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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'C-H Direct Arylation'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Yagoubi, Myriam. "Synthesis of heterocycles via palladium-catalysed direct arylation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e1206b3a-b9e8-4371-a94c-da3bc04c116e.

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Chapter 1 is a brief review on some of the recents developments in palladium-catalysed C-H functionalisation chemistry. The synthesis and functionalisation of heterocycles using these methodologies was particularly emphasised. Chapter 2 presents our efforts to identify a new catalytic system to promote the intramolecular coupling of vinyl bromides with unfunctionalised aryl C-H bonds for the formation of benzofurans. Dihydrobenzofurans were obtained efficiently under mild conditions in the presence of Pd(OAc)₂, X-Phos and K₂CO₃ in DMA at 80 °C and a subsequent one-pot isomerisation under acidi

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2

Chen, Lu. "Palladium-catalysed C-C bond construction in virtue of C-H functionalisation : direct arylation of heteroaromatics tolerant to reactive functional groups." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1S011.

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Durant ma thèse, j'ai recherché les conditions pour l'activation / fonctionnalisation de liaisons C-H pour la construction de bi(hétéro)aryles tolérant des groupement fonctionnels réactifs tels que des silyles, des alcènes, des esters ou encore des amides. Par rapport aux protocoles de couplage classiques tels que les réactions de Suzuki, Stille ou Negishi, la fonctionalisation de liaisons C-H fournit des procédures moins coûteuses et plus écologiques si elle tolère des groupements utiles en synthèse. D'abord, nous avons observé que les thiophènes substitués par des silyles en C2 peuvent être

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3

Zhao, Liqin. "Palladium-catalyzed direct arylation via sp² and sp³ C-H activation of hetero(aromatics) and hydrocarbons for C-C bond formation." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S038/document.

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Au cours de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'activation de liaisons sp² et sp³ C-H catalysée par le palladium pour la préparation d'(hétéro)aryl-aryles et de biaryles. Cette méthode est considérée comme attractive pour l'environnement par rapport aux méthodes classiques, tels que Suzuki, Heck, ou Negishi. Tout d'abord, nous avons décrit que la C2-arylation directe de benzothiophènes peut être effectuée par un catalyseur du palladium en l'absence de ligand phosphine avec une grande sélectivité. Nous avons également démontré qu'il est possible d'activer les positions C2 et C5 de pyrr

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4

Beydoun, Kassem. "Palladium catalyzed direct arylation of heteroaromatics via C-H bond activation : a green access to fine chemicals and materials." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S174.

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During this thesis, we were interested in the C-H bonds activation catalyzed by palladium catalysts such PdCl(C₃H₅)(dppb) and ligand-free or ligand associated Pd(OAc)₂ for the préparation of biaryls. This method is considered as cost effective and environmentally attractive compared to other types of couplings such as Suzuki, Stille, or Negishi. First we demonstrated that it is possible to apply C-H bond activation method for the direct arylation of formyl or acetyl halothiophene derivatives. The corresponding products could be further functionalized due to the presence of the halo and carbony

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5

Li, Haoran. "Pd-catalyzed C-H bond functionalizations of (hetero)arenes and alkenes : A one step access to poly(hetero)aromatics and styrene derivatives." Thesis, Rennes, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ENCR0068.

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Afin d'expliquer le contexte de mon travail de recherche, j'ai résumé dans le premier chapitre des informations mécanistiques générales sur l'arylation des liaisons C-H catalysée par le palladium et j'ai détaillé certains travaux sur l'arylation directe en relation avec mes travaux. Mes objectifs étaient d'étudier la réactivité de nouvelles unités synthétiques permettant l'accès direct à des composés bi-(hétéro)aryls ou à des dérivés du styrène. Ensuite, dans les chapitres 2 à 6, j'ai résumé mes travaux de recherche. J'ai étudié l’arylation directes en C2 du Methoxsalen par des chlorures de be

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6

Skhiri, Aymen. "Réactivité des chlorures de benzènesulfonyle pour l'accès à des hétéroarènes et alcènes arylés via des réactions pallado-catalysées." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S080.

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Au cours de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la synthèse d’hétérocycles arylés via l’activation de liaisons sp2 C-H d’hétéroaromatiques et à la synthèse d’alcènes arylés halo-substitués catalysée par le palladium. Les produits obtenus sont considérés comme des briques moléculaires, intéressantes pour les biochimistes, ainsi que pour la préparation de matériaux. Le système catalytique Pd(MeCN)2Cl2/Li2CO3/dioxane permet l’accès direct à une grande variété de molécules arylées à partir d’hétéroarènes ou d’alcènes et de chlorures de benzènesulfonyle. Nous avons mis au point une méthode p

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7

Zhu, Yingjun. "Sustainable Strategies for Site-Selective C–H Functionalizations of N-Heterocycles." Doctoral thesis, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5DDA-D.

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8

Schipper, Derek. "Part 1: Transition Metal Catalyzed Functionalization of Aromatic C-H Bonds / Part 2: New Methods in Enantioselective Synthesis." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20121.

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Part 1: Transition-metal-catalyzed direct transformations of aromatic C-H bonds are emerging as valuable tools in organic synthesis. These reactions are attractive because of they allow for inherently efficient construction of organic building blocks by minimizing the pre-activation of substrates. Of these processes, direct arylation has recently received much attention due to the importance of the biaryl core in medicinal and materials chemistry. Also, alkyne hydroarylation has garnered interest because it allows for the atom-economical synthesis of functionalized alkenes directly from si

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9

Naturale, Guillaume. "Approches radicalaires pour la fonctionnalisation directe de quinones à visée anticancereuse." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14635/document.

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Dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche dédié à la découverte de petites molécules à visée anticancéreuse, nous avons envisagé de concevoir des composés originaux dérivés de quinones. Notre premier objectif a été d’élaborer des mimes non-peptidiques de la protéine Smac, susceptibles de participer à relancer le phénomène d’apoptose, dont la structure est rigidifiée par des contraintes conformationnelles. Par ailleurs, les kinases et les phosphatases, jouant des rôles complémentaires de phosphorylation / déphosphorylation dans le cadre du contrôle du cycle cellulaire notamment, apparaissent au

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10

Eichhorst, Christoph. "Untersuchungen zur Synthese fluoreszenzaktiver aromatischer Polyzyklen durch Palladium-katalysierte Domino-C‒H-Aktivierungen." Doctoral thesis, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-993C-7.

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11

Sun, Ho-Yan. "Studies on the Mechanism of Direct Arylation of Pyridine N oxides: Evidence for the Essential Involvement of Acetate from the Pd(OAc)2 Pre-Catalyst at the C-H Bond Cleaving Step." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19760.

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Detailed mechanistic studies on the palladium-catalyzed direct arylation of pyridine N-oxides are presented. The order of each reaction component is determined to provide a general mechanistic picture. The C-H bond cleaving step is examined in further detail through computational studies, and the calculated results are in support of an inner-sphere concerted metallation-deprotonation (CMD) pathway. Competition experiments were conducted using N-oxides of varying electronic characters, and results revealed an enhancement of rate when using a more electron-deficient species which is in support o

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12

Liang, Yong. "Novel Approaches for the Synthesis of C-5 Modified Pyrimidine Nucleosides." FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1591.

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The antiviral or anticancer activities of C-5 modified pyrimidine nucleoside analogues validate the need for the development of their syntheses. In the first half of this dissertation, I explore the Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of allylphenylgermanes with aryl halides in the presence of SbF5/TBAF to give various biaryls by transferring multiple phenyl groups, which has also been applied to the 5-halo pyrimidine nucleosides for the synthesis of 5-aryl derivatives. To avoid the use of organometallic reagents, I developed Pd-catalyzed direct arylation of 5-halo pyrimidine nucleosides. It

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13

Hachem, Mahmoud. "Hétéroarylation et arylation des éthers d'énol par couplages directs catalytiques impliquant des liaisons C-CO² H et C-H." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR128.

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A ce jour, l’un des défis dans le développement des couplages directs catalytiques de type [C-H / C-CO2H] et [C-H / C-H] est de fonctionnaliser des briques moléculaires à haute valeur ajoutée synthétique possédant un haut potentiel d’aménagement dans le but d’accroître la diversité structurelle et fonctionnelle. Les éthers d’énols font partis de cette classe de motif structuraux ; cependant un déficit de méthodes de fonctionnalisation économiques en termes d’étapes, faciles à mettre en oeuvre et permettant de contrôler la régiosélectivité (α/β) et la stéréochimie (E/Z) de ces derniers est clai

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14

Muselli, Mickaël. "Synthèse et fonctionnalisation directe catalytique de la liaison C-H d'imidazolones : nouvel accès aux fluorophores analogues de la GFP." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMIR10/document.

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Les imidazolones sont des molécules étudiées de longue date, soit en tant que molécules bioactives, soit pour leurs propriétés de fluorescence, l'exemple le plus connu étant la GFP. De nombreuses synthèses étaient déjà décrites, en particulier la condensation d'une amine avec une oxazolone (méthode d'Erlenmeyer). Au cours de ce travail, nous avons non seulement amélioré le protocole d'Erlenmeyer, mais surtout développé une synthèse originale consistant à utiliser l'arylation C-H de 2-H imidazolones. Dans cet objectif, il a fallu tout d'abord mettre au point un protocole de synthèse des 2-H imi

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15

Collado, Ruiz Sandra. "Palladation et fonctionnalisation de pyrimidinones et d'imidazolones." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMIR21/document.

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Depuis ces dix dernières années, notre laboratoire a développé une expertise dans le domaine de la fonctionnalisation de liaisons carbone-hydrogène (dite fonctionnalisation C-H) d’hétérocycles par catalyse aux métaux de transition. Le sujet de thèse s’inscrit dans un programme de recherche dirigé vers les hétérocycles pro-aromatiques à système N-acylamidine. Les travaux antérieurs ont porté sur les 4-alkyl et 4-arylidène imidazolones avec la production de nouvelles sondes GFP. Le présent travail de thèse vise à poursuivre le développement méthodologique en série pyrimidin-4-ones,encore très pe

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16

Bonnaterre, Florence. "Vers la synthèse totale de la (-)-norsuavéoline : synthèse d'oxindoles et dihydrophénanthridines par séquences réaction de Ugi / cyclisations intramoléculaires : travaux préliminaires pour une nouvelle synthèse de la physostigmine." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112279.

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Le projet de thèse s'est articulé en plusieurs parties. Nous nous sommes dans un premier temps intéressés à la synthèse totale d'un alcaloïde, la (-)-norsuavéoline. Nous avons réussi, en quelques étapes, à préparer l'intermédiaire clé de la synthèse envisagée, à savoir un oxazole, à partir d'un acide aminé naturel, le (-)-tryptophane. Dans un deuxième temps nous avons développé des synthèses rapides d'hétérocycles facilement variables et très fonctionnalisés, via des séquences réaction de Ugi / cyclisation intramoléculaire (amidation intramoléculaire ou arylation directe). Nous avons pu mettre

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17

Potukuchi, Harish Kumar [Verfasser], Lutz [Akademischer Betreuer] Ackermann, and Dietmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Stalke. "Catalytic syntheses and copper- or ruthenium-catalyzed direct C H bond arylations of (hetero)arenes / Harish Kumar Potukuchi. Gutachter: Lutz Ackermann ; Dietmar Stalke. Betreuer: Lutz Ackermann." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1043939148/34.

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18

Jacques, Teresa. "I: Catalytic Direct C-H Arylation of Pyrazoles. II: Toward Modulation of Neuroplasticity with Small Molecules." Thesis, 2013. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8794BX2.

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Part I of this thesis (Chapter 1) describes the development of the first synthetic method for intermolecular palladium-catalyzed direct C-H arylation of N-substituted pyrazole compounds. The scope of the reaction and the ability to sequentially and selectively arylate specific positions on the azole core to rapidly access highly substituted pyrazoles will be discussed. Part II of this thesis addresses two separate targets to modulate neuroplasticity. In Chapter 2, the TrkB receptor as a potential target for pharmacological modulation is examined. Its signaling, role in brain disease, and repor

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19

Lin, Po-Yu, and 林柏諭. "Direct C-H Arylation as Single-Step Access to EDOT-Based Hole Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/xyr4e5.

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碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>化學工程與材料工程學系<br>105<br>Because of the exceptional stability and electron-donating ability of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), a series of EDOT-based Hole Transporting Materials (HTM) are synthesized by Pd-catalyzed direct C-H (hetero) arylations in good yields. This report provides a broad substrate scope of symmetric D--D type HTMs combining EDOT with various donor groups, such as triphenylamine, carbazole and phenothiazine. For applications in Perovskite solar cells (PSCs), PY01 gives a Voc of 0.93 V, a Jsc of 17.78 mA/cm2, and a FF of 62%, which corresponds to an overall p

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20

Lu, Ling-Hui, and 呂玲慧. "New Access to Tetrathienoanthracene-Based Hole-Transporting Materials Using Pd-Catalyzed Direct C-H Arylation as Key-Steps." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3ksgc2.

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碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>化學工程與材料工程學系<br>107<br>The perovskite solar cells, the reformative solar cells, become more and more popular. The hole-transporting materials (HTMs) are the most important element influencing on the power conversion efficiency. One of the widely known HTMs was the spiro-OMeTAD, which had great photoelectric properties. But its complicated synthetic procedure, high cost and lower hole mobility inhibited the growth. As the result, the researchers had a study in improving the drawbacks, and developed other small organic molecular materials to substituted for the spiro-OMeTAD. In th

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21

Liu, Kuan-Ting, та 劉冠廷. "Direct C-H Arylation as Rapid and Regioselective Access to Organic-Electronics-Versatile π-A-π Type Building Blocks". Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/66974938502111612358.

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碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>化學工程與材料工程學系<br>104<br>A Pd-catalyzed C-H (hetero) arylation methodology is well optimized for the efficient synthesis of versatile π-A-π type building blocks required in different organic electronic materials. This report not only provides a broad substrate scope of target π-A-π type building blocks but reduces the synthetic steps from four steps to a single step. After the reaction finish, it remains two possible positions for further arylable C-H bonds generated. By coupling with different types of functional groups, various types of organic electronic materials can be synthe

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22

Huang, Hao-ping, and 黃皓平. "Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Direct Ortho Arylation of 4-Methyl-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines via Suzuki-Miyaura Type C-H Bond Activation/C-C Bond Coupling." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33597258074376514286.

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碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>化學系研究所<br>101<br>The direct ortho arylation of 4-methyl-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines via palladium(II)-catalyzed C-H activation is described. Treatment of 4-methyl-N-phenylpyridin-2-amine with potassium aryltrifluoroborate using ten mol % of Pd(OAc)2 as the catalyst, two equivalents of copper (II) acetate as the oxidant and one equivalent of p-benzoquinone in tert-butyl alcohol gave the ortho-arylated products in modest to excellent yields. This reaction shows good functional group compatibility. A series of controlled experiments and 1H NMR titration experiments for the reaction w

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23

Song, Yi-Ting, та 宋依庭. "Copper-Catalyzed Direct C-H Arylation of Thieno[3,4-c] pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD) : Toward Efficient and Low-Cost Synthesis of π-Functional Small Molecules". Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51941672388520414201.

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碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>化學工程與材料工程學系<br>102<br>A series of thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD)-based functional small molecules were efficiently synthesized through direct C-H arylations using inexpensive copper salts. In this study, we examined all required reaction parameters including various copper complexes, ligands, bases, and (co)solvents. Under the optimum reaction conditions, the C-H arylation proceeded smoothly and a variety of functional groups such as ester, nitrile, fluoride, chloride, triazene, and amine were tolerated. This method provides a step-economical and low-cost synthetic altern

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24

Chang, Shan-Yun, та 張善芸. "Pd-Catalyzed Direct C-H Arylation of Thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole- 4,6-dione (TPD): A Step-Economical Synthetic Alternative to Access Symmetrical π-Conjugated Functional Molecules". Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46949639116864064342.

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碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>化學工程與材料工程學系<br>102<br>We demonstrate a step-economical and viable synthetic alternative to access a series of thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD)-based π-conjugated molecules through Pd-catalyzed direct C-H arylations. A comprehensive synthetic study including the screening of various kinds of palladium catalysts, ligands, and bases is reported. Under the optimum reaction conditions, TPD and its common derivatives underwent efficient and mild direct C-H arylations with a variety of functionalized bromoarenes. Functional groups such as ester, nitrile, ketone, aldehyde, and hali

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25

Li, Hui-Hong, and 黎輝宏. "A Tridentate C^N^O-Donor Palladium(II) Complex as Efficient Catalyst for Direct C―H Arylation: Application in Preparation of Imidazole-based Push-Pull Dyes." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37kyh2.

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碩士<br>國立彰化師範大學<br>化學系<br>105<br>A series of imidazolium chlorides for the formation of tridentate C^N^O-donor palladium(II) complexes featuring N-heterocyclic carbene moieties have been developed from cheap and readily available starting materials with high yields. Their palladium complexes were prepared by reactions between the ligand precursors and PdCl2 using K2CO3 as base in pyridine with reasonable yields. These air-stable metal complexes have been characterized by 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. HMBC experiments were performed to identify key NMR signals of these

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26

Tung, Tsu-Chien, and 童子謙. "Synthesis of Poly(3-hexylthiophene), Poly(3-hexylselenophene) and Poly(3-hexylthiophene-alt-3-hexylselenophene) by Direct C-H Bond Arylation via N-Heterocyclic Carbene Palladium Catalysts." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4w89ub.

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碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>應用化學系碩博士班<br>102<br>In this study, we have successfully introduced commercial N-heterocyclic carbene-based palladium catalysts to conduct direct C-H bond arylation polymerization and poly(3-hexylthiohphene) (P3HT), poly(3-hexylselenophene) (P3HS), and poly(3-hexylthiophene-alt-3-hexylselenophene) (P3HTS) were synthesized accordingly. Under our optimized conditions, high molecular weight P3HT (Mn = 26.9 k, PDI = 3.56) with high head-to-tail regioregularity (94%) was prepared through C-H bond arylation polymerization catalyzed by NHC-Pd(II) [1,3-Bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol

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27

Ladd, Carolyn L. "Palladium-Catalyzed intramolecular sp3 C–H functionalization : studies in cyclopropyl and heterocyclic motifs." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20442.

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28

Vallée, Frédéric. "Synthèse de motifs biarylés : fonctionnalisation directe catalysée par des métaux de transition d’espèces aromatiques non activées." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4409.

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Dans ce mémoire sont décrites deux méthodologies impliquant la synthèse de biaryles via l’arylation directe d’espèces aromatiques non activées, catalysée par différents éléments de transition. La première partie présente les résultats obtenus dans le cadre du développement d’une méthode simple d’arylation directe du benzène catalysée au palladium. Cette méthodologie a l’avantage de procéder sans l’ajout de ligand phosphine généralement utilisé dans les systèmes catalytiques avec le palladium et par conséquent cette réaction peut évoluer à l’air libre sans nul besoin d’une atmosphère inerte. Il

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29

Potukuchi, Harish Kumar. "Catalytic syntheses and copper- or ruthenium-catalyzed direct C H bond arylations of (hetero)arenes." Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B0A3-7.

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30

Li, Wei-Ming, and 李偉銘. "Combining C-H/C-Br and C-H/C-H Direct Arylations: An Efficient Synthetic Tool for the Study of Internal Aceeptor Effect on PCE of Metal-Free Dye Sensitizers." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40974964668206745196.

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碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>化學工程與材料工程學系<br>105<br>Rapid preparation of organic dye by efficient synthetic method C-H arylation and cross-dehydrogenative coupling, we synthesizing four new sensitizers (CYL-14~CYL-17) were prepared and employed to fabricate DSSCs devices affords a Voc of 0.58-0.65 V, a Jsc of 4.91-8.29 mA/cm2, and a FF of 68.8-74.1 %, which correspond to an overall power conversion efficiency of 2.25-4.85 %. Obtain the auxiliary electron acceptor adjacent to the electron donor is the best, so our synthesizing two new sensitizers (CYL-18、CYL-19) were prepared and employed to fabricate DS

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31

Chen, Jui-Heng, and 陳銳恒. "Step-Saving Synthesis of Carbazole- & Phenothiazine-Based HTMs for Perovskite Solar Cells by Direct C-H Arylations." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/gndjf2.

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碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>化學工程與材料工程學系<br>106<br>In recent years, the perovskite solar cell have become hottest topic in photovoltaics because of their excellent intrinsic properties. So the hole transporting marterial is also much concerned with many scientists. How to promte the power conversion efficiency and reduce the synthetic steps is becoming more and more important. Our team first use the C-H arylation on the hole transporting material in 2017. Not only reduced the synthetic procedures compare traditional synthetic but also rose the atom efficiency and more green chemistry. This work we opti

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32

Lu, Te-Jui, and 盧德睿. "The End Groups for Small-Molecule Organic Semiconducting Materials: Synthetic Investigation and Photovoltaic Applications through Direct C-H Arylations." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40021023406253223115.

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碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>化學工程與材料工程學系<br>103<br>A Pd-catalyzed C-H (hetero)arylation methodology is well optimized for the efficient synthesis of various useful end group required in small-molecule organic materials. This report provides a broad substrate scope of target end groups ranging from donor-type through acceptor-type to hybrid-type molecules. For applications in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), we demonstrates that two D--A type new organic sensitizers (CYL-1, CYL-2) can be step-economically synthesized via sequential C-H arylations using our facilely obtained end groups. CYL-1 and CYL-2 g

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Fenner, Sabine. "Sustainable Strategies for Site-Selective C−VC Bond Formations through Direct C−H Bond Functionalizations." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B090-4.

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