèrôninos." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209117.

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L’objectif principal de ma thèse était de réaliser l’édition de papyrus issus des archives dites d’Hèrôninos. Ce personnage était intendant d’une unité de production agricole rattachée au village de Théadelphie, dans le Fayoum, au IIIe s. de notre ère. Il travaillait pour le compte d’un aristocrate alexandrin du nom d’Appianos, qui possédait diverses terres un peu partout en Égypte. Hèrôninos devait régulièrement informer son patron de la gestion de son unité et tenir à jour ses comptes avec minutie. Le hasard a voulu que l’on retrouve sa correspondance et son importante comptabilité ;les différentes pièces des archives ont été réparties entre plusieurs collections dans le monde.

Dans ma dissertation doctorale, j'ai proposé l’édition, la traduction et le commentaire de 97 textes, lettres et comptes inédits qui proviennent des collections de Prague, de Londres et de Florence. Ces documents confirment bien souvent ce que l’on savait de l’organisation du domaine géré par Hèrôninos ;ils apportent néanmoins de nombreuses informations sur la topographie et la toponymie du domaine ainsi que sur la prosopographie des ouvriers. Je ne me suis cependant pas limité à l’édition d’inédits :j’ai en effet entrepris, chaque fois que j'ai pu avoir accès au matériel, une révision systématique des documents déjà publiés. Au total, les révisions de textes publiés par les chercheurs qui m’ont précédé ont abouti à des résultats parfois surprenants et spectaculaires :dans certains cas, il a fallu revoir complètement l’interprétation des documents.

À côté du travail éditorial à proprement parler, j’ai réalisé un travail « d’archéologie muséale », c’est-à-dire que j’ai tenté de retracer l’histoire de la dispersion des pièces des archives à travers le monde et essayé de comprendre par quels canaux les documents sont arrivés en Europe, en Amérique ou dans des collections égyptiennes. Cette question restait encore largement inexplorée. Je pense avoir fait avancer notre connaissance en la matière. J’ai montré que la majorité des achats ont été réalisés au tout début du XXe siècle auprès de deux marchands d’antiquités égyptiens :ʿAlī al-ʿArabī et Faraǧ ʿAlī. J’ai en outre consacré une large partie de ma thèse à des questions de diplomatique, aspect largement négligé jusqu'à présent. On ne peut plus, comme on l’a trop souvent fait dans le passé, éditer un document sans étudier ses aspects matériels. Les papyrus des archives d’Hèrôninos n’échappent pas à ce constat :ils présentent une mise en page particulière et sont rédigés selon des codes bien précis qu’il convenait de mettre en évidence.

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Jourdain, Virginie. "L'Hôtellerie bruxelloise, 1880-1940: acteurs, structures et logiques spatiales d'un secteur multiforme." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209798.

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Au-delà des perspectives offertes par les premières études historiques dans le domaine de l’hôtellerie, nous avons voulu souligner au travers de cette thèse combien l’hébergement temporaire payant dans la ville ne pouvait clairement pas se concevoir de manière unidimensionnelle. L’hôtellerie ne doit pas être considérée comme une industrie tournée exclusivement vers les habitudes touristiques des plus fortunés, ni être cantonnée aux chambrées ouvrières misérables. Entre ces deux extrêmes, quantité de maisons se sont adaptées à une multitude de demandes. A cet égard, Bruxelles, ville capitale, constitue entre 1880 et 1940 un terrain de recherche idéal qui permet d’adopter un angle d’approche très large pour étudier l’industrie de l’accueil temporaire urbain.

Notre étude s’articule autour de trois points principaux.

Tout d’abord, préalable indispensable, nous avons analysé de manière extensive la nature de notre objet d’étude afin de dépasser les simplifications arbitraires posées antérieurement entre hôtellerie de tourisme et autres établissements d’accueil. Notre première partie s’attache donc à donner sens aux différentes matérialisations de l’hébergement payant dans la ville (hôtels, pensions, palaces, garnis, meublés…) à travers leurs définitions lexicologique, littéraire, corporative, officielle et législative. Quelles sont les caractéristiques de l’hôtellerie de tourisme et quand cesse-t-elle de l’être ?Quel regard portent les autorités publiques sur ce monde protéiforme, fondamentalement hétérogène et par conséquent insaisissable ?

Dans la seconde partie, nous donnons un visage et une voix à cette hôtellerie bruxelloise en identifiant plus précisément les acteurs du milieu, notamment par le biais de ses associations professionnelles et de ses dirigeants. Nœud central de notre exposé, l’image négative traditionnelle véhiculée par le métier pèse encore de manière significative au XIXe mais aussi au XXe siècle dans les jugements portés sur la profession. La perception identitaire propre des hôteliers de leur métier en est profondément influencée. Ces opinions nourrissent un besoin fondamental de la grande hôtellerie de se différencier des petites maisons familiales amateures par le biais notamment du développement à cette période d’une formation professionnelle nouvelle et rationalisée et d’une position ambiguë par rapport aux revendications des organisations de classes moyennes.

Enfin, la troisième partie de la thèse s’attache à adjoindre corps à notre travail en replaçant l’hôtellerie dans sa réalité physique au sein de la ville de Bruxelles. Cette question essentielle est développée grâce à la réalisation systématique de plusieurs cartes de localisation basées sur des sources variées telles que des annuaires de commerces, des guides, des cartes postales etc. Au terme de cette analyse, c’est une nouvelle carte des usages de la ville aux logiques spécifiques qui se dessine, celle de ses consommateurs migrants, mobiles ou étrangers.

Notre thèse se veut donc d’abord un témoignage de la nature complexe de l’industrie de l’accueil à Bruxelles et de ses transformations incessantes au cours d’une phase décisive de son évolution. Par ce portrait humain et spatial, il s’agit de souligner l’empreinte originale indéniable que le secteur a laissée dans la vie de la capitale. L’hôtellerie, même si elle se tourne prioritairement vers les voyageurs, appartient fondamentalement au passé de la capitale. Ses pensions, ses meublés comme les maisons de plus grande importance, ont tous participé directement au développement de la cité et ont permis que cette dernière puisse réguler efficacement les flux démographiques et migratoires qu’elle a de tout temps suscités. Elle ne constitue donc pas un corps étranger, extérieur ou anecdotique à la ville qui justifierait un trop long silence académique.

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Beyond the prospects offered by the first historical studies in the field of hospitality, we wanted to show through this thesis how temporary accommodation in the city could not be seen as a one-dimensional sector. Hotel should not be considered as an industry exclusively focused on wealthy tourists habits, or be confined to the wretched workers pensions. Between these two extremes, different houses offered specific services to a multitude of clients. Brussels, as a capital city, allows adopting a broad angle for studying the urban temporary hospitality industry between 1880 and 1940.Our study focuses on three main points.

First of all, we have extensively analyzed our subject’s nature to exceed the arbitrary simplifications previously done between tourism hotel and other forms of inns. Therefore, first chapter attaches to give meaning to accommodations’ different implementations in the city (as hotels, boarding houses, palaces…) by studying their definitions in dictionaries, literature, professional press, legislative texts, etc.

In the second part, we gave a face and a voice to this Brussels hotel industry by specifically identifying its hoteliers, its professional associations and its leaders. Central point of our presentation, the ancient and traditional negative image of the hotel industry still exists in the 19th and 20th c. Hoteliers’ self perception is profoundly influenced by this negative reputation. These opinions feed luxury hotels’ desperate need to differentiate themselves from small family boarding houses.

Finally, third chapter attaches to add body to our study by analyzing Brussels’ hotel industry in its physical reality. This essential question is developed through several location maps which are based on varied archives such as almanacs, travel guides, postcards etc. This way, a new map of the uses of the city emerges: a map of migrants and foreign consumers’mobilities.

This thesis shows the complex nature of hospitality industry in Brussels and its transformations in a decisive historical phase. Pensions as palaces are deeply involved in Brussels’ urban development. They have regulated demographic and migratory flows to the capital. Therefore they cannot anymore be considered as superficial and anecdotic actors in urban life.

Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
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Panton, James. "Politics, subjectivity and the public/private distinction : the problematisation of the public/private relationship in political thought after World War II." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cb636385-aa16-44d1-abf5-2e835e62665c.

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A critical investigation of the public/private distinction as it has been conceived in Anglo-American political thinking in the second half of the 20th century. A broadly held consensus has developed amongst many theorists that public/private does not refer to any single determinate distinction or relationship but rather to an often ambiguous range of related but analytically distinct conceptual oppositions. The argument of this thesis is that if we approach public/private in the search for analytic or conceptual clarity then this consensus is correct. Against this I propose that a number of the most dominant invocations of the distinction can be understood to express public/private as an irreducibly political dialectic that mediates the relationship between the subjective and objective side of social and political life. By locating these conceptually diverse invocations within a broader and more determinate framework of the historical development and contestation of the boundaries which establish the conditions for subjectivity, as the assertion of political agency, on the one hand, and which demarcate, police and defend these particular boundaries, as part of the objectively given character of social life and institutional organisation, on the other hand, then a more determinate character to public/private can be recognized. I then seek to explore the capacity of this model to capture and explain the peculiar post-war problematisation of public/private amongst a number of new left thinkers in Britain and America.

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Alvarez, Melero Anthony. "Matronae equestres: la parenté féminine des chevaliers romains originaires des provinces occidentales sous le Haut-Empire romain, Ier-IIIe siècles." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210178.

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Cette thèse a pour objectif l’étude des parentes de chevaliers romains, dénommées matronae equestres, originaires des provinces d’Occident, entre les règnes d’Auguste et de Gallien. L’optique choisie est celle de l’approche prosopographique qui demeure la seule possible pour collecter suffisamment d’informations à leur propos. Après une analyse des différentes titulatures équestres, l’accent a été porté sur trois thématiques liées entre elles, telles que le mariage, les pratiques religieuses et les voyages, qui ont permis une réévaluation du rôle des femmes apparentées aux chevaliers. Le chapitre consacré aux alliances matrimoniales a mis au jour diverses stratégies auxquelles elles prirent part :mariages égaux, exogamie et remariages avec des personnages de toutes les catégories sociales. La section suivante a souligné leur degré d’implication parfois active à la vie religieuse de leur communauté entre sacerdoces, participation aux rites et vœux. Enfin, on a montré que ces dames se déplaçaient de manière pratiquement systématique avec leurs parents, dans tous les recoins de l’Empire, pacifiés ou non. Le catalogue prosopographique figure, quant à lui, dans le volume II, subdivisé en quatre tomes.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
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Brisart, Thomas. "Un art citoyen: recherches sur l'orientalisation des artisanats en Grèce proto-archaïque." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210339.

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Cette thèse cherche à mettre en évidence les raisons qui ont amené une large part des ateliers grecs à orientaliser leurs productions durant la "période orientalisante" (VIIe siècle avant J.-C.). La méthode déployée pour répondre à cet objectif consiste en une contextualisation sociale des artisanats orientalisants, laquelle s'effectue par le biais de l'analyse d'un certain nombre de contextes archéologiques et de textes. Une fois le rôle des objets orientalisants dans la société proto-archaïque mis en évidence, leurs raisons d'être apparaissent plus clairement.

Le développement de la citoyenneté en Grèce à partir de la seconde moitié du VIIIe siècle avant J.-C. a donné lieu à une extension du pouvoir politique et militaire à une part plus importante de la population des cités. La propagation de ce qui constituait autrefois les principaux modes de reconnaissance a amené les élites à développer de nouvelles façons de se distinguer dans le paysage social. Dans un même temps, les citoyens de chaque cité ont développé des institutions communales, telles que les cultes civiques et les repas en commun, afin d'unifier le groupe qu'ils formaient et de renforcer le fossé qui séparait celui-ci du reste de la société. Le travail de contextualisation entrepris dans cette thèse a montré que l'art orientalisant constituait un outil facilitant la mise en place de ces deux évolutions.

D'une part, parce qu'ils faisaient explicitement allusion aux cultures du Proche-Orient, dont les richesses exerçaient une réelle fascination sur les Grecs de cette époque, les objets orientalisants permettaient de rehausser le prestige de leurs propriétaires. Autrement dit, ils constituaient des modes de reconnaissance sociale particulièrement efficaces. De nombreuses données archéologiques et textuelles ont permis de confirmer ce point de vue, mettant en évidence que les objets orientalisants étaient utilisés lors de banquets prestigieux, comme offrandes ostentatoires aux dieux et aux morts, ou encore pour contenir de précieux parfums.

D'autre part, en tant qu'esthétique nouvelle, complètement libérée des formes géométriques utilisées durant les siècles précédents, l'art orientalisant figurait également au rang des pratiques censées unifier la citoyenneté. Cette seconde conclusion a été mise en évidence au travers de l'étude du cas de la Crète, où, au VIIe siècle, l'art orientalisant a en grande partie été utilisé dans le cadre d'institutions civiques :les banquets publics, les cultes civiques, et les guerres.

This dissertation aims at the understanding of the reasons lying behind the orientalization of artefacts in Greece during the so-called "Orientalizing period" (i.e. the 7th cent. BC). In order to achieve this goal, the author focused on archaeological contexts and textual information. They allowed him to replace the orientalizing objects back in their original social context and to understand their initial purposes.

The birth of the citizenship in Greece at the end of the 8th cent. BC gave rise to the extension of the political and military power to a wider part of the population. This created a need for the former elite to develop other means of social distinction. Conversely, the communities of citizens developed communal institutions, like civic cults, communal dinners, etc. meant to cement and to level the group, and to reinforce the gulf that separated it from the rest of the society. This thesis showed that orientalizing art contributed to the setting up of these changes.

On one hand, because Greek orientalizing artefacts explicitly alluded to Near Eastern cultures, that were indeed perceived as being particularly rich at that time by the Greeks, they could enhance the individual prestige of the people using them. Archaeological research confirmed this hypothesis, showing that Greek orientalizing objects were used during conspicuous banquets, as lavish offerings for the dead and the gods, and for containing precious perfumes.

On the other hand, as artefacts decorated in a new style, completely freed from the geometric aesthetics displayed in the previous centuries, orientalizing objects also figured among the practices developed for strengthening the citizens’ corps. This second conclusion was reached through the study-case of Crete, where orientalizing art of the 7th cent. seems nearly exclusively used in a context of civic institutions :public banquets, civic cults and festivals, and wars.

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Pillon, Andrea. "Pouvoir et prestige des élites locales en Égypte à la Première Période intermédiaire : études sur l’administration et la société égyptiennes de la fin du IIIe millénaire." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL007.

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La Première Période intermédiaire égyptienne est souvent perçue comme une époque de crise de l’autorité royale, de morcellement politique du pays et de perte des valeurs éthiques traditionnels. Cette recherche a l’ambition de vérifier l’état de ce changement dans l’organisation sociale à travers le prisme de l’histoire institutionnelle. Les sources primaires analysées sont principalement les textes commémoratifs des notables des villes et des membres de leur maisonnée : il s’agit de titres, d’épithètes et de récits autobiographiques qui révèlent comment les rangs supérieurs de la société définissaient leur autorité, c’est-à-dire leur pouvoir et leur prestige. L’étude de leurs fonctions et de leur comportement dans quatre secteurs administratifs (l’administration centrale, territoriale, l’administration des palais et des temples) et dans le domaine privé permet de conclure que la Première Période intermédiaire ne représente pas une césure nette avec le passé. En revanche, l’augmentation des centres ayant leurs propres ateliers qui produisent des monuments inscrits offre une photographie inédite sur les sociétés urbaines et sur les liens que les élites de province entretenaient avec la capitale à la fin du IIIe millénaire. Des aspects caractéristiques de la Première Période intermédiaire, comme l’importance des activités militaires, sont aussi envisagés
Egypt's First Intermediate Period is often portrayed as a time of crisis of the royal authority, political fragmentation, and loss of traditional ethical values. The aim of this research is to assess the features of this transformation in the social organization, through the lens of institutional history. The primary sources analysed are chiefly the commemorative texts of the towns' dignitaries and the members of their households; they includes titles, epithets, and autobiographical records that reveal how the higher ranks of society defined their authority, i.e. their power and prestige. The study of the roles and behaviour of these individuals within four administrative areas (i.e. central, territorial, palace, and temple administration) and in the private domain makes it possible to conclude that the First Intermediate Period does not constitute a clear break with the past. On the other hand, the increase in the number of centres that were provided with their own workshops for the production of inscribed monuments offers a new view of the contemporary urban societies, and of the link that the provincial elites maintain with the capital at the end of the 3rd millennium. Some features distinctive of the First Intermediate Period (for instance, the importance of military activities) are also considered

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