Journal articles on the topic 'C.M. Dissosway (Firm)'

We are grateful for comments made by participants at the Symposium on the “Measurement of Profit and Productivity: Theory and Practice,” on December 16, 1988, in the University of Florida, cosponsored by the Vincent C. Ross Institute of Accounting Research, Leonard N. Stern School of Business, New York University, the Public Policy Research Center, Graduate School of Business, University of Florida, and The Kruger Center of Finance, Jerusalem School of Business Administration, Hebrew University; at workshops at the Leonard M. Stern School of Business, New York University; at the Accounting Research and Education Center of McMaster University; at the European Accounting Association meeting in Stuttgart, Germany; at workshops at Wharton School University of Pennsylvania; University of California at Berkeley; Northwestern University; French Finance Association Meeting.

In response to initial voices that put the customer experience (management) (CX(M)) movement into question, this article aims to introduce a formal nomenclature to push the CX(M) field toward a more mature state. First, drawing from an inductive analysis of 143 CX(M) papers, the authors identify 12 basic CX components that aggregate into three overarching building blocks—touchpoints (T, i.e., points of interaction between the customer and brand/firm), context (C, i.e., situationally available resources internal and/or external to the customer), and qualities (Q, i.e., attributes that reflect the nature of customer responses and reactions to interactions with the brand/firm). The TCQ nomenclature offers a language to make CX actionable, moving beyond the breadth of the current definition and frameworks by disentangling CX into small bite-sized chunks (i.e., the CX components) that any academic and practitioner, regardless of their discipline, may understand and use to discuss and manage CX. Second, using the TCQ nomenclature, the authors assess the current state of the CX(M) literature and identify mature (e.g., firm-controlled touchpoints and cognitive and emotional qualities associated with CX) and underdeveloped (e.g., nonfirm controlled touchpoints and the market and environmental context in which CX emerges) areas ripe for future research. In addition, they also provide a set of recommendations to strengthen the methodological rigor of the field. Third, the TCQ nomenclature may support managers in auditing their current CXM practices and/or serve as a basis for CX design and innovation.

The authors study the Fama and French three-factor (FF-3F) model in relation to a developing market. To this end, they consider Chinese stock markets over the period 1995–2008, which is to say, over a period when these markets are recognized as “developing” markets influenced by speculative activity. The authors find that the model appears to be working as a form of “principal component analysis for the determinants of stock price formation with book-to-market (B/M) as the “variable of choice” on account of that it captures the earnings-to-price (E/P), cash-flow-to-price (C/P) and sales-to-price (S/P) variables while remaining largely uncorrelated with firm size (whereas E/P, C/P and S/P are themselves positively correlated with firm size). The variables, however, are unrelated to risk as represented by market exposure, volatility, or leverage.

As the LEP collider at CERN has increased its maximum center-of-mass energy to 209 GeV, a total integrated luminosity of 99.8 pb -1 has been collected in the ALEPH detector. The ALEPH searches for Higgs bosons have been updated, But no firm evidence for Higgs production has been observed. Standard Model Higgs boson production is excluded at 95% confidence level for Higgs masses less than 111.1 GeV/c 2, and the combined LEP results exclude Higgs masses below 113.3 GeV/c 2. The recently-granted LEP extension will allow the a currently 2σ fluctuation from background expectation at m H = 115 GeV/c 2 to become more significant if it is truly due to Higgs production.

Firm diversification is the level of development a firm undertakes both through the number of firms it manages and the level of its business segments (at least two business segments). Based on agency theory, companies with multi-segments are suspected of placing too large investment in their line of business with low investment opportunities. Meanwhile, according to market power theory, only conglomerate companies are able to diversify well. Previous research stated that even if conglomerate companies diversify, it may lead to firm performance’s loss. This study aims to determine the influence of diversification level, investment opportunities, firm size, leverage, and number of segments on the firm performance of manufacturing companies. The conclusion of this study shows that there is insufficient evidence that diversification level and number of segments has a negative influence on company performance. Also, there is insufficient evidence that leverage has a positive influence on company performance. Meanwhile, there is sufficient evidence that investment opportunities and firm size have a positive influence on firm performance.
 Keywords: Firm Performance, Diversification Level, Investment Opportunity, Company Size, Leverage, Number of Segments.
 
 References:
 Amyulianthy, R., & Sari, N. (2013). Pengaruh diversifikasi terhadap kinerja perusahaan. Binus Business Review, 4(1), 215–230.
 Aprilia, W., Rodhiyah, & Widiartanto. (2015). Analisis pengaruh kinerja keuangan perusahaan terhadap return saham perusahaan sektor jasa transportasi yang terdaftar di bursa efek Indonesia. Winindya Aprilia Jurusan Administrasi Bisnis , Universitas Diponegoro Semarang Jl . Prof . H Sudharto , SH . Tem. 1(1), 155.
 Berger, P. G., & Ofek, E. (1995). Diversification’s effect on firm value. Journal of Financial Economics, 37(1), 39–65.
 Bowerman, B. (2016). Business Statistics in Practice: Using Data, Modeling, and Analytics. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
 Company, P., Jensen, C., & Meckling, H. (1976). Theory of the firm : managerial behavior , agency costs and ownership structure 1 . Introduction and summary In this paper WC draw on recent progress in the theory of ( 1 ) property rights , firm . In addition to tying together elements of the theory of e. 3, 305–360.
 Delinalie Chandra, Y. T. (2015). Pengaruh level diversifikasi, leverage, return on asset, umur perusahaan, dan sektor industri terhadap nilai perusahaan yang terdaftar di bei periode 2009–2011. Jurnal Akuntansi, 4(1).
 Harto, P. (2005). Kebijakan diversifikasi perusahaan dan pengaruhnya Terhadap kinerja: studi empiris pada Perusahaan publik di indonesia.
 Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305–360.
 Kurniasari, S. E., & Tahun, E. T. (2014). Pengaruh Diversifikasi Usaha terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan yang Dimoderasi oleh Kepemilikan Manajerial. Universitas Dian Nuswantoro Jurnal, 1–9.
 Lucyanda, J., & Wardhani, R. H. K. (2017). Pengaruh diversifikasi dan karakteristik perusahaan terhadap kinerja perusahaan. Media Riset Akuntansi, 4(2), Hal-1.
 Salindeho, A. O., Saerang, I. S., & Maramis, J. B. (2018). Pengaruh Diversifikasi Usaha Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan Dan Return Saham Study Kasus Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Automotive and Effect of Business Diversification of Financial Performance and Return Stock Case Stock in Automotive and Component Manufacturing. Jurnal EMBA, 6(3), 1078–1087.
 Setionoputri, A., Meiden, C., & Siagian, D. (2009). Pengaruh Diversifikasi Korporat Terhadap Excess value Perusahaan Manufaktur, Perdagangan Grosir dan Eceran, serta Properti dan Real Estat yang Terdaftar di BEI Tahun 2005-2007. Bidang Akuntansi Private: Akuntansi Keuangan Dan Pasar Modal (AKPM), 1–25.
 Spence, M. (2002). Signaling in retrospect and the informational structure of markets. American Economic Review, 92(3), 434–459.
 Sucipto, D. (2003). Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan. Jurnal Akuntansi: Universitas Sumatera Utara.
 Sumendap, R., Tommy, P., & Maramis, J. B. (2018). Analisis Perbandingan Kinerja Keuangan Berdasarkan Diversifikasi Segmen Bisnis Pada Industri Manufaktur Yang Go Public Comparative Analysis of Financial Performance Based on Diversification of Business Segments in Manufacturing Industry That Go Public. Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, 6(4), 2198–2207.

In a typical corporate setting, a CEO is analogous to the captain of a ship with ultimate authority vested in him by the board of directors, which in turn is elected by the owners (shareholders) of the firm (Fama, E. F., & Jensen, M. C. 1983). During the period he heads the firm, it is expected from him to take wise decisions which benefits the firm in long/short term and the stakeholders of the firm become well off. However, the length of the tenure varies to a great degree from firm to firm. This paper attempts to find out the impacts of these different tenures on the performance of the firm per se. In addition to that it tries to unearth any possible discernible pattern in the CEO tenure over the time. It also looks if the remuneration generally increases with the number of years spent in a firm or is it attached to performance and tenure is meaningless for remuneration. Do CEOs with long tenure try to tweak with the firm’s capex (expenditure policy), existing dividend policy etc. are few of the questions attempted to be addressed in here. A change in the previously mentioned characteristics of the firm, would lead to a radical transformation in the fundamental structure of the same. Hence, the article asks if CEOs turn the firm into a completely different entity from what they took over, when given long tenure. The study utilizes data from the Compustat/Execucomp database from a period ranging back to 1990 till date. However, it also analyses data before 1990, as it was found that CEOs held their positions for considerably longer tenure before the introduction of SOX in 2002. That analysis gives a first-hand experience of the changes experienced by the firms in the event of CEO change. The findings indicate, that the CEOs take some time to settle themselves in and subsequently increase their bargaining power with the board. Subsequent to which CEOs, who enjoy longer tenure tweaks with the firm’s existing policies and practices.

A firm's financial attributes play an essential part in the merger decision. The present paper attempts to improve the existing literature on assessing M&A activity in Indian corporate. This research paper aims primarily to analyze the (a) Synergies realized when the mode of payment in the merger deal is cash, (b) impact on bidder liquidity when payment is made in cash (c) Synergies realized when both target and acquirer in the deal belong to related industry, i.e. the merger is horizontal and (d) assess the impact on bidder leverage when payment is made in equity. The paper has analyzed a panel of 120 major Indian M&A deals from 2005 to 2015, having three years of data pre and post-merger. Instrument Variable Probit Regression analysis has been employed in the study. The key results from the analysis show that in case of payment method in the deal being cash, M&A appears financially favorable for the bidder companies. The results of the empirical analysis of the study do support the generation of synergies in the case of horizontal mergers. The combined firm has also found to have lower liquidity for Indian Mergers & Acquisitions. Significant results have also been obtained for the leverage variables indicating fewer borrowings for the merged firm.
 JELL Classification Code: G34, C35, M41.

We report the discovery and characterization of two transiting planets around the bright M1 V star LP 961-53 (TOI-776, J = 8.5 mag, M = 0.54 ± 0.03 M ⊙) detected during Sector 10 observations of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). Combining the TESS photometry with HARPS radial velocities, as well as ground-based follow-up transit observations from the MEarth and LCOGT telescopes, for the inner planet, TOI-776 b, we measured a period of P b = 8.25 d, a radius of R b = 1.85 ± 0.13 R ⊕, and a mass of M b = 4.0 ± 0.9 M ⊕; and for the outer planet, TOI-776 c, a period of P c = 15.66 d, a radius of R c = 2.02 ± 0.14 R ⊕, and a mass of M c = 5.3 ± 1.8 M ⊕. The Doppler data shows one additional signal, with a period of ~34 d, associated with the rotational period of the star. The analysis of fifteen years of ground-based photometric monitoring data and the inspection of different spectral line indicators confirm this assumption. The bulk densities of TOI-776 b and c allow for a wide range of possible interior and atmospheric compositions. However, both planets have retained a significant atmosphere, with slightly different envelope mass fractions. Thanks to their location near the radius gap for M dwarfs, we can start to explore the mechanism(s) responsible for the radius valley emergence around low-mass stars as compared to solar-like stars. While a larger sample of well-characterized planets in this parameter space is still needed to draw firm conclusions, we tentatively estimate that the stellar mass below which thermally-driven mass loss is no longer the main formation pathway for sculpting the radius valley is between 0.63 and 0.54 M ⊙. Due to the brightness of the star, the TOI-776 system is also an excellent target for the James Webb Space Telescope, providing a remarkable laboratory in which to break the degeneracy in planetary interior models and to test formation and evolution theories of small planets around low-mass stars.

The objective of this study was to recognize the specificity of microstructural changes of DFD sheep m. Longissimus dorsi during its ripening, and to try to explain them by biochemical and physicochemical amendments of meat. The fresh (4 h post mortem) DFD sheep m. Longissimus dorsi with pH1 = 6.95 stored at 2 ± 2°C was used. The microstructure, degree of proteolysis, color properties, water holding capacity and pH of DFD sheep meat were evaluated during 5d of storage. The shortenings of the sarcomeres and typical alternation of light and dark bands were established after 48h storage of DFD sheep muscles. Simultaneously, pH and water holding capacity decreased with 16.5% and 50.6% resp. (p ≤ 0.05), accompanied with the lowest protein solubility, and a disappearance of myosin heavy chains. On the 3d post mortem sarcomeres were partly regenerated and their native structure was recovered, A- and I-disks were visible, and Z-lines were undamaged. On the 4d post mortem was found large gap formation in sarcomeres and difficulty recognizable A- and I-disks. On the 5d post mortem the pH and water holding capacity were similar (p > 0.05) with the initial values but free amino nitrogen decreased with 34.5%.

Abstract
 In the process of maximizing the value of the company, a conflict of interest between the manager and the shareholders often arises, which is often called an agency problem. This happens because managers prioritize the opposite interests, ownership does not like the personal interests of managers because what managers do will add costs to the company so that it will cause a decrease in corporate profits. Therefore, companies need a corporate monitoring function through external auditors that are used by company managers to reduce agency problems that arise in the company and reduce fraud in the presentation of the company's financial statements. Therefore, this study discusses the factors that can influence the decisions of public accounting firms such as institutional share ownership, managerial stock ownership, largest shareholding, company size, independent commissioners and leverage. The sample in this study consisted of 135 manufacturing companies. Sampling was done by purposive sampling method. The analytical method used is logistic regression analysis using SPSS 20. The conclusion from the results of the analysis in this study is that the largest shareholding has a positive interest in the selection of a public accounting firm. 
 Keywords: Selection of Public Accounting Firm, Independent Commissioner, Institutional Ownership, Managerial Ownership, Largest Share Ownership, Company Size, Leverage.
 
 References:
 Alfian, N., & Suryansyah, A. (2017). "Pengaruh Efektivitas Komite Audit, Ukuran Perusahaan dan Leverage terhadap Pemilihan Auditor Eksternal." Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Investasi, Vol. 2, No. 2, p. 82–93.
 Anggraeni, O. L., & Ghofar, A. (2013). "Pengaruh Struktur Kepemilikan Dan Mekanisme Tata Kelola Korporat Terhadap Pemilihan Auditor Eksternal Berkualitas."
 Arens, A., A., R., J. Elder dan M., S., B. (2014). "Auditing Dan Jasa Assurance", Alih bahasa oleh Heran Wibowo, Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga
 Cholifah, A. (2011). "Pengaruh Mekanisme Corporate Governance Terhadap Pemilihan Auditor Eksternal." Jurnal ULTIMA Accounting, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 46–65.
 Darmadi, S. (2012). "Ownership Concentration, Family Control, and Auditor Choice: Evidence from an Emerging Market." SSRN Electronic Journal, No. 2, p. 1–42.
 Dewi, C. I. R. S., & Ratnadi, N. M. D. (2014). "Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pemilihan Kantor Akuntan Publik Pada Industri Manufaktur Di Bursa Efek Indonesia," E-Jurnal Akuntansi Univesitas Udayana Vol. 8.1, p. 187–199.
 Dewi, C. I. R. S., Surya, L. P. L. S., & Suindari, N. M. (2019). "Pengaruh Leverage Dan Kepemilikan Institusional Pada Pemilihan Jasa Audit Eksternal (Studi Pada Perusahaan Pertambangan yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia)" Vol. 18, No. 1, p. 26–32.
 Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). "Agency Theory : An Assessment and Review," Vol. 14, No. 1, p. 57–74.
 Fitriyani, N. M. D., & Erawati, N. M. A. (2016). "Good Corporate Governance Dan Karakteristik Perusahaan Pada Pemilihan Auditor Eksternal." E-Jurnal Akuntansi, Vol. 15, No. 1, p. 229–256.
 Ghozali, imam. (2016). "Aplikasi Analisis Multivariete Dengan Program IBM SPSS 23" (Edisi 8). Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro.
 Habeahan, M. S., & Habibi Z, M. R. (2017). "Analisis Mekanisme Corporate Governance dan Tipe Kepemilikan Perusahaan Terhadap Pemilihan Auditor Eksternal." Jurnal Mediasi Unimed, Vol. 6, No. 2, p. 73-93
 Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). "Theory of The Firm Manajerial Behaviour, Agency Cost and Ownership structure." Journal of Financial Economics, No. 3, p 305–360.
 Knechel, W. R., Niemi, L., & Sundgren, S. (2008). "Determinants of Auditor Choice: Evidence from a Small Client Market." International Journal of Auditing, Vol. 12, No. 1, p. 65–88.
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The creation of new firms is an important economic activity; however, understanding of the actual venture-creation process remains limited. P. Rodriguez, C. S. Tuggle, and S. M. Hackett (2009) address this deficiency by adopting an internal social capital perspective and examining the effects of family financial, social, health, and ethnic contexts on firm creation. This commentary extends their work by reinforcing that households are important units of analysis and are usefully viewed as incubators and opportunity platforms for venture creation. It further suggests that social capital has a nested nature and that households should be viewed as part of the overall welfare mix.

Purpose: T his study aim s to e xplore t he e ffect of f inancial c onstraints o n earnings m anagement by f ocusing on firms that issue redeemable convertible preferred stocks (RCPS). RCPS are considered a financing option primarily used by firms that have investment opportunities but face difficulties in raising funds with a low cost of capital. Therefore, the issuance of RCPS can be an effective indicator to identify firms with financial constraints.
 Design/methodology/approach: This study employs a sample of 12,406 firm-year observations of listed companies in the Korean stock market from 2011 to 2018. The study conducts multiple regression analyses to investigate the level of earnings management of RCPS-issuing firms with respect to that of non-issuing firms. In this analysis, the earnings management is proxied by discretionary accruals and real operational activities.
 Findings: This study shows that RCPS-issuing firms have a higher level of discretionary accruals than non-issuing firms. Meanwhile, there is no significant difference in the level of real activities management between RCPS-issuing and non-issuing firms. These findings imply that firms with financial constraints engage in aggressive earnings management through discretionary accruals rather than real operational activities.
 Research limitations/implications: This study provides compelling evidence that financially constrained firms strategically use discretionary accruals to signal positive prospects for external capital suppliers, allowing them to raise the capital necessary for investment. It is also confirmed that financially constrained firms do not depend on real activities management, which sacrifices cash flows and firm value in the long run.
 Originality/value: T his is t he f irst s tudy t o test t he l ink between f inancial c onstraints a nd e arnings m anagement by analyzing RCPS-issuing firms that conform to the definition of financial constraints. This approach can alleviate the risk of errors in the classification of firms and the endogeneity problems accompanied by estimating financially constrained firms with firm characteristics, such as dividend payout ratio, cash flows, size, age, or a combined index of these variables.

Research background: The paper investigates the earnings management phenomenon in the context of Central European countries, attempting to identify the factors and incentives that can influence earnings management behavior on a sample of 8,156 enterprises from Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland.
 Purpose of the article: The main purpose of the manuscript is to prove that there are significant differences in earnings management practices (measured by discretionary accruals) across the countries and to find the firm-specific features that influence the way enterprises manage their earnings.
 Methods: The modified Jones model was used to calculate the discretionary accruals, which are further analyzed across the countries. The statistically significant differences were confirmed across the countries. Thus, the impact of the economic sector, firm size, firm age, legal form, and ownership structure on earnings management behavior is studied by the Kruskal-Wallis test. The Dunn-Bonferroni post hoc tests then revealed the significant differences across the categories of the investigated earnings management determinants. To find the association between the particular earnings management practice (income-increasing or income-decreasing manipulation), correspondence analysis was used to visualize the mutual relations.
 Findings & value added: The results of the realized investigation revealed that the economic sector is one of the most important earnings management determinants, as its statistical significance was confirmed in each analyzed country. The correspondence analysis determined specific sectors, where income-increasing manipulation with earnings is practiced (NACE codes F, J, K, M, N), and vice versa, income-decreasing earnings management is characteristic for enterprises in sectors A, C, D, G or L. In specific economic conditions, firm size is also a relevant indicator (Hungary), or firm age and legal form and ownership structure (Poland). The recognition of crucial earnings management incentives may be helpful for authorities, policymakers, analysts and auditors when identifying various techniques and practices of earnings manipulation which could vary across the sectors and taking necessary measures to mitigate potential financial risks.

M&A performance is a multifaceted, compound construct with no overarching factor that captures all different dimensions. This paper examines the concept of acquisition performance and proposes a model that links firm-level factors and transaction parameters with firms’ short-term and long-term performance, extending to financial-, market- and innovation measures. Building on past empirical studies on the influence of various factors on M&A performance, a multi-dimensional structural equation model has been developed and it has been tested with a dataset on acquisitions in the Indian technology sector over a period of ten years. The results suggest that: (a) smaller acquirers with higher book value and leveraged firms demonstrate better long-term performance; (b) contrary to established understanding, short-term market returns are not influenced by deal parameters; (c) majority stake purchases show relatively lesser gains—suggesting the possible presence of post-acquisition integration issues and, (d) acquirers with high intangible assets continue to do well on innovation performance post-acquisition. By indicating situations and conditions under which an acquisition would potentially lead to a performance gain for the acquirer, these results provide significant insight to practitioners pursuing M&As for growth opportunities.

AbstractThe process of agglutination causes firm cream layers in bovine milk, and a functioning agglutination mechanism is paramount to the quality of non-homogenized milks. The phenomenon is not well-described, but it is believed to occur due to interactions between immunoglobulins (Ig) and milk fat globules. For the first time, this paper demonstrates how the process of agglutination can be visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy, rhodamine red and a fluoresceinisothiocynat-conjugated immunoglobulin M antibody. The method was used to illustrate the effect on agglutination of storage temperature and pasteurization temperature. Storage at 5 °C resulted in clearly visible agglutination which, however, was markedly reduced at 15 °C. Increasing storage temperature to 20 or 37 °C cancelled any detectable interaction between IgM and milk fat globules, whereby the occurrence of cold agglutination was documented. Increasing 20 s pasteurization temperatures from 69 °C to 71 °C and further to 73 °C lead to progressively higher inactivation of IgM and, hence, reduction of agglutination. Furthermore, 2-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that changes in storage temperature caused a redistribution of Ig-related proteins in milk fat globule membrane isolates. Poly-immunoglobulin G receptor was present in milk fat globule preparations stored at cold (4 °C) conditions, but absent at storage at higher temperature (25 °C). The findings provide valuable knowledge to dairy producers of non-homogenized milk in deciding the right pasteurization temperature to retain the crucial agglutination mechanism.

Emissions and ecological factors are evident in changes of dynamics of global forest ecosystems. Specific develop-<br />ment takes place in these substitute stands on contaminated and devastated plots. The aim of this study was to solve a problem if forest stands were able to indicate its real natural potential in these anthropogenically influenced conditions. In ten substitute stands on experimental plots samples were taken in autumn 2002 from H-horizons and A-horizons and phytocoenological relevés were taken in the area of the firm Městské lesy Trutnov (Poříčský hřbet Plateau, 530 m a.s.l.; +6.9°C; 671 mm). A hypothesis that the combination of herbaceous species can significantly indicate pH/H<sub>2</sub>O and pH/KCl was tested.

Two cores which had been drilled to a depth of over 200 m were recovered near Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station during the 1980–82 field seasons. A firn core drilled from 3 to 19 m depth was taken in December 1982 from a site about 5 km distant from the two others.The cores cannot be used to study the seasonal δ18O cycle, because: (i) detailed sampling (1–2 cm increments) provides evidence of isotopic enrichment in the 1 m core sections during storage, both in the field and in the laboratory cold-room, and (ii) low accumulation (9.2 g cm−2a−1, given by Jouzel and others 1983) led to missing years or parts thereof. Estimates of the proportion of missing years range from 1 in 10 (J.R. Petit, quoted in Mosley-Thompson and Thompson 1982) to 1 in 20 (Jouzel and others 1983).The cores are still useful for studies on a decadal or longer time-scale. The average δ18O value of detailed measurements of the upper 40 m of the 1980 firn core differs by only 0.14±0.05‰ from the average of measurements made about 16 months earlier. Thus, although storage in the cold-room changed the isotopic composition of the outer firn layer, the bulk of the firn core was unaffected. The two measurement series of this profile show a high correlation (r2= 0.75, P<10−6) when smoothed with a I m moving average (equivalent to 4–7 years’ accumulation) in order to reduce noise and the effect of enrichment at the ends of the 1 m sections.In both long cores and in the short core which was taken in 1982 the δ18O–depth profile shows a long-term trend with superimposed shorter fluctuations. The seasonal signal soon disappears but variability of up to 2‰ on a 3–5 year time-scale persists at depth. Linear-correlation analysis shows a significant correlation between the 1980 firn core and the 1982 short core (r2= 0.32, P = 0.011) for a 1 m moving average of samples 0.25 m long. Some correlation is also observed between the deeper ice parts of the 1982 core (106–227 m) and the 1981 core (100–202.4 m) (r2= 0.087, P = 0.00043, I m moving average), if the relative depths are shifted by 3.75 m. A firm time-scale for both cores is needed to determine whether such a shift corrects for an artefact of the depth logs of the cores, or proves that no real correlation exists between the two cores.Comparison of the long-term trend of the two South Pole cores with the 2.5 ka isotope climatic record from the 1979 Dome C core (Benoist and others 1982) and with the Law Dome core BHD record (Morgan 1985) again suggests possible correlation, but cannot prove it for lack of a firm time-scale. Collaboration with other investigators which brings together data on visible stratigraphy and density (personal communication from A.J. Gow), solid conductivity (Schwander unpublished), acid horizons (Langway and others 1988, this volume) and microparticles may solve this problem.

Two cores which had been drilled to a depth of over 200 m were recovered near Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station during the 1980–82 field seasons. A firn core drilled from 3 to 19 m depth was taken in December 1982 from a site about 5 km distant from the two others.The cores cannot be used to study the seasonal δ18O cycle, because: (i) detailed sampling (1–2 cm increments) provides evidence of isotopic enrichment in the 1 m core sections during storage, both in the field and in the laboratory cold-room, and (ii) low accumulation (9.2 g cm−2a−1, given by Jouzel and others 1983) led to missing years or parts thereof. Estimates of the proportion of missing years range from 1 in 10 (J.R. Petit, quoted in Mosley-Thompson and Thompson 1982) to 1 in 20 (Jouzel and others 1983).The cores are still useful for studies on a decadal or longer time-scale. The average δ18O value of detailed measurements of the upper 40 m of the 1980 firn core differs by only 0.14±0.05‰ from the average of measurements made about 16 months earlier. Thus, although storage in the cold-room changed the isotopic composition of the outer firn layer, the bulk of the firn core was unaffected. The two measurement series of this profile show a high correlation (r2= 0.75, P<10−6) when smoothed with a I m moving average (equivalent to 4–7 years’ accumulation) in order to reduce noise and the effect of enrichment at the ends of the 1 m sections.In both long cores and in the short core which was taken in 1982 the δ18O–depth profile shows a long-term trend with superimposed shorter fluctuations. The seasonal signal soon disappears but variability of up to 2‰ on a 3–5 year time-scale persists at depth. Linear-correlation analysis shows a significant correlation between the 1980 firn core and the 1982 short core (r2= 0.32, P = 0.011) for a 1 m moving average of samples 0.25 m long. Some correlation is also observed between the deeper ice parts of the 1982 core (106–227 m) and the 1981 core (100–202.4 m) (r2= 0.087, P = 0.00043, I m moving average), if the relative depths are shifted by 3.75 m. A firm time-scale for both cores is needed to determine whether such a shift corrects for an artefact of the depth logs of the cores, or proves that no real correlation exists between the two cores.Comparison of the long-term trend of the two South Pole cores with the 2.5 ka isotope climatic record from the 1979 Dome C core (Benoist and others 1982) and with the Law Dome core BHD record (Morgan 1985) again suggests possible correlation, but cannot prove it for lack of a firm time-scale. Collaboration with other investigators which brings together data on visible stratigraphy and density (personal communication from A.J. Gow), solid conductivity (Schwander unpublished), acid horizons (Langway and others 1988, this volume) and microparticles may solve this problem.

The high competition in the business world with many competitors has forced the company to develop its business, one of them by diversification. This study aims to investigate the influence of diversification level, segment numbers, and industrial sector types on firm performance measured by the excess value. The theory underlying this research is agency theory, which describes the relationship between the company owner with the company management, The number of samples of this study are 333 companies from miscellaneous industry sector, and consumer goods sector, and basic industry and chemicals sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange throughout 2017 – 2018. The results showed that data can be pooled for 3 years, all classic assumption tests are fulfilled, and partial regression coefficient test found that variable diversification level and variable number of segments > 0.05, then Ho1 and Ho2 rejected, while type of miscellaneous industry sector and Type of consumer goods sector <0.05, then Ho3 and Ho4 received. The conclusion showed that variable diversification level and variable number of segments has not sufficient evidence of negative effect on excess value, while type of miscellaneous industry sector and Type of consumer goods sector sufficient evidence of negative effect on excess value.
 Keywords: Firm Performance, Diversification Level, Number of Segments, and Industrial Sector.
 
 References:
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 Sari, I. A., Wiratno, A., & Suyono, E. (2014), “Pengaruh Strategi Diversifikasi Dan Karakteristik Perusahaan Terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan”, JAFFA (Journal of Auditing, Finance, and Forensic Accounting), Vol.02, no.1, pp.13–22.
 Scott, W. R. (2015), Financial Accounting Theory, Edisi 7, Toronto: Pearson Canada Inc.
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Companies that hire an auditor to audit their financial statements are charged an audit fee. The audit fee is a payment given by the company to the auditor in exchange for his or her services. The purpose of this study is to discover if audit quality, firm size, complexity, and company risk all play a role in setting audit costs for financial statements. This study used a purposive sampling technique using a sample of 54 manufacturing businesses listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2017-2019 period. Data analysis techniques used include the descriptive analysis test, classical assumption test, multiple regression analysis test, simultaneous test (f-test), and partial test (t-test). According to the findings of the study, audit quality, firm size, and firm complexity all have a significant positive impact on audit fees. While the firm risk variable is not proven to have an effect on audit fees.
 Keywords: Audit fee, Audit quality, Company size, Company complexity, Company risk.
 References:
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 Akram, Basuki, P., & Budiarto. (2017). Pengaruh Mekanisme Corporate Governance, Kualitas Audit, Ukuran Perusahaan dan Leverage Terhadap Integritas Laporan Keuangan. Vol.2, No.1, Oktober 2017, 95-120.
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Several cultivar/rootstock combinations were evaluated for overall performance in Mississippi. This study included postharvest fruit quality during storage as influenced by the various rootstocks. Parameters measured were fruit set, scion and stock trunk cross-sectional area, fire blight tolerance, fruit drop, and maturity indices such as fruit size, firmness, fresh fruit weight, soluble solids content, and juice pH. Cultivar/rootstock combinations were `Earligold'/EMLA 7, `Jonagold'/EMLA 111, `Improved Golden'/EMLA 7, `Improved Golden'/EMLA 111, `Scarlet Gala' /EMLA 7, `Jonafree'/Mark, `Macspur'/M 7A, `Royal Gala'/MM 111, and `Williams Pride'/M 7A. Cultivar and rootstock influenced fruit set. `Royal Gala', `Scarlet Gala', `Improved Golden', and `Earligold' showed maximum fruit set among the various cultivars. MM 111 and EMLA 7 rootstocks increased fruit set. Scion cultivars had the greatest trunk diameter on EMLA 111 and MM 111 and the smallest diameter on Mark. Scion cultivars on Mark and M 7A rootstocks showed less susceptibility to fire blight compared to MM 111 and EMLA 111. Cultivars on EMLA 7 showed moderate susceptibility to fire blight. Cultivars `Jonafree', `Williams Pride', `Macspur', and `Scarlet Gala' were least susceptible to fire blight compared to `Royal Gala'. The remaining cultivars were intermediate in susceptibility to fire blight. Fruit size, firmness, fresh fruit weight, soluble solids content, and juice pH were influenced by cultivar. `Jonagold' and `Williams Pride' produced the largest fruit, while `Jonafree' and `Macspur' yielded the smallest fruit. Total soluble solids were not influenced by cultivar and rootstock combinations. Sugar content of the juice increased as the apples matured and ranged from 12% to 14% among the cultivar/rootstock combinations. Firmness was influenced by cultivar but not rootstock. `Jonafree', `Macspur' had firm fruit, while fruit of `Scarlet Gala', `Williams Pride', and `Earligold' was not as firm. After harvest, the cultivars were stored at 2 °C for ≈4 months under controlled conditions and evaluated for soluble solids content, titratable acidity, pH, and firmness at monthly intervals. Overall, firmness, soluble solids content, and titratable acidity in all cultivars decreased with time in storage. `Improved Golden'/EMLA 7, `Royal Gala'/MM 111, and `Jonagold'/EMLA 111 maintained quality during storage, compared with the remaining cultivars/rootstock combinations, and had a longer storage life.

In contrast to the majority of related experiments, which are carried out in organic solvents at high temperatures and pressures, cobalt nanowires were synthesized by chemical reduction in aqueous solution with the assistance of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as surfactant under moderate conditions for the first time, while an external magnetic field of 40 mT was applied. Uniform linear cobalt nanowires with relatively smooth surfaces and firm structure were obtained and possessed an average diameter of about 100 nm with a coating layer of PVP. By comparison, the external magnetic field and PVP were proven to have a crucial influence on the morphology and the size of the synthesized cobalt nanowires. The prepared cobalt nanowires are crystalline and mainly consist of cobalt as well as a small amount of platinum. Magnetic measurements showed that the resultant cobalt nanowires were ferromagnetic at room temperature. The saturation magnetization (M s) and the coercivity (H c) were 112.00 emu/g and 352.87 Oe, respectively.

The importance of forensic accounting has been growing in recent years, especially when it comes to small and medium enterprises (SMEs). These entities do not have sufficiently developed accounting functions, they do not invest enough in staff who are not consequently motivated to present certain items of financial statements in a precise manner and in accordance with accounting standards. This results in reporting errors. The other side of the coin are the manipulations that happen with the intention and goal of presenting better business than the real situation to banks and other stakeholders. In this research paper, Beneish's M-Score model with five variables (M5) was applied as a method of forensic accounting, in order to detect manipulations in SMEs from sector C-Manufacturing in Serbia. The sample includes 73 companies, and only for 3 of them the M (5) Score exceeded the reference value and indicated a high risk of manipulation. The situation is different when looking at model variables individually; however, the results of the Mann-Whitney test indicate that there is no statistically significant difference in the level of liquidity and profitability of a firm depending on whether an entity manipulated from the individual model variables point of view or not.

We have recently shown that the physiological mediator of granule-mediated apoptosis is a macromolecular complex of granzymes and perforin complexed with the chondroitin-sulfate proteoglycan, serglycin (Metkar, S. S., Wang, B., Aguilar-Santelises, M., Raja, S. M., Uhlin-Hansen, L., Podack, E., Trapani, J. A., and Froelich, C. J. (2002)Immunity16, 417–428). We now report our biophysical studies establishing the nature of granzyme B-serglycin (GrB·SG) complex. Dynamic laser light scattering studies establish that SG has a hydrodynamic radius of ∼140 ± 23 nm, comparable to some viral particles. Agarose mobility shift gels and surface plasmon resonance (SPR), show that SG binds tightly to GrB and has the capacity to hold 30–60 GrB molecules. SPR studies also indicate equivalent binding affinities (Kd∼ 0.8 μm), under acidic (granule pH) and neutral isotonic conditions (extra-cytoplasmic pH), for GrB·SG interaction. Finally, characterization of GrB·SG interactions within granules revealed complexes of two distinct molecular sizes, one held ∼4–8 molecules of GrB, whereas the other contained as many as 32 molecules of GrB or other granule proteins. These studies provide a firm biophysical basis for our earlier reported observations that the proapoptotic granzyme is exocytosed predominantly as a macromolecular complex with SG.

Quasar microlensing offers a unique opportunity to resolve tiny sources in distant active galactic nuclei and study compact object populations in lensing galaxies. We therefore searched for microlensing-induced variability of the gravitationally lensed quasar QSO 2237+0305 (Einstein Cross) using 4374 optical frames taken with the 2.0 m Liverpool Telescope and the 1.5 m Maidanak Telescope. These gVrRI frames over the 2006–2019 period were homogeneously processed to generate accurate long-term multi-band light curves of the four quasar images A–D. Through difference light curves, we found strong microlensing signatures. We then focused on the analytical modelling of two putative caustic-crossing events in image C, finding compelling evidence that this image experienced a double caustic crossing. Additionally, our overall results indicate that a standard accretion disc accounts reasonably well for the brightness profile of UV continuum emission sources and for the growth in source radius when the emission wavelength increases: Rλ ∝ λα, α = 1.33 ± 0.09. However, we caution that numerical microlensing simulations are required before firm conclusions can be reached on the UV emission scenario because the VRI-band monitoring during the first caustic crossing and one of our two α indicators lead to a few good solutions with α ≈ 1.

A decay of ‘Granny Smith’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) was observed in 1988, 1990, and 1991 on fruit grown in the lower Hood River Valley of Oregon and stored at 0°C. Harvested fruit were drenched with thiabendazole and stored in October in all years. In mid-November, fruit were sized, drenched with sodium hypochlorite, and returned to cold storage. Decay was observed in January when fruit were removed from cold storage, sorted, and packed. Decayed areas were light brown and firm with a slightly indefinite margin. Losses were less than 1% of fruit packed. Diseased fruit were surface-disinfested with 95% ethanol, and tissue pieces were transferred aseptically to potato dextrose agar acidified with lactic acid and incubated at approximately 22°C. The fungus consistently isolated was identified as Phytophthora syringae (Kleb.) Kleb. based on morphological characters (3). Sporangia were persistent and averaged 60 μm long (range 59 to 69) × 40 μm wide (range 37 to 43). Antheridia were paragynous, and oospores averaged 37 μm (range 31 to 46). ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Granny Smith’, and ‘Gala’ apples were inoculated with mycelial plugs from a 7-day-old culture of P. syringae and incubated 12 days at 5°C and 7 to 12 days at 22°C. Twenty fruit of each cultivar were used—ten were inoculated, and ten uninoculated fruit served as controls. Lesions developed on all inoculated fruit but not on uninoculated controls. Lesions were spherical, chocolate brown, and firm with no evidence of external mycelia. Lesion morphology was similar on all cultivars. P. syringae was reisolated from lesion margins of all infected fruit. This postharvest decay of apples has not been observed in the Hood River Valley since 1991. Fruit rot of apples caused by P. syringae is known in Canada (1) and is common in the United Kingdom (2), but has not been reported previously in the United States. To our knowledge, this is the first report of postharvest decay of apples by P. syringae in the United States. References: (1) R. G. Ross and C. O. Gourley. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 49:33, 1969. (2) A. L. Snowdon. A Color Atlas of Postharvest Diseases. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1990. (3) G. M. Waterhouse. The Genus Phytophthora. Misc. Publ. 12. The Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England, 1956.

In this paper we argue that the growing importance of the stock mark et i s one central element of t he s o called New Economy. W e analyse the economic and political reasons, the mechanisms and consequences of the increasing capital market orientation of enterprises. In the first section we want to show the fundamental difference between the maximisation of the stock price and of the profitability of the corporation. T he r easons o f the increasing c apital m ark et o rientation a re d ealt w ith in the second section. In the third section we are discussing the shareholder value concept. The institutional changes we can find in the German Corporate Governance system which are connected with the shareholder value debate are described in the fourth section. The last section sums up the consequences and the specific contradictions of the increasing capital market orientation like the contradiction between long-term and short-term maximisation of returns, the impending hollowing-out of firm competencies, and the proliferation of cash burning business models.

Sweet Spanish onion cultivars (Allium cepa L.) in northern Colorado displayed symptoms of postharvest bulb rot during September to November of 1999. This disease appears identical to that reported from infected onions in California in 1988 and is presumably associated with high temperature stress (1). Mature, firm bulbs harvested from scattered fields in Weld County exhibited a brownish discoloration and breakdown of inner scales. Gram negative, rod-shaped, cream-colored bacteria were consistently recovered from infected bulb tissue on nutrient agar. Physiological tests showed that the bacteria utilized glucose in an oxidative and fermentative manner and were catalase positive and oxidase negative. A representative strain was identified by Microbe Inotech Laboratories (St. Louis, MO) as Enterobacter cloacae (Jordan) Hormaeche & Edwards (2) using Biolog analysis, with a similarity index of 0.81. To confirm pathogenicity, a 0.5- to 1.0-ml suspension of bacteria (108 CFU/ml sdw) was injected into firm onion bulbs (7.5 to 10.0 cm diameter). After incubation for 14 days at 22°C in closed plastic bags in the dark, bulbs were cut in half and evaluated. Tan to brown discoloration and initial dry rot, similar to that observed postharvest, was observed in inoculated bulbs. The pathogen was reisolated from six of eight bulbs inoculated with the representative strain. No discoloration or disease developed on eight control bulbs injected with water. To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. cloacae from onion grown in Colorado. References: (1) A. L. Bishop and R. M. Davis. Plant Dis. 74:692, 1990. (2) Hormaeche and Edwards. Int. J. System. Bacteriol. 30:293, 1960.

ABSTRACT Sediment cores, taken at depths of 140 to 300 m across the northwestern shelf of Axel Heiberg Island (82° N), record the deposition of sediments under perennial sea ice. Five sedimentary fades are recognized: (A) soft pebbly-sandy-mud with dropstone structures; (B) bioturbated silty muds; (C) wispy-laminated silty clay/clay; (D) laminated sands/silts and mud; (E) firm pebbly-sandy-mud with chaotic pebble fabrics. Other sediments include terrestrial bedrock of Paleogene Eureka Sound Group, and a younger Tertiary deposit, possibly the Beaufort Formation. Ages range from 1530 ± 60 BP (Fades A) to 9950 ± 80 BP (Fades D). Sedimentation rates vary as follows: - 0.8 cm ka-1, Fades B; 4 cm ka"\ Fades A; 90 cm ka-1, Fades C; 134 cm ka~', Fades D. The sedimentation history, as interpreted from the sedimentology, palynology and foraminiferal results, suggests intervals of more continuous ice cover, with a reduced influx of coarse ice-rafted detritus, alternating with more open water conditions, and high sediment input from meltwater and/or floating icebergs. Only marine sediments overlie Neogene bedrock in the cores. The absence of diamictons at the core sites suggests that grounded ice perhaps never occupied this part of the Axel Heiberg Island shelf. The interpreted history of sedimentation generally corresponds to the land-based record from Ellesmere Island, but differs significantly from marine-based studies in more southern latitudes.

AbstractA degree-day glacier mass-balance model is applied to three glaciers in Iceland, Norway and Greenland for which detailed mass-balance measurements are available over a period of several years. Model results are in good agreement with measured variations in the mass balance with elevation over the time periods considered for each glacier. In addition, the model explains 60-80% of the year-to-year variance in the elevation-averaged summer season mass-balance measurements on the glaciers, using a single parameter set for each glacier.The increase in ablation on the glaciers due to a warming of 2° C is predicted to range from about 1 m w.e. year−1at the highest elevations to about 2.5 m w.e. year−1at the lowest elevations. Predicted changes in the winter balance (measured between fixed date) are relatively small, except at the lowest elevations on the Icelandic and Norwegian glaciers where the winter balance is significantly reduced. Equilibrium-line altitudes are raised by 200-300 m on the Icelandic and Norwegian glaciers. Except at the highest elevations, the winter balance of the Icelandic and Norwegian glaciers is predicted to decrease even if the warming is accompanied by a 10% increase in the precipitation.No firm evidence of a climate-related variation in the degree-day factors or in the temperature lapse rate on the same glacier could be found. The model, furthermore, reproduces large variations in the mass balance with elevation and from year to year on each glacier using the same parameter set. We assume, therefore, that these parameters will not change significantly for the climate scenarios considered here.

AbstractA degree-day glacier mass-balance model is applied to three glaciers in Iceland, Norway and Greenland for which detailed mass-balance measurements are available over a period of several years. Model results are in good agreement with measured variations in the mass balance with elevation over the time periods considered for each glacier. In addition, the model explains 60-80% of the year-to-year variance in the elevation-averaged summer season mass-balance measurements on the glaciers, using a single parameter set for each glacier.The increase in ablation on the glaciers due to a warming of 2° C is predicted to range from about 1 m w.e. year−1 at the highest elevations to about 2.5 m w.e. year−1 at the lowest elevations. Predicted changes in the winter balance (measured between fixed date) are relatively small, except at the lowest elevations on the Icelandic and Norwegian glaciers where the winter balance is significantly reduced. Equilibrium-line altitudes are raised by 200-300 m on the Icelandic and Norwegian glaciers. Except at the highest elevations, the winter balance of the Icelandic and Norwegian glaciers is predicted to decrease even if the warming is accompanied by a 10% increase in the precipitation.No firm evidence of a climate-related variation in the degree-day factors or in the temperature lapse rate on the same glacier could be found. The model, furthermore, reproduces large variations in the mass balance with elevation and from year to year on each glacier using the same parameter set. We assume, therefore, that these parameters will not change significantly for the climate scenarios considered here.

Noni (Morinda citrifolia) is a popular medicinal plant found in tropical or subtropical regions of the world. The fruit and juice extracts have properties that are reportedly therapeutic for diabetes, high blood pressure, and certain types of cancer (1,4). In our studies on noni juice produced from fruit collected from the Kohala and Puna districts of the island of Hawaii from 2008 to 2010, Mucor circinelloides f. sp. circinelloides was isolated from 85% of 157 juice samples and observed with up to 75% incidence on fruit surfaces during fermentation processing in glass jars. Fungal growth, appearing 14 to 21 days in storage at 22°C, was pale yellow to tan brown and was associated with wounded surfaces. Single-spore strains, KN 06-2 (2006; ripe fruit puree) and KN 08-08 (2008; fermented juice; CBS 124110), identified by Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures by molecular methods were 97.3% similar in internal transcribed spacer sequence to the type strain (CBS 195.68). M. circinelloides f. sp. circinelloides strains (KN 08-08, KN 09-06, or KN 10-02) (2008 to 2010; fermented juice) were inoculated by pipetting an aliquot of 100 μl of fungus strain spore suspension (1 × 105 to 1.33 × 106 spores/ml) onto firm, yellow maturity noni fruit that were washed, surface disinfected, and either wounded (surface cuts) or nonwounded. Controls consisted of no inoculation and sterile distilled water (SDW) inoculation treatments. Ten to twenty each of wounded and nonwounded fruit comprised each inoculation treatment. Fruit were incubated in acrylic bins with a layer of distilled water at the bottom, and sealed with snap-on lids. The bins were incubated on a lab bench at 22 to 23°C under fluorescent lights. Fruits were evaluated for presence of fungal growth and severity of symptoms. To determine viability of spores on inoculated fruit without symptoms, surfaces were swabbed with sterile cotton swabs dipped in SDW, streaked on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates, and incubated at 22°C under fluorescent lights. The inoculation experiment was conducted twice. Nonwounded fruit inoculated with M. circinelloides f. sp. circinelloides strains did not result in infections (KN 09-06 and KN 10-02) or produced slight mycelial growth (0 to 20%; KN 08-08). Wounded fruit inoculated with any of the three strains resulted in 85 to 100% infection of moderate severity. There were no infections in noninoculated or SDW treatments of nonwounded or wounded fruit. Koch's postulates were fulfilled with the reisolation of M. circinelloides f. sp. circinelloides from selected fruit exhibiting soft tissue, discoloration, and sporulating yellowish green mycelial growth. Swab washes from asymptomatic surfaces of inoculated nonwounded fruit resulted in the growth of M. circinelloides f. sp. circinelloides on PDA, proving viability of the spores and confirmed that the fungus is primarily pathogenic only on wounded fruit surfaces. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. circinelloides as a wound pathogen of noni fruit. The quality of fermented noni juice may be affected by the presence of M. circinelloides f. sp. circinelloides but can be remedied by pasteurization that does not affect antitumor properties (unpublished data). This fungus is also a reported pathogen of mango (2) and peach (3). References: (1) J. Li et al. Oncol. Rep. 20:1505, 2008. (2) K. Pernezny and G. W. Simone. Phytopathol. News 34:25, 2000. (3) C. Restuccia et al. J. Food Prot. 69:2465, 2006. (4) M. Y. Wang et al. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 23:1127, 2002.

Audit delay is the length of time required by the company in completing the audit of the financial statements. This delay can affect the level of decision uncertainty from investors. However, there are still many go-public companies that are late in submitting their audited financial reports. The theories used are agency theory, signal theory and compliance theory. The sampling technique was determined based on the purposive sampling method so as to produce a total sample of 44 companies and obtained a total of 132 observations. The data analysis techniques used in this study were pooling test, descriptive statistical test, classical assumption test, multiple linear regression test, moderated regression test. Analysis, F test, t test, and coefficient of determination test. The t test results show that solvency has a significance value greater than 0.05, profitability, firm size, the interaction between profitability and firm size, and the interaction between solvency and firm size have a significance less than 0.05. The conclusion of this study shows that there is sufficient evidence of profitability, firm size, the interaction between profitability and firm size and the interaction between solvency and firm size has a negative effect on audit delay and there is insufficient evidence that solvency has a positive effect on audit delay.
 Keywords: Profitability, Solvability, Firm Size, Audit Delay.
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 Yanasari, L. F., Rahayu, M., & Utami, N. E. 2021, 'Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Solvabilitas Dan Size Terhadap Audit Delay Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia' Jurnal IKRA-ITH Ekonomika, Volume 4, No. 1, pp.84-93, diakses tanggal 20 Mei 2021, https://journals.upi-yai.ac.id/index.php/IKRAITH-EKONOMIKA /article/download/1060/865/

Financial performance is an achievement achieved by a company that can be seen through financial statements. Financial statements can be used as a control, a source of financial information and a representation of the company's performance. The results of financial statement analysis with various sizes of financial ratios can be used as material for evaluating company performance This study aims to determine the effect of family ownership, institutional ownership, and funding decisions on financial performance as measured by the Piotroski F-Score method. The number of samples in this study were 360 companies from the manufacturing sector with sub-sector basic and chemical industry, various industrial sectors and consumer goods listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period 2017 - 2019. The results of this study indicate that the data can be pooled for 3 years, all classical assumption tests are met and the results of the regression test show that family ownership > 0.05, institutional ownership and funding decisions < 0.05. So it can be concluded that there is not enough evidence of family ownership to have a positive effect on financial performance. Meanwhile, there is sufficient evidence that institutional ownership and funding decisions have a negative effect on financial performance.
 Keywords: family ownership, institutional ownership, funding decisions, financial performance and Piotroski F-Score.
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Tax avoidance is a scheme that aims to minimize the tax burden by taking advantage of loopholes in the tax provisions of a country. Tax avoidance is a practice carried out by individual and corporate taxpayers to reduce the tax burden that must be paid without violating the applicable tax laws. This study aims to analyze the effect of profitability, firm size, leverage and institutional ownership on tax avoidance. This study uses the basic theory : agency theory and compliance theory. The object of the research is a manufacturing company in the consumer goods industry sector which is listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2016-2019 period. Researchers conducted descriptive statistical tests, coefficient similarity test (pooling), classical assumption test, multiple linear analysis, and hypothesis testing. The conclusion is that there is sufficient evidence that profitability and firm size have a negative effect on tax avoidance, while there is insufficient evidence that leverage has a positive effect on tax avoidance, and there is not sufficient evidence that institutional ownership has a negative effect on tax avoidance. Key word : profitability, firm size, leverage, institutional ownership, tax avoidance References: Arianandini, P. W., & Ramantha, I. W. (2018). Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Leverage, dan Kepemilikan Institusional Pada Tax Avoidance. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 22, 2088–2116. https://doi.org/10.24843/eja.2018.v22.i03.p17 Darmayanti, P. P. B., & Merkusiwati, N. K. L. A. (2019). Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan, Profitabilitas, Koneksi Politik dan Pengungkapan Corporate Social Responsibility Pada Tax Avoidance. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 26, 1992–2019. https://doi.org/10.24843/eja.2019.v26.i03.p12 Dewanti, I. G. A. D. C., & Sujana, I. K. (2019). Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan, Corporate Social Responsibility, Profitabilitas dan Leverage pada Tax Avoidance. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 28, 377. https://doi.org/10.24843/eja.2019.v28.i01.p15 Dewi, N. L. P. P., & Noviari, N. (2017). Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan, Leverage, Profitabilitas dan Corporate Social Responsibility Terhadap Penghindaran Pajak (Tax Avoidance). E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 21(2), 830–859. https://doi.org/10.24843/EJA.2017.v21.i02.p01 Dewinta, I. A. R., & Setiawan, P. E. (2016). Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan, Umur Perusahaan, Profitabilitas, Leverage, Dan Pertumbuhan Penjualan Terhadap Tax Avoidance. E-Jurnal Akuntansi Universitas Udayana, 14(3), 1584–1613. Ekonomi Bung Hatta. (2020). Ukuran Perusahaan (Pengertian, Jenis, Kriteria dan Indikator). https://ekonomi.bunghatta.ac.id/index.php/id/artikel/811-ukuran-perusahaan-pengertian-jenis-kriteria-dan-indikator diakses tanggal 12 Januari 2021 Fiandri, K. A., & Muid, D. (2017). 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The physical, chemical, and functional properties of starches isolated from the Andean tubers oca (Oxalis tuberosa M.), olluco (Ullucus tuberosus C.) and mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum R. & P.) were studied. The tubers were obtained from a local grocery. The morphology of the starch granules (size and shape) was studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which revealed ellipsoid, oval, conical, pear-shaped and prismatic forms: ellipsoids and oval granules with lengths up to 54.30 µm in oca; with lengths up to 32.09 µm for olluco starch granules; and with predominantly truncated spherical or oval forms and smaller dimensions (up to 16.29 um) for mashua starch granules. Amylose contents were similar among the samples: 27.60% (oca), 26.49% (olluco) and 27.44% (mashua). Olluco starch had less swelling power, forming opaque, less firm gels. All three starch gels showed the same stability on refrigeration and presented high syneresis under freezing temperatures, with a variation of 40.28 to 74.42% for olluco starch. The starches cooked easily, with high peak viscosity. The low gelatinization temperatures and high stability during cooling make these starches suitable feedstock for use in formulations that require milder processing temperatures and dispense freezing storage.

The paper discusses scientific arguments and counterarguments about companies’ innovative activity, size, and geographic location of the sales market. The study’s foremost purpose is to empirically check if theoretical statements about a company’s size, export, and innovative activity are associated. Therefore, the questions discussed in this paper are a) Does an enterprise-size matter an enterprise innovation activity? b) Is there is a difference in innovation activity by Classification of Economic Activities (NACE groups)? c) Does the geographic location of the sales market matter the company's innovation activity? The research questions are discussed based on Armenian firm-level data. The findings could be applied mainly to the microeconomic environment of Armenia. The study involved R programming language Wilcoxon test, ANOVA, Tukey test, and Chi-square test are applied. The obtained results showed that the enterprise’s size does not matter an enterprise’s innovative activity. Even though larger companies have more resources to innovate, smaller companies are more flexible and agile. Therefore, the enterprise size is not a limiting factor. The results showed that the companies in some fields of the economy are more prone to innovate than others. In Armenia, most innovative enterprises operate in the group M-Professional, scientific and technical activities and the group C-Manufacturing. The research empirically confirms that when considering a company’s innovative activity, the sphere of the economy in which it operates has statistically significant importance in contrast with the company’s size. The findings by the Chi-Square test showed that a significantly higher number of EU exporting companies had made innovations. In contrast, companies selling their products/services in the local market have made significantly fewer innovations than expected if there would be no association between innovations and the geographic location of the sales market. Therefore, the exporting companies are more innovative than those that sell their products in the local market. Besides, the most innovative firms are EU exporting enterprises. In empiric studies, export is used as a proxy of international competitiveness due to its ability to show a country’s capacity in producing and selling in the international market. Therefore, the analysis of Armenian firm-level data showed the association between innovation and international competitiveness.

Monilinia spp. are well-known pathogens causing brown rot of fruit trees in many fruit production areas worldwide. In Italy, three Monilinia species are particularly significant with regard to fruit trees, causing blossom and twig blight and brown rot in fruits: Monilinia laxa (Aderhold and Ruhland) Honey, M. fructicola (Winter) Honey, and M. fructigena (Aderhold and Ruhland). In 2009, a new species, M. polystroma, was distinguished from M. fructigena based on morphological and molecular characteristics in Europe (3). M. polystroma is not known to occur in Italy and to date has been reported from the Czech Republic (1), Hungary (3), Poland (4), Serbia (5), and Switzerland (2). In July 2013, during a survey for fungal postharvest pathogens, stored peaches (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) belonging to different cultivars showing brown rot symptoms were observed in the Emilia Romagna and Sardinia regions of Italy. Typical decay spots were circular and brown, tending toward black, and 5% of peaches presented a large number of yellowish or buff-colored stromata and firm decayed tissues, the symptoms originated by M. polystroma. The pathogen was isolated on V8 agar (V8A) and culture plates were incubated at 25°C in darkness for 5 days. A conidial suspension was spread on malt extract agar (MEA) and single spores were selected. M. polystroma colonies grown on potato dexstrose agar (PDA) were yellowish in color. Irregular black stromatal crusts occurred on the edges of the colonies after 10 to 12 days of incubation and on the margin was present sporogenous tissue slightly elevated above the colony surface, color buff/pale luteous (1). The conidia were one-celled, ovoid or limoniform, smooth and hyaline, and 12 to 20 × 8 to 12 μm in distilled water when grown on V8A at 22°C. The ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was PCR-amplified from genomic DNA obtained from mycelium using primers ITS1 and ITS4. A BLAST search in GenBank revealed the highest similarity (99%) to M. polystroma sequences (GenBank Accession No. GU067539). Pathogenicity was confirmed using surface-sterilized mature ‘Red Heaven’ peaches. The fruits were wounded (2 × 2 × 2 mm) twice with a sterile needle and inoculated with 2-mm plugs of 7-day-old mycelia from fungal colony margins. The sample unit was represented by 10 fruits. Control fruits were inoculated with PDA. After 7 days of incubation at 20°C in plastic containers with high humidity, typical symptoms of brown rot developed on both the wounds of all inoculated fruits, while control fruits remained symptomless. By the 14th day, all fruits had rotted and the yellowish exogenous stromata appeared on the surface of infected peaches. The fungus isolated from inoculated fruit exhibited the same morphological and molecular features of the original isolates; the molecular analysis performed using the primers by Petroczy (3) confirmed the result of the PCR with ITS1 and ITS4 primers. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. polystroma on peach in Italy. This is relevant because the new pathogen could spread into other European countries that are main peach producers (such as Spain), causing economic losses. Bringing it to the attention of the scientific community allows the arrangement of research studies for assessing potential resistances with a significant impact on disease control management. Further studies are necessary to determine geographic distribution, prevalence, and economic importance of this organism in Italy. References: (1) EPPO Reporting Service. 2011/134: First reports of Monilinia polystroma in Hungary and the Czech Republic. No. 6, 2011. (2) M. Hilber-Bodmer et al. Plant Dis. 96:146, 2012. (3) M. Petroczy and L. Palkovics. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 125:343, 2009. (4) A. Poniatowska et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 135:855, 2013. (5) M. Vasic et al. Plant Dis. 97:145, 2013.

Down-hole oil and gas industries are important users of high temperature electronics. In these applications the operating temperature is function of the underground depth of the wells. Oil reservoirs in Mexico are located at mean depths of 6,000 m and the typical geothermal gradient is 25°C/km, however in some areas it is greater. Consequently, the requirements for measuring thermodynamic and geophysical parameters, for instance pressure, temperature, vibration and multiphase flow, are a challenging task. Accomplishing these necessities requires a complete signal communications chain of high-performance components and effective communication techniques to provide system reliability. Nevertheless, noise interference, cable attenuation and thermal drift of the front-end passive electronic elements can lead to poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and possibly loss of the communication link. This paper describes a bidirectional communication system that exchanges data from a down-hole high pressure and high temperature (HP/HT) measurement tool to the surface installation. The communication channel is a multi-conductor coaxial logging cable used also as a power supply transmission line. The system consists of a proprietary down-hole measurement tool, composed of a HP/HT sensor and a high temperature DSP-based electronic device; and located in the surface installation, a data acquisition equipment. The system employs a communication algorithm, based on the SNR characterization of the whole communication chain, which determines in real-time the optimal carrier frequency that is automatically implemented in the selected modulation/demodulation technique. The obtained laboratory tests results of the down-hole tool, using changes in temperature from 25 °C – 185 °C, provide a firm basis for testing and evaluating the system in the field.

140 Background: NRG Oncology/NSABP C-08 tested the efficacy of adding bev to mFOLFOX in patients (pts) with stage II or III colon cancer. In an unplanned analysis we showed that MMR status was predictive of bev benefit with dMMR pts receiving statistically significant bev benefit. More recently, we showed that immune cells and immune checkpoint proteins have differential effects on prognosis and bev benefit in C-08 (ASC0 2021). As part of a preplanned secondary objective of an NCTN-CCSC approved protocol, we tested the association of VEGFR, VEGFA, and CD31, with clinical outcomes and treatment benefit in dMMR and pMMR pts enrolled in C-08. To determine what subset of pts within C-08 received bev benefit, we tested the 10-gene IFNɣ signature (Ayers et al 2017), which has been shown to associate with response to ICB in other studies. Methods: VEGFR, VEGFA, and CD31 were quantitated in tumors from C-08 pts (N=1,485) using m-IF and the Vectra Pathology System and inForm software. Gene expression data of C-08 (n=387) via DASLR microarrays was used to test the IFNɣ signature for association with bev benefit in dMMR and pMMR pts. All markers were tested for associations with prognosis and bev benefit in dMMR and pMMR pts using recurrence-free interval, median cut points, and Cox models. Results: VEGFR, VEGFA, and CD31 were not prognostic in the total C-08 cohort nor in dMMR or pMMR subsets. However, high VEGFR was associated with bev benefit in dMMR pts p=0.0012, HR=0.08 [95% CI; 0.025-0.224], n=117) but not in pts with pMMR (n=555) (int p=0.03). Pts whose tumors showed higher expression of the IFNɣ signature had a better prognosis than did pts with a low signature. Importantly, in the entire C-08 cohort with available DASL data, pts with low IFNɣ signatures received bev benefit (p=0.034, HR=0.59 [95% CI: 0.36-0.97], n=211). When low IFNɣ tumors were further split by MMR status both dMMR and pMMR pts showed a trend to receive bev benefit, however, numbers of pts were too small to make firm conclusions (dMMR no bev vs. bev p=0.02, n=11; pMMR no bev vs. bev, p=0.051, n=167). Conclusions: High VEGFR is associated with bev benefit in dMMR pts. In agreement with other studies, we observe that the IFNɣ signature is associated with a good prognosis in C-08, however, unique to this study is the observation that IFNɣ low is associated with bev benefit in the entire C-08 cohort. The association of high IFNɣ signature with ICB response seen in several other studies, plus our observation that low IFNɣ is associated with bev benefit in C-08, suggests that bev and ICB are most efficacious on different subsets of pts. Current clinical trial, GI-004, is testing the efficacy of the bev + atezolizumab combination. Examination of these markers may be informative. Support: PA DOH, U10CA-180868, -180822, -196067, Genentech, Sanofi; NSABP Clinical trial information: 00096278.

Financial information is one of the important information in decision making. However, many cases of fraud committed by management so that the information in the financial statements cannot be relied upon in decision making. Therefore, the auditor's job is to ensure that the company's financial statements are represented correctly (faithful representation) so that financial statement information becomes more quality and useful in making decisions. So this study aims to examine the effect of audit fee on audit quality. In addition, this study also examines important determinants of audit costs, namely company size, profitability, audit risk, complexity, and firm size. By using the purposive sampling method, samples of the financial and manufacturing industry in 2010-2017 used are 39 firms per year. This sample is used to examine the effect of audit fee on audit quality and the determinant of audit fee using simple linear regression analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The result of this research shows that audit fees have a significant positive effect on audit quality. In addition, this study shows that firm size, complexity, and firm size are important determinants that determine audit fee. However, profitability and audit risk have not been proven to explain audit fees.
 Keywords: Audit Quality, Audit Fee, Firm Size, Profitability, Audit Risk, Complexity, Auditor Size
 
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Monilinia fructicola (G. Wint.) Honey, the causal agent of brown rot, is one of the most important fungal pathogens of stone fruit but may also affect pome fruits. The pathogen is common in North America, Oceania, South America, and Asia. It is a quarantined pathogen in Europe (3), but was recently detected in apple from the Czech Republic, Germany, and Serbia (1,2,4). In January 2012, during a survey for fungal postharvest pathogens, stored apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) belonging to the cultivars Gala and Pink Lady showing brown rot symptoms were observed in the Emilia Romagna region, Italy. Typical decay spots were circular and brown, tending toward black. Decayed tissues remained firm, and numerous grayish pustules containing spores appeared on rotted areas. The pathogen was isolated on V8 juice agar and culture plates were incubated at 25°C in darkness for 5 days. A conidial suspension was spread on malt extract agar and single spores were selected. The colonies were morphologically identified as M. fructigena. Two colonies developing a gray mass of spores in concentric rings with the reverse side black were further studied by molecular tools. The colony margins were even and the conidia were one-celled, limoniform, hyaline, and 12.1 to 17.4 × 8.4 to 11.2 μm. The ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was PCR-amplified from genomic DNA obtained from mycelium using primers ITS1 and ITS4. A BLAST search in GenBank revealed the highest similarity (99%) to M. fructicola sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. HQ893748.1 and FJ515894.1). Pathogenicity was confirmed using surface-sterilized mature ‘Gala’ apples, wounded with a sterile needle, and inoculated with an isolate conidial suspension (103 spores/ml). A 20 μl droplet was placed in the wound; control fruits received sterile water without conidia. After 5 days of incubation at 20°C in plastic containers with high humidity, typical symptoms of brown rot developed on inoculated fruits, while control fruits remained symptomless. The fungus isolated from inoculated fruit exhibited the same morphological and molecular features shown by the original isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the fungus M. fructicola on apple in Italy. Further studies are necessary to determine geographic distribution, prevalence and economic importance of this quarantine organism in Italy. References: (1) J. Duchoslavovà et al. Plant Dis.91:907, 2007. (2) A. Grabke et al. Plant Dis. 95:772, 2011. (3) OEPP/EPPO. EPPO A2 list of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests. Version 2010-09. Retrieved from http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/listA2.htm , 2010. (4) M. Vasic et al. Plant Dis. 96:456, 2012.

ABSTRACT Niebuhr, B., Richardt, N. and Wilmsen, M. 2012. Facies and integrated stratigraphy of the Upper Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) Grosberg Formation south of Regensburg (Bavaria, southern Germany). Acta Geologica Polonica, 62 (4), 595-615. Warszawa. The Upper Turonian Grosberg Formation of the Regensburg area (Danubian Cretaceous Group, Bavaria, southern Germany) has a mean thickness of 20-25 m and consists of sandy bioclastic calcarenites and calcareous sandstones which are rich in bryozoans, serpulids and bivalves (oysters, rudists, inoceramids). Eight facies types have been recognized that characterize deposition on a southward dipping homoclinal ramp: the inner ramp sub-environment was characterized by high-energy sandwave deposits (sandy bioclastic rud- and grainstones, bioclastic sandstones) with sheltered inter-shoal areas. In mid-ramp settings, bioturbated, glauconitic, calcareous sand- and siltstones as well as bioturbated, bioclastic wacke- and packstones predominate. The carbonate grain association of the Grosberg Formation describes a temperate bryomol facies with indicators of warm-water influences. An inferred surplus of land-derived nutrients resulted in eutrophic conditions and favoured the heterozoan communities of the Grosberg Ramp. Carbon stable isotope geochemistry cannot significantly contribute to the stratigraphic calibration of the Grosberg Formation due to the depleted and trendless bulk-rock δ13 C values, probably resulting from a shallow-water aquafacies with depleted δ13 C DIC values and low δ13 C values of syndepositional and early diagenetic carbonate phases. However, strongly enriched skeletal calcite δ13 C values support a correlation of the Grosberg Formation with the mid-Late Turonian positive Hitch Wood isotope event (Hyphantoceras Event of northern Germany). This interpretation is supported by biostratigraphic data and a range from the Mytiloides striatoconcentricus Zone into the lower My. scupini Zone is indicated by inoceramid bivalves. Both the base and top of the Grosberg Formation are characterized by unconformities. Sequence boundary SB Tu 4 at the base is a major regional erosion surface (erosional truncation of the underlying Kagerhoh Formation in the Regensburg area, fluvial incision at the base of the Seugast Member of the Roding Formation in the Bodenwohr area towards the north and northeast). It is suggested that this unconformity corresponds to a major sea-level drop recognized in many other Cretaceous basins below the Hitch Wood or Hyphantoceras Event. The transgression and highstand of the Grosberg Formation is concomitant to the deposition of the fluvial Seugast Member and the onlap of the marginal-marine “Veldensteiner Sandstein” onto the Frankische Alb. The unconformity at the top of the Grosberg Formation (late Late Turonian SB Tu 5) is indicated by a ferruginous firm-/ hardground and an underlying zone of strongly depleted δ13 C values. The abrupt superposition by deeper marine marls of the lower Hellkofen Formation (uppermost Turonian-Lower Coniacian) may be connected with inversion tectonics at the southwestern margin of the Bohemian Massif.

Based on previous Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) design results, an 11 channel microreactor of dimensions (0.5 mm × 0.5 mm × 100 mm) (width × depth × length) and optimal manifold geometry was fabricated, coated with a newly-developed Au/SBA-15 catalyst and then integrated in an experimental rig specifically built for this research. Propane (as model volatile organic compound) oxidation experiments were conducted at three different flow velocities, 12.5, 15.4 and 17.5 m/min, respectively, at six temperatures, 150, 200, 225, 250, 275, and 300 °C, respectively. The catalyst was prepared by one-pot sol-gel synthesis of SBA-15 with MPTMS (3-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxy-silane) before loading with HAuCl4 gold precursor and then characterized by SEM/EDX, TEM and wide angle XRD. A novel catalyst coating technique was developed, using airbrush (0.3 nozzle) to spray a catalyst slurry into the microchannels that produced a thin, firm and uniform layer of Au/SBA-15 catalyst coating inside the microreactor. The experimental measurements revealed that propane conversion increased as the flow feed rates decreased and increased with increasing temperatures in the reactor. For the built microreactor and for the flows and temperatures set, the combustion of propane was possible with measurable conversions and reasonable reactor stability, the performance of the catalyst appeared to be central to the satisfactory operation of the reactor.

IAS 40 (adopted in PSAK 13, 2012) about investment properties allowing companies to choose the method of measuring their investment properties, namely the cost method and the fair value method. Side that oppose fair value method argue that fair value is unreliable and costly. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to examine the relevance of the fair value accounting choice method and determinants that affect of fair value accounting choice method for investment property. This research is using secondary data observation technique which acquired from annual financial reports for real estate, manufacturing, and trading sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2012-2016 period. By using judgment sampling method, the research sample tested were 48 companies (19 real estate companies, 15 manufacturing companies, and 14 trading companies). The results of this research shows that fair value accounting choice method has a positive significant on firm value. In that case shows that fair value accounting choice have a value relevance so it can help investor to make a investment decision. For determinants of fair value accounting choice, that firm size variables has significant positive and leverage significant negatively with determinants of fair value accounting choice while big four has no effect on determinants of fair value accounting choice.
 Keywords:
 Value relevance, Investment property, Firm size, Leverage, Big four.
 References:
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 Quagli, A., & Avallone, F. (2010). Fair value or cost model? Drivers of choice for IAS 40 in the real estate industry. European Accounting Review, 19(3), 461–493.
 Souza, F. Ê. A. de, Botinha, R. A., Silva, P. R., & Lemes, S. (2015). Comparability of Accounting Choices in Future Valuation of Investment Properties: An Analysis of Brazilian and Portuguese Listed Companies. Revista Contabilidade & Finanças, 26(68), 154–166.
 Subramanyam, K. R. (2014). Financial Statement Analysis (11th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
 Tan, M. Z., Mohamat Sabri Hassan, & Embong, Z. (2014). Value Relevance of Investment Properties’ Fair Value and Board Characteristics in Malaysian Real Estate Investment Trusts. Asian Journal of Accounting and Governance, 5, 1–13.
 Weygandt, J. J., Kimmel, P. D., & Kieso, D. E. (2013). Financial Accounting (IFRS). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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The effects of ground-motion spatial variability on the seismic vulnerability of a floating cable-stayed bridge with 420-m long main span are investigated using component and system-level fragility analysis methods. Four combinations of the spatial variability components are considered including (a) the incoherence effect; (b) the incoherence and wave-passage effects; (c) the incoherence and site-response effects; and (d) general excitation case including the incoherence, wave-passage, and site-response effects. Parametric study was carried out to assess the sensitivity of seismic fragility to the variation of spatial variability components. The results indicate that the bridge becomes more vulnerable under spatially varying excitations than uniform excitations. The fragile components and the bridge system become more vulnerable with an increase in incoherence level. The component and system-level vulnerabilities are not sensitive to the variation of apparent wave velocities in most cases. However, the site-response effect is more complex than incoherence and wave-passage effects. There is no general trend about its effect on different components, whereas the system fragility increases as the soil conditions of adjacent excitation sites change more significantly and the soil types vary from the soft to the firm along wave-traveling direction. In addition, the bridge tends to be more vulnerable if the soil condition of the reference site becomes softer for the general excitation case. Spatial variability effects, especially incoherence and site-response effects, should be considered in the fragility analyses of this type of bridges.

The multiple factors that define and relate service quality and customer or consumer satisfaction have served as the basis for the development of several multidimensional models that have allowed the study of this important issue. The level of research that will be used in this work is the explanatory levelbecause it is intended to evaluate the role of innovation in the design of the service quality improvement plan and its impact on customer satisfaction. As a case study, the M7D model was applied to two national banks. Among other results, national banks obtained 83.5% compliance with the M7D model, the dimensions with the best performance are customer satisfaction, organization, processes and social responsibility. While, medium-sized banks have a compliance level of 62.7% with the M7D model, the dimensions with the best performance are customer satisfaction, Social responsibility and leadership. It is concluded that banks must innovate at the level of preparation and training of human resources and adequacy.
 Keywords: quality of service, customer satisfaction, models, innovation
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High mortality was noticed in a 10-year-old stand of Pinus pinea in the Alberese area (Grosseto, central Italy, elev. 40 m, 42° 39′ 46″ N, 11° 06′ 25″ E) in July 2010. Aerial symptoms of trees included chlorosis, crown thinning, stunted growth, bark lesions at the stem base with resinous exudations, and extensive necroses of the underlying xylem tissue. Woody roots of two uprooted trees exhibited bark necroses and a high proportion of fine roots was destroyed. Soil around necrotic roots was baited using apple fruits (cv. Gala). After 1 week of incubation at 24°C, typical firm fruit rot developed and small tissue samples were transferred to clarified V8 agar (V8A) amended with 5 ml/l PARPNH and incubated at 24°C. After 7 days, stellate to rosaceous, finely lobed cottony colonies arose that were transferred to FPM medium and incubated at 24°C. Within 7 days, spherical oogonia with a smooth surface and predominantly paragynous antheridia formed; sporadic amphyginous antheridia could be observed. Colony squares (1 cm2) were then placed in filtered and sterilized pond water. After 48 h, ovoid, obpyriform, or clavate, nonpapillate, persistent sporangia with internal nested and extended proliferation were formed. Fifty oogonia and 30 sporangia were measured. The diameter of the 50 spherical oogonia varied from 33.6 to 44.9 μm (avg. 39 μm); dimensions of the 30 sporangia were 42.6 to 59.8 × 28.9 to 47.8 μm (avg. 52.95 × 38.98 μm; 1:b ratio 1.37). The isolate was identified as Phytophthora humicola W. H. Ko & Ann on the basis of colony type, size and morphology of oogonia and sporangia, average length/width ratio of sporangia, the homothallic formation of oogonia (4), and ITS rDNA sequence information (GenBank Accession No. JQ757060). A BLAST search of the ITS sequence of P. humicola isolate B33 revealed a 99% identity with the Phytophthora ITS Clade 6 species P. humicola and P. inundata (2). This latter species could be ruled out, however, since it is self-sterile, whereas our isolate B33 was self-fertile (3). A strain of P. humicola was deposited in the CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, strain no. CBS129249. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 10 one-year-old twigs of Pinus pinea. A bark portion was removed aseptically and a V8A disc (0.5 cm diam.) of P. humicola mycelium was placed on the wound. Control twigs (3) received sterile V8A discs. Inoculated and control twigs were incubated at 20°C in the dark. Clearly noticeable necrotic lesions (avg. length 2.2 × 0.68 cm) were observed after 15 days on inoculated twigs. Control twigs showed no symptoms. Reisolations on selective V8-PARPNH-agar confirmed P. humicola as the causal agent. P. humicola is mainly associated with woody horticultural crops (1, 3), while the other taxa grouped with this species in Clade 6 are mainly found in forest and riparian ecosystems (1). These aquatic Phytophthora species normally have a saprophytic lifestyle, but under favourable environmental circumstances can act as opportunistic pathogens, attacking susceptible trees and causing scattered mortality in forest stands and natural ecosystems (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. humicola from a pine stand. It is supposed that the pathogen reached the stand through infected plant material or infested soil introduced into the stand. References: (1) C. M. Brasier et al. Mycol. Res. 107:277, 2003. (2) D. E. L. Cooke et al. Fungal Genet. Biol. 30:17, 2000. (3) T. Jung et al. Persoonia 26:13, 2011. (4) W. H. Ko and P. J. Ann. Mycologia 77:631, 1985.

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui hubungan kualitas audit, komite audit, dan Dewan Pengawas Syariah (DPS) terhadap kinerja Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia pada tahun 2015-2020 yang diproksikan dengan ROA, baik secara parsial dan simultan. Melalui pendekatan kuantitatif dengan teknik analisis regresi data panel, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa secara parsial, kualitas audit yang dihasilkan KAP Big 4 berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap kinerja bank umum syariah. Pada variabel komite audit, ukuran komite audit tidak mempengaruhi kinerja bank umum syariah, sedangkan kompetensi dan frekuensi komite audit berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap kinerja bank umum syariah. Pada variabel DPS, ukuran dan frekuensi rapat DPS berpengaruh negatif signfikan terhadap kinerja bank umum syariah, sedangkan kompetensi DPS berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap kinerja bank umum syariah. Secara simultan, kualitas audit, komite audit, serta DPS berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap kinerja bank umum syariah. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat bermanfaat bagi manajemen perusahaan, sebagai bahan pertimbangan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas peran pengawasan dalam penerapan tata kelola perusahaan agar dapat mewujudkan kinerja perusahaan menjadi lebih baik. Kata Kunci: Kualitas audit, Komite audit, Dewan Pengawas Syariah, Kinerja Bank. ABSTRACT This study aims is to find out the relationship between audit quality, audit committee, and Sharia Supervisory Board (SSB) on the performance of Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia in 2015-2020 as proxied by ROA, both partially and simultaneously. Through a quantitative approach with panel data regression analysis techniques, the results of the study show that partially, the audit quality produced by KAP Big 4 has a significant positive effect on the performance of Islamic commercial banks. In the audit committee variable, the size of the audit committee does not affect the performance of Islamic commercial banks, while the competence and frequency of the audit committee have a significant negative effect on the performance of Islamic commercial banks. In the DPS variable, the size and frequency of DPS meetings have a significant negative effect on the performance of Islamic commercial banks, while DPS competence has a significant positive effect on the performance of Islamic commercial banks. Simultaneously, audit quality, audit committee, and DPS have a significant positive effect on the performance of Islamic commercial banks. This research is expected to be useful for company management, as a consideration for increasing the effectiveness of the supervisory role in the implementation of corporate governance in order to realize better company performance. Keywords: Audit Quality, Audit committee, Shariah Supervisory Board, Banks performance. 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ABSTRAK Mengetahui pengaruh 3 komponen Intellectual Capital yang terdiri dari Value Added Capital Employed (VACA), Value Added Human Capital (VAHU), dan Structural Capital Value Added (STVA) dan mengetahui pengaruh Rate of Growth of Intellectual Capital (ROGIC)terhadap proporsi pembiayaan bagi hasil bank umum syariah di Indonesia periode 2015-2020 merupakan tujuan dari penelitian ini. Menggunakan regresi data panel serta data sekunder dengan mengumpulkan laporan tahunan bank umum syariah. Memanfaatkan Sampel 9 bank umum syariah yang terdaftar pada OJK dengan diseleksi menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Variabel Intellectual Capital diukur dengan metode Islamic Banking Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (IB-VAIC). Sedangkan untuk variabel proporsi pembiayaan bagi hasil menggunakan pengukuran profit sharing ratio. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Value Added Capital Employed (VACA), Value Added Human Capital (VAHU), dan Structural Capital Value Added (STVA) dan Rate of Growth of Intellectual Capital (ROGIC) berpengaruh signifikan terhadap proporsi pembiayaan bagi hasil. Secara parsial, Value Added Capital Employed (VACA) berpengaruh signifikan negatif terhadap proporsi pembiayaan bagi hasil. Value Added Human Capital (VAHU) dan Structural Capital Value Added (STVA) memiliki pengaruh signifikan dengan arah positif pada proporsi pembiayaan bagi hasil. Rate of Growth of Intellectual Capital (ROGIC) tidak memiliki pengaruh pada proporsi pembiayaan bagi hasil. Kata Kunci: Intellectual Capital, VACA, VAHU, STVA, ROGIC, Proporsi Pembiayaan Bagi Hasil, Bank Umum Syariah. ABSTRACT Find out the effect of 3 components of Intellectual Capital, consisting of Value Added Capital Employed (VACA), Value Added Human Capital (VAHU), and Structural Capital Value Added (STVA), and find out the effect of the Rate of Growth of Intellectual Capital (ROGIC) on profit-loss sharing financing proportion of Islamic Banks in Indonesia from 2015-2020 is the goal of this research. Using panel data regression and secondary data by collecting the annual reports of Islamic Commercial Banks. Utilizing a sample of 9 Islamic Commercial Banks registered in OJK and selected using a purposive sampling method. The Intellectual Capital was measured by the Islamic Banking Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (IB-VAIC) method. Profit loss sharing financing proportion is measured by the profit sharing ratio. The results of this research showed that Value Added Capital Employed (VACA), Value Added Human Capital (VAHU), Structural Capital Value Added (STVA), and Rate of Growth of Intellectual Capital (ROGIC) had a significant effect on profit-sharing financing proportion. Partially, Value Added Capital Employed (VACA) has a negative significant effect on profit-loss sharing financing proportion. Value Added Human Capital (VAHU) and Structural Capital Value Added (STVA) have a positive significant effect on profit-loss sharing financing proportion. The rate of Growth of Intellectual Capital (ROGIC) does not affect the profit-sharing financing proportion. Keywords: Intellectual Capital, VACA, VAHU, STVA, ROGIC, Profit Loss Sharing Financing Proportion, Islamic Banks. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Aryee, S., Walumbwa, F. O., Seidu, E. Y. M., & Otaye, L. E. (2016). Developing and leveraging human capital resource to promote service quality: Testing a theory of performance. 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