Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'C electrocatalyst'
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Ying, Qiling. "Preparation and characterization of highly active nano pt/c electrocatalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cell." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3791_1188474883.
Full textCatalysts play an essential role in nearly every chemical production process. Platinum supported on high surface area carbon substrates (Pt/C) is one of the promising candidates as an electrocatalyst in low temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Developing the activity of the Pt/C catalyst with narrow Pt particle size distribution and good dispersion has been a main concern in current research.
In this study, the main objective was the development and characterization of inexpensive and effective nanophase Pt/C electrocatalysts. A set of modified Pt/C electrocatalysts with high electrochemical activity and low loading of noble metal was prepared by the impregnation-reduction method in this research. The four home-made catalysts synthesized by different treatments conditions were characterized by several techniques such as EDS, TEM, XRD, AAS, TGA, BET and CV.
Pt electrocatalysts supported on acid treatment Vulcan XC-72 electrocatalysts were produced successfully. The results showed that Pt particle sizes of Pt/C (PrOH)x catalysts between 2.45 and 2.81nm were obtained with homogeneous dispersion, which were more uniform than the commercial Pt/C (JM) catalyst. In the electrochemical activity tests, ORR was confirmed as a structure-sensitive reaction. The Pt/C (PrOH/pH2.5) showed promising results during chemically-active surface area investigation, which compared well with that of the commercial standard Johnson Matthey Pt/C catalyst. The active surface area of Pt/C (PrOH/pH2.5) at 17.98m2/g, was higher than that of the commercial catalyst (17.22 m2/g ) under the conditions applied. In a CV electrochemical activity test of Pt/C catalysts using a Fe2+/Fe3+ mediator system study, Pt/C (PrOH/pH2.5) (67mA/cm2) also showed promise as a catalyst as the current density is comparable to that of the commercial Pt/C (JM) (62mA/cm2).
A remarkable achievement was attained in this study: the electrocatalyst Pt supported on CNTs was synthesized effectively. This method resulted in the smallest Pt particle size 2.15nm. In the electrochemically-active surface area study, the Pt/CNT exhibited a significantly greater active surface area (27.03 m2/g) and higher current density (100 mA/cm2) in the Fe2+/Fe3+ electrochemical mediator system than the other home-made Pt/C catalysts, as well as being significantly higher than the commercial Pt/C (JM) catalysts. Pt/CNT catalyst produced the best electrochemical activities in both H2SO4 and K4[Fe(CN)6] electrolytes. As a result of the characteristics of Pt/CNTï¼it can be deduced that the Pt/CNT is the best electrocatalyst prepared in this study and has great potential for use in fuel cell applications.
Jackson, Colleen. "SiC and B₄C as electrocatalyst support materials for low temperature fuel cells." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27313.
Full textCrisafulli, Rudy. "Preparação de eletrocatalisadores PtSnCu/C e PtSn/C e ativação por processos de Dealloying para aplicação na oxidação eletroquímica do Etanol." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-03042013-091008/.
Full textPtSnCu/C (with different Pt:Sn:Cu atomic ratios) and PtSn/C (50:50) electrocatalysts were prepared by borohydride (BR) and alcohol-reduction (AR) processes using H2PtCl6.6H2O, SnCl2.2H2O and CuCl2.2H2O as metal sources, NaBH4 and ethylene glycol as reducing agents, 2-propanol and ethylene glycol/water as solvents and carbon black as support. In a further step, these electrocatalysts were activated by chemical (CD) and electrochemical (ED) dealloying processes through acid treatment and thin porous coating technique, respectively. These materials were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, line scan energy dispersive X-ray and cyclic voltammetry. Electrochemical studies for ethanol electro-oxidation were performed by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and in single Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell using Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA). The anodic efluents were analised by gas chromatrography. The X-ray diffractograms of the as-synthesized electrocatalysts showed the typical face-centered cubic structure (FCC) of platinum and its alloys. After dealloying, the X-ray diffractograms showed that the Pt FCC structure was preserved. The crystallite sizes of the as-synthesized electrocatalysts were in the range of 2 nm to 3 nm and after dealloying there were no significant variations in sizes. The energy dispersive X-ray analysis of the as-synthesized electrocatalysts showed a Pt:Sn and Pt:Sn:Cu atomic ratios similar to the nominal values. After chemical and electrochemical dealloying of the electrocatalysts the ranged Pt:Sn and Pt:Sn:Cu atomic ratios showed that Cu and Sn atoms were removed. However, chemical dealloying process proved to be more efficient for removing Cu and electrochemical dealloying for removing Sn. The line scan energy dispersive X-ray analysis showed that acid and electrochemichel treatments were efficient to dealloying Cu and/or Sn superficial atoms of the FCC structure of Pt. The results obtained by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry showed that electrocatalysts containing 30 at % or more of platinum, after chemical and electrochemical dealloying had significant improvement in electrocatalytic activity for ethanol electro-oxidation in the potential of interest. The electrocatalysts with higher efficiency for electrochemical oxidation of ethanol were PtSn/C (50:50) BR/ED > PtSnCu/C (50:40:10) AR/ED > PtSnCu/C (50:10:40) BR/CD. PtSn/C (50:50) BR/CD, PtSnCu/C (50:10:40) BR/CD, PtSnCu/C (50:40:10) AR/CD electrocatalysts and Pt/C BASF, PtSn/C (75:25) BASF commercial electrocatalysts were tested in single Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell. The results showed the following peformance for ethanol electro-oxidation: PtSn/C (50:50) BR/CD > PtSnCu/C (50:40:10) AR/CD > PtSnCu/C > PtSn/C (75:25) BASF > PtSnCu/C (50:10:40) BR/CD > Pt/C BASF.
Costa, Rom?rio Cezar Pereira da. "Caracteriza??o dos eletrocatalisadores LaMnO3, LaFeO3, LaFe0,2Mn0,8O3 E La0,5Fe0,5MnO3 preparados por autocombust?o assistida por microondas para c?todos de c?lulas a combust?vel do tipo SOFC." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17744.
Full textConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
Materials consisting of perovskite-type oxides (ABO3) have been developed in this work for applications in fuel cell cathodes of solid oxide type (SOFC). These ceramic materials are widely studied for this type of application because they have excellent electrical properties, conductivity and electrocatalytic. The oxides LaMnO3, LaFeO3, LaFe0.2Mn0.8O3 e La0.5Fe0.5MnO3 were synthesized by the method of microwave assisted combustion and after sintering at 800?C in order to obtain the desired phases. The powders were characterized by thermogravimetry (TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and voltammetric analysis (cyclic voltammetry and polarization curves). The results obtained by XRF technique showed that the microwave synthesis method was effective in obtaining doping oxides with values near stoichiometric. In general, powders were obtained with particle size less than 0.5 μm, having a porous structure and uniform particle size distribution. The particles showed spherical form, irregular and crowded of varying sizes, according to the analysis of SEM. The behavior of the oxides opposite the thermal stability was monitored by thermogravimetric curves (TG), which showed low weight loss values for all samples, especially those of manganese had its structure. By means of Xray diffraction of the samples sintered at 800?C was possible to observe the formation of powders having high levels of crystallinity. Furthermore, undesirable phases such as La2O3 and MnOx were not identified in the diffractograms. These phases block the transport of oxygen ions in the electrode/electrolyte interface, affecting the electrochemical activity of the system. The voltammetric analysis of the electrocatalysts LF-800, LM-800, LF2M8-800 e L5F5M-800 revealed that these materials are excellent electrical conductors, because it increased the passage of electrical current of the working electrode significantly. Best performance for the oxygen reduction reaction was observed with iron-rich structures, considering that the materials obtained have characteristics suitable for use in fuel cell cathodes of solid oxide type
Materiais constitu?dos de ?xidos do tipo perovskita (ABO3) t?m sido desenvolvidos no presente trabalho para aplica??es em c?todos de c?lulas a combust?vel do tipo ?xidos s?lidos (SOFC). Estes materiais cer?micos s?o amplamente estudados para esse tipo de aplica??o porque apresentam ?timas propriedades el?tricas, condutoras e eletrocatal?ticas. Os ?xidos LaMnO3, LaFeO3, LaFe0,2Mn0,8O3 e La0,5Fe0,5MnO3 foram sintetizados pelo m?todo de combust?o assistida por microondas e logo ap?s sinterizados a 800?C a fim de obter as fases desejadas. Os p?s obtidos foram caracterizados por termogravimetria (TG), difratometria de raios-X (DRX), fluoresc?ncia de raios-X (FRX), microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV) e an?lise voltam?trica (voltametria c?clica e curvas de polariza??o). Os resultados obtidos atrav?s da t?cnica de FRX evidenciam que a escolha do m?todo de s?ntese por microondas foi eficaz na obten??o de ?xidos com valores de dopagens pr?ximos ao estequiom?trico. No geral, foram obtidos p?s com tamanho de part?culas inferiores a 0,5 μm, apresentando estrutura porosa e distribui??o de part?culas uniformes. As part?culas se apresentaram na forma esf?rica, irregular e aglomerada de tamanhos variados, segundo a an?lise de MEV. O comportamento dos ?xidos frente ? estabilidade t?rmica foi monitorado atrav?s das curvas termogravim?tricas (TG), a qual mostrou baixos valores de perdas de massa para todas as amostras, principalmente aquelas que apresentavam o mangan?s em sua estrutura. Por meio da difratometria de raios-X das amostras sinterizadas a 800?C foi poss?vel observar a forma??o de p?s com elevados valores de cristalinidade. Al?m disto, fases indesej?veis como La2O3 e MnOx, n?o foram identificadas nos difratogramas. Estas fases bloqueiam o transporte de ?ons oxig?nio na interface eletrodo/eletr?lito, comprometendo a atividade eletroqu?mica do sistema. A an?lise voltam?trica dos eletrocatalisadores LF-800, LM-800, LF2M8-800 e L5F5M-800 demonstrou que estes materiais s?o ?timos condutores, porque aumentaram a passagem de corrente el?trica do eletrodo de trabalho de forma significativa. Melhor desempenho para a rea??o de redu??o de oxig?nio foi observado com estruturas ricas em ferro, considerando que os materiais obtidos possuem caracter?sticas apropriadas para aplica??o em c?todos de c?lulas a combust?vel de ?xidos s?lidos
CARDOSO, ELISANGELA S. "Síntese e caracterização de eletrocatalisadores Pt/C, PtAu/C e PtAuBi/C pelo método da redução via feixe de elétrons para oxidação direta de metanol e etanol." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2012. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10132.
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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
Haslam, Gareth Eric. "Ni-C and WC materials as fuel cell electrocatalysts." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610113.
Full textBach, Delpeuch Antoine. "Etude du mécanisme de la réaction d'oxydation de l'éthanol sur électrocatalyseurs à base de Pt, Rh, SnO2 sur support carboné en milieu acide." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENI089/document.
Full textThe study of the ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) mechanism was performed on carbon supported bi- and tri-metallic Pt-, Rh-, SnO2-based electrocatalysts via electrochemical coupled techniques (DEMS, in situ FTIR). Two of the most important issues related to the EOR have been broached: the dehydrogenation of the ethanol molecule and its C-C bond breaking.The investigation of some experimental parameters, such as the thickness of the electrocatalyst layer, enabled demonstrating the better complete ethanol electrooxidation into CO2 for large electrocatalysts layers, combined to the enhanced poisoning effect inside the catalyst layer by very strong adsorbates.The performances of each electrocatalyst were compared and evidenced an improved selectivity of the EOR on Pt-Rh-SnO2/C, as well as the generation of higher currents at low potential at room temperature. The tendency was amplified at elevated temperatures (T = 60 °C)
Gallo, Irã Borges Coutinho [UNESP]. "Preparação e teste de nanocatalisadores 'PTFENI'/'C' e 'PTFECO'/'C' para redução de oxigênio." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92052.
Full textNeste trabalho foram sintetizadas nanopartículas de Pt, PtFe, PtNi, PtCo, PtFeNi e PtFeCo suportadas em pó de carbono através do método da microemulsão, que foram testadas como potenciais eletrocatalisadores frente a reação de redução do oxigênio (RRO). As propriedades eletrônicas dos materiais foram investigadas por XAS (Espectroscopia de Absorção de Raios X) e as propriedades estruturais e morfológicas por DRX (Difração de Raios X) e MET (Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão), respectivamente. A área superficial de platina eletroquimicamente ativa foi determinada a partir de dados de voltametria cíclica, enquanto a atividade eletrocatalítica para a RRO foi estudada em soluções de H2SO4 saturadas com O2, utilizando a técnica do eletrodo de disco rotatório. Em geral, a análise dos materiais binários e ternários mostrou uma diminuição no parâmetro de rede em relação à platina pura, o que é um indicativo da formação de liga. O método de síntese escolhido permitiu a obtenção de cristalitos com faixa de tamanhos em torno de 3 nm. Somente os materiais contendo nanopartículas trimetálicas apresentaram alto grau de aglomeração e uma distribuição não homogênea sobre o carbono suporte. As análises eletroquímicas sugerem que a RRO segue majoritariamente o mecanismo via 4 elétrons em todos os catalisadores estudados nesse trabalho. O estudo das propriedades eletrônicas indica que a presença de Fe, Ni e Co contribui para o preenchimento da banda 5d da platina. Todas estas informações foram correlacionadas na tentativa de se entender a razão pela qual os catalisadores trimetálicos, principalmente o PtFeCo/C, apresentaram atividade superior para a RRO quando comparados com os bimetálicos e a Pt/C. Os materiais ternários foram submetidos a tratamento térmico a 150 ºC em atmosfera de H2 por uma hora...
In this work, nanoparticles of Pt, PtFe, PtNi, PtCo, PtFeNi and PtFeCo supported on carbon powder were synthesized by a microemulsion method and tested as potential electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The electronic properties of the materials were investigated by XAS (X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy) and the structural and morphological properties by XRD (X-ray diffraction) and TEM (Transmission Electronic Microscopy), respectively. The platinum electrochemically active surface area was determined from cyclic voltammetry data while the electrocatalytic activity toward the ORR was studied using the rotating disk electrode technique in O2 saturated H2SO4 solutions. Overall, the analyses of the materials showed a decrease in the lattice parameter when compared to pure Pt, which suggests alloy formation. The chosen synthesis method allowed obtaining small crystallites with average size around 3 nm. Only the catalysts containing trimetallic nanoparticles were highly agglomerated and showed an inhomogeneous distribution of particles on the carbon support. The electrochemical analyses suggest that the ORR occurs mainly through the 4 electron mechanism on all catalysts studied in this work. The study of the electronic properties evidenced that the presence of Fe, Ni and Co increases the platinum 5d-band occupancy. All results were correlated aiming a better understanding of why the trimetallic catalysts, particularly PtFeCo/C, have significantly higher ORR activity than bimetallic materials and Pt/C. The trimetallic catalysts were heat treated at 150 ºC in a H2 atmosphere during one hour. As a result, the materials showed a minor increase in alloying degree, an increase in particle size, a slightly decrease in surface area and a more filled Pt 5d-band. Thermal treatment did not cause any... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Chin, Xiao Yao. "Ni-C electrocatalysts for hydrogen oxidation in low-temperature acidic fuel cells." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610637.
Full textGallo, Irã Borges Coutinho. "Preparação e teste de nanocatalisadores 'PT"FE"NI'/'C' e 'PT"FE"CO'/'C' para redução de oxigênio /." Araraquara, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92052.
Full textBanca: Romeu Cardozo Rocha Filho
Banca: Joelma Perez
Resumo: Neste trabalho foram sintetizadas nanopartículas de Pt, PtFe, PtNi, PtCo, PtFeNi e PtFeCo suportadas em pó de carbono através do método da microemulsão, que foram testadas como potenciais eletrocatalisadores frente a reação de redução do oxigênio (RRO). As propriedades eletrônicas dos materiais foram investigadas por XAS (Espectroscopia de Absorção de Raios X) e as propriedades estruturais e morfológicas por DRX (Difração de Raios X) e MET (Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão), respectivamente. A área superficial de platina eletroquimicamente ativa foi determinada a partir de dados de voltametria cíclica, enquanto a atividade eletrocatalítica para a RRO foi estudada em soluções de H2SO4 saturadas com O2, utilizando a técnica do eletrodo de disco rotatório. Em geral, a análise dos materiais binários e ternários mostrou uma diminuição no parâmetro de rede em relação à platina pura, o que é um indicativo da formação de liga. O método de síntese escolhido permitiu a obtenção de cristalitos com faixa de tamanhos em torno de 3 nm. Somente os materiais contendo nanopartículas trimetálicas apresentaram alto grau de aglomeração e uma distribuição não homogênea sobre o carbono suporte. As análises eletroquímicas sugerem que a RRO segue majoritariamente o mecanismo via 4 elétrons em todos os catalisadores estudados nesse trabalho. O estudo das propriedades eletrônicas indica que a presença de Fe, Ni e Co contribui para o preenchimento da banda 5d da platina. Todas estas informações foram correlacionadas na tentativa de se entender a razão pela qual os catalisadores trimetálicos, principalmente o PtFeCo/C, apresentaram atividade superior para a RRO quando comparados com os bimetálicos e a Pt/C. Os materiais ternários foram submetidos a tratamento térmico a 150 ºC em atmosfera de H2 por uma hora... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In this work, nanoparticles of Pt, PtFe, PtNi, PtCo, PtFeNi and PtFeCo supported on carbon powder were synthesized by a microemulsion method and tested as potential electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The electronic properties of the materials were investigated by XAS (X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy) and the structural and morphological properties by XRD (X-ray diffraction) and TEM (Transmission Electronic Microscopy), respectively. The platinum electrochemically active surface area was determined from cyclic voltammetry data while the electrocatalytic activity toward the ORR was studied using the rotating disk electrode technique in O2 saturated H2SO4 solutions. Overall, the analyses of the materials showed a decrease in the lattice parameter when compared to pure Pt, which suggests alloy formation. The chosen synthesis method allowed obtaining small crystallites with average size around 3 nm. Only the catalysts containing trimetallic nanoparticles were highly agglomerated and showed an inhomogeneous distribution of particles on the carbon support. The electrochemical analyses suggest that the ORR occurs mainly through the 4 electron mechanism on all catalysts studied in this work. The study of the electronic properties evidenced that the presence of Fe, Ni and Co increases the platinum 5d-band occupancy. All results were correlated aiming a better understanding of why the trimetallic catalysts, particularly PtFeCo/C, have significantly higher ORR activity than bimetallic materials and Pt/C. The trimetallic catalysts were heat treated at 150 ºC in a H2 atmosphere during one hour. As a result, the materials showed a minor increase in alloying degree, an increase in particle size, a slightly decrease in surface area and a more filled Pt 5d-band. Thermal treatment did not cause any... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
ANTONIASSI, RODOLFO M. "Desempenho elétrico e distribuição dos produtos da célula a combustível com etanol direto utilizando Pt/C, PtSn/C(liga) e PtSnO2/C como eletrocatalisadores anódicos." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10515.
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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
Silva, Dionisio Furtunato da. ""Preparação de eletrocatalisadores PtRu/C utilizando radiação Gama para aplicação como ânodo na oxidação direta de metanol"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-22052007-155556/.
Full textPtRu/C (carbon-supported PtRu nanoparticles) anode electrocatalysts were prepared using radiolytic process (gamma radiation) and tested for methanol electro-oxidation. In this process, water/2-propanol and water/ethylene glycol solutions containing the metallic ions and the carbon support were submitted to gamma radiation under stirring. The water/alcohol ratio (v/v) and the total dose (kGy) were studied. A nominal Pt:Ru atomic ratio of 50:50 were used in all experiments. The electrocatalysts were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The electro-oxidation of methanol was studied by cyclic voltammetry using the thin porous coating technique. The electrocatalysts prepared in water/2-propanol showed crystallite size in the range of 3-5 nm and Pt:Ru atomic ratio of 50:50. The electrocatalysts prepared in water/ethylene glycol showed crystallite size (2-3 nm) smaller than the ones obtained in water/2-propanol, however, the Pt:Ru atomic ratios obtained were approximately 80:20, showing that only part of ruthenium ions were reduced. For methanol oxidation the electrocatalytic activity depends on the water/2-propanol and water/ethylene glycol ratio used in the reaction medium. The electrocatalysts prepared in water/2-propanol showed inferior performance to the ones prepared in water/ethylene glycol, which showed similar or superior performances (amperes per gram of platinum) to the commercial electrocatalyst from E-TEK.
Ribeiro, Vilmaria Aparecida. "Estudo da preparação de eletrocatalisadores Pt-Sn/C por meio da deposição superficial de Pt sobre Sn/C utilizando diferentes metodologias para aplicação na oxidação eletroquímica do etanol." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-21102015-154446/.
Full textWe present a study of the achievement of Pt-Sn/C electrocatalysts from the deposition of Pt on Sn/C surface using different methodologies. The Sn/C support were obtained by reduction method with sodium borohydride (BH) and by the alcohol reduction method (MRA). Pt deposition was carried out by the galvanic exchange process and by using reducing BH and MRA methods. The materials were characterized using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray linear scan (EDX- line scan), cyclic voltammetry (VC) and CO stripping and tested by electrochemical oxidation of ethanol. A comparison between MRA and BH method showed the presence of Sn metal phase in the X-ray diffractogram Sn/C using the first method while the second lead to the formation of the SnO2 phase. The obtained material resulted by deposition process more active than the Sn holder (BH)/C but less active than commercial catalyst PtSn/C BASF. The materials result to be more active than the commercial catalyst. The Pt deposition process using BH method on Sn (BH)/C support led to catalysts with lower performance to the commercial catalyst because, in this case, the deposition occurs of Pt preferably on Sn metal nanoparticles, making the surface of the catalyst rich in Pt. Studies by transmission electron microscopy EDX-line - scan showed that this material had the most even distribution of Pt and Sn sites on the catalyst surface. In this work, we obtained electrocatalyst by Pt deposition on Sn/C\'s surface, with higher activity than the Commercial PtSn/C catalyst and verified that the materials obtained in a single step process by co-reduction are the ones with higher activity.
SILVA, DIONISIO F. da. "Preparação de eletrocatalisadores PtRu/C utilizando radiação gama para aplicação como ânodo na oxidação direta de metanol." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2006. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11413.
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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
Rodrigues, Rita Maria de Sousa. "Preparação e caracterização de eletrocatalisadores PtSn/C - terras raras e PtRu/C - terra raras para a eletro- oxidação do etanol." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-19122011-150314/.
Full textThe electrocatalyst PtRu / C-rare earth and PtSn / C-rare earth (20 wt%) were prepared by alcohol reduction method using H2PtCl6.6H2O RuCl3·xH2O, SnCl2.2H2O as a source of metals 85 % Vulcan - 15 % rare earth as a support and, finally, ethylene glycol as reducing agent. The electrocatalysts were characterized physically by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Analyses by EDX showed that the atomic ratios of different electrocatalysts, prepared by alcohol reduction method are similar to the nominal starting compositions indicating that this methodology is promising for the preparation of electrocatalysts. In all the XRD patterns for the prepared electrocatalysts there is a broad peak at about 2θ = 25o, which is associated with the carbon support and four additional diffraction peaks at approximately 2θ = 40o, 47o, 67o e 82o, which in turn are associated with the plans (111), (200), (220) e (311), respectively, of face-centered cubic structure (FCC) platinum. The results of X-ray diffraction also showed average crystallite sizes between 2.0 and 4.0 nm for PtSn e 2,0 a 3,0 para PtRu. The studies for the electrochemical oxidation of ethanol in acid medium were carried out using the technique of chronoamperometry in a solution 0,5 mol.L-1 H2SO4, + 1,0 mol.L-1 de C2H5OH. The polarization curves obtained in the fuel cell unit, powered directly by ethanol, are in agreement with the results of voltammetry and chronoamperometry noting the beneficial effect of rare earths in the preparation of electrocatalysts and attesting that the electrocatalysts PtSn/C are more effective than PtRu/C for the oxidation of ethanol.
SILVA, ROBERTO W. R. V. da. "Preparacao e caracterizacao de eletrocatalisadores PtRu/C e PtSn/C via reducao quimica por acido citrico para oxidacao direta de alcoois em celulas a combustivel tipo PEN." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2008. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11741.
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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
Dutra, Rita Maria. "Estudo da Oxidação Eletroquímica do Etanol em Meio Ácido utilizando os eletrocatalisadores PtSnAuRh/C e PtRuAuRh/C." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-07022017-113550/.
Full textThe electrocatalysts quaternary PtSnAuRh/C and PtRuAuRh/C were prepared in the proportions 50:40:5:5, 60:30:5:5, 70:20:5:5, 80:10:5:5, 90:4:3:3 and for compositions PtSnAu/C, PtSnRh/C, PtRuAu/C, PtRuRh/C prepared in atomic ratio 50: 45: 5 with (20 mass%) by the method of alcohol reduction using H2PtCl6.6H2O, RuCl3·xH2O, SnCl2.2H2O, HAuCl4.3H2O and RhCl3.xH2O as a source of carbon and Vulcan XC72 as support and, lastly, ethylene glycol as a reducing agent. The obtained electrocatalysts were physically characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The EDX analyzes showed that the atomic ratios of the various electrocatalysts prepared by the method of alcohol reduction were similar to the nominal compositions of departure indicating that this method is efficient for preparing these electrocatalysts. In all diffraction patterns for the prepared electrocatalysts observed a broad peak at about 2θ = 25, which is associated with the carbon and four other diffraction peaks support at about 2θ = 40, 47, 67 and 82, which in turn they are associated with the planes (111), (200), (220) and (311) respectively of the face-centered cubic structure (FCC) of platinum. The results of X-ray diffraction showed average crystallite size between 2.0 and 5.2 nm for PtSnAuRh/C, PtSnAu/C, PtSnRh/C and 2.0 to 2.6 nm for PtRuAuRh/C, PtRuAu/C , PtRuRh/C. The studies for the electrochemical oxidation of ethanol in acidic medium were performed using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry in a 0.5 mol L-1 solution H2SO4 + 1.0 mol L-1 C2H5OH. The polarization curves obtained on the unit fuel cell, fed directly with ethanol, are in agreement with the results of voltammetry and chronoamperometry stating the beneficial effect of adding gold and rhodium in the composition of the electrocatalysts.
Chouchelamane, Gael. "Preparation and characterisation of Pt/C and Ni/C modified electrocatalysts for use towards the oxygen reduction reaction for proton exchange membrane fuel cells." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2010. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/187737/.
Full textChattot, Raphaël. "Surface Distortion and Electrocatalysis : Structure-Activity Relationships for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction on PtNi/C Nanocatalysts." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI093/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis was initially motivated by the understanding of the peculiar electrocatalytic activity of hollow PtNi/C nanoparticles for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Investigations on the formation and growth mechanism of this novel class of nanocatalysts using operando X-ray and electron-based techniques revealed that, beyond alloying effects, structural disorder is a lever to boost the ORR kinetics on bimetallic nanomaterials. The ‘defects do catalysis’ concept was progressively extended to various PtNi catalyst nanostructures, namely to advanced shape-controlled nanocatalysts from the ORR electrocatalysis landscape thanks to fruitful collaborations with European laboratories. This work shows that, through their distorted surface, microstrained nanomaterials feature unprecedented adsorption chemisorption properties and represent a viable approach to sustainably enhance the ORR activity
SILVA, DIONISIO F. da. "Preparacao de eletrocatalisadores PtRu/C e PtSn/C utilizando feixe de eletrons para aplicacao como anodo na oxidacao direta de metanol e etanol em celulas a combustivel de baixa temperatura." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2009. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9475.
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
Rocha, Thairo de Araújo. "Estudo da atividade e estabilidade eletrocatalítica de materiais nanoestruturados Pt3Nb/C e Pt-Nb2O5/C para aplicações em células a combustível de eletrólito polimérico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75134/tde-08022017-151223/.
Full textThis work was divided into two parts. In the first part, the performance of a fuel cell with Nafion 115 as the polymer electrolyte was evaluated. The anodes were composed of Pt/C and/or Pt3Nb/C, which were fed with H2 containning 100 ppm of CO, while the cathode (Pt/C) was fed with O2. For the Pt3Nb/C (20 % metal/C) synthesis, the metals were impregnated on carbon, followed by heat treatment in a reducing atmosphere. X-Ray Diffraction results showed evidence of a Pt3Nb-NbxOy structure. The Transmission Electron Microscopy data indicated that even after heat-treating the material at 1000°C, it is possible to obtain a good nanoparticle size distribution. X-Ray Absorption results for Pt3Nb/C showed that electronic levels in the Pt 5d band are filled, mainly because of the better size distribution of the nanoparticles in this material, and because of the Nb presence in the structure. The later has a significant influence on the electrochemical responses observed for the CO electrooxidation reaction. The data obtained from the fuel cell coupled to a mass spectrometer definitely showed that Pt3Nb/C is much more Co-tolerant than Pt/C. In the second part, two materials composed of Pt supported on Nb2O5/C were synthesized by reducing ions with formic acid. The performance and stability of these materials as cathodes of a fuel cell were evaluated. In this case, the fuel cell with Nafion 115 as the polymer electrolyte was fed with H2/O2. Its anode was composed of Pt/C, and cathodes of Pt/C and/or Pt-Nb2O5-C. The X-Ray Absorption data reveled a decrease in the electronic density of the Pt 5d band, due to the presence of oxide, leading to a small increase of the absorption observed for the synthesized materials when compared to the commercial Pt/C. Transmission Electron Microscopy images showed nanoparticles agglomeration and corrosion of the carbon support in the cathode, decreasing the performance of the fuel cell over time. In terms of the stability, the better performance of the materials supported on Nb2O5/C in relation to the oxygen reduction reaction, over long periods of the fuel cell operation, is due to a small loss of the active areas of these materials.
Silva, Dionisio Furtunato da. "Preparação de eletrocatalisadores PtRu/C e PtSn/C utilizando feixe de elétrons para aplicação como anodo na oxidação direta de metanol e etanol em células a combustível de baixa temperatura." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-23092011-155927/.
Full textPtRu/C and PtSn/C electrocatalysts were prepared using electron beam irradiation. The metal ions were dissolved in water/2-propanol and water/ethylene glycol solutions and the carbon support was added. The resulting mixtures were irradiated under stirring. The effect of water/ethylene glycol and water/2-propanol (v/v) ratio, Pt:Ru and Pt:Sn atomic ratios, the irradiation time and dose rate were studied. The obtained materials were characterized by Energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The electro-oxidation of methanol and ethanol were studied by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry using the thin porous coating technique. The electrocatalysts were also tested on the Direct Methanol and Ethanol Fuel Cells. PtRu/C electrocatalysts prepared in water/ethylene glycol showed Pt:Ru atomic ratios different from the nominal ones. The results suggested that part of the Ru(III) ions were not reduced. The obtained materials showed the face-centered cubic (fcc) structure of Pt and Pt alloys with crystallite sizes of 2-3 nm. PtRu/C electrocatalysts prepared in water/2-propanol showed Pt:Ru atomic ratios similar to the nominal ones. The obtained materials also showed the fcc structure of platinum and platinum alloys with crystallite sizes of 3-4 nm. PtSn/C electrocatalysts prepared in water/ethylene glycol and water/2-propanol showed Pt:Sn atomic ratios similar to the nominal ones. The obtained materials showed the platinum (fcc) phase with crystallite sizes in the range of 2 - 4 nm and a SnO2 (cassiterite) phase. The obtained PtRu/C and PtSn/C electrocatalysts showed similar or superior performance for methanol and ethanol electro-oxidation compared to commercial PtRu/C (E-TEK) and PtSn/C (BASF) electrocatalysts.
RIBEIRO, VILMARIA A. "Preparação de eletrocatalisadores PtRuNi/C pelo método da redução por álcool para aplicação como ânodo na oxidação direta de metanol em células a combustível de eletrólito polimérico sólido." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2008. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11680.
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IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
ROGER, CHRISTOPHE. "Complexes fer-methylene et fer methoxymethylene en serie fe (c#5me#5) (dppe) : activation par transfert d'electron et electrocatalyse." Rennes 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989REN10067.
Full textSantos, Monique Carolina Lima. "Oxidação eletroquímica do metanol em eletrólito alcalino por intermédio de eletrocatalisadores PtRuIn/C preparados pelo método de redução por borohidreto de sódio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-11082017-091504/.
Full textIn this work the different electrocatalytic systems PtIn/C, PtRu/C, PtRuIn/C and their different mass proportions were synthesized by the sodium borohydride reduction method, in order to be used as an anode in the alkaline direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The obtained materials were characterized by EDX, DRX and MET techniques. The reduction method applied in the synthesis was effective, since the particles showed good dispersion in the carbon support Vulcan XC72, according to the EDX and MET analyzes. The results obtained by XRD showed in all the diffractograms presented the CFC structure of platinum and a relative displacement of the equivalent peak to the plane (220) for values greater than and less than 2θ. The mean crystallite size and the calculated net parameters indicated the insertion of Indium and Ruthenium atoms to the Platinum structure, assuming the formation of alloys. The electrochemical oxidation of methanol was studied by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and polarization curves. The electrochemical experiments showed that in the binary electrocatalysts with higher composition of Indium and Ruthenium, the catalytic efficiency against the oxidation of the fuel demonstrated a better result. Meanwhile the ternary, the electrocatalyst with the higher Ruthenium composition was more efficient. In terms of the practical experiments in fuel cells, the polarization curves showed divergences of results with those obtained by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry, which can be justified by issues of pressing and detachment of MEA\'s in systems that presented higher amounts of cocatalysts such as Indium and Ruthenium.
Piasentin, Ricardo Marcelo. "Estudo da eletro-oxidação do etanol utilizando eletrocatalisadores PtPd/C+ATO e PtPdSn/C+ATO preparados via redução por borohidreto de sódio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-16102013-110645/.
Full textFirstly, Pt/C, Pt/C+ATO, Pd/C, Pd/C+ATO, PtPd/C+ATO and PtPdSn/C+ATO electrocatalysts were prepared by the reduction by sodium borohydride method. H2PtCl6.6H2O, Pd(NO3)2.2H2O and SnCl2.2H2O were used as metal source and a physical mixture of 85% Vulcan Carbon XC72 and 15% Sb2O5.SnO2, so-called ATO, as support. The catalysts were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) experiments, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and tests in direct ethanol fuel cells for ethanol oxidation. XRD analysis of Pt/C and Pd/C showed four peaks associated with the face-centered cubic (fcc) structure of Pt and Pd, respectively. On the other hand, carbon plus ATO supported Pt and Pd based catalysts showed besides the presence of four fcc Pt and Pd reflections others eight peaks associated with antimony-doped tin oxides (ATO). TEM images and the corresponding metal particle size distribution histogram of the catalysts revealed the metallic particles are highly dispersed on the support and their average size ranges were from 2 to 6 nm. The electrochemical measurements characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) in N2 saturated 0,5 M H2SO4 solutions at room temperatures showed the PtPdSn(80:10:10)/C+ATO and PtPdSn(90:5:5)/C+ATO tri-mettallic catalysts, and the PtPd(80:20)/C+ATO bi-mettallic catalyst presented, in that order, the highest peak current densities with 1 M ethanol, in comparision with Pt/C, in the potential region of 0.05 to 0.9 V vs. RHE. The experiments at 100oC on single direct ethanol fuel cells showed that the power density values for both tri-mettallic catalysts were very similar and at about 6 times higher than that value of Pt/C. The FTIR spectra collected during ethanol electro-oxidation in presence of 0.1 M HClO4 showed the main bands at 2344, 1282 and 933 cm-3, which are characteristic of the presence of CO2, acetic acid and acetaldehyde, respectively. For Pt/C, PtPd(80:20)/C+ATO and PtPdSn(90:5:5)/C+ATO electrocatalysts acetaldehyde was the main product in the potential region observed, as it is shown in the graph of integrated band intensity as a function of the electrode potential. In the case of Pt/C+ATO and PtPdSn(80:10:10)/C+ATO catalysts acetic acid was the main product. At second, PdPt(80:20)/C+ATO, PdPtSn(80:10:10)/C+ATO e PdPtSn(90:5:5)/C+ATO were prepared to be tested by means of CV and CA in alkaline medium. The results obtained again indicated that the tri-mettallic catalysts showed the highest peak current densities in the potential region of -0,850 V to -0,450 V vs. Ag/AgCl. This confirms that Pd-based catalysts are an excellent option for ethanol oxidation in alkaline medium since the current values in alkaline medium were approximately sixty times higher than those ones obtained in acidic medium.
Bergamaski, Kleber. "\"Dependência da seletividade da reação de eletro-oxidação de metanol e etanol sobre nanopartículas de Pt/C e PtRh/C\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75131/tde-18042007-095129/.
Full textThe methanol and ethanol electrooxidation is a subject of intense studies in electrocatalysis. The aim of such attention concerning this alcohol electrooxidation activity is due to development of new energy converter systems more efficient and less pollutant. The electrocatalysis research has been also directed to nanoparticle systems. Metallic particles in nanometric size offer interesting aspects for structural effects studies in supported electrocatalysts. The particle size decrease could promote efficient catalyst use, once the ratio number of superficial atoms/total atoms raises. In this work, the electrochemical oxidation of methanol and ethanol on Pt/C and PtRh/C catalysts through differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) was investigated. The atomic composition effect in the alcohol oxidation was studied on PtRh/C catalysts. The particle size effect on methanol oxidation reaction was studied on Pt/C E-Tek catalysts. It has been observed in this bimetallic catalysts that the higher rhodium content, the lower faradaic current. On the other hand, the efficiency for complete methanol electrooxidation to CO2 increased with rhodium addition in the platinum catalyst. To these results were assigned that electronic effect plays a key role in the mechanism of alcohol oxidation on bimetallic catalysts. For Pt/C E-Tek catalysts ones, the particle size effect in the methanol oxidation reaction was more evident. Methanol electrooxidation measurements have shown a high efficiency for complete alcohol oxidation to CO2 on the 30 and 40 % wt. Pt/C catalysts. It was inferred, in this case, that must be consider not only the particle morphology but also the coupling between different size particles via soluble products in order to improve a better understanding of global reaction mechanism. It was suggested that there is an optimum particle size range for efficient methanol electrooxidation to CO2, that is, 3 to 10 nm range. The loss of efficiency could be due to very small particles or very great particles resulting in methanol partial oxidation mainly to formaldehyde.
DUTRA, RITA M. "Estudo da oxidação eletroquímica do etanol em meio acido utilizando os eletrocatalisadores PtSnAuRh/C e PtRuAuRh/C." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2016. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/27126.
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Os eletrocatalisadores quartenários PtSnAuRh/C e PtRuAuRh/C foram preparados nas proporções 50:40:5:5, 60:30:5:5, 70:20:5:5, 80:10:5:5, 90:4:3:3 e para as composições terciárias PtSnAu/C, PtSnRh/C, PtRuAu/C, PtRuRh/C preparados na proporção atômica 50:45:5 com (20% em massa) pelo método da redução por álcool utilizando H2PtCl6.6H2O, RuCl3·xH2O, SnCl2.2H2O, HAuCl4.3H2O e RhCl3.xH2O, como fonte de metais e carbono Vulcan XC72 como suporte e, por último, etileno glicol como agente redutor. Os eletrocatalisadores obtidos foram caracterizados fisicamente por difração de raios-X (DRX), energia dispersiva de raios X (EDX) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). As análises por EDX mostraram que as razões atômicas dos diferentes eletrocatalisadores, preparados pelo método da redução por álcool, foram similares às composições nominais de partida indicando que esta metodologia é eficiente para a preparação destes eletrocatalisadores. Em todos os difratogramas para os eletrocatalisadores preparados observa-se um pico largo em aproximadamente 2θ = 25°, o qual é associado ao suporte de carbono e quatro outros picos de difração em aproximadamente 2θ = 40°, 47°, 67° e 82°, que por sua vez são associados aos planos (111), (200), (220) e (311), respectivamente, da estrutura cúbica de face centrada (CFC) de platina. Os resultados de difração de raios X apresentaram tamanhos médios de cristalitos entre 2,0 e 5,2 nm para PtSnAuRh/C, PtSnAu/C, PtSnRh/C e 2,0 a 2,6 nm para PtRuAuRh/C, PtRuAu/C, PtRuRh/C. Os estudos para a oxidação eletroquímica do etanol em meio ácido foram realizados utilizando as técnicas de voltametria cíclica e de cronoamperometria em uma solução 0,5 mol.L-1 H2SO4, + 1,0 mol.L-1 de C2H5OH. As curvas de polarização obtidas na célula a combustível unitária, alimentada diretamente por etanol, estão de acordo com os resultados de voltametria e cronoamperometria constatando o efeito benéfico da adição do ouro e ródio na composição dos eletrocatalisadores.
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
CRISAFULLI, RUDY. "Preparação de eletrocatalisadores PtSnCu/C e PtSn/C e ativação por processos de Dealloying para aplicação na oxidação eletroquímica do Etanol." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10183.
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
Nandenha, Júlio. "Estudo da oxidação eletroquímica do ácido fórmico utilizando eletrocatalisadores Pd/C-Sb2O5.SnO2, PdAu/C-Sb2O5.SnO2, PdIr/C-Sb2O5.SnO2 e PdAulr/C-Sb2O5.SnO2 preparados via redução por borohidreto de sódio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-29072016-133123/.
Full textPd/C, Pd/C-15%ATO, PdAu/C-15%ATO (90:10, 70:30 e 50:50), PdIr/C-15%ATO (90:10, 70:30 e 50:50) and PdAuIr/C-15%ATO (90:5:5, 70:20:10 e 50:45:5) electrocatalysts were prepared by sodium borohydride reduction method. These electrocatalysts were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the electrocatalytic activity toward formic acid electrochemical oxidation in acid and alkaline media was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chroamperometry (CA) and experiments on direct formic acid fuel cell (DFAFC) at 100 ºC and 60 ºC, respectively. X-ray diffractograms of PdAu/C-15%ATO, PdIr/C-15%ATO and PdAuIr/C-15%ATO electrocatalysts showed the presence of Pd (fcc) phase, Pd-Au, Pd-Ir and Pd-Au-Ir alloys, carbon and SnO2 phases. TEM micrographs indicated that the nanoparticles were well distributed on the C-ATO support and showed some agglomerates. The electrochemical studies for the formic acid oxidation were performed using a thin porous coating technique. All the electrocatalysts prepared were tested in single fuel cells directly fed with acid formic. The PdAuIr/C-15%ATO (50:45:5) electrocatalyst in acid and alkaline media showed the higher electrocatalytic activity for acid formic electro-oxidation at room temperature compared to the Pd/C-15%ATO and others binary and ternary electrocatalysts prepared. The experiments in an acid and alkaline single DFAFC also showed that PdAuIr/C-15%ATO (90:5:5) electrocatalyst exhibited higher performance for formic acid oxidation at 100 ºC and 60 ºC, respectively, in comparison with the others electrocatalysts synthesized. These results indicated that the addition of Au and Ir to Pd promote the formic acid electrochemical oxidation, which could be attributed to the bifunctional mechanism (the presence of ATO (Sb2O5·SnO2), Au and Ir oxides species) associated to the electronic effect (Pd-Au-Ir alloys (fcc)).
Antoniassi, Rodolfo Molina. "Desempenho elétrico e distribuição dos produtos da célula a combustível com etanol direto utilizando Pt/C, PtSn/C(liga) e PtSnO2/C como eletrocatalisadores anódicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-04072013-132158/.
Full textIn the present work, the electrical performance of the anodic electrocatalysts Pt/C, Pt3Sn/C(alloy), Pt(SnO2)/C, Pt3(SnO2)/C and Pt9(SnO2)/C towards ethanol, acetaldehyde and acetic acid electro-oxidation reactions was investigated. Single cell tests showed that the Sn addiction whether in Pt-Sn alloyed form or in oxide (SnO2) form coexisting with metallic platinum increases considerably the electrical response generated by the cell. The electrical performance improvement of PtSn-basis catalysts is a result of the ability to oxidize acetaldehyde, mostly produced by Pt/C, in acetic acid. Pt3(SnO2)/C exhibited the highest electrical performance both for ethanol and acetaldehyde as fuels, reaching maximum power density values of 127 and 58 mW cm-2, respectively. Mixtures between fuels showed that acetaldehyde is a compound which leads a rapid deactivation of the catalysts, while acetic acid, although not oxidized to CO2 under operating conditions, does not affect the cell electrical performance.
RODRIGUES, RITA M. de S. "Preparação e caracterização de eletrocatalisadores PtSn/C-terras raras e PtRu/C-terras raras para a eletro-oxidação do etanol." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2011. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10055.
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IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
Silva, Sirlane Gomes da. "Estudo da oxidação eletroquímica do etanol em meio alcalino utilizando eletrocatalisadores PtAuIr/C e PdAuIr/C preparados via redução por borohidreto de sódio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-23102017-155201/.
Full textPt/C, Pd/C, PtAu/C, PtIr/C, PdAu/C, PdIr/C, PtAuIr/C and PdAuIr/C electrocatalysts, were prepared by the sodium borohydride reduction process in different atomic proportions, with 20 wt.% of metal loading and supported on Vulcan XC72 carbon with high surface area. The materials were characterized by X-ray dispersive energy spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ethanol electrochemical oxidation was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry and in situ using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) using the thin porous coating technique, Afterwards the materials were tested on direct ethanol alkaline fuel cells. The results suggest alloys formation, with the mean nanoparticles sizes are from 4 - 10 nm. According to the electrochemical experiments the ternary electrocatalysts presented higher electrocatalytic activity, while that the FTIR studies indicated that the main product of the electrochemical oxidation of ethanol in alkaline medium for all synthesized electrocatalysts was acetate, also suggesting that the oxidation occurs incompletely by the indirect mechanism. The fuel cell experiments showed the best results for PdAuIr/C (50:40:10), where these materials had an open circuit potential of approximately 0,78 V and maximum power density of about 15 mW cm-2, about 333% higher than Pd/C.
Jacob, Juliana Marciotto. "Efeito da adição de cério em catalisadores Pt/C e PtSn/C para eletro-oxidação de etanol." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75134/tde-04072014-121032/.
Full textIn this work, the effect of the cerium presence in Pt/C and PtSn/C catalysts for ethanol electro-oxidation was studied to increase the efficiency of the reaction, to understand the variations in catalytic activity and to evaluate the catalysts stability at the cell operating conditions. All catalysts were prepared by the formic acid method, and the XPS data confirmed the percentages in the compositions of the catalyst PtCe/C and PtSnCe/C. The XRD and TEM data showed that, with the exception of the proportion PtCe/C 50:50, all other catalysts showed particle size close to the crystallite size. The XRD data does not indicate the presence of alloy in the PtCe/C and PtSnCe/C catalysts, but even in the form of oxide, tin presented an electronic effect, as reported by the XAS data. The addition of cerium promotes oxidation of ethanol in lower potential than platinum. The addition of tin in this catalyst had a beneficial effect on the catalytic activity, promoting the oxidation in lower potential than the PtCe/C catalysts. The interaction of Pt-Sn promotes the dissociation of water to form Sn-OHad near species of carbon monoxide adsorbed on Pt, facilitating the rapid ethanol oxidation. Stability tests showed when comparing PtSnCe/C catalyst with commercial catalyst PtSn/C, it was possible to determine that the addition of cerium provides an improvement of the catalyst stability.
Dias, Ricardo Rodrigues. "Estudo dos eletrocatalisadores de PtSnRh/C + CeO2 preparados pelo método da redução por álcool para a oxidação eletroquímica do etanol." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-01102013-153858/.
Full textPtRh (50:50)/ 85% C + 15% CeO2, PtRh (90:10)/ 85% C + 15% CeO2, PtSn (50:50)/ 85% C + 15% CeO2 and PtSnRh/85% C + 15% CeO2 All catalysts were characterized by the physical chemical techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). By means of XRD it could be observed the presence of the face-centered cubic structure, which is typical of platinum and its alloys. As well, it was noticed a phase of SnOelectrocatalysts were prepared, with different atomic compositions, by the reduction by alcohol method in order to be tested in the ethanol electrochemical oxidation studies. 2 for the diffractograms of PtSn/85% C + 15% CeO2 and PtSnRh/85% C + 15% CeO2 electrocatalysts. TEM allowed the observation of a relatively homogeneous distribution of particles whose average size ranged from 2.5 to 3 nm in C + CeO2 The electrochemical characterizations were carried out by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) both at room temperature and 50°C. Thin porous coating technique was used for all ethanol electrochemical oxidation studies. PtSnRh (50:45:5)/ 85% C + 15% CeO support. 2 For the synthesis proceeding of PtSnRh (50:45:5)/ 85% C + 15% CeO electrocatalyst showed the best performance for the ethanol oxidation according to the electrochemical techniques used, as well as by direct ethanol fuel cell tests. 2 FTIR studies confirmed that ethanol oxidation was incomplete for the ternary catalysts of PtSnRh (50:45:5)/ 85% C + 15% CeOelectrocatalyst, the metal addition order was made in two different ways. When tin was added in the first step followed by addition of PtRh to prepare the catalyst, the highest current values for the ethanol oxidation were noticed. 2 and PtSnRh (50:45:5)/C
Nandenha, Júlio. "Desenvolvimento de novos sistemas de eletrocatalisadores nano-dispersos 20%Pt-(2% Pt-Ce0,9W0,102)/C tolerantes ao monóxido de carbono( CO) para ânodos de PEMFC." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-31102011-084235/.
Full textThe nanophase material (powder) of Ce0,9W0,1O2 was synthesized via coprecipitation of oxalates of cerium (IV) and tungsten cations. The reduction of platinum (2%) was made by the method of alcohol reduction, using an acid solution hexachloroplatinic (H2PtCl6.6H2O) as metal source, cerium oxide doped with tungsten (Ce0,9W0,1O2) used as support and the solution of ethylene glycol/water (75/75, v/v) as solvent and reducing agent. The 2%Pt-Ce0,9W0,1O2 materials were mixed in Pt/C E-TEK 20% using physical mixing process to produce the 20%Pt-(2%Pt-Ce0,9W0,1O2)/C electrocatalyst. The materials were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) coupled to scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray difratometry analysis (XRD) and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). The membrane electrodes assembly (MEAs) were prepared with loads equal to 0.401, 0.364, 0.328 mg Pt cm-2 for 20%Pt(2%Pt-Ce0,9W0,1O2)/C electrocatalysts produced. In the cathode a load of 0.4 mg Pt cm-2 of commercial Pt/C ETEK electrocatalyst was used. The anodic polarization was carried out for oxidation of the mixture H2/CO(100 ppm CO). The CO tolerance was studied using electrochemical process (CO stripping and measurements of polarization curves). The results showed that the oxidation of CO adsorbed to CO2 on the surface of platinum occur at less positive potentials showing tolerance to CO adsorbed on these 20%Pt-(2%Pt-Ce0,9W0,1O2)/C (50:50, 60:40 and 70:30) electrocatalysts at a temperature of 85 ºC and absolute pressure of 2 bar for anode and cathode, compared with Pt/C E-TEK 20%.
Sauermann, Nicolas. "C-H Activation for Sustainable Synthesis: Base Metal- and Electro-Catalysis." Doctoral thesis, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E46C-2.
Full textRIBEIRO, VILMARIA A. "Estudo da preparação de eletrocatalisadores Pt-Sn/C por meio da deposição superficial de Pt sobre Sn/C utilizando diferentes metodologias para aplicação na oxidação eletroquímica do etanol." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2015. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/25304.
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Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
Zhang, Shoukun. "Selective C–H Activation by Ruthenium(II) Carboxylate and Nickelaelectro-Catalysis." Doctoral thesis, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0005-155B-E.
Full textBRANDALISE, MICHELE. "Preparacao e caracterizacao de eletrocatalisadores PtRu/C, PtBi/C, PtRuBi/C para eletro-oxidacao direta de etanol em celulas a combustivel do tipo PEM utilizando a metodologia da reducao via borohidreto de sodio." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2010. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9522.
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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
Dresch, Mauro André. "Aplicação de catalisadores PtSn/C e membranas Nafion-SiO2 em células a combustível de etanol direto em elevadas temperaturas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-06102014-102906/.
Full textThis work has as objective to evaluate anodes and electrolytes in direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFC) operating at high temperature (130 ºC). As anode materials, electrocatalysts based on PtSn/C were prepared by Modified Polyol Method with various Pt:Sn atomic ratios. Such methodology promotes selforganized electrocatalysts production with narrow particle size distribution and high alloying degree. The eletrocatalysts were characterized by XRD, and CO stripping. The results showed that these materials presented high alloying degree and Eonset CO oxidation at lower potential as commercial materials. As electrolyte, Nafion-SiO2 hybrids were synthesized by sol-gel reaction, by the incorporation of oxide directly into the ionic aggregates of various kinds of Nafion membranes. The synthesis parameter, such sol-gel solvent, membrane thickness and silicon precursor concentration were studied in terms of silica incorporation degree and hybrid mechanical stability. Finally, the optimized anodes and electrolytes were evaluated in DEFC operating at 80 130 ºC temperature range. The results showed a significant improvement of the DEFC performance (122 mW cm-2), resulted from the acceleration of ethanol oxidation reaction rate due to anode material optimization and high temperature operation once the use of hybrids possibilities the increase of temperature without a significant conductivity loses. In this sense, the combination of optimized electrodes and electrolytes are a promising alternative for the development of these devices.
NANDENHA, JÚLIO. "Estudo da oxidação eletroquímica do ácido fórmico utilizando eletrocatalisadores Pd/C-Sb2O5.SnO2, PdAu/C-Sb2O5.SnO2, PdIr/C-Sb2O5.SnO2 e PdAulr/C-Sb2O5.SnO2 preparados via redução por borohidreto de sódio." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2016. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/26815.
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Os eletrocatalisadores Pd/C, Pd/C-15%ATO, PdAu/C-15%ATO (90:10, 70:30 e 50:50), PdIr/C-15%ATO (90:10, 70:30 e 50:50) e PdAuIr/C-15%ATO (90:5:5, 70:20:10 e 50:45:5) foram preparados pelo método de redução por borohidreto de sódio. Esses eletrocatalisadores foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de raios X (EDX), difração de raios X (DRX) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), enquanto que as atividades eletrocatalíticas para a oxidação eletroquímica do ácido fórmico em meios ácido e alcalino foram investigadas por voltametria cíclica, cronoamperometria e experimentos em células a combustível de ácido fórmico direto (DFAFC) em meios ácido e alcalino a 100 ºC e 60 ºC, respectivamente. Os difratogramas de raios X dos eletrocatalisadores PdAu/C-15%ATO, PdIr/C-15%ATO e PdAuIr/C-15%ATO mostraram a presença de fase de estrutura cúbica de Pd (cfc), ligas de Pd-Au, Pd-Ir e Pd-Au-Ir, fases de carbono e SnO2. As micrografias eletrônicas de transmissão indicaram que as nanopartículas foram bem distribuídas sobre o suporte C-ATO e apresentaram alguns aglomerados. Os estudos eletroquímicos para oxidação de ácido fórmico foram realizados utilizando a técnica de camada fina porosa. Todos os eletrocatalisadores preparados foram testados em células a combustível unitárias alimentadas diretamente por ácido fórmico. Nos estudos comparativos entre os melhores eletrocatalisadores, o eletrocatalisador PdAuIr/C-15%ATO (50:45:5) em meios ácido e alcalino apresentou uma atividade eletrocatalítica superior para a oxidação eletroquímica do ácido fórmico em temperatura ambiente em comparação com o eletrocatalisador Pd/C-15%ATO e os outros eletrocatalisadores binários e ternários preparados. Os experimentos em uma DFAFC unitária ácida e alcalina, também, indicaram que o eletrocatalisador PdAuIr/C-15%ATO (90:5:5) apresentou melhor desempenho para oxidação eletroquímica do ácido fórmico a 100 ºC (meio ácido) e a 60 ºC (meio alcalino), respectivamente, em comparação com os demais eletrocatalisadores sintetizados. Esses resultados indicaram que a adição de Au e Ir ao Pd favorece a oxidação eletroquímica do ácido fórmico, esse efeito pode ser atribuído ao mecanismo bifuncional (a presença de ATO (Sb2O5·SnO2), óxidos de Au e Ir) associados ao efeito eletrônico (ligas de Pd-Au-Ir (cfc)).
Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
Ribeiro, Vilmaria Aparecida. "Preparação de eletrocatalisadores PtRuNi/C pelo método da redução por álcool para aplicação como ânodo na oxidação direta de metanol em células a combustível de eletrolito polimérico sólido." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-18052012-094155/.
Full textPtRuNi/C electrocatalysts (carbon-supported PtRuNi nanoparticles) were prepared by an alcohol-reduction process using H2PtCl6.6H20, RuCl3.1,5H2O and NiCl2.6H2O as metal sources, ethylene glycol as solvent and reducing agent, and Vulcan XC 72R as carbon support. The electrocatalysts were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The electro-oxidation of methanol was studied by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry aiming direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications. Initially, PtRuNi/C electrocatalysts (20 wt%.) with Pt:Ru:Ni atomic ratio of 50:40:10 were prepared in acid and alkaline medium (OH-/metals molar ratio = 8). In alkaline medium, a solution of KOH 1 mol L-1 was added to the reaction medium. For the material prepared in acid medium only the reduction of Pt(IV) and Ru(lll) occurs, while the Ni(ll) ions remains in solution. The reduction of Ni(ll) ions and its incorporation into the nanoparticles were observed for the materials prepared in alkaline medium. In this case, it was observed a face centered cubic structure (fcc) characteristic of Pt and Pt alloys and a smaller crystallite size. On the other hand, the total amount of metals deposited on the carbon support was only 10 wt%. The Pt:Ru:Ni atomic ratio was varied (70:20:10; 60:30:10; 50:40:10; 50:25:25; 50:10:40 and 40:30:30) using an OH-/metais molar ratio = 8. The obtained Pt:Ru:Ni atomic ratio were similar to the nominal ones and an increase of metals content (wt%) deposited on the carbon support was observed with the increase of Ni content on the samples. However, the deposition of the total metals content on the carbon support was not observed In any case. In these conditions, the PtRuNi/C electrocatalyst with Pt:Ru:Ni atomic ratio of 50:40:10 was the most active for methanol electro-oxidation. In this manner, it was studied the effect of OH-/metals molar ratio for PtRuNi/C (50:40:10) electrocatalysts in order to reduce all metal ions, as well its total deposition on the carbon support. Thus, the OH-/metals molar ratio was varied between 4 and 12. It was observed that the reduction of Pt(IV) and Ru(lll) ions occurred in all range studied, however, the reduction of Ni(ll) ions occurred only for OH-/metals atomic ratios greater than 6. For OH-/metals values between 5 and 8 the crystallite sizes were smaller than 2 nm, while for OH-/ metals smaller than 5 and greater than 8 an increase of the crystallite size occurs. On the other hand, the total metals (wt%) deposition on the carbon support was observed only for OH-/ metals atomic ratios smaller than 6, however, the Ni(ll) ions reduction not occurred.
PIASENTIN, RICARDO M. "Estudo da eletro-oxidação do etanol utilizando eletrocatalisadores PtPd/C+ATO e PtPdSn/C+ATO preparados via redução por borohidreto de sódio." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10546.
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
Rêgo, Ulisses Alves do. "Redução do Oxigênio Molecular por [Fe(Bipy)3]/C: influência do suporte e do tratamento térmico na atividade catalítica." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2011. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/1560.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPQ)
This work consisted in the preparation and study of catalytic activity for reduction of molecular oxygen (ROM) based on head-treated coordination compounds with nitrogenated ligands, impregnated on carbon nanosupports (nanotube - NTC, and nanoparticles - Vulcan). The following ions complexes [Fe(bipy)3]2+ and [Fe(TPTZ)2]2+ (2,2 '-bipyridine and 2 ,4,6-tris (2-pyridyl) -1,3,5-triazine) were synthesized and characterized in solution (electron spectroscopy in the region UV-vis, cyclic voltammetry). The following materials were prepared C1: Fe(10%)-Bipy/NTC; C2: Fe(5%) -Bipy/NTC; C3: Fe(5%)-Bipy/Vulcan and C4: Fe(5%)-TPTZ/Vulcan. The comparison between C1 and C2, and between C2 and C3 materials, showed, respectively, the effect of metal loading and the nature of the carbon support on their catalytic efficiency. The comparison among all and C4 (already reported in the literature) allowed the verification of experimental methodology employed. The effect of temperature on the electrocatalytic performance was observed for C1. The following pyrolysis temperatures were used: 600-1000 oC. The results showed that metal loading and the nature of the support influence the catalytic ability of the materials. The best pyrolysis temperature observed to generate active sites in C1 for the ROM was at 800 oC. All materials were treated at this temperature, and the efficiency order observed was: C4 (Fe (5%) -TPTZ/Vulcan) >> C1 (Fe(10%)-Bipy/NTC) > C2 (Fe(5%)-Bipy/NTC) > C3 (Fe (5%) -Bipy/Vulcan). For not heat treated materials, the activity order observed was: C3 (Fe(5%)-Bipy/Vulcan) C4 (Fe (5%)-TPTZ/Vulcan) > C1 (Fe (10%)-bipy/NTC) > C2 (Fe (5%) -Bipy/NTC). C2 and C3 catalysts showed a tendency to reduce the molecular oxygen according to 2e- mechanism, while C1 and C4 materials by 4e- mechanism. For some reason, the TPTZ ligand favored the generation of catalytic sites more efficient than Bipy in these materials.
Este trabalho consistiu na preparação e estudos de atividade de catalisadores para redução do oxigênio molecular (ROM) à base de compostos de coordenação com ligantes nitrogenados, impregnados em nanosuportes de carbono e tratados termicamente (nanotubos – NTC; e nanopartículas – Vulcan). Os íons complexos sintetizados e caracterizados em solução por espectrofotometria eletrônica na região Uv-vis, voltametria cíclica, foram: [Fe(Bipy)3]2+ e [Fe(TPTZ)2]2+ (2,2’-bipiridina e 2,4,6-tris(2-piridil)-1,3,5-triazina). Os seguintes materiais foram preparados C1: Fe(10%)-Bipy/NTC; C2: Fe(5%)-Bipy/NTC; C3: Fe(5%)-Bipy/Vulcan e C4: Fe(5%)-TPTZ/Vulcan. A comparação entre os materiais C1 e C2, e entre C2 e C3 permitiu verificar, respectivamente, o efeito da carga do metal e da natureza do suporte de carbono na eficiência catalítica dos materiais. A comparação de todos com o C4 (já relatado na literatura) permitiu a verificação da metodologia experimental empregada. O efeito da temperatura na eficiência eletrocatalítica foi verificado para o C1, empregando-se as temperaturas de pirólise de 600 – 1000 oC. Os resultados mostraram que o suporte e a concentração do metal influenciam na capacidade catalítica dos materiais. A melhor temperatura de pirólise do C1 para a geração de sítios ativos para a ROM foi 800 oC. Os demais materiais foram tratados a esta temperatura, e a ordem de eficiência observada foi: C4 (Fe(5%)-TPTZ/Vulcan) >> C1 (Fe(10%)-Bipy/NTC) > C2 (Fe(5%)-Bipy/NTC) > C3 (Fe(5%)-Bipy/Vulcan). Para os materiais não tratados termicamente, a ordem de atividade observada foi: C3 (Fe(5%)-Bipy/Vulcan) C4 (Fe(5%)-TPTZ/Vulcan) > C1 (Fe(10%)- Bipy/NTC) > C2 (Fe(5%)-Bipy/NTC). Os catalisadores C2 e C3 apresentaram uma tendência em reduzir o oxigênio via um mecanismo de 2e-, enquanto os materiais C1 e C4 por mecanismo de 4e-. O ligante TPTZ, de algum modo, favoreceu mais a geração de sítios catalíticos eficientes nestes materiais que a Bipy.
Salgado, José Ricardo Cezar. "Desenvolvimento de catalisadores de Pt-Co/C para a reação de redução de oxigênio em células a combustível de membrana de troca protônica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75131/tde-26012011-102422/.
Full textResearch and development of new catalyst materials for the electrodic reactions in polymer electrolyte fuel cells are of great importance for the development of these systems as sources of energy. In this work electrocatalyts Pt-Co supported on carbon (Pt-Co/C) were prepared by different methods. Additionally to conventional electrochemical characterization, the materials were physically characterized by means of several different techniques. The evaluation of the electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acid media, in the absence and presence of methanol, as well as the evaluation of the performance in fuel cells fed with H2 or methanol (in the anode) and O2 (in the cathode) are investigated. Pt-Co/C electrocatalyts presented better catalytic activity for the ORR when compared to Pt/C. Additionally, the impregnation method was found as being the best preparation method investigated. Pt75Co25/C electrocatalyts prepared by deposition of Co on Pt/C followed by thermal treatment at high temperatures presented the best performance for the ORR due the probable formation of an alloy with small particle size and shorter Pt-Pt bond distance compared to Pt/C. This material presented good stability in fuel cells. Pt-Co/C electrocatalyts showed good tolerance to methanol when used as cathode materials, showing better activity for the ORR compared to Pt/C, in acid medium in the absence and presence of methanol and in direct methanol fuel cells.
Verjulio-Silva, Roberto Willyan Ramon. "Preparação e caracterização de eletrocatalisadores PtRu/C e PtSn/C via redução química por ácido cítrico para oxidação direta de alcoóis em células a combustível tipo PEM." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-02042012-134215/.
Full textIn this work, platinum ruthenium (PtRu/C) and platinum tin (PtSn/C) electrocatalysts were prepared by a chemical reduction process using citric acid as reducing agent and high surface area Vulcan Carbon XC72R (Cabot) as supports. The PtRu/C and PtSn/C catalysts were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The electro-oxidation of methanol and ethanol were studied at room temperature by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Single fuel cell experiments were carried at 90 °C and the performance of the homemade electrocatalysts prepared by citric acid method in optimized conditions were compared with commercial Pt50Ru50/C and Pt75Sn25/C E-TEK HP (High Performance) catalysts. For methanols electro-oxidation electrocatalysts with comparable E-TEKs catalysts performance were obtained and for ethanols electro-oxidation electrocatalysts with superior performance than E-TEKs electrocatalysts were obtained.
Garcia, Amanda Cristina. "Desenvolvimento de eletrocatalisadores a base de paládio dispersos em carbono para a reação de oxidação de hidrogênio na presença de CO." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75131/tde-07042008-151056/.
Full textThe performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) fed with CO-contaminated hydrogen was investigated for anodes with PdPt/C and PdPtRu/C electrocatalysts at different ratios. The produced materials were characterized by energy dispersive (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electronics properties of Pt were analyzed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) in the region. Evaluations of the electrochemical performance were carried out by steady state single cell polarization measurements, cyclic voltammetry and the CO-stripping techniques. Measurements of differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) were carried out to evaluate the CO2 (mass 44) formation. A small reduction of the white line magnitude was in the XANES spectro for the PdPt/C and PdPtRu/C alloys when compared with Pt/C. This phenomenon was assigned for the increase of occupation of the Pt 5d band. Higher CO-tolerances were obtained for the PdPt/C and PdPtRu/C catalysts when compared with those for pure Pd/C and Pt/C. No favorable synergistic effect occurred with Ru addition in the electrode performance for the PEMFC fed with H2+100 ppm CO. The CO2 (mass 44) monitoring with DEMS experiments with the cells fed with H2+100 ppm CO showed the formation of this product only to PdPtRu/C, while no CO2 formation could be detected from beginning to end potential in the cases of Pd/C and PdPt/C.
Silva, Gabriel Christiano da. "Estudo do desempenho e estabilidade de catalisadores Pt-Y/C em cátodo de célula a combustível." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75134/tde-06052015-110905/.
Full textThe environmental impacts generated by the production and consumption of traditional energy sources leads society to develop clean and renewable energy sources. Among the new technology, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) appear as viable alternative, allying high energy conversion rates to minimum levels of pollutants generated. However, the full utilization of these devices depends on factors such as its performance, stability and cost. One of the major elements that affect the PEMFC performance is the cathode performance. Thus, several studies aiming at obtaining Pt based electrocatalysts with good performance for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and high stability have been developed, receiving attention the Pt-Y catalysts. In this work Pt-Y catalysts, supported on high surface area carbon, were synthesized through a modification on formic acid method. The materials were characterized using EDX, XDR, TEM and XPS, and evaluated towards ORR through measurements in half cell, using rotating disk electrode technique, and in unit cell, as cathode of PEMFC. The catalyst Pt-Y/C 7:3 had the best performance among the bimetallic materials. Through accelerated aging tests (AGT), in addition to platinum nanoparticles degradation, yttrium dissolution was also observed.
ANTONIASSI, RODOLFO M. "Preparação de nanopartículas de platina com diferentes morfologias nos materiais Pt/C e PtSnO2/C para aplicação como ânodo em células a combústível de etanol direto." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2017. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/28036.
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Neste trabalho foi estudado o efeito da adição de íons haletos (Cl-, Br- e I-) sobre a morfologia das nanopartículas de Pt na produção de catalisadores de Pt/C e PtSnO2/C. Foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de síntese simples capaz de produzir nanopartículas de Pt predominantemente cúbicas com orientação preferencial Pt(100), diretamente suportadas em carbono sem o uso de agentes estabilizantes. Brometo de potássio foi utilizado como agente direcionador de superfície para obtenção do material preferencialmente orientado. O controle de adição do precursor de Pt e de KBr foi crucial para obter nanocubos de Pt de 8 nm bem dispersos sobre o suporte. Na preparação dos catalisadores de PtSnO2/C, o processo de adição do SnCl2 também foi decisivo na obtenção das nanopartículas de Pt com tamanho e morfologia de interesse. Nanocubos de Pt coexistindo com SnO2 disperso foram exclusivamente obtidos ao adicionar o SnCl2 na etapa final da síntese, quando as nanopartículas cúbicas de Pt já estavam formadas. Enriquecidos de domínios Pt(100), os materiais em forma cúbica de Pt/C e PtSnO2/C se mostraram menos afetados pelo acúmulo dos intermediários indesejados provenientes da reação de eletro-oxidação de etanol e foram mais tolerantes ao envenenamento por monóxido de carbono. Resultados similares foram observados para a oxidação de CO e metanol, utilizados como apoio para compreensão da eletro-oxidação de etanol. O efeito morfológico destes materiais no desempenho elétrico em célula a combustível de etanol direto foi avaliado. Pt/C e PtSnO2/C contendo nanopartículas de Pt com orientação preferencial Pt(100) forneceram maiores valores de densidade de potência e de seletividade para CO2 comparados aos catalisadores de Pt/C e PtSnO2/C com nanopartículas de Pt sem orientação preferencial.
Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP