Academic literature on the topic 'C. dubliniensis. eng'

Candida albicansandCandida dubliniensisare highly related pathogenic yeast species. However,C. albicansis far more prevalent in human infection and has been shown to be more pathogenic in a wide range of infection models. Comparison of the genomes of the two species has revealed that they are very similar although there are some significant differences, largely due to the expansion of virulence-related gene families (e.g.,ALSandSAP) inC. albicans, and increased levels of pseudogenisation inC. dubliniensis. Comparative global gene expression analyses have also been used to investigate differences in the ability of the two species to tolerate environmental stress and to produce hyphae, two traits that are likely to play a role in the lower virulence ofC. dubliniensis. Taken together, these data suggest thatC. dubliniensisis in the process of undergoing reductive evolution and may have become adapted for growth in a specialized anatomic niche.

INTRODUCTION: The phospholipase activity in Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis isolated from oral candidiasis cases were studied. METHODS: The phospholipase activity was evaluated in egg yolk agar. RESULTS: All the C. albicans isolates (n = 48) showed phospholipase activity (mean Pz = 0.66). However, none of the C. dubliniensis isolates (n = 24) showed this activity. CONCLUSIONS: The authors discuss whether these findings are a true characteristic of C. dubliniensis or a consequence of the methodology employed, which includes the possibility that NaCl may have inhibited the enzymatic activity of C. dubliniensis.

Candida dubliniensis is often associated with C. albicans in cultures. Easy-to-perform selective isolation procedures for these closely related species do not exist. Therefore, we evaluated previously described discriminatory phenotypic markers forC. dubliniensis. A total of 150 oral rinses from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients were cultured on CHROMagar Candida. Dark green colonies described as being indicative ofC. dubliniensis and other green colonies, 170 in total, were isolated. Chlamydospore formation, intracellular β-d-glucosidase activity, ability to grow at 42°C, carbohydrate assimilation pattern obtained by the API ID 32C, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy were used for phenotypic characterization. Sequencing of the 5′ end of the nuclear large-subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA gene was used for definitive species identification for C. dubliniensis. C. dubliniensis was found in 34% of yeast-colonized HIV-infected patients. The color of the colonies on CHROMagar Candida proved to be insufficient for selecting C. dubliniensis, since only 30 of 53 provenC. dubliniensis isolates showed a dark green color in primary cultures. The described typical chlamydospore formation can give only some indication of C. dubliniensis. The assimilation pattern proved to be insufficient to discriminate C. dubliniensis from C. albicans. All C. dubliniensis strains showed no or highly restricted growth at 42°C and a lack of β-d-glucosidase activity. Unfortunately, atypical C. albicans strains can also exhibit these phenotypic traits. FT-IR spectroscopy combined with hierarchical clustering proved to be as reliable as genotyping for discriminating the two species.

A PCR system that can quickly and accurately identify 14 species of human pathogenic yeasts was developed. The procedure distinguished between nine species of a closely related clade, Lodderomyces elongisporus, Candida parapsilosis, a newCandida sp., C. sojae, C. tropicalis, C. maltosa, C. viswanathii,C. albicans, and C. dubliniensis and between another five more divergent species, Pichia guilliermondii,C. glabrata, C. zeylanoides, C. haemulonii, and C. haemulonii type II. A rapid DNA extraction procedure that yields purified DNA in about 1 h is also described. The system uses uniform conditions with four primers for each reaction, two 40- to 50-mer universal primers that serve as a positive control and two 23- to 30-mer species-specific primers. Species-specific primers were derived from a 600-nucleotide variable region (D1/D2) at the 5′ end of the large-subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA gene and were generally designed to use mismatches at the 3′ end. Universal primers were developed from conserved nucleotide sequences in the small-subunit (18S) rRNA gene. In this system, a control 1,200- to 1,300-base DNA fragment was produced in all reactions and a smaller 114- to 336-base DNA fragment was produced if the chromosomal DNA from the target species was present. The PCR procedure is rapid and easy to interpret and may be used with mixed cultures.

ABSTRACT Visual determination of MIC end points for azole antifungal agents can be complicated by the trailing growth phenomenon. To determine the incidence of trailing growth, we performed testing of in vitro susceptibility to fluconazole and itraconazole using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards broth microdilution M27-A reference procedure and 944 bloodstream isolates of seven Candida spp., obtained through active population-based surveillance between 1998 and 2000. Of 429 C. albicans isolates, 78 (18.2%) showed trailing growth at 48 h in tests with fluconazole, and 70 (16.3%) showed trailing in tests with itraconazole. Of 118 C. tropicalis isolates, 70 (59.3%) showed trailing growth in tests with fluconazole, and 35 (29.7%) showed trailing in tests with itraconazole. Trailing growth was not observed with any of the other five Candida spp. tested (C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. lusitaniae, and C. parapsilosis). To confirm whether or not isolates that showed trailing growth in fluconazole and/or itraconazole were resistant in vitro to these agents, all isolates that showed trailing growth were retested by the sterol quantitation method, which measures cellular ergosterol content rather than growth inhibition after exposure to azoles. By this method, none of the trailing isolates was resistant in vitro to fluconazole or itraconazole. For both agents, a 24-h visual end point or a spectrophotometric end point of 50% reduction in growth relative to the growth control after 24 or 48 h of incubation correlated most closely with the result of sterol quantitation. Our results indicate that MIC results determined by either of these end point rules may be more predictive of in vivo outcome for isolates that give unclear visual end points at 48 h due to trailing growth.

Fungal infections are a veritable public health problem worldwide. The increasing number of patient populations at risk (e.g. transplanted individuals, cancer patients, and HIV-infected people), as well as the use of antifungal agents for prophylaxis in medicine, have favored the emergence of previously rare or newly identified fungal species. Indeed, novel antifungal resistance patterns have been observed, including environmental sources and the emergence of simultaneous resistance to different antifungal classes, especially in Candida spp., which are known for the multidrug-resistance (MDR) profile. In order to circumvent this alarming scenario, the international researchers’ community is engaged in discovering new, potent, and promising compounds to be used in a near future to treat resistant fungal infections in hospital settings on a global scale. In this context, many compounds with antifungal action from both natural and synthetic sources are currently under clinical development, including those that target either ergosterol or β(1,3)-D-glucan, presenting clear evidence of pharmacologic/pharmacokinetic advantages over currently available drugs against these two well-known fungal target structures. Among these are the tetrazoles VT-1129, VT-1161, and VT-1598, the echinocandin CD101, and the glucan synthase inhibitor SCY-078. In this review, we compiled the most recent antifungal compounds that are currently in clinical trials of development and described the potential outcomes against emerging and rare Candida species, with a focus on C. auris, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. guilliermondii, C. haemulonii, and C. rugosa. In addition to possibly overcoming the limitations of currently available antifungals, new investigational chemical agents that can enhance the classic antifungal activity, thereby reversing previously resistant phenotypes, were also highlighted. While novel and increasingly MDR non-albicans Candida species continue to emerge worldwide, novel strategies for rapid identification and treatment are needed to combat these life-threatening opportunistic fungal infections.

Abstract Background Candida is a heterogeneous fungal genus. Subgingival sulcus is a refuge for Candida, which has already been related to the pathogenic inflammation of periodontitis. This work aims to review the presence of Candida in the sulcular fluid surrounding dental implants and discuss its potential role in peri-implantitis. Results A bibliographical research was performed in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases, with the keywords candida, peri-implantitis, periimplantitis, “dental implant” and implant. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. At the end, nine observational studies were included, which analysed 400 dental implants with PI and 337 without peri-implantitis. Presence of Candida was assessed by traditional microbiological culture in blood agar or/and CHROMagar, though identification was also detected by quantitative real-time PCR, random amplified polymorphic DNA or ATB ID 32C. Dentate individuals and implants with peri-implantitis (range, 3–76.7%) had a bigger presence of Candida. C. albicans was the most isolated species, followed by Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, and Candida dubliniensis. Conclusion Candida is part of the microbiological profile of the peri-implant sulcular fluid. More studies are needed to compare the link between Candida and other microorganisms and to discover the true role of these fungi in peri-implantitis.

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a presença de C. dubliniensis dentre isolados bucais de pacientes com Diabetes mellitus do tipo I (n=39) e II (n=36), hansenianos (n=38) e sob quimioterapia para o câncer de mama (n=30) e de respectivos indivíduos controle pareados quanto à idade, gênero e condições bucais. Um total de 479 isolados previamente identificados por testes fenotípicos (formação de tubo germinativo, produção de hifas/pseudohifas/clamidoconídeos, fermentação e assimilação de carboidratos) e identificadas como C. albicans/C. dubliniensis foram incluídos no estudo. A existência de C. dubliniensis dentre os isolados foi analisada usando protocolo validado de PCR multiplex. Foi também realizado estudo de patogenicidade experimental utilizando camundongos em modelo de infecção sistêmica, objetivando comparar a virulência e cinética de infecção de C. dubliniensis com outras espécies do gênero Candida. Um isolado (0.002%) de C. dubliniensis foi detectado entre os isolados do grupo controle. Esta espécie não foi encontrada dentre os isolados dos outros grupos de pacientes. C. dubliniensis foi menos virulenta para camundongos em relação a C. albicans e C. tropicalis e mais virulenta do que C. krusei. O estudo da cinética de infecção mostrou infecção persistente no rim e no fígado mesmo após 21 dias da inoculação de C. dubliniensis. Conclui-se que a detecção de C. dubliniensis dentre os isolados clínicos foi baixa e observada apenas no grupo controle. C. dubliniensis foi menos virulenta para camundongos que C. albicans e C. tropicalis e causou infecção prolongada no rim e no fígado
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of C. dubliniensis among Candida oral isolates obtained from Brazilian patients with type I (n=39) and II (n=36) Diabetes mellitus, leprosy (n=38) and under chemotherapy for breast cancer (n=30), and respective age/sex/oral conditions-paired control were analyzed. A total of 479 isolates previously submitted to phenotypical tests (germ tube formation, hyphae/pseudohyphae/chamidoconidea production, carbohydrate fermentation and assimilation) and identified as C. albicans/C. dubliniensis were included in the study. The existence of C. dubliniensis among the isolates was analyzed by a validated multiplex PCR protocol. Also, experimental pathogenicity study was carried out with mice in a systemic infection model, aiming to compare the virulence and infection kinetics of C. dubliniensis with the other species of Candida. One isolate of C. dubliniensis (0.002%) was detected among the oral isolates from control group. This species was not found among the isolates from the other patients. C. dubliniensis was less virulent to mice in relation to C. albicans and C. tropicalis and more virulent than C. krusei. The study on infection kinetics showed persistant infection in kidney and liver even 21 days after the inoculation of C. dubliniensis. It could be concluded that the detection of C. dubliniensis among the clinical isolates was low and observed only in control group. C. dubliniensis was less virulent than C. albicans and C. tropicalis and caused prolonged infection in kidney and liver

Orientador: Juliana Campos Junqueira
Banca: Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge
Banca: Martha Simões Ribeiro
Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da terapia fotodinâmica sobre a patogenicidade de C. albicans e C. dubliniensis na candidose bucal em ratos. Foram utilizados 96 ratos (Rattus norvegicus, Albinus, Wistar), sendo que 80 animais foram submetidos à indução de candidose experimental no dorso da língua por C. albicans ou C. dubliniensis e 16 ratos não foram infectados por Candida. Após 5 dias da indução da candidose, foram realizados diferentes tratamentos: laser e azul de metileno como fotossensibilizador (Grupo L+F+), apenas laser (Grupo L+F-), apenas fotossensibilizador (Grupo L-F+) e grupo sem laser e fotossensibilizador (Grupo L-F-). Após 1 dia, amostras do dorso da língua foram coletadas e semeadas em ágar Sabouraud para contagem de UFC/mL recuperadas da cavidade bucal. Os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia para análise microscópica do dorso da língua. Foi avaliada também a capacidade de produção de fosfolipase e proteinase por C. albicans e C. dubliniensis. Os resultados demonstraram que a quantidade de C. albicans recuperadas da cavidade bucal dos ratos foram semelhantes entre os quatro grupos estudados. C. dubliniensis não foi recuperarada da cavidade bucal dos ratos estudados. Na análise microscópica do dorso da língua, observou-se a presença de várias lesões teciduais induzidas por C. albicans, sendo que no grupo L+F+ essas lesões foram menores em relação aos demais grupos estudados. C. dubliniensis exibiu lesões teciduais discretas sem diferença estatística entre os grupos. Em relação aos fatores de patogenicidade de C. albicans, o grupo L+F+ produziu menor quantidade de fosfolipase e proteinase em relação aos demais grupos. C. dubliniensis produziu menor quantidade de fosfolipase em relação à C. albicans, sem diferença entre os 4 grupos estudados. Entretanto, C. dubliniensis não foi capaz de produzir proteinase... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the effects of photodynamic therapy on the pathogenicity of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis in oral rats candidosis. Were evaluated 96 rats, while 80 were subjected to candidosis experimental induction on the tongue dorsum by C. albicans or C. dubliniensis and 16 rats were not infected. After 5 days of induction candidosis, different treatments were performed: laser and methylene blue as photosensitizers (Group L+F+), laser only (Group L+F-), only photosensitizers (Group L-F+) and without laser neither photosensitizers group (Group L-F). After 1 day, samples of the tongue dorsum were collected and sown on Sabouraud agar for counts of UFC/mL recovered from the oral cavity. The animals were submitted to euthanasia for microscopic analysis. It also evaluated the production capacity of a proteinase and phospholipase C. albicans and C. dubliniensis. The results showed that the amount of C. albicans recovered from rats oral cavity were similar among the four groups. To recover C. dubliniensis of the oral cavity from studied rats was not possible. In microscopic examination of tongue dorsum, was seen the presence of multiple tissue lesions induced by C. albicans, whereas in group L+ F+ these lesions were smaller than in other groups. C. dubliniensis showed slight tissue lesions with no statistic difference between groups. Regarding the factors of pathogenicity of C. albicans, the group L+F+ produced smaller amounts of phospholipase and proteinase compared to other groups. C. dubliniensis produced fewer quantitiy of phospholipase related to C. albicans, without difference between the 4 (four) groups studied. However, C. dubliniensis was not able to produce proteinase. It was concluded that the development of experimental candidosis by C. dubliniensis was less than that induced by C. albicans. Photodynamic therapy was effective on treatment... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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