Relevant bibliographies by topics / C-c bond formation reactions

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Academic literature on the topic 'C-c bond formation reactions'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "C-c bond formation reactions"

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Liu, Jialin, Xiaoyu Xiong, Jie Chen, Yuntao Wang, Ranran Zhu, and Jianhui Huang. "Double C–H Activation for the C–C bond Formation Reactions." Current Organic Synthesis 15, no. 7 (October 16, 2018): 882–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179415666180720111422.

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Background: Among the numerous bond-forming patterns, C–C bond formation is one of the most useful tools for building molecules for the chemical industry as well as life sciences. Recently, one of the most challenging topics is the study of the direct coupling reactions via multiple C–H bond cleavage/activation processes. A number of excellent reviews on modern C–H direct functionalization have been reported by Bergman, Bercaw, Yu and others in recent years. Among the large number of available methodologies, Pdcatalyzed reactions and hypervalent iodine reagent mediated reactions represent the most popular metal and non-metal involved transformations. However, the comprehensive summary of the comparison of metal and non-metal mediated transformations is still not available. Objective: The review focuses on comparing these two types of reactions (Pd-catalyzed reactions and hypervalent iodine reagent mediated reactions) based on the ways of forming new C–C bonds, as well as the scope and limitations on the demonstration of their synthetic applications. Conclusion: Comparing the Pd-catalyzed strategies and hypervalent iodine reagent mediated methodologies for the direct C–C bond formation from activation of C-H bonds, we clearly noticed that both strategies are powerful tools for directly obtaining the corresponding pruducts. On one hand, the hypervalent iodine reagents mediated reactions are normally under mild conditions and give the molecular diversity without the presence of transition-metal, while the Pd-catalyzed approaches have a broader scope for the wide synthetic applications. On the other hand, unlike Pd-catalyzed C-C bond formation reactions, the study towards hypervalent iodine reagent mediated methodology mainly focused on the stoichiometric amount of hypervalent iodine reagent, while few catalytic reactions have been reported. Meanwhile, hypervalent iodine strategy has been proved to be more efficient in intramolecular medium-ring construction, while there are less successful examples on C(sp3)–C(sp3) bond formation. In summary, we have demonstrated a number of selected approaches for the formation of a new C–C bond under the utilization of Pd-catalyzed reaction conditions or hyperiodine reagents. The direct activations of sp2 or sp3 hybridized C–H bonds are believed to be important strategies for the future molecular design as well as useful chemical entity synthesis.
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Matsuda, Fuyuhiko. "C-C Bond Formation Reactions with SmI2." Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan 59, no. 2 (2001): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.59.92.

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Kaur, Mandeep, Opinder Kaur, Rahul Badru, Sandeep Kaushal, and Pritpal Singh. "Ionic Liquid Assisted C-C Bond Formation." Current Organic Chemistry 24, no. 16 (November 9, 2020): 1853–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272824999200801022221.

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With their ability to dissolve inorganic as well as organic materials, ionic liquids have emerged as a versatile solvent system for a diverse range of organic transformations. In the past few decades, the literature has witnessed remarkable advances in a wide range of organic conversions carried out in the presence of various imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, quinolinium and diazobicyclo-octane based ionic liquids. In the reaction, ionic liquids serve as a solvent, catalyst or sometimes both. In certain cases, they are also modified with metal nanoparticles or complexes to form heterogeneous catalysts or are immobilized onto solid support like agar-agar to act as solid-support catalysts. Reactions catalysed by ionic liquids incorporating chiral catalysts possess the advantageous features of being highly enantioselective and reproducible, besides being economical and easy to handle. In this review, an updated insight regarding the role played by ionic liquids in various C-C bond-forming organic reactions, has been summarized.
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Mejía, Esteban, and Ahmad A. Almasalma. "Recent Advances on Copper-Catalyzed C–C Bond Formation via C–H Functionalization." Synthesis 52, no. 18 (May 19, 2020): 2613–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1707815.

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Reactions that form C–C bonds are at the heart of many important transformations, both in industry and in academia. From the myriad of catalytic approaches to achieve such transformations, those relying on C–H functionalization are gaining increasing interest due to their inherent sustainable nature. In this short review, we showcase the most recent advances in the field of C–C bond formation via C–H functionalization, but focusing only on those methodologies relying on copper catalysts. This coinage metal has gained increased popularity in recent years, not only because it is cheaper and more abundant than precious metals, but also thanks to its rich and versatile chemistry.1 Introduction2 Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling under Thermal Conditions2.1 C(sp3)–C(sp3) Bond Formation2.2 C(sp3)–C(sp2) Bond Formation2.3 C(sp2)–C(sp2) Bond Formation2.4 C(sp3)–C(sp) Bond Formation3 Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling under Photochemical Conditions3.1 C(sp3)–C(sp3) Bond Formation3.2 C(sp3)–C(sp2) and C(sp3)–C(sp) Bond Formation4 Conclusion and Perspective
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Puerto Galvis, Carlos, and Vladimir Kouznetsov. "Recent Advances for the C–C and C–N Bond Formation in the Synthesis­ of 1-Phenethyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline, Aporphine, Homoaporphine­, and β-Carboline Alkaloids." Synthesis 49, no. 20 (September 21, 2017): 4535–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1589512.

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Among the existing methods for the synthesis of bioactive and/or complex small molecules, organic transformations such as C–C and C–N bond formation have been significantly developed and exploited for the synthesis of diverse synthetic and natural fused aza-polycycles. The abundance and biological and physical activities of 1-phenethyl-tetrahydroisoquinolines, aporphines, homoaporphines, and β-carbolines have inspired many organic chemists to seek sustainable and efficient protocols for their preparation. However, these methodologies involve multiple steps and in most cases the key reaction step is based on the formation of new C–C and/or C–N bonds, and this is usually the critical step that lowers the yields and selectivity. This review is focused on the advances made in recent years regarding the synthesis of these selected natural fused aza-polycycles, overviewing the substrate scope, limitations, regioselectivity, and chemoselectivity, as well as related control strategies of these reactions, concentrating on developments from 2010 to 2016.1 Introduction2 1-Phenethyl-tetrahydroisoquinolines; Dysoxylum Alkaloids3 Aporphines, Homoaporphines, and Semisynthetic Derivatives4 Harmala and Eudistomin Alkaloids and Their Biological Properties5 Metal-Catalyzed C–C Bond Formation6 Pd-Catalyzed C–C and C–N Bond Formation7 Metal-Catalyzed C–N Bond Formation8 [4+2] Cycloaddition in the Synthesis Of Aporphines9 Tandem C–N/C–C Bond Formation: The Pictet–Spengler Reaction10 Miscellaneous Methods11 Conclusions
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Beletskaya, Irina P. "Palladium catalyzed C-C and C-heteroatom bond formation reactions." Pure and Applied Chemistry 69, no. 3 (January 1, 1997): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199769030471.

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Ma, Dongge, Anan Liu, Shuhong Li, Chichong Lu, and Chuncheng Chen. "TiO2 photocatalysis for C–C bond formation." Catalysis Science & Technology 8, no. 8 (2018): 2030–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cy01458a.

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Saavedra, Beatriz, Alessandro Meli, Carla Rizzo, Diego J. Ramón, and Francesca D'Anna. "Natural eutectogels: sustainable catalytic systems for C–C bond formation reactions." Green Chemistry 23, no. 17 (2021): 6555–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1gc01647d.

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Rao, Bin, and Rei Kinjo. "Boron-Based Catalysts for C−C Bond-Formation Reactions." Chemistry - An Asian Journal 13, no. 10 (May 2, 2018): 1279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asia.201701796.

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Subrahmanyam, Ayyagari V., Sankaran Thayumanavan, and George W. Huber. "CC Bond Formation Reactions for Biomass-Derived Molecules." ChemSusChem 3, no. 10 (August 24, 2010): 1158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201000136.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "C-c bond formation reactions"

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Balanta, Castillo Angelica. "Novel molecular and colloidal catalysts for c-c bond formation processes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/66243.

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Esta tesis doctoral se centró en la síntesis y la caracterización de nanopartículas metálicas (Pd, Ni, Pt) estabilizadas por varios tipos de ligandos y el uso de estas nanopartículas en reacciones de formación de nuevos C-C o C-heteroatomo: a) Reacción de substitución alílica catalizadas por Pd; b) Reacción de acoplamiento asimétrico de Suzuki-Miyaura; c) Reacción de acoplamiento de Suzuki-Miyaura; d) reacción de adición 1,4 de ácidos borónicos a cetonas. En cada una de estas reacciones se llevó a cabo la síntesis y caracterización de nanoparticulas metálica y complejos moleculares usando muchos tipos de ligandos en los sistemas moleculares y los sistemas análogos cataliazados por nanopartículas. Excelentes actividades y enatioselectividades fueron obtenidas en la reacción de alquilación y aminación alílica. Además, estos sistemas fueron reciclados usando líquidos iónicos. También, nuevos y selectivas nanoparticulas fueron sintetizadas y caracterizadas. Estas nanopartículas fueron usadas exitosamente en varias reacciones de formación de nuevos enlaces C-C.
This doctoral thesis focuses on the synthesis and characterization of metal nanoparticles (Pd, Ni, Pt) stabilized by several types of ligands and the used of these nanoparticles in new C-C or C-heteroatom bond formation reactions: a) Pd-catalysed asymmetric allylic substitution reactions; b) Pd-catalysed asymmetric Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions; c) Ni-catalysed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions; d) Pt-catalysed 1,4-addition of phenylboronic acid to 2-cyclohexen-1-one reaction. For each reaction, the synthesis and characterization of metal nanoparticles and molecular complexes using several types of ligands were performed and both types of catalytic systems were tested in the appropriate reactions. Remarkably, excellent enantioselectivities using Pd/phosphite ligand were obtained in allylic substitution reaction. An efficient recovery of the catalytic system was carried out using ionic liquids as reaction medium. New active and selective nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized. These nanoparticles were applied successfully in various C-C bond formation reactions.
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Arulraj, Kaneshalingam. "Catalytic C-C bond formation and asymmetric 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition reactions." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426827.

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Mateo, Martínez Ana. "Computational studies of C-B bond formation reactions." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668479.

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La gran quantitat de fluorocarbons a la natura i la seva estabilitat a animat a la comunitat científica a trobar noves metodologies per trencar l'enllaç C-F d'aquest compostos. D'aquesta manera, aquest flurorocarbons poden ser utilitzats com a reactius a la síntesi orgànica. L'estabilitat dels fluorurs d'aril es dona per la força de l'enllaç C-F, que és l'enllaç simple més fort de la natura. Aquesta és la seva principal característica i la raó de la seva poca reactivitat. Per aquest motiu, es desafiant per la comunitat científica trobar la manera per trencar l'enllaç C-F. De la mateixa manera l'enllaç C-O te característiques molt similars a les del C-F i per això, s'ha utilitzat com a alternativa per evitar residus fluorats. Aquesta Tesi tracta de l'estudi computacional del trencament d'enllaços C-F y C-O mitjançat borilacions i catalitzades per un catalitzador de níquel. Concretament, s'ha estudiat tres reaccions diferents, les hem comparades i trobat els punts en comú de les tres reaccions.
La gran cantidad de fluorocarbonos en la naturaleza y su estabilidad a animado a la comunidad científica a buscar nuevas metodologías para la rotura del enlace C-F de estos compuestos. De esta manera, estos fluorocarbonos pueden ser utilizados como reactivos en la síntesis orgánica. La estabilidad de los fluoruros de arilo se da por la fuerza del enlace C-F, que es el enlace simple más fuerte de la naturaleza. Ésta es su principal característica y la razón de su poca reactividad. Por este motivo, es desafiante para la comunidad científica encontrar la manera de romper el enlace C-F. De la misma forma el enlace C-O tiene características muy similares a las del C-F y por esto, se ha utilizado como alternativa para evitar residuos fluorados. Esta Tesis trata del estudio computacional de la ruptura de los enlaces C-F y C-O mediante borilaciones y catalizadas por un catalizador de níquel. Concretamente, se ha estudiado tres reacciones diferentes y las hemos comparado y buscado sus puntos en común.
The large presence of fluorocarbons in nature and its great stability encourage science community to found new methods to break the C-F bond of this compounds, because it could be used as a starting reactant in organic synthesis. The stability of aryl fluorides is given because its C-F bond is the strongest single bond in the nature. That is its principal characteristic and the reason of it lack of reactivity. For this reason, it is challenging for scientists found the manner for C-F cleavage. As the same wise, C-O becomes an alternative of C-F to avoid the fluoride waste. This Thesis is about the computational study of the C-F and C-O cleavage through the borylation catalysed by nickel catalyst. Concretely, we have studied three borylation of C-F and C-O bonds and we compared it and show what have in common the three reactions.
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Wilkinson, Jon N. "Regioselective reactions at a diruthenium centre." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266954.

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Ebe, Yusuke. "Iridium-Catalyzed Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation Reactions via C-H Bond Activation." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225417.

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Lin, Xufeng, and 林旭鋒. "Density functional theory studies of selected transition metals catalyzed C-C and C-N bond formation reactions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39359645.

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Masuda, Yuusuke. "Development of New C-C Bond Forming Reactions Utilizing Light as Energy Source." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225634.

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Lin, Xufeng. "Density functional theory studies of selected transition metals catalyzed C-C and C-N bond formation reactions." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B39359645.

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Mata, Campaña Yvette Angela. "Screening of Modular Carbohydrate Ligand Libraries in Asymmetric Metal-catalyzed C-C and C-X Bond Formation Reactions." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9090.

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En els últims anys, la creixent demanda de compostos enantiomèricament purs (fàrmacs, agroquímics...) ha impulsat el desenvolupament de la catàlisi asimètrica, sobretot emprant compostos organometàl·lics quirals com a catalitzadors. En aquest context, la síntesi de nous lligands quirals és essencial per descobrir bons sistemes catalítics en catàlisis asimètrica. Els sucres són una font important de lligands per l'elevada disponibilitat i baix preu. A més, són compostos altament funcionalitzats amb centres esterogènics. Això permet la síntesi de sèries sistemàtiques de lligands amb l'objectiu d'obtenir altes activitats i selectivitats per cada reacció en particular.
Aquesta tesi s'ha centrat en la síntesi de compostos derivats de la D-(+)-glucosa, de la D-(+)-fructosa i la D-(+)-galactosa i l'aplicació com a lligands de catalitzadors homogenis quirals en quatre reaccions asimètriques: substitució al·lílica, Heck, addició 1,2 i addició conjugada 1,4. Per assolir aquest objectiu, s'ha plantejat la síntesi de tres famílies de compostos: fosfit-oxazolina (L1-L5), fosfit-fosforoamidit (L6) i monofosfit (L7-L11) (Figura 1).
Després de la introducció (Capítol 1) i els objectius (Capítol 2), al capítol 3 es discuteix la síntesi i caracterització de les tres llibreries de compostos (L1-L11) i s'estudia l'aplicació de les tres llibreries a la reacció de substitució al·lílica asimètrica catalitzades per pal·ladi.
La primera llibreria de compostos fosfit-oxazolina (L1-L5) ha mostrat altes enantioselectivitats (fins a un 99%) i bones activitats en un ampli ventall de substrats amb diferents propietats electròniques i estèriques. S'han observat importants efectes al variar els substituents de l'anell oxazolina, de la quiralitat axial i dels diferents substituents del biaril. L'estudi de diferents intermedis de reacció pal·ladi al·lil mitjançant espectroscòpia de ressonància magnètica nuclear ha permès entendre el comportament catalític d'aquests compostos. L'estudi també ha indicat que l'atac nuclèofil té lloc preferentment al carboni al·lílic terminal localitzat trans al fosfit.


Figura 1. Fosfit-oxazolina (L1-L5), fosfit-fosforamidit (L6) i monofosfit (L7-L11).

Les reaccions de substitució asimètrica utilitzant els compostos fosfit-fosforoamidit (L6) han mostrat que l'excés enantiomèric depèn preferentment dels substituents de les posicions en para dels bifenils. Aquests efectes han estat diferents segons el tipus de substrat. S'han obtingut excessos enantiomèrics fins a un 89% i altes activitats utilitzant el substrat rac-1,3-difenil-acetoxipropè, rac-(E)-etil-2,5-dimetil-3-hex-4-enilcarbonat i el rac-3-acetoxicicloheptè. Pel substrat lineal 1-(1-naftil)al·lil acetat, aquests lligands han mostrat no ser útils en termes de regioselectivitat però s'han obtingut bons excessos enantiomèrics de fins a un 72%.
Si comparem aquests resultats amb els obtinguts amb els compostos fosfit-oxazolina (L1-L5) s'observa que el canvi de la funció oxazolina per la funció fosforoamidit té un efecte negatiu en la reacció de substitució al·lílica i en general decreixen les enantioselectivitats i la versalitat d'aquests compostos.
L'aplicació de la llibreria de compostos monofosfit (L7-L11) en la reacció de substitució al·lílica asimètrica ha mostrat moderades enantioselectivitats (fins a un 46%). Els resultats en la catàlisi es veuen afectats en gran mesura per la diferència en la mida de l'anell carbohidrat, de les configuracions del carboni-3 i del carboni-4 de l'esquelet del lligand i pel tipus de substituents de l'anell biaril.
El capítol 4 descriu l'aplicació dels compostos fosfit-oxazolina (L1-L5) com a lligands en la reacció de Heck asimètrica intermolecular. Una selecció correcta dels substituents en la funció oxazolina i del fosfit han permès obtenir excel·lents activitats (fins un 100% de conversió en 10 minuts), regioselectivitats i enantioselectivitats (fins un 99%) en un ampli rang de substrats utilitzant diferents fonts de triflat.
El capítol 5 descriu l'aplicació de les tres llibreries de compostos (L1-L11) a les reaccions d'addició 1,2 a aldehids catalitzades per níquel. En primer lloc, s'ha estudiat l'aplicació dels compostos L1-L6. S'ha observat que la selectivitat del procés depèn principalment del grup funcional unit a l'esquelet del lligand, de les propietats estèriques del substituent en la funció oxazolina i de l'estructura del substrat. S'ha obtingut fins a un 59% d'excés enantiomèric utilitzant el precursor de catalitzador que conté el lligand L3a. En canvi, la utilització de la llibreria de compostos monofosfit (L7-L11) ha mostrat elevades enantioselectivitats (fins a 94%) i activitats en diferents tipus de substrat utilitzant baixes concentracions de catalitzador i sense excés de lligand.
El capítol 6 descriu l'aplicació de les tres famílies de compostos (L1-L11) com a lligands en la reacció d'addició 1,4 catalitzada per coure de compostos organometàl·lics a diferents enones amb diferents propietats estèriques.
L'ús de les llibreries de compostos fosfit-oxazolina (L1-L5) i fosfit-fosforamidit (L6) han proporcionat bones enantioselectivitats (fins a 78%) en l'addició de reactius de trialquilalumini a diferents enones. En canvi, la llibreria de compostos monofosfit (L7-L11) ha mostrat bones activitats però enantioselectivitats fins a 57%.
The growing demand for enantiomerically pure compounds for the development of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and flavors has captured the interest of the chemist in the last few decades. Of the various methods for producing enantiopure compounds, enantioselective homogeneous metal catalysis is an attractive one. In this context, carbohydrates have many advantages: they are readily available, are highly functionalized and have several stereogenic centers. This enables series of chiral ligands to be synthesized and screened in the search for high activities and selectivities for each particular reaction.
In this context, this thesis focuses on the development of new chiral ligand libraries derived from carbohydrates, the synthesis of new catalyst precursors and their application in the Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution, Pd-catalyzed asymmetric Heck reactions, Ni-catalyzed asymmetric addition of trialkylaluminium to aldehydes, and Cu-catalyzed asymmetric 1,4-conjugated addition of trialkylaluminium reagents to enones.
For this porpose, we have designed and syntezied 3 new sugar based ligand libraries: phosphite-oxazoline (L1-L5), phosphite-phosphoroamidite (L6) i monophosphite (L7-L11) (Figure 1).
After introduction (Chapter 1) and objectives (Chapter 2), in chapter 3 is discussed the synthesis and characterization of the ligand libraries (L1-L11) and and their application in the asymetric Pd-catalyzed allylic substituion reactions.
Using phosphite-oxazoline ligands (L1-L5) we observed important effects of the oxazoline substituents and the axial chirality and the substituents of the biaryl moieties. However, the effects of these parameters depended on each substrate. High enantioselectivities (up to 99%) and good activities have been achieved in a wide range of substrates with different steric and electronic properties.
The study of the Pd-1,3-diphenyl, 1,3-dimethyl and 1,3-cyclohexenyl allyl intermediates by NMR spectroscopy made it possible to understand the catalytic behaviour observed. This study also indicated that the nucleophilic attack takes place predominantly at the allylic terminal carbon atom located trans to the phosphite moiety.

Figura 1. Fosfit-oxazolina (L1-L5), fosfit-fosforamidit (L6) i monofosfit (L7-L11).

Asymmetric substitution reactions with catalyst precursors containing the phosphite-phosphoroamidite ligands showed that enantiomeric excesses depend strongly on the substituents at the para positions of the biphenyl moieties. However, these effects were different depending on the substrate in study. Enantiomeric excesses of up to 89% with high activities were obtained for rac-1,3-diphenyl-3-acetoxyprop-1-ene, rac-(E)-ethyl-2,5-dimethyl-3-hex-4-enylcarbonate and rac-3-acetoxycycloheptene. For the monosubstituted linear substrate 1-(1-naphthyl)allyl acetate, these ligands proved to be inadequate in terms of regioselectivities. However, we obtained good enantioselectivity by carefully selecting the substituents on the para position of the biphenyl moieties (ee's up to 72%).
If we compare these results with those from the catalyst precursors containing the previous phosphite-oxazoline ligands (L1-L5), we found that the replacement of the oxazoline moiety by a phosphoroamidite group decreased enantioselectivities and versatibility.
Asymmetric allylic alkylation with catalyst precursors containing the sugar-based monophosphite ligand library showed that the catalytic performance is highly affected by the size of the sugar backbone, the configurations at C-3 and C-4 of the ligand backbone and the type of substituents/configurations in the biaryl phosphite moiety. Low-to-moderate enantioselectivities (up to 46%) were obtained.
In the asymmetric Pd-catalyzed Heck reactions (Chapter 4) with catalysts precursors based on phosphite-oxazoline ligands, we obtained excellent activities (up to 100% conversion in 10 minutes), regio- (up to >99%) and enantioselectivities (up to 99%) were obtained in a wide range of substrates and triflate sources.
In the asymmetric Ni-catalyzed 1,2-addition of trialkylaluminium to aldehydes (Chpater 5) with catalysts precursors based on phosphite-oxazoline and phosphite-phosphoroamidite ligands, we found that the selectivity depends strongly on the type of functional group attached to the carbohydrate backbone, on the steric properties of the oxazoline substituents and on the substrate structure. Enantioselectivities up to 59% were obtained using the catalyst precursor containing the phosphite-oxazoline ligand L3a. In contrast to what we observed with the previous two ligand libraries, using sugar-based monophosphite ligands (L7-L11) provides high enantioselectivities (up to 94% ee) and activities in different substrate types, with low catalysts loadings and without excess of ligand.
In Chapter 6, we described the phosphite-oxazoline and phosphite-phosphoroamidite ligands as chiral auxiliaries in the asymmetric Cu-catalyzed 1,4-conjugated addition of trialkylaluminium reagents to several enones provides good enantioselectivities (up to 80% ee).
In the asymmetric Cu-catalyzed asymmetric 1,4-conjugated addition of trialkylaluminium reagents to several enones with catalysts precursors based on sugar monophosphite ligands, we found good activites and enantioselectivities up to 57% ee.
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Sung, Simon. "Understanding of Cu-catalysed coupling reactions for C-N bond formation." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/51150.

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The rate of reaction for the copper-catalysed coupling reactions to form C–N bonds between aryl halides and amines can be significantly improved in the presence of various bidentate ligands. This improved reaction is often referred as the modified Ullmann amination reaction. However the intermediates and steps involved in the mechanism and the role of the ligand are not fully understood. In this work, mechanistic studies have been carried out in order to improve the current understanding of this reaction. The role of copper(I) alkylamide complexes as potential intermediates in the modified Ullmann reaction between aryl halides and alkylamines is discussed in Chapter 2. A series of copper(I) alkylamide complexes have been synthesised and shown using single crystal X-ray crystallography to exist as tetramers in the solid state. The structures of these complexes in benzene-d6 were determined by 1H DOSY NMR spectroscopy which revealed equilibrating aggregates, where the equilibrium rate could be faster or slower than the NMR time scale, with average aggregation numbers between the dimeric and tetrameric forms. The complexes have been shown to react stoichiometrically with iodobenzene to give arylamine products, both in the absence and presence of 1,10-phenanthroline as an ancillary ligand. The influence of 1,10-phenanthroline on the solution structures in benzene-d6 and DMSO-d6 is also discussed and can be related to the stoichiometric and catalytic reactivity. Overall these results highlight the role of copper(I) alkylamide complexes as potential intermediates and show the significance of 1,10-phenanthroline in modulating the reactivity of the system. Chapter 3 describes the improvement in product yield from utilising O,O- and N,O-chelating ligands over N,N-chelating ligands in the copper-catalysed C–N cross-coupling reaction between piperidine and iodobenzene. A kinetic study of this reaction using 2-acetylcyclohexanone as the added ligand demonstrated that the poorly soluble potassium phosphate base caused the reaction rate to be limited by mass transfer effects. The results provide insights into the qualitative rate dependences in the reactants and also the role of the ligand in the catalyst deactivation pathway by disproportionation. A mechanistic study of the copper-catalysed C–N cross-coupling reaction between piperidine and iodobenzene using bis(tetra(n-butyl)phosphonium) malonate as a soluble base is presented in Chapter 4. A detailed kinetic study using reaction calorimetry and the reaction progress kinetic analysis (RPKA) methodology reveals first order rate dependences in the substrates and copper catalyst concentration, and negative first order kinetics in the base concentration. NMR spectroscopic evidence suggests the malonate base simultaneously functions as an ancillary ligand and coordinates to give an off-cycle unstable species. Catalyst deactivation by disproportionation was found to be an important consequence of malonate ligand coordination, with the piperidine substrate playing a key role in mitigating the rate of catalyst deactivation. The absence of aryl radical formation suggests that the aryl halide activation mechanism occurs by an oxidative addition process. The experimental data has been successfully modelled to the proposed mechanism to give approximate equilibrium and rate constants for each step.
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Books on the topic "C-c bond formation reactions"

1

Mahrwald, Rainer. Enantioselective Organocatalyzed Reactions II: Asymmetric C-C Bond Formation Processes. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2011.

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Horvath, Michael John. Initial studies into selective C-F bond formation via the reactions of fluoride ion with organometallic complexes. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1991.

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C-X bond formation. Heidelberg: Springer, 2010.

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Vigalok, Arkadi, ed. C-X Bond Formation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12073-2.

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Krische, Michael J., ed. Metal Catalyzed Reductive C–C Bond Formation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72879-5.

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Rolf, Scheffold, Schweizerischer Chemiker-Verband, and International Seminar on Modern Synthetic Methods (1986 : Interlaken, Switzerland)., eds. Sound and light in synthesis ; Synthesis of enantiomerically pure compounds with C, C bond formation: Conference papers of the International Seminar on Modern Synthetic Methods 1986, Interlaken, April 17th/18th, 1986. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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Mahrwald, Rainer. Enantioselective Organocatalyzed Reactions II: Asymmetric C-C Bond Formation Processes. Springer, 2016.

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Mahrwald, Rainer. Enantioselective Organocatalyzed Reactions II: Asymmetric C-C Bond Formation Processes. Springer, 2013.

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Zuckerman, J. J., and A. P. Hagen. Inorganic Reactions and Methods: The Formation of Bonds to C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb:Part 1. VCH Publishing, 1991.

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Inorganic Reactions and Methods: The Formation of Bonds to C, Si, GE, Sn, PB (PT. 2) (Inorganic Reactions & Methods). Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "C-c bond formation reactions"

1

Li, Jie Jack. "Buchwald-Hartwig C-N bond and C-O bond formation reactions." In Name Reactions, 56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04835-1_47.

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Li, Jie Jack. "Buchwald-Hartwig C-N bond and C-O bond formation reactions." In Name Reactions, 60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05336-2_49.

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Jia, Yi-Xia, and Tiexin Zhang. "Other Reactions For C-C Bond Formation." In Stereoselective Organocatalysis, 313–50. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118604755.ch09.

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Li, Bin, and Pierre H. Dixneuf. "Metal-Catalyzed C-H Bond Activation and C-C Bond Formation in Water." In Metal-Catalyzed Reactions in Water, 47–86. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527656790.ch2.

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Shimada, Shigeru, and Maddali L. N. Rao. "Transition-Metal Catalyzed C–C Bond Formation Using Organobismuth Compounds." In Bismuth-Mediated Organic Reactions, 199–228. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/128_2011_202.

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Gryko, Dorota, and Dominika Walaszek. "C-C Bond Formation by Aldol Reaction." In Stereoselective Organocatalysis, 81–127. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118604755.ch03.

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Zhang, Yong, and Wei Wang. "CC Bond Formation by Michael Reaction." In Stereoselective Organocatalysis, 147–203. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118604755.ch05.

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Deuss, Peter J., Megan V. Doble, Amanda G. Jarvis, and Paul C. J. Kamer. "Hybrid Catalysts for Other CC and CX Bond Formation Reactions." In Artificial Metalloenzymes and MetalloDNAzymes in Catalysis, 285–319. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527804085.ch10.

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López, Luis A., and Jesús González. "Zinc-Catalyzed CN and CO Bond Formation Reactions." In Zinc Catalysis, 149–78. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527675944.ch7.

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Reetz, M. T. "Synthetic and Mechanistic Studies of Lewis Acid Mediated C-C-Bond Formation." In Selectivities in Lewis Acid Promoted Reactions, 107–25. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2464-2_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "C-c bond formation reactions"

1

Kwon, Eilhann, and Marco J. Castaldi. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Formation in Thermal Degradation of Styrene Butadiene Copolymer (SBR)." In 14th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec14-3188.

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This study has been initiated to quantify the release of the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) species from Styrene Butadiene Copolymer (SBR) during gasification. The identification and quantification has been determined experimentally using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS) coupled to a Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) unit. SBR samples were pyrolysed in a TGA unit in a N2 atmosphere. The identities and absolute concentrations of over 32 major and minor species have been established, including a large number of aromatics, substituted aromatics, and PAHs. The light hydrocarbon species also have been determined simultaneously and identified as H2, C2H2, CH4, C2H6, and C4H10 with lower concentrations of other hydrocarbon gases. Significant amounts of ethyl benzene, toluene, and styrene were observed between 330°C and 500°C. The largest PAH detected was the family of C24H14 (molecular weight 302), benzo[ghi]perylene with peak concentrations reaching 0.19 ppmv. The effluent species detected suggest that formation of PAH’s occurs either through hydrocarbon addition reactions or benzene ring re-combination reactions. In addition, the chemical structure of SBR lends itself gas phase release of benzene molecules or radicals, thus facilitating the PAH production route. Preliminary calculations done using MOPAC provided some insight into the energy required to break the benzene ligand bond from the butadiene structure. The measurements supply information on the identities and levels of hazardous air pollutants, and provide useful new data for the development and validation of detailed reaction mechanisms describing their origin and fate.
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Cezo, James D., Nicholas Anderson, Eric Kramer, Kenneth D. Taylor, Mark E. Rentschler, and Virginia L. Ferguson. "Tissue Hydration Influences Bursting Pressure of Fused Arteries." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14724.

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Tissue fusion is a complex thermally driven reaction which, through the application of heat and pressure, bonds the extracellular matrix (ECM) of neighboring tissues together. While the mechanism of this reaction is unknown, several theories do exist. Collagen is largely thought to be responsible for the formation of the fusion bond [1–3]. During tissue fusion, as the tissue temperature is elevated (> 100 °C) [4–5], collagen denatures and water is forcibly evaporated out of the tissue [6–11]. Collagen in arterial tissue is comprised of a tightly wound triple helix held in place by crosslinking. Upon denaturation, the crosslinks are broken and the helix unwinds [6–8]. It is theorized that under applied heat and pressure the denatured molecules tangling with adjacent molecules [1], crosslinking to neighboring molecules [2], or a combination of these two mechanisms are responsible for the formation of the tissue fusion bond [3]. Water is also present in the ECM which can be classified as free or bound. Free water is able to diffuse and move freely around the ECM. Bound water is held to ECM proteins through dipole interactions. During tissue fusion, the water is forcibly removed and these charged sites which interact with water are now able to interact with adjacent molecules. These charged sites would not exist if not for the removal of water from the ECM. The goal of this study is to elucidate the importance of water in the formation of the tissue fusion bond.
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Kalek, Marcin, and Jacek Stawinski. "Synthetic studies on the P–C bond formation via a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction. Application to the synthesis of P-arylated nucleic acids." In XIVth Symposium on Chemistry of Nucleic Acid Components. Prague: Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/css200810214.

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Kumar, Anand, and Anchu Ashok. "Catalytic Decomposition of Ethanol over Bimetallic Nico Catalysts for Carbon Nanotube Synthesis." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0039.

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In this work we investigate the use of NiCo bimetal/oxide as catalyst for hydrogen production from ethanol, with a focus on the deactivation pattern and the nature of the observed carbon deposition. It is well known that sintering and coke deposition during decomposition reaction significantly reduces the activity of the catalysts at higher temperature, by blocking the active sites of the catalysts. During ethanol decomposition reaction, the cleavage of C-C bond produces adsorbed *CH4 and *CO species that further decompose to form carbonaceous compounds. FTIR in-situ analysis was conducted between 50 to 400°C for all the catalysts to understand the reaction mechanism and product selectivity. Cobalt was found to be selective for aldehyde and acetate, whereas bimetallic Ni-Co was selective for the formation of CO at 400°C along with aldehyde. Complete conversion of ethanol was observed at 350°C and 420°C for NiCo and Cobalt respectively indicating an improvement in the rate of conversion when Ni was added to cobalt. The crystallinity, morphology and particle analysis of the used catalyst after reaction were studied using XRD, SEM and TEM respectively. The XRD shows the complete phase change of porous NiCoO2 to NiCo alloy and SEM indicates the presence of fibrous structure on the surface with 91.7 % of carbon while keeping 1:1 ratio of Ni and Co after the reaction. The detailed analysis of carbon structure using HRTEM-STEM shows the simultaneous growth of carbon nano fibers (CNFs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) that were favored on larger and smaller crystallites respectively. Analysis of carbon formation on individual Co catalyst and bimetallic NiCo catalyst shows a clear difference in the initiation pattern of carbon deposition. Metallic Co nanoparticles were found to be more mobile where Co disperses along the catalysts surface, whereas NiCo nanoparticles were relatively less mobile, and maintained their structure.
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Suttie, W. J., A. Cheung, and M. G. Wood. "ENZYMOLOGY OF THE VITAMIN K-DEPENDENT CARBOXYLASE: CURRENT STATUS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643991.

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The vitamin K-dependent microsomal carboxylase converts glutamyl residues in precursor proteins to γ-carboxyglutamyl (Gla) residues in completed proteins. The enzyme activity is present in significant activities in most non-skeletal tissues but has been studied most extensively in rat and bovine liver. Early studies of the enzyme utilized bound precursors of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors as substrates for the enzyme and demonstrated that the enzyme requires the reduced form of vitamin K (vitamin KH2), O2, and CO2. Subsequent investigations have taken advantage of the observation that the enzyme will carboxylate low-molecular-weight peptide substrates with Glu-Glu sequences. Utilizing a substrate such as Phe-Leu-Glu-Glu-Leu, it has been possible to demonstrate that γ-C-H release from the Glu residue of a substrate is independent of CO2 concentration. The formation of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide can also be demonstrated in a crude microsomal system, and it can be shown that the formation of this metabolite can be stimulated by the presence of a peptide substrate of the carboxylase. These observations have led to the general hypothesis that the mechanism of action of the enzyme involves interaction of vitamin KH2 with O2 to form an oxygenated intermediate that can interact with a substrate Glu residue to abstract a γ-hydrogen and in the process he converted to vitamin K epoxide (KO). The current evidence suggests that, either directly or indirectly, removal of the γ-C-H results in the formation of a carbanion at the γ-position of the Glu residue which can interact with CO2 to form Gla. The Glu residue intermediate which is formed can be demonstrated to partition between accepting a proton in the media to reform Glu, or interacting with CO2 to form Gla. Current data do not distinguish between the direct formation of a carbanion coupled to proton removal, or the participation of a reduced intermediate. Recent studies have demonstrated that the enzyme will carry out a partial reaction, the formation of vitamin K epoxide, at a decreased rate in the absence of a Glu site substrate. Epoxide formation under these conditions has the same for O2 as the carboxylation reaction and is inhibited in the same manner as the carboxylation reaction. In the presence of saturating concentrations of a Glu site substrate and C02, the ratio of KO formed, γ-C-H released, and C02 formed is 1:1:1. However, KO formation can be uncoupled from and proceeds at a higher rate than γ-C-H bond cleavage and Gla formation at low Glu site substrate concentrations. At saturating concentrations of CO2, Gla formation is equivalent to γ-C-H bond cleavage, and this unity is not altered by variations in vitamin KH2 or peptide substrate concentrations. Natural compounds with vitamin K activity are 2-Me-l,4-naphthoquinones with a polyprenyl side chain at the 3-position. Studies of vitamin K analogs have demonstrated that a 2-Me group is essential for activity but that the group at the 3-position can vary significantly. Modification of the aromatic ring of the naphthoquinone nucleus by methyl group substitution can result in alterations of either the rate of the carboxylation reaction or the apparent affinity of the enzyme for the vitamin. Studies of a large number of peptide substrates have failed to reveal any unique primary amino acid sequence which is a signal for carboxylation. However, current evidence from a number of sources suggests that a basic amino acid rich "propeptide" region of the intracellular form of the vitamin K-dependent proteins is an essential recognition site for the enzyme. This region of the precursor is lost in subsequent processing, and the manner in which it directs this posttranslational event is not yet clarified. Supported by NIH grant AM-14881.
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Soto, Paola Rivera, Pedro O. Quintero, Mellyssa Mulero, and Dimeji Ibitayo. "Microstructural Stability of Au-Sn SLID Joints for Harsh Environments." In ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2015-48323.

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Solid liquid inter diffusion (SLID) is an interconnection technique for electronic packaging, particularly beneficial for high power and harsh environments conditions. It consists of the bonding of two materials with different melting points at a low processing temperature to achieve a high melting point interconnection. The materials investigated in this work are a gold-tin bond attaching a SiC diode to an AlN direct-bond-copper (DBC) substrate. Gold (Au) is the high melting point constituent while the eutectic gold-tin (80 wt.% Au-20 wt.%Sn) offers the low melting point (280°C). This work is aimed at the microstructural evaluation of the joints at different bonding and aging conditions in an effort to get the insights of this interconnection technology from a metallurgical perspective. Four different bonding conditions were used: 315°C-5min, 315°C-10min, 340°C-1min and 340°C-5min; from which a base-line as built condition was assessed by means of metallographical analysis. Furthermore, the samples were aged at 250°C from 1000 to 4000 hours in increments of 1000hrs to study and quantify the microstructural stability and intermetallic (IMC) growth at the interface. This aging experiment has been designed to obtain accelerated information on the kinetics of this reaction so that predictive models can be developed for the real application conditions. The samples were diced, polished and analyzed following standard metallographical techniques; both optical and electronic microscopy (SEM-EDS) was employed. The as-built samples, for the four bonding conditions, presented differences in IMC growth with the thickest layers appearing at the harshest processing conditions. After aging the IMC kept growing and the formation of a new IMC layer was discovered and investigated, furthermore, cracks started to show in some of the samples. It was observed that after 4000 hours some of the cracks extended across the whole interface.
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Besson, Thierry, Damien Hédou, Carole Dubouilh-benard, Nadège Loaëc, Laurent Meijer, and Corinne Fruit. "Synthesis of Bioactive 2-(arylamino)thiazolo[5,4-f]-quinazolin-9-ones via the Hügershoff Reaction or Cu- Catalyzed Intramolecular C-S Bond Formation." In 2nd International Electronic Conference on Medicinal Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecmc-2-a010.

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Chen, Guanyi, Beibei Yan, and Gang Li. "Circulating Fluidised Bed Gasification of Biomass: Modelling of Fuel-Bound Nitrogen Evolution." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90616.

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A model for a CFB biomass gasifier is developed aiming at predicting the pollutant emissions. This model considers a total of eighteen chemical reactions and 8 species (C, H2, CO, H2O, CO2, CH4, NH3 and NO), of which nine reactions are related to fuel-bound nitrogen (FBN). The model implies that the FBN is transformed into gas, crude tar and char in certain proportions during fast pyrolysis, depending on the kind of biomass, operating temperature and heating rate, and shows that, of Tar-N and Char-N, less reactive-N is delaying in participating in the further reaction compared with reactive-N despite the proportion of less reactive-N to reactive-N and the time lag varies with the type of biomass and operating temperature. NH3 is the sole nitrogenous pollutant considered in the model due to the concentration of NO being much lower compared with that of NH3. The trend of NH3 concentration predicted by our model is in good accordance with previous results reported in literature. The model predicts the significant decrease of NH3 emission with temperature increase, and indicates the importance of O2 action and its contact with NH3 for the formation and destruction of NH3.
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LAULLOO, SABINA, SALMA Moosun, SHABNEEZ Bhewa, and MINU BHOWON. "Palladium Schiff Base Complexes: Potential catalysts for C-C bond reactions." In The 20th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-20-a022.

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Ganapathy, D., and G. Sekar. "An efficient and reusable palladium nanocatalyst in C-C bond forming cross-coupling reactions." In 15th Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesis. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chempro-15bmos-bmos2013_201386477.

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Reports on the topic "C-c bond formation reactions"

1

Lees, Alistair J. Photochemistry of Intermolecular C-H Bond Activation Reactions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/761218.

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Lees, A. J. [Photochemistry of intermolecular C-H bond activation reactions]. Progress report, [September 15, 1994--March 15, 1995]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/35271.

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Bausch, M. Studies of the energetics of C-S bond-breaking reactions in radical ions derived from coal model compounds. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6918142.

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Brophy, Kenny, and Alison Sheridan, eds. Neolithic Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.196.

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The main recommendations of the Panel report can be summarised as follows: The Overall Picture: more needs to be understood about the process of acculturation of indigenous communities; about the Atlantic, Breton strand of Neolithisation; about the ‘how and why’ of the spread of Grooved Ware use and its associated practices and traditions; and about reactions to Continental Beaker novelties which appeared from the 25th century. The Detailed Picture: Our understanding of developments in different parts of Scotland is very uneven, with Shetland and the north-west mainland being in particular need of targeted research. Also, here and elsewhere in Scotland, the chronology of developments needs to be clarified, especially as regards developments in the Hebrides. Lifeways and Lifestyles: Research needs to be directed towards filling the substantial gaps in our understanding of: i) subsistence strategies; ii) landscape use (including issues of population size and distribution); iii) environmental change and its consequences – and in particular issues of sea level rise, peat formation and woodland regeneration; and iv) the nature and organisation of the places where people lived; and to track changes over time in all of these. Material Culture and Use of Resources: In addition to fine-tuning our characterisation of material culture and resource use (and its changes over the course of the Neolithic), we need to apply a wider range of analytical approaches in order to discover more about manufacture and use.Some basic questions still need to be addressed (e.g. the chronology of felsite use in Shetland; what kind of pottery was in use, c 3000–2500, in areas where Grooved Ware was not used, etc.) and are outlined in the relevant section of the document. Our knowledge of organic artefacts is very limited, so research in waterlogged contexts is desirable. Identity, Society, Belief Systems: Basic questions about the organisation of society need to be addressed: are we dealing with communities that started out as egalitarian, but (in some regions) became socially differentiated? Can we identify acculturated indigenous people? How much mobility, and what kind of mobility, was there at different times during the Neolithic? And our chronology of certain monument types and key sites (including the Ring of Brodgar, despite its recent excavation) requires to be clarified, especially since we now know that certain types of monument (including Clava cairns) were not built during the Neolithic. The way in which certain types of site (e.g. large palisaded enclosures) were used remains to be clarified. Research and methodological issues: There is still much ignorance of the results of past and current research, so more effective means of dissemination are required. Basic inventory information (e.g. the Scottish Human Remains Database) needs to be compiled, and Canmore and museum database information needs to be updated and expanded – and, where not already available online, placed online, preferably with a Scottish Neolithic e-hub that directs the enquirer to all the available sources of information. The Historic Scotland on-line radiocarbon date inventory needs to be resurrected and kept up to date. Under-used resources, including the rich aerial photography archive in the NMRS, need to have their potential fully exploited. Multi-disciplinary, collaborative research (and the application of GIS modelling to spatial data in order to process the results) is vital if we are to escape from the current ‘silo’ approach and address key research questions from a range of perspectives; and awareness of relevant research outside Scotland is essential if we are to avoid reinventing the wheel. Our perspective needs to encompass multi-scale approaches, so that ScARF Neolithic Panel Report iv developments within Scotland can be understood at a local, regional and wider level. Most importantly, the right questions need to be framed, and the right research strategies need to be developed, in order to extract the maximum amount of information about the Scottish Neolithic.
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