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1
Yan, Pei Sheng, Li Ya Ma, and Li Xin Cao. "Optimization of Enzymatic Hydrolytic Extraction Conditions for High Yield Polysaccharide Manufacturing from Liquid Fermented Materials of Hypsizigus Marmoreus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 145 (December 2011): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.145.154.
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Polysaccharides extracted from fruiting body and mycelia of higher fungi have been found to show various biological activities. Traditionally, these polysaccharides are manufactured by the hot water extraction method. Low polysaccharide yield is the disadvantage of this method. This paper reports the optimal conditions to manufacture polysaccharide with high-yield from Hypsizigus marmoreus mycelia using enzymatic hydrolytic extraction method. Neutral protease was selected as the most cost efficient among six enzymes. The uniform design was further conducted to optimize the enzymatic hydrolytic extraction conditions, and a regression model was constructed to predict polysaccharide yield. The optimized procedures was that 2% (w/w) of neutral protease was added into hydrolytic solution and incubated for 4 h at 43°C, then extracted one time at 100°C for 1 h. Under optimized procedures, the measured polysaccharide yield was 15.73±0.15 (mg/g), which was very close to the predicted value of 16.65 (mg/g). The results validated the accuracy of the regression model and the optimized procedure. When following the optimized procedures, polysaccharide yield was raised 75.0% over that before optimization, and increased by 122.5% and 104.8% over hot-water extraction and microwave assisted extraction methods respectively. This was the first study to apply uniform design for optimizing high yield manufacture of mycelia polysaccharides by enzymatic hydrolytic extraction. We concluded that enzymatic hydrolytic extraction was a simple, high yield method to manufacture polysaccharides from mushroom mycelia and might be used widely in polysaccharide-derived functional foods production.
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Lin, Weida, Huanwei Chen, Jianmei Wang, et al. "Transcriptome analysis associated with polysaccharide synthesis and their antioxidant activity in Cyclocarya paliurus leaves of different developmental stages." PeerJ 9 (June 14, 2021): e11615. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11615.
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Background Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja is a common endemic tree species and used as a Chinese medicine. The main active components in the leaves of this plant are polysaccharides. However, the temporal patterns of gene expression underlying the synthesis of polysaccharides in C. paliurus at different leaf developmental stages and its relationship with the polysaccharide content and antioxidant activities has not been reported to date. Methods RNA-seq was used to investigate the biosynthesis pathway of polysaccharides at the four developmental stages of C. paliurus leaves. The content and the antioxidant activities of polysaccharides were measured with typical biochemical methods and the identified correlations were statistically evaluated. Results Sixty-nine differentially expressed genes were found in the leaves during different developmental stages of C. paliurus. These are associated with glycosyltransferases and belong to 18 families. During different developmental stages of C. paliurus, the polysaccharide content first increased and then decreased, and the UDP-glucose 4-epimerase gene was found to be significantly positively correlated with the polysaccharide content. The clearance rates of DPPH radicals, superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and the reducing power of polysaccharides in the leaves of C. paliurus at different developmental stages showed a dose-dependent relationship with the concentration of polysaccharides. Conclusions The smallest fully expanded leaves are suitable for high-quality tea, and leaves with sizes below the largest fully expanded leaves are suitable for industrial production of polysaccharides.
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Liang, Li, Yang Xiaoyu, Pan Lei, Su Yue, and Wang Yan. "Comparing three Methods of Extraction of Auricularia Auricula Polysaccharides." Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research 17, no. 2 (2017): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37290/ctnr2641-452x.17:7-10.
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Auricularia auricula are rich source of bioactive polysaccharides. Three methods of extraction of polysaccharide from these fungi was studied. These methods included, water-based, ultrasonic-assisted, and enzyme-based extractions. The results showed that the enzyme-based extraction was better than ultrasonic-assisted extraction and water extraction. While abundance of polysaccharide concentration in A. auricula-judae and A. delicata were similar, their yield following enzyme-based extractions were higher than that of A. polytricha. The maximum A. auricula-judae polysaccharide concentration in enzyme-assisted extraction was obtained at a pH of 5.0, a temperature of 50°C and 3% cellulase concentration, and the polysaccharide concentration was 52.28 mg/g. The maximum A. delicata polysaccharide concentration (55.16 mg/g) was extracted at a pH of 5.0, a temperature of 50°C and 4% cellulase concentration.
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Ji, Li, Zhenjing Jie, Xin Ying, Qi Yue, Yifa Zhou, and Lin Sun. "Structural characterization of alkali-soluble polysaccharides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 3 (2018): 171644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171644.
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Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (ginseng) has been widely used as a herb and functional food in the world. Polysaccharides are the main active components of ginseng. In this paper, the polysaccharides were sequentially extracted by 50 mM Na 2 CO 3 , 1 M KOH and 4 M KOH from ginseng roots treated sequentially with hot water, α-amylase and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid extraction. Na 2 CO 3 -soluble ginseng polysaccharide (NGP) was fractionated into one neutral and three acidic fractions by anion exchange and gel permeation chromatography. Fourier transform infrared, NMR and methylation analysis indicated acidic fractions in NGP were highly branched rhamnogalacturonan-I domains, with → 4)-α-Gal p A-(1 → 2)-α-Rha p -(1 → disaccharide repeating units as backbone and β-1,4-galactan, α-1,5/1,3,5-arabinan and type II arabinogalactan as side chains. 1-KGP (1 M KOH-soluble ginseng polysaccharide) and 4-KGP (4 M KOH-soluble ginseng polysaccharide) were mainly composed of hemicellulose besides starch-like polysaccharides and minor pectin. Antibody detection, enzymic hydrolysis, high performance anion exchange chromatography and methylation analysis demonstrated xylan was the major component in 1-KGP, while xyloglucan was predominant in 4-KGP. Comparing the polysaccharides obtained by different solvent extractions, we have a comprehensive understanding about total ginseng polysaccharides.
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Coyne, Michael J., Wiltrud Kalka-Moll, Arthur O. Tzianabos, Dennis L. Kasper, and Laurie E. Comstock. "Bacteroides fragilis NCTC9343 Produces at Least Three Distinct Capsular Polysaccharides: Cloning, Characterization, and Reassignment of Polysaccharide B and C Biosynthesis Loci." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 11 (2000): 6176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.11.6176-6181.2000.
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ABSTRACT Bacteroides fragilis produces a capsular polysaccharide complex (CPC) that is directly involved in its ability to induce abscesses. Two distinct capsular polysaccharides, polysaccharide A (PS A) and PS B, have been shown to be synthesized by the prototype strain for the study of abscesses, NCTC9343. Both of these polysaccharides in purified form induce abscesses in animal models. In this study, we demonstrate that the CPC of NCTC9343 is composed of at least three distinct capsular polysaccharides: PS A, PS B, and PS C. A previously described locus contains genes whose products are involved in the biosynthesis of PS C rather than PS B as was originally suggested. The actual PS B biosynthesis locus was cloned, sequenced, and found to contain 22 genes in an operon-type structure. A mutant with a large chromosomal deletion of the PS B biosynthesis locus was created so that the contribution of PS B to the formation of abscesses could be assessed in a rodent model. Although purified PS B can induce abscesses, removal of this polysaccharide does not attenuate the organism's ability to induce abscesses.
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Cui, Feng-Jie, Li-Sun Qian, Wen-Jing Sun, et al. "Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polysaccharides from Volvariella volvacea: Process Optimization and Structural Characterization." Molecules 23, no. 7 (2018): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071706.
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The aims of the present study were to optimize the operational parameters to maximize the yield of ultrasound-assisted polysaccharide extraction from Volvariella volvacea (straw mushroom) fruiting bodies by using for the first time one-factor-at-a-time and three-level Box-Behnken factorial designs. A maximum polysaccharide yield of 8.28 ± 0.23% was obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasound power of 175 W, extraction temperature of 57 °C, extraction time of 33 min, and the ratio of liquid to raw material of 25:1, respectively. Compared to the hot-water extraction, the ultrasound-assistance favored the extraction of polysaccharides from V. volvacea for its higher polysaccharide yield and efficiency. Further preliminary polysaccharide structural characterization indicated that ultrasound treatment affected the monosaccharide compositions and ratios, and molecular weight range of polysaccharides extracted from V. volvacea.
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Zhao, Qiang, Jie Qin, Hairong Wang, Jingyu Wang, and Xueming Zhang. "Effects of different extraction methods on the properties of pine cone polysaccharides from Pinus koraiensis." BioResources 14, no. 4 (2019): 9945–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.4.9945-9956.
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In order to realize the resource utilization of the Pinus koraiensis pine cone, the polysaccharides were obtained by a traditional hot water extraction process, and the optimal extraction process was confirmed. The effects of a traditional hot water, alkali, and ultrasound assisted extraction on the yield and properties of polysaccharides were studied. The structure, monosaccharide composition, and content of polysaccharides obtained by different extraction methods were analyzed by means of Fourier infrared chromatography and liquid chromatography. Effects of polysaccharides extracted by different methods on the antimicrobial activity of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were studied. The scavenging effect of DPPH free radicals were also examined. The optimum condition of the hot water extraction was identified as an extraction temperature of 100 °C, a ratio of material to water at 1:16 (w/v), an extraction time of 4 h, and a yield of polysaccharide at 10.2%. In comparison, the yield of the pine cone polysaccharide was improved significantly to 29.1% by using NaOH solution extraction method. The FTIR spectra of polysaccharides showed that the samples possessed the typical chemical structure of a polysaccharide.
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Zhou, Hong Li, Li Cheng, and Shi Lin. "Study on Extraction Technology of Polysaccharide from Pleurotus ostreatus." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 1400–1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.1400.
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To study the extraction technology of polysaccharide from Pleurotus ostreatus. In order to explore the influence of temperature, time, and solid-liquid ratio on polysaccharide yield, single factor test had been done. The optimum extraction conditions was obtained though orthogonal test and interactive analysis: extraction temperature 50°C, extraction time 2h, and solid-liquid ratio 1:30. Under those conditions, the extraction rate of Pleurotus ostreatus polysaccharides was 28.79%.
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Martinez, Luis R., and Arturo Casadevall. "Specific Antibody Can Prevent Fungal Biofilm Formation and This Effect Correlates with Protective Efficacy." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 10 (2005): 6350–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.10.6350-6362.2005.
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ABSTRACT One of the most troublesome medical problems today is infection of prosthetic devices with organisms that form polysaccharide biofilms. This combined with increasing antimicrobial drug resistance is making many infectious diseases incurable. Cryptococcus neoformans is a human-pathogenic fungus that has a polysaccharide capsule and can form biofilms in prosthetic medical devices. We developed a system to study cryptococcal biofilm formation in vitro and studied the effect of antibody to the C. neoformans capsular polysaccharide on this process. C. neoformans biofilm formation was dependent on the presence of a polysaccharide capsule and correlated with the ability of capsular polysaccharide to bind the polystyrene solid support. Protective antibodies prevented biofilm formation whereas nonprotective antibodies were not effective. The mechanism of antibody action involved interference with capsular polysaccharide release from the fungal cell. In contrast, lactoferrin, an effector molecule of innate immune mechanisms, was unable to prevent fungal biofilm formation despite its efficacy against bacterial biofilms. Our results suggest a new role of adaptive humoral immunity whereby some antibodies can inhibit biofilm formation by encapsulated organisms. Vaccines that elicit antibody responses to capsular antigens and/or passive transfer of antibodies to microbial polysaccharides may be useful in preventing biofilm formation.
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Meng-yuan, Li, Liu Yong, Zhang Qiang, Lu Jie, and Wang Jun-hui. "Effects of Extraction Methods on Physicochemical Properties and Viscosity of Polysaccharides from Orange Peel." Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research 17, no. 1 (2018): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37290/ctnr2641-452x.17:33-41.
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In order to take full advantage of the orange peel resource, polysaccharides were extracted from orange peel by hot buffer, chelating agent, dilute alkaline, concentrated alkaline, acid and enzyme extraction, respectively. The physicochemical properties and viscosity of the six polysaccharides were determined. The results showed that the six polysaccharides were mainly consisted of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose and glucose and traces of other monosaccharide. The six polysaccharides exhibited high total carbohydrate (89.74–98.08%), galacturonic acid content (GalA, 8.95–33.16%) and little proteins (<2%). Degree of methoxylation in polysaccharide obtained from orange peel by enzyme extraction and orange peel by acid extraction was higher than the others. They all showed good thermal stability under 84.5°C and non-Newtonian flow behaviors. Polysaccharide obtained from orange peel by hot buffer extraction has higher viscosity than the others at the 0.5% concentration. Polysaccharide obtained from orange peel by dilute alkali extraction appeared the highest viscosity with the increase of concentration, which may be due to the smallest hydrodynamic diameter and the highest rhamnose content.
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Bac, Vo Hoai, Tran Thi Van Anh, Nguyen Thi Mai Phuong, Nguyen Thi Thanh Huong, and Le Van Truong. "OPTIMIZED EXTRACTION AND IMMUNOSTIMULATORY EFFECTS OF POLYSACCHARIDES FROM PSEUDERANTHEMUM PALATIFERUM (NEES) RADLK." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 16, no. 2 (2018): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/16/2/13445.
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Pseuderanthemum palatiferum (Ness) Radlk is a tree native of Vietnam with various use in traditional medicine. It has been used for the treatment of many diseases including wound, colitis, stomach-aches, trauma, high blood pressure, nephritis, diarrhoea. However, the research on effective constituents from P. palatiferum has mainly been focused on small-molecular compounds. Some compounds: flavonoids, phytol, palmitic acid, ß-sitosterol, triterpenoid saponin, stigmasterol and salicylic acid have been detected in leaves. Polysaccharides have attracted great attentions for its benefits to human health. Polysaccharides from natural sources have diverse anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant and wound healing activities. In this study, we extracted and determined the polysaccharide content from the leaves of P. palatiferum plant. The polysaccharide content in P. palatiferum leaves was 8.2% (± 0.65) in dry weight. The appropriate polysaccharide extraction conditions were determined as: 25% ethanol, material/solvent ratio (1g/10ml), extracted temperature of 70°C, extraction time 12 hours. The polysaccharide composition was purified by TCA 10%, with a purity of 77.8% (± 1.19). The immunostimulatory activities of polysaccharide XH were also examined in cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced immunosuppressed mice. Mice treated with polysaccharide XH exhibited increased white blood cell counts (p < 0.05) compared with immunosuppressed mice. These results indicate that polysaccharide XH from P. palatiferum can enhance immune function in CY-induced immunosuppressed mice.
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Sulej, Justyna, Magdalena Jaszek, Monika Osińska-Jaroszuk, Anna Matuszewska, Renata Bancerz, and Monika Janczarek. "Natural microbial polysaccharides as effective factors for modification of the catalytic properties of fungal cellobiose dehydrogenase." Archives of Microbiology 203, no. 7 (2021): 4433–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00203-021-02424-1.
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AbstractPolysaccharides are biopolymers composed of simple sugars like glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, etc. The major natural sources for the production of polysaccharides include plants and microorganisms. In the present work, four bacterial and two fungal polysaccharides (PS or EPS) were used for the modification and preservation of Pycnoporus sanguineus cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) activity. It was found that the presence of polysaccharide preparations clearly enhanced the stability of cellobiose dehydrogenase compared to the control value (4 °C). The highest stabilization effect was observed for CDH modified with Rh110EPS. Changes in the optimum pH in the samples of CDH incubated with the chosen polysaccharide modifiers were evidenced as well. The most significant effect was observed for Rh24EPS and Cu139PS (pH 3.5). Cyclic voltammetry used for the analysis of electrochemical parameters of modified CDH showed the highest peak values after 30 days of incubation with polysaccharides at 4 °C. In summary, natural polysaccharides seem to be an effective biotechnological tool for the modification of CDH activity to increase the possibilities of its practical applications in many fields of industry.
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Toda, Y., I. Moro, T. Koga, H. Asakawa, and S. Hamada. "Ultrastructure of Extracellular Polysaccharides Produced by Serotype c Streptococcus mutans." Journal of Dental Research 66, no. 8 (1987): 1364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345870660081601.
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The ultrastructure of extracellular polysaccharides produced in colonies by two clinical isolates and that of a nitrosoguanidine-induced mutant of serotype c Streptococcus mutans with different polysaccharide-synthesizing abilities were compared electron-microscopically. A large amount of polysaccharide was produced from sucrose by colonies of typical serotype c strain MT8148R and a clinical variant MT6801R with an enhanced fructan-synthesizing ability. Transmission electron-microscopy (TEM) revealed that the polysaccharides consisted of three structural components, i.e., globular, single-stranded filamentous, and double-stranded fibrillar structures. These structures were ascribed to production of fructan, water-soluble glucan, and water-insoluble glucan, respectively. On the other hand, two kinds of structures, a globular body and an amorphous substance, were observed by scanning electron-microscopy (SEM). The former was composed of fructan, while the latter contained a mixture of water-soluble and water-insoluble glucans which formed filamentous and double-stranded fibrillar structures under TEM. Very small quantities of polysaccharides were formed in colonies of mutant NG7183, which was derived from S. mutans MT6801R. This strain was found to possess low glucan- and no fructan-synthesizing abilities. The polysaccharides produced in colonies of mutant NG7183 were composed only of filamentous and double-stranded fibrils under TEM. A small amount of amorphous substance was observed by SEM in colonies of NG7183.
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Corcionivoschi, N., M. Clyne, A. Lyons, et al. "Campylobacter jejuni Cocultured with Epithelial Cells Reduces Surface Capsular Polysaccharide Expression." Infection and Immunity 77, no. 5 (2009): 1959–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01239-08.
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ABSTRACT The host cell environment can alter bacterial pathogenicity. We employed a combination of cellular and molecular techniques to study the expression of Campylobacter jejuni polysaccharides cocultured with HCT-8 epithelial cells. After two passages, the amount of membrane-bound high-molecular-weight polysaccharide was considerably reduced. Microarray profiling confirmed significant downregulation of capsular polysaccharide (CPS) locus genes. Experiments using conditioned media showed that sugar depletion occurred only when the bacterial and epithelial cells were cocultured. CPS depletion occurred when C. jejuni organisms were exposed to conditioned media from a different C. jejuni strain but not when exposed to conditioned media from other bacterial species. Proteinase K or heat treatment of conditioned media under coculture conditions abrogated the effect on the sugars, as did formaldehyde fixation and cycloheximide treatment of host cells or chloramphenicol treatment of the bacteria. However, sugar depletion was not affected in flagellar export (fliQ) and quorum-sensing (luxS) gene mutants. Passaged C. jejuni showed reduced invasiveness and increased serum sensitivity in vitro. C. jejuni alters its surface polysaccharides when cocultured with epithelial cells, suggesting the existence of a cross talk mechanism that modulates CPS expression during infection.
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Comstock, Laurie E., Annalisa Pantosti, and Dennis L. Kasper. "Genetic Diversity of the Capsular Polysaccharide C Biosynthesis Region of Bacteroides fragilis." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 11 (2000): 6182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.11.6182-6188.2000.
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ABSTRACT A genetic approach was used to assess the heterogeneity of the capsular polysaccharide C (PS C) biosynthesis locus ofBacteroides fragilis and to determine whether distinct loci contain genes whose products are likely to be involved in conferring charged groups that enable the B. fragilis capsular polysaccharides to induce abscesses. A collection of 50 B. fragilis strains was examined. PCR analysis demonstrated that the genes flanking the PS C biosynthesis region are conserved, whereas the genes within the loci are heterogeneous. OnlycfiA + B. fragilis strains, which represent 3% of the clinical isolates of B. fragilis, displayed heterogeneity in the regions flanking the polysaccharide biosynthesis genes. Primers were designed in the conserved regions upstream and downstream of the PS C locus and were used to amplify the region from 45 of the 50 B. fragilis strains studied. Fourteen PS C genetic loci could be differentiated by a combination of PCR and extended PCR. These loci ranged in size from 14 to 26 kb. Hybridization analysis with genes from the PS C loci of strains 9343 and 638R revealed that the majority of strains contain homologs ofwcgC (N-acetylmannosamine dehydrogenase),wcfF (putative dehydrogenase), and wcgP(putative aminotransferase). The data suggest that the synthesis of polysaccharides that have zwitterionic characteristics rendering them able to induce abscesses is common in B. fragilis.
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Dobrinčić, Ana, Sandra Pedisić, Zoran Zorić, et al. "Microwave Assisted Extraction and Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata." Foods 10, no. 7 (2021): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10071481.
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Sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan isolated from brown algae shows a wide range of biological activities that are significantly dependent on its chemical composition, which is closely related to the applied technique and extraction parameters. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. PLE resulted in a significantly higher %PS from F. virsoides, while for C. barbata, a similar yield was achieved with CE and PLE, as well as CE and MAE, for both algae. Furthermore, the polysaccharides obtained using PLE had the highest polydispersity index, fucose, and sulfate group content, and the lowest uronic acid content; however their antioxidant activity was lower.
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Thurlow, Lance R., Vinai Chittezham Thomas, and Lynn E. Hancock. "Capsular Polysaccharide Production in Enterococcus faecalis and Contribution of CpsF to Capsule Serospecificity." Journal of Bacteriology 191, no. 20 (2009): 6203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00592-09.
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ABSTRACT Many bacterial species produce capsular polysaccharides that contribute to pathogenesis through evasion of the host innate immune system. The gram-positive pathogen Enterococcus faecalis was previously reported to produce one of four capsule serotypes (A, B, C, or D). Previous studies describing the four capsule serotypes of E. faecalis were based on immunodetection methods; however, the underlying genetics of capsule production did not fully support these findings. Previously, it was shown that capsule production for serotype C (Maekawa type 2) was dependent on the presence of nine open reading frames (cpsC to cpsK). Using a novel genetic system, we demonstrated that seven of the nine genes in the cps operon are essential for capsule production, indicating that serotypes A and B do not make a capsular polysaccharide. In support of this observation, we showed that serotype C and D capsule polysaccharides mask lipoteichoic acid from detection by agglutinating antibodies. Furthermore, we determined that the genetic basis for the difference in antigenicity between serotypes C and D is the presence of cpsF in serotype C strains. High-pH anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection analysis of serotype C and D capsules indicated that cpsF is responsible for glucosylation of serotype C capsular polysaccharide in E. faecalis.
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McLennan, Meghan K., Danielle D. Ringoir, Emilisa Frirdich, et al. "Campylobacter jejuni Biofilms Up-Regulated in the Absence of the Stringent Response Utilize a Calcofluor White-Reactive Polysaccharide." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 3 (2007): 1097–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00516-07.
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ABSTRACT The enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni is a highly prevalent yet fastidious bacterium. Biofilms and surface polysaccharides participate in stress survival, transmission, and virulence in C. jejuni; thus, the identification and characterization of novel genes involved in each process have important implications for pathogenesis. We found that C. jejuni reacts with calcofluor white (CFW), indicating the presence of surface polysaccharides harboring β1-3 and/or β1-4 linkages. CFW reactivity increased with extended growth, under 42°C anaerobic conditions, and in a ΔspoT mutant defective for the stringent response (SR). Conversely, two newly isolated dim mutants exhibited diminished CFW reactivity as well as growth and serum sensitivity differences from the wild type. Genetic, biochemical, and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses suggested that differences in CFW reactivity between wild-type and ΔspoT and dim mutant strains were independent of well-characterized lipooligosaccharides, capsular polysaccharides, and N-linked polysaccharides. Targeted deletion of carB downstream of the dim13 mutation also resulted in CFW hyporeactivity, implicating a possible role for carbamoylphosphate synthase in the biosynthesis of this polysaccharide. Correlations between biofilm formation and production of the CFW-reactive polymer were demonstrated by crystal violet staining, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy, with the C. jejuni ΔspoT mutant being the first SR mutant in any bacterial species identified as up-regulating biofilms. Together, these results provide new insight into genes and processes important for biofilm formation and polysaccharide production in C. jejuni.
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Vo, Hoai Bac, Van Hai Do, and Van Truong Le. "Optimized extraction conditions of polysaccharides from Pseuderanthemum crenulatum (Wall. ex Lindl.) Radlk." Journal of Vietnamese Environment 9, no. 4 (2018): 198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.13141/jve.vol9.no4.pp198-201.
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Polysaccharide has attracted great attentions for its benefits to human health. Polysaccharide from natural sources have diverse anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant and wound healing activities. Polysaccharide is not only valuable in medicine, also widely used in foodstuffs such as gel thickening or emulsifying agents, emulsifiers, fillers. Recently there has been an increase in the demand for polysaccharides, so research into new sources of polysaccharide with plant-based bio-activity is essential. Pseuderanthemum crenulatum (Wall. ex Lindl.) Radlk belong to genus of Pseuderanthemum. Common names (Vietnamese): Xuân hoa răng. This species is native in the forests of Vietnam. The polysaccharide content in P. crenulatum leaves was (7.47 ± 0.6) % in dry weight. The appropriate polysaccharide extraction conditions were determined: material/ water ratio (1g/25ml), extracted temperature of 60°C, extraction time 12 hours. The polysaccharide composition was purified by TCA 10%, with a purity of (55.6 ± 1.19) %.
 Trong những năm gần đây, polysaccharide là nhóm hợp chất rất được các nhà khoa học trên thế giới quan tâm do các tác dụng quan trọng của chúng về tăng cường miễn dịch, kháng viêm, làm lành vết thương, chống ung thư… Polysaccharide không những có giá trị trong Y học mà còn được sử dụng rộng rãi trong thực phẩm như các chất tạo độ đặc hay tạo gel, chất làm bền nhũ tương, chất độn… Hiện nay, nhu cầu sử dụng polysaccharide từ thực vật ngày càng gia tăng nên việc điều tra, khai thác nguồn polysaccharide mới có hoạt tính sinh học là rất cần thiết. Pseuderanthemum crenulatum (Wall. ex Lindl.) Radlk thuộc chi Pseuderanthemum sp, tên thông thường là cây Xuân hoa răng, là cây mọc tự nhiên trong rừng Việt nam. Trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi đã tách chiết, xác định hàm lượng và tinh sạch sơ bộ polysaccharide từ lá cây Pseuderanthemum crenulatum. Hàm lượng polysaccharide trong lá cây Xuân hoa răng đạt (7.47 ± 0.6) % trọng lượng khô. Các điều kiện chiết rút polysaccharide thích hợp đã được xác định: nhiệt độ chiết rút 60°C, tỷ lệ nguyên liệu/nước (1g mẫu khô/25ml nước), thời gian chiết rút 12 giờ. Chế phẩm polysaccharide đã được tinh sạch bằng TCA 10%, có độ sạch đạt (55.6 ± 1.19)%.
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SØRENSEN, UFFE B. SKOV, and JØGEN HENRICHSEN. "C-POLYSACCHARIDE IN A PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINE." Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica Series C: Immunology 92C, no. 1-6 (2009): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1984.tb00099.x.
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Fu, Jianxin, Jiawei Shao, Meng Wang, Guixiang Zhang, and Yishan Fang. "Optimization of extraction of polysaccharides from Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall. by ultrasonic: characterization, purification and antioxidant assessment." E3S Web of Conferences 145 (2020): 01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014501025.
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Under optimal extraction conditions, characterization and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from the Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall. were investigated. This was the first report that described the composition of the polysaccharide form this plant. Obviously, the yield of 2.19% for extraction of polysaccharides was obtained as ethanol volume fraction of 65%, extraction time of 72 min, ultrasound assisted power of 438 W, and temperature of 85°C, respectively. The structure study was carried out with FT-IR and SEM, and the chemical contents of carbohydrates, proteins, uronic acids and total flavonoids were measured in this study. The crude polysaccharides were purified into two components including SGP-1-1 and SGP-2-1. Moreover, the chemical composition analysis according to HPLC showed that it was viscous polysaccharide, which mainly contained glucose, mannose, xylose, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, respectively. Besides, it was proved that the optimum polysaccharides possessed higher significant potentials (P<0.05) in scavenging ability against DPPH, ABTS+ and hydroxyl radical.
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Sánchez, Óscar J., and Sandra Montoya. "Assessment of Polysaccharide and Biomass Production from Three White-Rot Fungi by Solid-State Fermentation Using Wood and Agro-Industrial Residues: A Kinetic Approach." Forests 11, no. 10 (2020): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101055.
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Research Highlights: For the first time, a model was developed and applied for polysaccharide production from Trametes versicolor grown in agro-industrial and woody residues under solid-state fermentation (SSF) conditions. Background and Objectives: Fungal biomass is an important biological resource for biotechnological applications. Basidiomycetes fungi can be grown and developed on lignocellulosic materials such as forestry, wood, and agro-industrial residues in order to produce value-added products like bioactive polysaccharides. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of the C/N ratio and copper concentration on biomass and polysaccharide production during solid state fermentation (SSF), as well as on the consumption of cellulose and hemicellulose, and lignin degradation, and to propose and validate a mathematical model to describe the overall SSF process. Materials and Methods: This research was carried out by growing three Basidiomycetes species (T. versicolor, Lentinula edodes, and Pleurotus ostreatus) on twelve formulations of solid substrates using mixtures of different inexpensive lignocellulosic residues such as oak sawdust, coconut fiber (hairs), coffee husks, and corn bran plus soybean oil, calcium carbonate, and two levels of copper(II) sulfate. Results: The three fungal species grew well on all substrate formulations. The statistical analysis of experimental data showed no significant effects on polysaccharide production, in the range of C/N and copper concentrations evaluated. Taking into account that the best polysaccharide production was obtained with T. versicolor (96.09 mg/g solid substrate), a mathematical model was proposed for this fungus to describe the behavior of the fermentation system from the obtained data of all the resulting combinations to reach the highest polysaccharide production by the fungus. Conclusions: The mathematical model disclosed in this work enabled to describe the growth and development of a higher basidiomycete under solid-state fermentation conditions on lignocellulosic substrates as well as the production of value-added products like polysaccharides with medicinal properties.
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Ahmad, Ajaz, Muneeb U. Rehman, Adil Farooq Wali, et al. "Box–Behnken Response Surface Design of Polysaccharide Extraction from Rhododendron arboreum and the Evaluation of Its Antioxidant Potential." Molecules 25, no. 17 (2020): 3835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173835.
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In the present investigation, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions and optimization of Rhododendron arboreum polysaccharide (RAP) yield were studied by a Box–Behnken response surface design and the evaluation of its antioxidant potential. Three parameters that affect the productivity of UAE, such as extraction temperature (50–90 °C), extraction time (10–30 min), and solid–liquid ratio (1–2 g/mL), were examined to optimize the yield of the polysaccharide percentage. The chromatographic analysis revealed that the composition of monosaccharides was found to be glucose, galactose, mannose, arabinose, and fucose. The data were fitted to polynomial response models, applying multiple regression analysis with a high coefficient of determination value (R2 = 0.999). The data exhibited that the extraction parameters have significant effects on the extraction yield of polysaccharide percentage. Derringer’s desirability prediction tool was attained under the optimal extraction conditions (extraction temperature 66.75 °C, extraction time 19.72 min, and liquid–solid ratio 1.66 mL/g) with a desirability value of 1 yielded the highest polysaccharide percentage (11.56%), which was confirmed through validation experiments. An average of 11.09 ± 1.65% of polysaccharide yield was obtained in optimized extraction conditions with a 95.43% validity. The in vitro antioxidant effect of polysaccharides of R. arboreum was studied. The results showed that the RAP extract exhibited a strong potential against free radical damage.
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Garrido, Raine, Bárbara Baró, Jean Pierre Soubal, and Darielys Santana. "Quantitative assessment of C-polysaccharide in capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae by 31PNMR." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 192 (January 2021): 113670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113670.
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Khan, Bilal Muhammad, Li-Xin Zheng, Wajid Khan, Aftab Ali Shah, Yang Liu, and Kit-Leong Cheong. "Antioxidant Potential of Physicochemically Characterized Gracilaria blodgettii Sulfated Polysaccharides." Polymers 13, no. 3 (2021): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030442.
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Marine rhodophyte polysaccharides have a wide range of described biological properties with nontoxic characteristics, and show great potential in prebiotics and the functional foods industries. However, there is a virtual lack of Gracilaria blodgettii polysaccharides (GBP) profiling and their bioactivities. This study was designed while keeping in view the lack of physical and chemical characterization of GBP. This polysaccharide was also not previously tested for any bioactivities. A linear random coil conformation was observed for GBP, which was found to be a polysaccharide. A significant sulfate (w/w, 9.16%) and 3,6-anhydrogalactose (AHG, w/w, 17.97%) content was found in GBP. The significant difference in its setting (27.33 °C) and melting (64.33 °C) points makes it resistant to increasing heat. This, in turn, points to its utility in industrial scale processing and in enhancing the shelf-life of products under high temperatures. A radical scavenging activity of 19.80%, 25.42% and 8.80% was noted for GBP (3 mg/mL) in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis (ABTS) and hydroxyl radical (HO) scavenging assays, respectively. Therefore, the findings suggest that Gracilaria blodgettii polysaccharides display a good antioxidant potential and may have potential applications in the functional food industry.
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Yang, Meng Tao, Feng Li, Yu Chao Wang, and Q. Y. Liu. "Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles in the Presence of Oyster Polysaccharides and the Antioxidant Activity." Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (February 2014): 1143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.1143.
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A simple method for synthesis of nanoselenium using oyster polysaccharides as soft template was investigated. The uniform stable selenium polysaccharides were obtained under the condition of reaction temperature 40°C, reaction time 3 h-5 h, the content of oyster polysaccharides 400mg/L and the content of sodium selenite 1mM. The size distribution and morphology of the product were confirmed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and tansmission electronic microscope (TEM). The antioxidant activity of nanoselenium polysaccharides were studied in vitro. The results showed that nanoselenium polysaccharide is an effective hydroxyl radical and DPPH radical scavenger.
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Xu, Qiuwei, Chitrananda Abeygunawardana, Assunta S. Ng, Annie W. Sturgess, Bryan J. Harmon, and John P. Hennessey. "Characterization and quantification of C-polysaccharide in Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide preparations." Analytical Biochemistry 336, no. 2 (2005): 262–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2004.10.019.
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BORROW, R., A. J. FOX, P. C. RICHMOND, et al. "Induction of immunological memory in UK infants by a meningococcal A/C conjugate vaccine." Epidemiology and Infection 124, no. 3 (2000): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899003787.
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The induction of immunological memory to serogroup A and C polysaccharides in UK infants immunized with three doses of a meningococcal A/C oligosaccharide CRM197 conjugate vaccine was investigated. Forty UK infants vaccinated previously with three doses of a meningococcal A/C oligosaccharide-CRM197 conjugate vaccine at 2, 3 and 4 months of age, were revaccinated at a mean age of 145·6 weeks with either a 10 or 50 μg dose of licensed meningococcal A/C polysaccharide vaccine. Serogroup-specific antibody and serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) responses were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and serum bactericidal assays, respectively. Following challenge, anti-serogroup A and C polysaccharide antibody levels rose from pre-booster geometric mean concentrations (GMC) of 3·1 and 2·1 μg/ml respectively to 19·6 and 21·0 μg/ml 1 month post-booster. Serum bactericidal antibody geometric mean titres (GMTs) for serogroups A and C increased 156- and 113-fold from 2·1 and 7·1 pre-booster respectively to 327·4 and 800·7 post-booster. A serogroup A control group of 45 children received a 10 μg dose of licensed meningococcal A/C polysaccharide vaccine (with no prior history of serogroup A vaccination) had serogroup A SBA GMTs of 2·3 pre- vaccination rising to 8 post-vaccination with corresponding GMCs of 0·8 and 10·8 μg/ml. These rises in SBA following serogroup A/C conjugate vaccination are indicative of immunological priming.
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Soares, Cristiane M., Bruna G. Malagoli, Gustavo B. Menezes, et al. "Antiadhesive Activity of Polysaccharide-Rich Fractions from Lithothamnion muelleri." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 67, no. 7-8 (2012): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2012-7-806.
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Red seaweeds are known sources of polysaccharides, some of which possess antiadhesive properties by inhibition of P-selectin-mediated leukocyte rolling. We here report the chemical composition and the antiadhesive activity of polysaccharide-rich fractions from the red alga Lithothamnion muelleri (Hapalidiaceae). The crude fractions enriched in polysaccharides B1 and B2 were obtained, respectively, by sequential extraction with 1% and 2% (w/v) Na2CO3 solution, at 60 °C. Fractionation of B1 and B2 by gel permeation chromatography afforded three polysaccharide-rich fractions each, whose compositions were characterized by chemical analysis (total contents of carbohydrates, proteins, sulfate, and uronic acid); their molecular weights were estimated by high-performance gel permeation chromato graphy (HPGPC). The antiadhesive activity of B1-derived fractions was assayed by visualizing lipopolysaccharides-induced leukocyte rolling under intravital miscroscopy. The intravenous injection of fractions B1a and B1b in mice, at the dose of 10 mg/kg body weight, reduced leukocyte rolling by approximately 90%; fucoidan (10 mg/kg body weight) employed as positive control induced a similar response. Therefore, the sulfated polysaccharides of L. muelleri deserve further evaluation as potential templates for the development of new anti-inflammatory agents.
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Chen, Yong-Feng, Wen-wen Jiang, Shi-qi Zhang, Jian-quan Kan, and Yong Liang. "Antioxidant Activity and Characterization of One New Polysaccharide Obtained fromPerigord Truffle(Tuber huidongense)." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3537193.
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As a medicinal and edible fungus parasitizing on the trees, Perigord Truffle (Tuber huidongense) is well known for its delicious taste, unique smell, and high medical value for healthcare. One new water-soluble nonstarch polysaccharide (PST-W with the yield of 0.41%) fromPerigord Truffle(Tuber huidongense) was purified and identified on structural characteristics for the first time. The characterizations of PST-W were studied on physicochemical properties, main components of monosaccharide(s), and molecular structure. The monosaccharide compositions of PST-W were studied and identified as glucan, only containing D-glucoses with the molecular structure of [→6)α-D-Glcp(1→6) α-D-Glcp (1→]nby methylation analysis and NMR. In the determination of total reducing capacity, the reducing abilities of polysaccharide extracts could be listed as vitamin C > PST-W > crude polysaccharides-3 > crude polysaccharides-2 > crude polysaccharides-1. All of PST-W, crude polysaccharides-2, and crude polysaccharides-3 were relatively good scavenger for 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2,2-Diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl radicals with IC50of 2.81, 4.17, and 3.44 mg/mL, respectively. However,O2-∙clearing abilities of PST-W and crude polysaccharides were obviously weaker. The activities of total crude extract were the worst, indicating that the impurities might negatively affect the antioxidant activity. Thus, the separation and purification of polysaccharides were significant to increase the antioxidant activity in some degree.
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Castle, Sherry A., Elizabeth A. Owuor, Stephanie H. Thompson та ін. "β1,2-Xylosyltransferase Cxt1p Is Solely Responsible for Xylose Incorporation into Cryptococcus neoformans Glycosphingolipids". Eukaryotic Cell 7, № 9 (2008): 1611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00458-07.
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ABSTRACT The Manα1,3(Xylβ1,2)Manα structural motif is common to both capsular polysaccharides of Cryptococcus neoformans and to cryptococcal glycosphingolipids. Comparative analysis of glycosphingolipid structural profiles in wild-type and mutant strains showed that the Xylβ1,2-transferase (Cxt1p) that participates in capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis is also the sole transferase responsible for adding xylose to C. neoformans glycosphingolipids.
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Monreal Romero, Humberto A., José Mora Ruacho, Carlos A. Martínez Pérez, and Perla E. García Casillas. "Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles in Presence of a Linear Polysaccharide." Journal of Materials 2013 (April 23, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/683268.
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Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles compounds were synthesized. Natural hydroxyapatite and a linear polysaccharide (1–3 linked β-D galactopyranose and 1,4 linked 3,6 anhydro-α-L-galactopyranose) were used as a precursor in its formation. Our purpose was to produce nanoparticles in the presence of a linear polysaccharide with the use of a gelification method. The powder sample was evaluated by scanning tunneling microscope (STM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), infrared (IR) analysis, and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). According to the results, it was found that these nanoparticles can successfully be synthesized using a polysaccharide in a solution. On the other hand, the XRD peak intensity corresponds to hydroxyapatite structure in the range of temperature of 810°C. The influence of the polysaccharide on the evolution of the nanoparticles has been demonstrated. This observation opens up new routes for the fabrication of nanoparticles using polysaccharides network. The synthesized nanoparticles have diameters ranging from 10 nm to 11 nm approximately. The elaboration conditions such as pH and concentration were optimized in this solution.
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M Guardeño, L., M. Hernández-Carrión, J. M Catala-Civera, P. Plaza, I. Pérez-Munuera, and I. Hernando. "Improving Microwave Heating using Polysaccharides as Thickeners." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 27, Special Issue 1 (2009): S342—S345. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1085-cjfs.
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The aim of this work was to improve microwave heating in white sauces using different polysaccharides in their formulation; &iota;-, &lambda;- and &kappa-carrageenan and native and modified starches were used as thickeners. Five model systems were prepared, each one with a different polysaccharide, salt, and water. Dielectric loss factor (&epsilon;'') was measured and penetration depth of the electric field was calculated at 20 and 40°C at 2450 GHz. The results showed that &epsilon;'' increased significantly (<I>P</I> < 0.05) when temperature rose in all the model systems. Moreover, &epsilon;'' decreased significantly (<I>P</I> < 0.05) when the polysaccharide concentration rose in the systems elaborated with starch (both native and modified). The penetration depth increased significantly at 40°C when native starch concentration rose. Not significant differences due to the thickener concentration were found in the depth penetration values in the other model systems, both at 20 and 40°C.
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&NA;. "Meningococcal vaccine groups A and C polysaccharide." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1048 (2005): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200510480-00039.
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Cuello, Maribel, Osmir Cabrera, Ileana Martinez, et al. "New meningococcal C polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate." Vaccine 25, no. 10 (2007): 1798–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.029.
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JOHNSEN, GRETHE SKOGE, C. ENDRESEN, A. GROV, and P. OEDING. "STUDIES ON POLYSACCHARIDE C OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS." Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica Section B Microbiology 83B, no. 3 (2009): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1975.tb00096.x.
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JOHNSEN, GRETHE SKOGE, A. GROV, and P. OEDING. "STUDIES ON POLYSACCHARIDE C OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS." Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica Section B Microbiology 83B, no. 3 (2009): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1975.tb00097.x.
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Yu, Xinhong, Yan Sun, Carl Frasch, Nelydia Concepcion, and Moon H. Nahm. "Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharide Preparations May Contain Non-C-Polysaccharide Contaminants That Are Immunogenic." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 6, no. 4 (1999): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.6.4.519-524.1999.
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ABSTRACT We measured the capacity to opsonize Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B and estimated the concentration of immunoglobulin G anti-6B capsular polysaccharide (PS) antibodies in 25 pre- and postimmune sera from adults immunized with a pneumococcal PS vaccine. We first studied two postvaccination serum samples displaying less opsonophagocytic capacity than expected. The majority of anti-6B antibodies in the two samples reacted with the capsular PSs of several unrelated serotypes (2, 4, 9V, 19F, and 23F) and with the lysate of noncapsulated S. pneumoniae bacteria but not with C-PS. The non-type-specific antibodies accounted for at least one-half of anti-6B antibodies in 40% of prevaccination sera and 10% of postvaccination sera from adults. The non-type-specific antibodies could be demonstrated in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for pneumococcal antibodies to other serotypes (4, 9V, 18C, 19F, and 23F). The nonspecific antibodies appear to bind a contaminant(s) in the current preparations of capsular PS. ELISA for antibodies to pneumococcal capsules may not be serotype specific for some samples.
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Saikia, Trideep, Jonab Ali, and Biswajit Das. "ISOLATION AND CHARECTERIZATION OF TAMARIND SEED POLYSACCHARIDES–A NATURAL RELEASE RETARDANT." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 9, no. 4 (2017): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2017v9i4.20972.
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Objective: The main objective was to isolate and characterise a naturally obtain polysaccharides which have the property to formulate sustain release product.Methods: Tamarind Seed Polysaccharides (TSP) was isolated from seed of Tamarindus indica by crushed the seed into powder and boiled with water at 45 °C to extract the polysaccharides. After boiling for 12 h the supernatant liquids were collected and stored in cool place. After the liquids become cooled acetone was added and freeze at-40 °C. Freeze materials then lyophilized to extract out the Tamarind seed polysaccharides. After that polysaccharide was evaluated for organoleptic, micromeritic and other characterization parameter along with microbial contaminationResults: Yield of polysaccharides was found to be 16.85%. As per the micromeritic property flow of polysaccharides, tapped and bulk density was found in acceptable range. Microbial studies confirmed that TSP doesn’t support microbial growth.Conclusion: The polysaccharides were isolated, extracted and characterized. The characterization was carried out for different physiochemical properties and powder properties.
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Hachem, Kadda, Kamel Eddine Boudraa, and Meriem Kaid-Harche. "Chemical and thermal characteristics of soluble polysaccharides from fruit pericarps of the Algerian Argania spinosa." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 22, no. 4 (2020): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2020-0033.
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AbstractSoluble polysaccharides were isolated from fruit pericarps of the Algerian Argania spinosa. The cell wall fraction was subjected to sequential extractions with H2O (2 × 2 h at 100°C), EDTA (1%, 6 h at 80°C) and KOH (1 and 4 M, 14 h at 25°C). The structures of the obtained polysaccharide fractions were characterized using gas chromatography (GC), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The presence of arabinose, galactose and rhamnose in the pectin fractions suggests the presence of rhamnogalacturonan, while the abundance of xylose in the hemicellulosic fractions indicates the presence of xylan. The DSC data revealed the endothermal behavior of all the soluble polysaccharides and only two thermal transitions, the glass transition (Tg) and the fusion transition (Tf) have been recorded.
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Jiang, Ping, Qian Zhang, Yajie Zhao, et al. "Extraction, Purification, and Biological Activities of Polysaccharides from Branches and Leaves of Taxus cuspidata S. et Z." Molecules 24, no. 16 (2019): 2926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162926.
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Taxus cuspidata S. et Z. is an excellent natural source of bioactive polysaccharides and has various biological activities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of antidiabetic and antitumor activities of polysaccharides from Taxus cuspidata branches and leaves (TCBL) and to determine the optimum extraction technology of TCBL using a low-temperature and high-efficiency enzyme and ultrasound-assisted coupled extraction (EUCE) method. Optimal technology parameters were determined as follows: an extraction temperature of 51 °C, an extraction time of 33 min, a ratio of material to liquid of 1:19 (g:mL), and an enzyme concentration of 0.10 mg·mL−1. Under the optimized conditions, the polysaccharide yield from TCBL obtained by EUCE was 4.78% ± 0.18%. The four purified polysaccharides (Pe1, Pe2, Pe3, Pe4) from TCBL are mainly composed of arabinose, galactose, glucose, a small amount of xylose, and mannose. This composition was assessed by HPIC analysis. The antidiabetic activity and antitumor activity of polysaccharides from TCBL were assayed in vitro. Among the four purified polysaccharides from TCBL, purified Pe4 had the highest inhibitory capacity against α-glucosidase, and its IC50 value was 123.0 µg·mL−1. Pe1 had the highest antitumor capacity against MCF7 cells and HepG2 cells, with IC50 values of 169.0 and 132.0 µg·mL−1. Pe4 had the highest antitumor effect on human cervical cancer cells (Hela), and its IC50 value was 89.9 µg·mL−1. Pe4 polysaccharide demonstrated a good α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and antitumor capacity against Hela cells. Therefore, Pe4 polysaccharide from TCBL is a beneficial source of potential inhibitors of type II diabetes and human cervical cancer activity.
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Siregar, Rizki Febriansyah, Joko Santoso, and Uju Uju. "Physico Chemical Characteristic of Kappa Carrageenan Degraded Using Hydrogen Peroxide." Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia 19, no. 3 (2016): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v19i3.14532.
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Kappa carrageenan is polysaccharide that widely used in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, textile and printing industries as coagulate agent, stabilizer and gelling agent. Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) is strong oxidator to degrade polysaccharide. Hydrogen peroxide has some advantades such as cheap, easy to get and savety environment. Degradation method using hydrogen peroxide is a technology based on establishment radical hydoxile reactive that attack the glycosidic of polysaccharides as a result reducing in molecular weight of polysaccharide. The aims of this study were to analyze the effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration, temperature and degradation time to molecular weight of refined kappa carrageenan. Structural changes on kappa carrageenan degradation were characterized by viscometer, SEM and FTIR. Hydrogen peroxide concentration, temperature and degradation time were significantly reducing molecular weight and changes in the structural function of refined kappa carrageenan. The lowest molecular weight of refined kappa carrageenan degraded was obtained from the treatment 3% of hydrogen peroxide at temperature 80°C and degradation time for 4 hours.
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Diaz Romero, J., and I. M. Outschoorn. "Current status of meningococcal group B vaccine candidates: capsular or noncapsular?" Clinical Microbiology Reviews 7, no. 4 (1994): 559–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.7.4.559.
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Meningococcal meningitis is a severe, life-threatening infection for which no adequate vaccine exists. Current vaccines, based on the group-specific capsular polysaccharides, provide short-term protection in adults against serogroups A and C but are ineffective in infants and do not induce protection against group B strains, the predominant cause of infection in western countries, because the purified serogroup B polysaccharide fails to elicit human bactericidal antibodies. Because of the poor immunogenicity of group B capsular polysaccharide, different noncapsular antigens have been considered for inclusion in a vaccine against this serogroup: outer membrane proteins, lipooligosaccharides, iron-regulated proteins, Lip, pili, CtrA, and the immunoglobulin A proteases. Alternatively, attempts to increase the immunogenicity of the capsular polysaccharide have been made by using noncovalent complexes with outer membrane proteins, chemical modifications, and structural analogs. Here, we review the strategies employed for the development of a vaccine for Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B; the difficulties associated with the different approaches are discussed.
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Nelson, Michelle, Joann L. Prior, M. Stephen Lever, Helen E. Jones, Timothy P. Atkins, and Richard W. Titball. "Evaluation of lipopolysaccharide and capsular polysaccharide as subunit vaccines against experimental melioidosis." Journal of Medical Microbiology 53, no. 12 (2004): 1177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.45766-0.
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Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in endemic regions. Currently there is no human vaccine against melioidosis. In this study, LPS or capsular polysaccharide was used to immunize BALB/c mice. The different polysaccharide antigens induced antibody responses. Mice vaccinated with LPS developed predominantly IgM and IgG3 responses. Contrastingly, mice vaccinated with capsular polysaccharide developed a predominantly IgG2b response. After immunization, mice were challenged by the intra-peritoneal route and an increased mean time to death was observed compared with unvaccinated controls. Immunization with LPS provided an optimal protective response. Mice challenged by the aerosol route showed a small increase in the mean time to death compared with the unvaccinated controls. The passive transfer of antigen from immunized into naïve mice provided protection against a subsequent challenge. This study is the first time antigens protective by active immunization have been identified and suggests that polysaccharides have potential as vaccine candidates against melioidosis.
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Lee, Meng-Chou, Han-Yang Yeh, and Wen-Ling Shih. "Extraction Procedure, Characteristics, and Feasibility of Caulerpa microphysa (Chlorophyta) Polysaccharide Extract as a Cosmetic Ingredient." Marine Drugs 19, no. 9 (2021): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19090524.
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The green alga Caulerpa microphysa, which is native to Taiwan, has a relatively high economic value and a well-developed culture technique, and is used mainly as a foodstuff. Its extract has been shown to exhibit antitumor properties, but the polysaccharide content of the extract and its anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects and moisture-absorption and -retention capacity remain unknown. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of the polysaccharides in C. microphysa extract (CME) for use in cosmetics. The overall polysaccharide yield from the CME was 73.93% w/w, with four molecular weight fractions. The polysaccharides comprised 59.36 mol% mannose, 27.16 mol% glucose, and 13.48 mol% galactose. In addition, the CME exhibited strong antiallergic, wound-healing, transdermal-delivery, and moisture-absorption and -retention effects. In conclusion, the results suggested that CME potentially has anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects and a good moisture capacity, which can be used in cosmetic applications.
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Lee, Bao-Hong, Chia-Hsiu Chen, Yi-Yun Hsu, Pei-Ting Chuang, Ming-Kuei Shih, and Wei-Hsuan Hsu. "Polysaccharides Obtained from Cordyceps militaris Alleviate Hyperglycemia by Regulating Gut Microbiota in Mice Fed a High-Fat/Sucrose Diet." Foods 10, no. 8 (2021): 1870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081870.
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Polysaccharides isolated from fungus Cordyceps militaris display multi-biofunctions, such as immunostimulation, down-regulation of hyperlipidemia, and anti-cancer function. The occurrence of obesity and metabolic syndrome is related to the imbalance of gut microbiota. In this study, the effects of C. militaris and its fractions on modifying metabolic syndrome in mice were evaluated. Mice were fed a high-fat/high-sucrose diet (HFSD) for 14 weeks to induce body weight increase and hyperlipidemia symptoms in mice, and then the mice were simultaneously given a HFSD and C. militaris samples for a further 8 weeks. The results indicated that the fruit body, polysaccharides, and cordycepin obtained from C. militaris had different efficacies on regulating metabolic syndrome and gut microbiota in HFSD-treated mice. Polysaccharides derived from C. militaris decreased the levels of blood sugar and serum lipids in mice fed HFSD. In addition, C. militaris-polysaccharide treatment obviously improved intestinal dysbiosis through promoting the population of next generation probiotic Akkermansia muciniphila in the gut of mice fed HFSD. In conclusion, polysaccharides derived from C. militaris have the potential to act as dietary supplements and health food products for modifying the gut microbiota to improve the metabolic syndrome.
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Mortha, Gérard, Jennifer Marcon, David Dallérac, et al. "Depolymerization of cellulose during cold acidic chlorite treatment." Holzforschung 69, no. 6 (2015): 731–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2014-0270.
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Abstract A cold holocellulose treatment (cHolT) was studied on a bleached kraft pulp (BKP) of Eucalyptus to observe the degradation of polysaccharides in pulp by chlorite at room temperature under conditions of slightly acidic pH and high chlorine charge (313% of active chlorine on BKP). Based on literature data, cellulose depolymerization is expectable by chlorite treatments at 70°C and reinforced chlorite charge, while the addition of dissolved lignin could protect cellulose. In the present study, polysaccharide degradation was followed by TAPPI viscosity, size-exclusion chromatography coupled to multidetectors, pulp yield, kappa number, elemental sugar analysis of pulps, and total organic carbon detection in filtrates. cHolTs were repeated several times without significant polysaccharide degradation, but the insertion of a caustic extraction stage at 70°C induced little degradation. This study opens the way to the setup of inert delignification procedures to be applied on raw or processed lignocellulosic samples from biorefinery studies.
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Martinez, Luis R., and Arturo Casadevall. "Cryptococcus neoformans Biofilm Formation Depends on Surface Support and Carbon Source and Reduces Fungal Cell Susceptibility to Heat, Cold, and UV Light." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 14 (2007): 4592–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02506-06.
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ABSTRACT The fungus Cryptococcus neoformans possesses a polysaccharide capsule and can form biofilms on medical devices. We describe the characteristics of C. neoformans biofilm development using a microtiter plate model, microscopic examinations, and a colorimetric 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium-hydroxide (XTT) reduction assay to observe the metabolic activity of cryptococci within a biofilm. A strong correlation between XTT and CFU assays was demonstrated. Chemical analysis of the exopolymeric material revealed sugar composition consisting predominantly of xylose, mannose, and glucose, indicating the presence of other polysaccharides in addition to glucurunoxylomannan. Biofilm formation was affected by surface support differences, conditioning films on the surface, characteristics of the medium, and properties of the microbial cell. A specific antibody to the capsular polysaccharide of this fungus was used to stain the extracellular polysaccharide matrix of the fungal biofilms using light and confocal microscopy. Additionally, the susceptibility of C. neoformans biofilms and planktonic cells to environmental stress was investigated using XTT reduction and CFU assays. Biofilms were less susceptible to heat, cold, and UV light exposition than their planktonic counterparts. Our findings demonstrate that fungal biofilm formation is dependent on support surface characteristics and that growth in the biofilm state makes fungal cells less susceptible to potential environmental stresses.
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Botts, Michael R., Steven S. Giles, Marcellene A. Gates, Thomas R. Kozel, and Christina M. Hull. "Isolation and Characterization of Cryptococcus neoformans Spores Reveal a Critical Role for Capsule Biosynthesis Genes in Spore Biogenesis." Eukaryotic Cell 8, no. 4 (2009): 595–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00352-08.
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ABSTRACT Spores are essential particles for the survival of many organisms, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Among the eukaryotes, fungi have developed spores with superior resistance and dispersal properties. For the human fungal pathogens, however, relatively little is known about the role that spores play in dispersal and infection. Here we present the purification and characterization of spores from the environmental fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. For the first time, we purified spores to homogeneity and assessed their morphological, stress resistance, and surface properties. We found that spores are morphologically distinct from yeast cells and are covered with a thick spore coat. Spores are also more resistant to environmental stresses than yeast cells and display a spore-specific configuration of polysaccharides on their surfaces. Surprisingly, we found that the surface of the spore reacts with antibodies to the polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan, the most abundant component of the polysaccharide capsule required for C. neoformans virulence. We explored the role of capsule polysaccharide in spore development by assessing spore formation in a series of acapsular strains and determined that capsule biosynthesis genes are required for proper sexual development and normal spore formation. Our findings suggest that C. neoformans spores may have an adapted cell surface that facilitates persistence in harsh environments and ultimately allows them to infect mammalian hosts.
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Yao, Yong-Gang, Wen-Yue Wang, Li-Yan Chen, et al. "Structural changes of cellulosic polysaccharides in sesame hull during roasting at various temperatures." Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 13, no. 2 (2021): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/qas.v13i2.876.
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This article reports a study of the degradation of roasted sesame hulls cellulosic polysaccharides contribution to the Maillard and caramelization reaction. In the present study, cellulosic polysaccharides were extracted from sesame hulls before and after roasting at various temperatures (160, 180, 200, and 220 °C). The structural vari-ations of the cellulosic polysaccharides were elucidated by using the techniques: scanning electron microscope (SEM), high-performance anion-exchange chromatography, Fourier transform (FT-IR) spectrometer, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/MAS 13C-NMR), and thermal gravimetric analysis. The pyrolysisgas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) characterized and verified the chemical composition obtained from the polysaccharide degradation during roasting. The sugar analysis results showed that galacturonic acid, xylose, and rhamnose were more easily degraded than arabinose, galactose, glucose, and mannose. The morphology of the cellulosic polysaccharides shows irregular dispersed globular fragments after roasting by SEM observation. FT-IR and CP/MAS 13C-NMR spectra indicated the crystalline structure and linkages of the cellulose did not break down in comparison to amorphous cellulose that partly degraded. Abundant acetic acid and 3-furaldehyde were among the polysaccharide degradation products identified by Py-GC/MS. These chemical compounds were likely the significant contributors to caramelization and the Maillard reaction in sesame seed roasting.