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Journal articles on the topic 'C1 gas'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 16 July 2025

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Yang, Tao, Knut Uleberg, Alexandra Cely, Gulnar Yerkinkyzy, Sandrine Donnadieu, and Vergard Thom Kristiansen. "Unlock Large Potentials of Standard Mud Gas for Real-Time Fluid Typing." Petrophysics – The SPWLA Journal of Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Description 65, no. 4 (2024): 484–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/pjv65n4-2024a4.

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Standard mud gas data are part of the basic mud-logging service and are mainly used for safety. Although the data are available for all wells, it is not used for real-time fluid typing due to poor prediction accuracy. We recently developed a new method based on a large in-house reservoir fluid database, which significantly improved the fluid typing accuracy from standard mud gas data. The new technology unlocks the large potential of utilizing standard mud gas data for thousands of wells. Standard mud gas data have limited gas components that can be detected confidently (usually from C1 to C3). In addition, they are raw data without recycling correction and extraction efficiency correction. Following the traditional geochemical analysis methods, some key parameters (C1/C, C1/C, Bernard ratio) have a universal threshold to distinguish gas and oil. The main reasons for poor fluid typing accuracy are due to (a) lacking C1 to C3 composition correction for wells with oil-based mud (OBM) and because (b) geochemical parameters based on C1 to C3 are field dependent. Based on the reservoir fluid database analysis, we divide the reservoir fluids from different fields into two categories. For Type I fields, there are large differences between C1 through C3 component ratios for oil and gas. When water-based mud (WBM) is used, C1 to C3 component ratios from standard mud gas can be utilized directly to identify oil and gas. When OBM is used, we developed a new method to achieve corrected standard mud gas composition for fluid typing using pseudo-extraction efficiency correction (EEC) based on equation of state (EOS). For Type II fields, there are severe overlapping of C1 to C3 component ratios for oil and gas. The overlapping is the main reason for the poor fluid typing accuracy. We recommend utilizing a heated degasser when drilling into Type II fields to provide additional data on C4 and C5 for accurate fluid typing. Johan Castberg is a Type I field, and we achieved excellent fluid typing results for 14 wells using WBM and OBM. There is no additional data acquisition cost for standard mud gas data, which are available for all wells. The new method makes accurate fluid typing possible for real-time well decisions like well placement, completion, and sidetrack. The innovation created significant business opportunities based on the standard mud gas, which has been regarded as not applicable data for accurate fluid typing for many decades.

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Kissaaka, Joseph Bertrand Iboum, Ahmed Salim Mopa Moulaye, Paul Gustave Fowe Kwetche, Francois Mvondo Owono, and Marie Joseph Ntamak-Nida. "Well Log Petrophysical Analysis and Fluid Characterization of Reservoirs, Rio Del Rey Basin, Cameroon (West African Margin, Gulf of Guinea)." Earth Science Research 10, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/esr.v10n1p1.

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The quick-look and gas chromatography analyses were used for formation evaluation of four depth intervals in a well (well A) located within the offshore of the Rio Del Rey basin. The results show 3 water reservoirs (R1 to R3) and 1 hydrocarbon reservoir (R4). The quick-look reveals that the hydrocarbon (oil and gas) reservoir is a shaley sandstone or a radioactive sandstone located between 4898-4932 Mmd which is filled by oil and gas and with a good porosity. The chromatographic gas ratio analysis reveals that the hydrocarbon reservoir is filled by a productive gas which may be a wet gas. The result provided by the gas chromatography is a false result probably due to its limitation which is that the hydrocarbon component must exist at the gaseous phase (C1-C5) to be detected and analyzed. The gas chromatography based its analysis only in the C1 to C5 range, in oil we have from C1 to C8.

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Loomer, Diana B., Kerry T. B. MacQuarrie, and Tom A. Al. "Comparison of isotopic compositions of hydrocarbon gas in shallow groundwater and a deep oil and natural gas reservoir in southeastern New Brunswick, Canada." Atlantic Geology 56 (October 3, 2020): 207–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4138/atlgeol.2020.009.

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Isotopic analyses of natural gas from the Stoney Creek oil field in New Brunswick indicate carbon (δ13C) and hydrogen (δ2H) values in methane (C1) of -42.4 ± 0.7‰ VPDB and -220.9 ± 3.2‰ VSMOW, respectively. Isotopic data and a gas molecular ratio of 12 ± 1 indicate a wet thermogenic gas formed with oil near the onset of the oil-gas transition zone. The isotopic profiles of the C1–C5 hydrocarbon gases are consistent with kinetic isotope effect models. The Albert Formation of the Horton Group hosts the Stoney Creek oil field (SCOF) and the McCully gas field (MCGF) the only other gas-producing field in the province. Both are thermogenic in origin; however, the SCOF gas has a lower thermal maturity than the MCGS. Hydrocarbon gas composition in shallow aquifers across southeastern New Brunswick was also evaluated. Gas source interpretations based on δ13C and δ2H values are uncertain; oxidation and biogenic overprinting are common and complicate interpretation. The effect of oxidation on δ13C and δ2H values was apparent when C1 concentrations were ≤1 mg/L. In some samples with C1 concentrations >5 mg/L, isotopic discrimination methods point to a biogenic origin. However, the molecular ratios <75 and the presence of >C3 fractions, indicate a thermogenic origin. This suggests a thermogenic isotopic signature has been overprinted by biological activity.

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B, Takyi. "Gas Profiles Unravel Fractured and Compartmentalized Reservoirs." Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal 6, no. 4 (2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000311.

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The profiles of gas in reservoirs of the Nene Oil Field in the Lower Congo Basin was modelled and evaluated for the objective of delineating the reservoir structure. The wells are NNM Well 6, NNM Well 301 and NNM Well 302. The C1 profiles show significant difference between wells 6 and 301 relative to well 302. The C1 profile for Well 302 unravels gas migrations from different compartments at the reservoir depth and mixes at a depth of 1.5KM. The observation also indicates the presence of a fracture that allow homogenization of the gases at that depth. The iC4/nC4 ratio for NNM Well 302 showed a profile for which the ratio is greater than 1.0 throughout the well section downdip. The observation portrays biodegradation throughout the well section generation from an immature source. The study shows that the NNM Well 6 reservoir is laterally compartmentalized from others, while all the well shoe some potential for vertical continuity of the wells

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Markova, Svetlana, Vyacheslav Zhmakin, Thomas Gries, and Vladimir Teplyakov. "Combination of the Experimental and Theoretical Approaches for the Estimation of the C1–C4 Alkane Permeability Parameters in Poly (4-Methyl-2-Pentyne) and Poly (4-Methyl-1-Pentene)." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (2020): 1735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051735.

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Poly (4-methyl-2-pentyne) (PMPentyne) and poly (4-methyl-1-pentene) (PMPentene) as membrane gas-separating media were studied with a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches. Experimental approaches included the permeability measurements for C1–C4 alkanes in linear heating mode (for PMPentyne) and under isothermal conditions (for PMPentene), and diffusivity evaluation by a differential method for PMPentene. Theoretical approaches included the ‘hard-spheres’ theory for calculation of gas solubility in PMPentyne and gas transport theory for two-phase systems for the estimation of the amorphous and crystalline phases contribution in PMPentene. Correlation analysis was used for any type of gas transfer parameter calculation where experimental data were lacking. These combinations of methods allowed obtaining the whole set of parameters for any gas–polymer pairing and explained the butane-selective properties revealed in PMPentyne (C1 < C2 < C3 < C4) and methane-selective properties of PMPentene (C1 > C2 > C3 > C4).

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Leung, E. Y. W. "A Universal Correlation for the Thermal Efficiency of Open Gas Turbine Cycle With Different Fuels." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 107, no. 3 (1985): 560–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3239772.

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It is well known that, unlike the thermal efficiency of closed gas turbine cycles, the thermal efficiency of open gas turbine cycles varies with the fuel used in the combustion process. Presented in this paper is a thorough investigation of the effects of hydrocarbon fuels and alcohol fuels on the thermal efficiency of open gas turbine cycle. Among the open cycles with different fuels and otherwise identical specifications, the computed thermal efficiencies show a variation of about 2 percent between the extremes, which is appreciable. It was found that the thermal efficiency increases with a parameter of the fuel, c1 + c2, taken from the equation of reaction, c(Fuel)+O2→c1(CO2)+c2(H2O), and that the thermal efficiency of open gas turbine cycles is likely to be higher if the original fuel is replaced by a fuel which has a higher fuel parameter, c1 + c2. A universal correlation for both hydrocarbon fuels and alcohol fuels is presented in Fig. 1, plotting the thermal efficiency maximized from the pressure ratio variation, versus the parameter, c1 + c2. Alternatively, this correlation is also generalized by equation (2).

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Badmaev, S. D., A. E. Pinigina, V. D. Belyaev, and V. A. Sobyanin. "HYDROGEN-RICH GAS PRODUCTION BY CATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION OF OXYGENATED COMPOUNDS OF C1 CHEMISTRY." Chemical Problems 18, no. 4 (2020): 436–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/2221-8688-2020-4-436-444.

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Catalytic decomposition of oxygenated compounds of C1 chemistry into hydrogen rich gas was studied over Pt/CeO2-ZrO2 catalyst. In particular, formic acid, methanol, dimethyl ether and dimethoxymethane were decomposed under atmospheric pressure into hydrogen-rich gas at temperatures below 450 oC. Challenges and benefits of each reaction in producing hydrogen-rich gas for fuel cell feeding are discussed

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Cao, Chunhui, Zhongping Li, Liwu Li, and Li Du. "Method for Analyzing the Molecular and Carbon Isotope Composition of Volatile Hydrocarbons (C1–C9) in Natural Gas." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2018 (December 18, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4512081.

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Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS) has already been applied to collect and identify volatile light hydrocarbons in oil and source rocks. However, this technology has not yet been used to analyze volatile light hydrocarbons in dry gas (natural gas with C1/C2+> 95%). In this study, we developed a method to measure the molecular and carbon isotope composition of natural gas using divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fiber. This fiber proved to be suitable for extracting C1–C9hydrocarbons from natural gas without inducing carbon isotopic fractionation. Notably, the extraction coefficients of the analytes were not the same but rather increased with the increasing carbon number of the hydrocarbons. Nevertheless, we successfully identified 24 hydrocarbons from the in-lab standard natural gas, while also obtaining the carbon isotope composition of C1to C9hydrocarbons with satisfying repeatability. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the molecular composition data was in the range of 0.06–0.74%, with the RSDs of the carbon isotope composition data not exceeding 1‰. Finally, seven natural gas samples, collected from different sedimentary basins, were successfully analyzed and the stable carbon isotope compositions of C1–C9hydrocarbons present in these were determined through this method. Overall, the new approach provides a simple but useful technique to obtain more geochemical information about the source and evolution of natural gas.

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Al-Kindi, Ahmad Ghufron, Suka Handaja Budi, and Astrie Kusuma Dewi. "TUNING CONTROL CASCADE LEVEL FLOW PADA KOLOM DE-ETHANIZER MENGGUNAKAN METODE ZIEGLER NICHOLS." Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Energi dan Mineral 2, no. 1 (2022): 1147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.53026/sntem.v2i1.678.

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Column De-ethanizer merupakan alat yang terpenting dalam pemisahan C1,C2 dengan C3+. Kolom De-ethanizer bekerja berdasarkan perbedaan titik didih, dengan demikian titik didih yang rendah akan menguap ke atas sedangkan titik didih yang tinggi akan turun ke bawah, C1 dan C2 akan menguap ke atas karena titik didihnya lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan C3+. C1 dan C2 yang menguap ke atas menuju Top De-ethanizer akan menjadi lean gas. Sementara C3+ akan jatuh ke bawah melewati tray menjadi produk NGL ( Natural Gas Liquid ). Proses pengendalian di Kolom De-ethanizer bertujuan untuk menjaga level gas tetap di set-point, Sehingga mendapatkan produk yang memenuhi kulifikasi. Untuk konfigurasi yang digunakan untuk pengendalian level di De-ethanizer merupakan Control Cascade dimana 01-LIC-3401 adalah Master controller dan memiliki aksi direct dan memiilki control Propotional Integral Derivative (PID) sedangkan 01-FIC-3507 adalah Slave Cotnroller memiliki aksi reverse dan control propotional integral (PI)

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Nata, Refky Adi, and Heru Firma Nanda. "ANALYSIS ON VENTILATION SYSTEM IN HOLES C1 UNDERGROUND MINES OF PT. NUSA ALAM LESTARI, DESA SALAK, KECAMATAN TALAWI, SAWAHLUNTO, WEST SUMATERA." Jurnal GEOSAPTA 5, no. 2 (2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jg.v5i2.6085.

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PT. Nusa Alam Lestari merupakan perusahaan tambang yang beroperasi pada tambang bawah tanah. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan di lapangan, perusahaan hanya melakukan perencanaan penambangan belum mempunyai perencanaan ventilasi. Penelitian ini menganalisis sistem ventilasi aktual di lubang C1, menganalisis kualitas udara dan gas pada lubang C1 berdasarkan KepMen No. 555.K/26/M.PE/1995, dan memodelkan sistem ventilasi yang baik untuk lubang C1 menggunakan simulasi perangkat lunak Ventsim visual 5.2. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan belum optimalnya kinerja blower utama yang di pasang pada mulut tambang dalam mengalirkan udara bersih kedalam tambang yang disebabkan oleh rendahnya kapasitas hembus yang hanya 10.4 m/s dan panjangnya jalur udara pada sistem ventilasi aktual. Kualitas udara dan gas tambang pada lubang C1 cukup baik, sedangkan untuk temperatur rata-rata tiap front penambangan memiliki temperatur 30o yang melewati ambang batas yang ditetapkan yaitu antara 18-24oC dan kelembaban rata-rata tiap front penambangan memiliki kelembaban 70%, hal ini masih dibawah nilai ambang batas yang ditetapkan yaitu <85%. Setelah melakukan model sistem ventilasi untuk lubang C1, perencanaan menggunakan software Ventsim visual dengan bentuk gambaran ventilasi yang akan digunakan pada lubang C1 tambang bawah tanah PT. Nusa Alam Lestari. Dengan mengalirkan udara segar menggunakan blower dengan kapasitas 12.6 m3/s dan tiga blower bantu kapasitas 5.8 m3/s. Kata-kata kunci: ventilasi, blower, Ventsim visual

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Mochizuki, Tomoki, Kimitaka Kawamura, Yuzo Miyazaki, Bhagawati Kunwar, and Suresh Kumar Reddy Boreddy. "Distributions and sources of low-molecular-weight monocarboxylic acids in gas and particles from a deciduous broadleaf forest in northern Japan." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 4 (2019): 2421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2421-2019.

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Abstract. To better understand the distributions and sources of low-molecular-weight (LMW) monocarboxylic acids (monoacids) in the forest atmosphere, we conducted simultaneous collection of gaseous and particulate samples at a deciduous broadleaf forest site in northern Japan. LMW normal (C1–C10), branched (iC4–iC6), hydroxyl (glycolic and lactic) and aromatic (benzoic) monoacids were detected in the gas and particle phases. The dominant LMW monoacids in gas phase were formic (mean: 953 ng m−3) and acetic (528 ng m−3) acids followed by propionic (37 ng m−3) or isopentanoic (42 ng m−3) acid. In the particle phase, isopentanoic (159 ng m−3) was dominant, followed by acetic (104 ng m−3) and formic (71 ng m−3) or lactic (65 ng m−3) acids. Concentrations of LMW monoacids did not show correlations with anthropogenic tracers such as nss-SO42- and NO3-, indicating that anthropogenic contribution is not important. Concentrations of C1–C6 monoacids in the gas phase showed positive correlations (r2=0.21–0.91) with isobutyric acid (iC4), which may be produced by microbial activity in soil. The forest soil may be a source of gaseous C1–C6 monoacids in the forest atmosphere. Acetic acid in the particle phase positively correlated with nonanoic acid (C9) (r2=0.63), suggesting that formation of acetic and nonanoic acids is associated with the oxidation of biogenic unsaturated fatty acids in the aerosol phase, in addition to photochemical oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds. The particle-phase fractions (Fp) of formic and acetic acids showed negative correlation with ambient temperature (C1: r2=0.49, C2: r2=0.60) but showed positive correlation with relative humidity (C1: r2=0.30, C2: r2=0.55) in daytime, suggesting that these meteorological parameters are important for the gas and particle portioning of monoacids in the forest atmosphere.

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Hao, Wei, Huan Wang, and Zhe Shi. "Development a novel gas chromatography-mass spectrometry equipment for rapid offshore oil and gas logging." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2901, no. 1 (2024): 012025. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2901/1/012025.

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Abstract With the development of offshore oil and gas exploration, the exploration area and region are constantly expanding, and the demand for efficient and accurate response of drilling real-time oil and gas data is becoming increasingly urgent. In response to this demand, this paper introduces a new fast field oil and gas logging instrument based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technology, which increases the measurement speed of existing instruments by more than 2 times. Conventional gas phase logging methods can only measure light hydrocarbon components (C1-C5) data, but cannot measure heavy hydrocarbon components (C6-C8), which are the key data reflecting oil content. For this reason, the FLAIR gas chromatography-mass spectrometer developed by Schlumberger can detect gaseous and liquid alkanes within 90 seconds. However, during offshore drilling, this detection method is slow and cannot guarantee real-time detection, and data loss may occur in key formations. In response to the above problems, we have developed a fast field oil and gas logging instrument based on chromatography-mass spectrometry technology. The instrument creatively uses mass spectrometry real-time decomposition technology to complete the detection of C1-C8 components within 45 seconds, completely solving the problem of rapid on-site determination of C1-C8 multi-components, and the on-site experiment has the same accuracy as the FLAIR instrument. The instrument can significantly improve the speed and quality of on-site measurement data, thereby improving the production efficiency and decision-making ability of offshore drilling platforms. The instrument has a wide range of application potential and may even become an essential instrument for conventional oil and gas exploration in the future.

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Li, Jiawei, Jiunwei Tseng, Dan Tang, Yunqian Yong, Lichao Sun, and Yi-Xin Huo. "Upcycling C1 gas-derived resources in future food system." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 210 (November 2024): 107827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107827.

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Hagey, L., and H. de Lasa. "C1–C4 Hydrocarbons from synthesis gas Reaction network modelling." Chemical Engineering Science 54, no. 15-16 (1999): 3391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(98)00476-x.

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Ayol, Azize, Luciana Peixoto, Tugba Keskin, and Haris Nalakath Abubackar. "Reactor Designs and Configurations for Biological and Bioelectrochemical C1 Gas Conversion: A Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (2021): 11683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111683.

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Microbial C1 gas conversion technologies have developed into a potentially promising technology for converting waste gases (CO2, CO) into chemicals, fuels, and other materials. However, the mass transfer constraint of these poorly soluble substrates to microorganisms is an important challenge to maximize the efficiencies of the processes. These technologies have attracted significant scientific interest in recent years, and many reactor designs have been explored. Syngas fermentation and hydrogenotrophic methanation use molecular hydrogen as an electron donor. Furthermore, the sequestration of CO2 and the generation of valuable chemicals through the application of a biocathode in bioelectrochemical cells have been evaluated for their great potential to contribute to sustainability. Through a process termed microbial chain elongation, the product portfolio from C1 gas conversion may be expanded further by carefully driving microorganisms to perform acetogenesis, solventogenesis, and reverse β-oxidation. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the various kinds of bioreactors that are employed in these microbial C1 conversion processes.

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Wu, Xiaoqi, Chunhua Ni, Quanyou Liu, Guangxiang Liu, Jianhui Zhu, and Yingbin Chen. "Genetic Types and Source of the Upper Paleozoic Tight Gas in the Hangjinqi Area, Northern Ordos Basin, China." Geofluids 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4596273.

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The molecular and stable isotopic compositions of the Upper Paleozoic tight gas in the Hangjinqi area in northern Ordos Basin were investigated to study the geochemical characteristics. The tight gas is mainly wet with the dryness coefficient (C1/C1–5) of 0.853–0.951, andδ13C1andδ2H-C1values are ranging from-36.2‰to-32.0‰and from-199‰to-174‰, respectively, with generally positive carbon and hydrogen isotopic series. Identification of gas origin indicates that tight gas is mainly coal-type gas, and it has been affected by mixing of oil-type gas in the wells from the Shilijiahan and Gongkahan zones adjacent to the Wulanjilinmiao and Borjianghaizi faults. Gas-source correlation indicates that coal-type gas in the Shiguhao zone displays distal-source accumulation. It was mainly derived from the coal-measure source rocks in the Upper Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation (C3t) and Lower Permian Shanxi Formation (P1s), probably with a minor contribution from P1s coal measures from in situ Shiguhao zone. Natural gas in the Shilijiahan and Gongkahan zones mainly displays near-source accumulation. The coal-type gas component was derived from in situ C3t-P1s source rocks, whereas the oil-type gas component might be derived from the carbonate rocks in the Lower Ordovician Majiagou Formation (O1m).

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Prasetyo, Niko, and Saprizal Hadisaputra. "Impact of Cations and Implicit Solvent on the Sensitivity of the Enol Tautomers of 3-Nitro-1,2,4-Triazole-5-One: A DFT Study." Key Engineering Materials 990 (October 29, 2024): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-awd4fo.

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The explosive sensitivity of the supramolecular interaction between cations (Mn+ = Li+, Na+, K+, Be2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) with enol tautomers (c0 and c1) of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one (NTO) complexes has been investigated using Density Functional Theory (DFT). The effect of water as the solvent was included via the CPCM approach. At the gas phase, the presence of the metal cations, especially Be2+, significantly increased the bond dissociation energy (BDE) of C-NO2 of the enol tautomers. However, in the presence of the solvent, the BDE was lower than in the gas phase, even in the supramolecular complex of Be2+ - c0 and Be2+ - c1.

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Hossain, Nafisa, H. M. Zakir Hossain, Md Kamrul Islam Sarder, and Md Mahbubul Hasan. "Origin and Accumulation Mechanism of Gas Condensate in Kailashtila Gas Field, Sylhet Basin, Bangladesh." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 10, no. 3 (2019): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol10.iss3.2019.305.

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The Kailashtila gas field (KGF) is situated in the northeastern part of Sylhet basin, Bangladesh. This paperpresents chemical characteristics of extractable natural gas in drilled well KTL-2, in order to examine their potentialsource and maturity of organic matter, and hydrocarbon accumulation mechanism in the basin. The gas condensate inthe KTL-2 composed primarily of methane (85.81 wt.%), ethane (6.68 wt.%), propane (2.13 wt.%), and traces of higherhydrocarbons (i-butane, 0.69 wt.%; n-butane, 0.73 wt.%; i-pentane, 0.50 wt.%; n-pentane, 0.44 wt.%; hexane, 1.27wt.%; heptane, 0.99 wt.%; octane, 0.24 wt.%). Nitrogen and CO2 contents in the gas condensate are low (0.46 wt.%and 0.05 wt.%, respectively). Average dry coefficient (C1/C1–5) value in the gas condensate is 0.93 (0.91–0.95), whichreflects relatively mature hydrocarbon migrating from nearby deeply buried source rocks. The δ13C1 (–39 to –40‰) andC1/C(2+3) (19.77) variation diagram show that gas condensate in the KGF is mainly controlled by type III kerogen, andthe organic matter was thermally mature in nature. However, the relationships between stable isotope value of methane(δ13C1), ethane (δ13C2) and propane (δ13C3) indicate mainly thermogenic origin of the studied gas condensate, andminor input from mixed thermogenic and bacteriogenic processes.

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Rizzo, Mimma, Gaetano Pezzicoli, Camilla Porta, et al. "Prognostic and predictive genomic biomarkers in metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC): A large retrospective analysis of real-world data from a US-based clinico-genomic database (CGDB)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 43, no. 5_suppl (2025): 473. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2025.43.5_suppl.473.

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473 Background: The absence of validated prognostic and predictive biomarkers constitutes a significant barrier to appropriate selection among immune checkpoint inhibitor combinations (ICI-C) for individual patients (pts) with mccRCC. Our study aimed to evaluate the prognostic and predictive value of single-gene alterations (GAs) and gene clusters in a large real-world case series of mccRCC. Methods: This study employed data from the US-based de-identified Flatiron Health-Foundation Medicine Inc. (FH-FMI) CGDB, comprising 858 mccRCC pts diagnosed between 2011 and 2022 in 280 US cancer clinics. The presence of GAs was determined using Foundation Medicine tests on tumor tissue specimens. The co-occurrence and mutual exclusivity of the most common GAs were assessed utilizing Fisher's exact test. The Louvain algorithm was applied to identify three co-occurring gene clusters (C) on the gene network graph: C1: VHL , SETD2 , PBRM1 , KDM5C , NFE2L2; C2: TP53 , TSC1 , TERT , DNMT3A ; C3: CDKN2A , CDKN2B , BAP1 , NF2 , MTAP . Pts were labelled as C+ if they had one or more mutations within a specific cluster and none in the others. Cox proportional hazard model was used to discern the prognostic and predictive value of GAs. Median overall survival (mOS) and progression-free survival (mPFS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: The prognostic analysis encompassed 782 pts with mccRCC, while the predictive analysis involved 493 pts profiled with FMI genomic tests within 3 months of starting first-line systemic therapy (1L). GAs of seven genes ( CDKN2A , CDKN2B , TP53 , PTEN , NF2 , PIK3CA , MTAP ) correlated with a poorer prognosis, whereas PBRM1 mutants exhibited a favorable OS. C1+ pts had higher OS compared to C1- (mOS: 40 vs. 19 months; HR: 0.63, p <0.001), while C3+ was associated with worse OS (mOS: 18 vs. 27 months; HR: 1.36, p = 0.023). In 1L, 201 pts (40.8%) received antiangiogenic monotherapy (AAm) (mPFS: 7.0 months) and 172 pts (34.9%) received ICI-C (16.4% ICI+ICI, 18.5% ICI+AA) (mPFS: 6.8 months). 170 (34.5%), 43 (8.7%), and 71 (14.4%) pts were categorized as C1+, C2+, and C3+, respectively. TERT , TSC1 , and TET2 alterations were positive predictors of 1L-PFS for ICI-C vs. AAm (HR=0.44, 0.23, 0.20; p<0.05). C1+ favored AAm over ICI-C (HR=2.30, p=0.01) while C2+ favored ICI-C over AAm (HR=0.39, p=0.039). Among ICI-C, ICI+AA was more effective than ICI+ICI in pts with SETD2 alterations (HR=0.38, 0.020), and less effective in mutant TSC1 (HR=8.60, p=0.013). Conclusions: This study highlights the prognostic value of 8 GAs and 2 clusters of co-occurring GAs, and identifies 3 GAs and 1 cluster of co-occurring GAs to be positive predictors of 1L-PFS for ICI-C in a large mccRCC population. Prospective validation is required to confirm the prognostic and predictive role of these GAs and to tailor therapeutic strategies.

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García, José L., and Beatriz Galán. "Integrating greenhouse gas capture and C1 biotechnology: a key challenge for circular economy." Microbial Biotechnology 15, no. 1 (2021): 228–39. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13637661.

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Yakovleva, E. Yu, Yan Shanshan, and Z. P. Pai. "Procedure for Measuring the Weight Fraction of Products of Catalytic Pyrolysis of Ethylbenzene." Kataliz v promyshlennosti 19, no. 3 (2019): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0387-2019-3-187-192.

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A capillary column with functionalized poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP/N2O) was proposed to use for detecting products of catalytic pyrolysis of ethylbenzene. The capillary PTMSP/N2O column separated selectively light C1–C2 (methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene) and aromatic (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene) hydrocarbons. A procedure for gas-phase measuring weight fractions of light C1–C2 and aromatic hydrocarbons was developed. The analytical measurement range was 2.9·10–8 to 1.2·10–1 mg/mL for light C1–C2 components and 3.5·10–11 to 4.0·10–3 mg/mL for liquid components. The analytical error margin at repetition ranged from 1.9 % to 4.7 %.

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Yang, Liu, Gaoyuan Yan, Yang Wang, et al. "The Gas Generation Process and Modeling of the Source Rock from the Yacheng Formation in the Yanan Depression, South China Sea." Processes 12, no. 11 (2024): 2476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12112476.

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The research on deepwater oil and gas exploration areas is relatively limited, and sample collection is difficult. A drilled coal sample from Yanan Depression was used to investigate the hydrocarbon generation process, and the potential, by a gold tube thermal simulation experiment. The results show that the total gas yield was much higher than the oil yield. According to an analysis of the gas pyrolysis data, as represented by ln(C1/C2) and ln(C2/C3), the gas generation process consisted of two forms, namely, primary gas with ~1.33% Ro and secondary gas that occurred at levels greater than 1.33% Ro. The primary gas from kerogen was generated at ~1.33% Ro, which coincided with the %Ro value of the maximum oil yield. The activation energy distribution of the C1–C5 generation processes ranged from 54 to 72 kcal/mol, with a frequency factor of 6.686 × 1014 s−1 for the coal sample. We constructed the history of gas generation on the basis of the process and kinetic parameters, combined with data on the sedimentary burial and thermal history. The extrapolation of the gas history revealed that the gas has been generated from 5 Ma to the present, with a maximum yield of 178.5 mg/gTOC. This history suggests that the coal has good primary gas generation potential and provides favorable gas source conditions for the formation of gas fields. This study provides a favorable basis for expanding the effective source rock areas.

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Barsu, Nagaraju, Deepti Kalsi, and Basker Sundararaju. "Site-selective C–H bond carbonylation with CO2 and cobalt-catalysis." Catalysis Science & Technology 8, no. 22 (2018): 5963–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cy02060d.

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Yoon, Jihee, and Min-Kyu Oh. "Strategies for Biosynthesis of C1 Gas-derived Polyhydroxyalkanoates: A review." Bioresource Technology 344 (January 2022): 126307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126307.

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Lehotay, J., and F. Halmo. "Determination of Aliphatic Aldehydes C1—C4in Waste Gas by HPLC." Journal of Liquid Chromatography 17, no. 4 (1994): 847–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826079408013372.

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Dziwiński, E., and J. Hetper. "Gas chromatography—mass spectrometry of C1–C10 alkyl benzyl succinates." Journal of Chromatography A 446 (July 1988): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(00)94422-4.

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Dziwiński, E., and J. Hetper. "Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of C1–C10 alkyl benzyl maleates." Journal of Chromatography A 367 (January 1986): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(00)94832-5.

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Boneva, S., and P. Toromanova-Petrova. "Capillary gas chromatography of C1−C4 alkyl tert-butyl ethers." Chromatographia 39, no. 3-4 (1994): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02274504.

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Haraya, K., T. Hakuta, K. Obata, et al. "Development of gas separation membranes in Japanese ‘C1 Chemistry’ Project." Gas Separation & Purification 1, no. 1 (1987): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-4214(87)80002-6.

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Teixeira, Leonardo V., Liza F. Moutinho, and Aline S. Romão-Dumaresq. "Gas fermentation of C1 feedstocks: commercialization status and future prospects." Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 12, no. 6 (2018): 1103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1912.

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Cho, B. "Synthetic biology of acetogenic bacteria for sustainable C1 gas bioconversion." New Biotechnology 85 (March 2025): 152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2024.08.017.

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Almalikee, Hussein S., and Ahmed A. Arab. "Utilizing Mud Log Gas Data for Real-Time Evaluation of Reservoir Fluid in the X Oilfield, Southern Iraq." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 15, no. 1 (2025): 62–73. https://doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v15i1.848.

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Real-time identification of fluid characterization is important to execute and/or modify the proposed well program and provide a better understanding of the application of gas ratio analysis. In this study, reservoir fluids were characterized during drilling by analyzing light gases released as a result of formation rocks being penetrated. Drilling mud is used to carry reservoir gas during this process. The required data included the values of liberated gas molecules from the main reservoir section extracted by gas chromatograph (GC) during drilling, that data was collected from five wells (A, B, C, D, and E) in the X oilfield. The gas measurements included the gases from Methane (C1) to Pentane (C5) measured in real-time by the gas chromatograph in the mudlogging units. The ratios of C1-C5 gases were used to determine the values of wetness ratio (Wh), and hydrocarbon balance (Bh) in the 3rd and 4th pay reservoirs. Results showed good indications of fluid type compared to the actual well test and were capable of distinguishing between heavy and light hydrocarbons in the reservoir section. A joint interpretation of electric logs and mudlogging gas data leads to an enhanced understanding of well results, which in turn can be used to optimize future logging and well testing.

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Wei, Zhifu, Yongli Wang, Gen Wang, et al. "Isotopic Composition of Abiogenic Gas Produced in Closed-System Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis: Implications for the Origins of the Deep Songliao Basin Gases in China." Geofluids 2019 (August 28, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2823803.

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In this study, closed-system Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was conducted at 380°C and 30 MPa for 72 h with magnetite as a catalyst. The isotopic composition of the closed-system Fischer-Tropsch synthesis gas and the composition of known abiogenic gas were systematically studied, and the deep Songliao Basin gas was also investigated. The results show that closed-system Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of gaseous hydrocarbon isotopes exhibits a partial reverse order, which includes the reverse order of methane and ethane such as δ13C-C1>δ13C-C2<δ13C-C3 and δ2H-C1>δ2H-C2<δ2H-C3. Furthermore, experimental data on the control of NaBH4 content indicates that the carbon isotopes demonstrate a reverse order on condition that the H2/CO2 (mole ratio) is equal to or greater than 4.0; meanwhile, the hydrogen isotopes show a normal order. The deep Songliao Basin hydrocarbon gas component is similar to thermogenic gas and has a trend of a transition to oceanic hydrothermal system abiogenic gas. In addition, the deep Songliao Basin gas isotopic pattern is different from both Lost City and Kidd Creek where the deep Basin gas carbon isotopic pattern has a reverse order, and the hydrogen isotopic pattern has a normal order. Therefore, the deep Basin gas might be a mixture of the oil-type gas and the coal-formed gas, which could be the cause of the isotopic reverse.

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Krishnaraj, Chidharth, Himanshu Sekhar Jena, Florence Lecoeuvre, Karen Leus, and Pascal Van Der Voort. "Rigid Nanoporous Urea-Based Covalent Triazine Frameworks for C2/C1 and CO2/CH4 Gas Separation." Molecules 26, no. 12 (2021): 3670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123670.

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C2/C1 hydrocarbon separation is an important industrial process that relies on energy-intensive cryogenic distillation methods. The use of porous adsorbents to selectively separate these gases is a viable alternative. Highly stable covalent triazine frameworks (urea-CTFs) have been synthesized using 1,3-bis(4-cyanophenyl)urea. Urea-CTFs exhibited gas uptakes of C2H2 (3.86 mmol/g) and C2H4 (2.92 mmol/g) at 273 K and 1 bar and is selective over CH4. Breakthrough simulations show the potential of urea-CTFs for C2/C1 separation.

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Du, Mei, Zou, Jiang, and Xie. "Conjugate Heat Transfer Investigation on Swirl-Film Cooling at the Leading Edge of a Gas Turbine Vane." Entropy 21, no. 10 (2019): 1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21101007.

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Numerical calculation of conjugate heat transfer was carried out to study the effect of combined film and swirl cooling at the leading edge of a gas turbine vane with a cooling chamber inside. Two cooling chambers (C1 and C2 cases) were specially designed to generate swirl in the chamber, which could enhance overall cooling effectiveness at the leading edge. A simple cooling chamber (C0 case) was designed as a baseline. The effects of different cooling chambers were studied. Compared with the C0 case, the cooling chamber in the C1 case consists of a front cavity and a back cavity and two cavities are connected by a passage on the pressure side to improve the overall cooling effectiveness of the vane. The area-averaged overall cooling effectiveness of the leading edge () was improved by approximately 57%. Based on the C1 case, the passage along the vane was divided into nine segments in the C2 case to enhance the cooling effectiveness at the leading edge, and was enhanced by 75% compared with that in the C0 case. Additionally, the cooling efficiency on the pressure side was improved significantly by using swirl-cooling chambers. Pressure loss in the C2 and C1 cases was larger than that in the C0 case.

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Brant Carvalho, Paulo H. B., Amber Mace, Inna Martha Nangoi, et al. "Exploring High-Pressure Transformations in Low-Z (H2, Ne) Hydrates at Low Temperatures." Crystals 12, no. 1 (2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12010009.

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The high pressure structural behavior of H2 and Ne clathrate hydrates with approximate composition H2/Ne·~4H2O and featuring cubic structure II (CS-II) was investigated by neutron powder diffraction using the deuterated analogues at ~95 K. CS-II hydrogen hydrate transforms gradually to isocompositional C1 phase (filled ice II) at around 1.1 GPa but may be metastably retained up to 2.2 GPa. Above 3 GPa a gradual decomposition into C2 phase (H2·H2O, filled ice Ic) and ice VIII’ takes place. Upon heating to 200 K the CS-II to C1 transition completes instantly whereas C1 decomposition appears sluggish also at 200 K. C1 was observed metastably up to 8 GPa. At 95 K C1 and C2 hydrogen hydrate can be retained below 1 GPa and yield ice II and ice Ic, respectively, upon complete release of pressure. In contrast, CS-II neon hydrate undergoes pressure-induced amorphization at 1.9 GPa, thus following the general trend for noble gas clathrate hydrates. Upon heating to 200 K amorphous Ne hydrate crystallizes as a mixture of previously unreported C2 hydrate and ice VIII’.

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Levin, V. A., and G. A. Skopina. "Detonation Wave Propagation in Rotational Gas Flows." Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics 45, no. 4 (2004): 457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:jamt.0000030320.77965.c1.

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Luo, Juan, and Lei Wang. "Research on Gas Channeling Identification Method for Gas Injection Development in High-Pressure Heterogeneous Reservoir." Processes 10, no. 11 (2022): 2366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10112366.

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In a typical ultra-deep high-temperature and high-pressure heterogeneous reservoir in Xinjiang, gas channeling quickly occurs during gas injection because of the heterogeneity of the reservoir, the low viscosity of gas injection, and the high gas-oil fluidity ratio. The identification and prediction methods of gas channeling in gas injection development were studied. First, gas channeling discrimination parameters were determined by the numerical simulation method. According to the ratio of gas to oil produced and the composition of oil and gas produced, the flow stages of formation fluid were divided into five regions: gas phase zone, two-phase zone, miscible zone, dissolved gas and oil zone, and original oil zone. The basis for gas channeling identification (namely, the field characterization parameters for gas channeling discrimination) was discovered through analysis and the knowledge of the operability of field monitoring data as the following two parameters: (1) the C1 content rising again on the previous platform when the trailing edge of the two-phase zone is produced and (2) the continuous rise of the gas-oil ratio in production. Then, considering the original high-pressure characteristics of the reservoir, the field characterization parameters of gas channeling under different formation pressures in the exploitation process (namely, C1 content and gas-oil ratio) were simulated and determined. Thus, a gas channeling discrimination method was established for gas injection development in ultra-deep high-temperature and high-pressure heterogeneous reservoirs. According to this gas injection approach, a gas channeling discrimination method was developed, and the field gas channeling judgment was carried out for a gas injection effective D1 well. The results of gas tracer detection were compared to verify the accuracy of this method, leading to strong support for this method in slowing down the gas channeling.

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Fu, Deliang, Guosheng Xu, Li Ma, et al. "Gas generation from coal: taking Jurassic coal in the Minhe Basin as an example." International Journal of Coal Science & Technology 7, no. 3 (2020): 611–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40789-020-00318-z.

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Abstract The gas generation features of coals at different maturities were studied by the anhydrous pyrolysis of Jurassic coal from the Minhe Basin in sealed gold tubes at 50 MPa. The gas component yields (C1, C2, C3, i-C4, n-C4, i-C5, n-C5, and CO2); the δ13C of C1, C2, C3, and CO2; and the mass of the liquid hydrocarbons (C6+) were measured. On the basis of these data, the stage changes of δ13C1, δ13C2, δ13C3, and δ13CO2 were calculated. The diagrams of δ13C1–δ13C2 vs ln (C1/C2) and δ13C2–δ13C1 vs δ13C3–δ13C2 were used to evaluate the gas generation features of the coal maturity stages. At the high maturity evolution stage (T > 527.6 °C at 2 °C/h), the stage change of δ13C1 and the CH4 yield are much higher than that of CO2, suggesting that high maturity coal could still generate methane. When T < 455 °C, CO2 is generated by breaking bonds between carbons and heteroatoms. The reaction between different sources of coke and water may be the reason for the complicated stage change in $$\delta^{{{13}}} {\text{C}}_{{{\text{CO}}_{{2}} }}$$ δ 13 C CO 2 when the temperature was higher than 455 °C. With increasing pyrolysis temperature, δ13C1–δ13C2 vs ln (C1/C2) has four evolution stages corresponding to the early stage of breaking bonds between carbon and hetero atoms, the later stage of breaking bonds between carbon and hetero atoms, the cracking of C6+ and coal demethylation, and the cracking of C2–5. The δ13C2–δ13C1 vs δ13C3–δ13C2 has three evolution stages corresponding to the breaking bonds between carbon and hetero atoms, demethylation and cracking of C6+, and cracking of C2–5.

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Wu, Xiaoqi, Jianhui Zhu, Chunhua Ni, et al. "Genetic types and sources of Lower Paleozoic natural gas in the Daniudi gas field, Ordos Basin, China." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 35, no. 2 (2017): 218–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598716687932.

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The molecular composition, stable carbon and hydrogen isotopes, and light hydrocarbons of the Lower Paleozoic natural gas in the Daniudi gas field in the Ordos Basin were investigated to study the geochemical characteristics. The Lower Paleozoic gas in the Daniudi gas field displays methane contents of 87.41–93.34%, dryness coefficients (C1/C1–5) ranging from 0.886 to 0.978, δ13C1 and δ13C2 values ranging from −40.3 to −36.4‰, with an average of −38.3‰, and from −33.6 to −24.2‰, with an average of −28.4‰, respectively, and δD1 values ranging from −197 to −160‰. The alkane gas generally displays positive carbon and hydrogen isotopic series, and the C7 and C5–7 light hydrocarbons of the Lower Paleozoic gas are dominated by methylcyclohexane and iso-alkanes, respectively. The Lower Paleozoic gas in the Daniudi gas field is mixed from coal-derived and oil-associated gases, similar to that observed in the Jingbian gas field. The oil-associated gas in the Lower Paleozoic gas is secondary oil cracking gas and displays a lower cracking extent than that in the Jingbian gas field. The coal-derived gas in the Lower Paleozoic gas in the Daniudi gas field migrated from the Upper Paleozoic gas through the window area where the iron–aluminum mudstone caprocks in the Upper Carboniferous Benxi Formation were missing. The oil-associated gas in the Lower Paleozoic gas in the Daniudi gas field was probably derived from presalt source rocks in the Lower Ordovician Majiagou Formation rather than the limestone in the Upper Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation. It seems unlikely that the marlstone in the Upper Ordovician Beiguoshan Formation and shale in the Middle Ordovician Pingliang Formation on the western and southwestern margins of the Ordos Basin contributed to the oil-associated gas in the Lower Paleozoic gas in the Daniudi gas field.

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Mora Hernández, César Augusto, Claudia Rosa Posada Saldarriaga, Gleubis Belén Silveira Moreno, Patricia Chajín Ortiz, and Mauricio Bermúdez. "Producción y caracterización geoquímica del gas en la cuenca Valle Inferior del Magdalena (Colombia). Implicaciones en la prospectividad del gas natural y el gas licuado del petróleo." Ingeniería y Desarrollo 43, no. 2 (2025): 277–99. https://doi.org/10.14482/inde.43.02.986.861.

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En la cuenca Valle Inferior del Magdalena (VIM), se han descubierto hasta la fecha 1201 (MBPE) (OOIP & OGIP/ crudo y gas). Los recursos de gas descubiertos alcanzan 3,57 TPC e incluyen gas seco y gas húmedo. Durante el año 2021 la ANH (Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos) fiscalizó la producción de 29 campos con una producción total de 90908 MPC (99,91 GPCG), los cuales representan el 15% del total producido en el país. Los principales reservorios en la cuenca corresponden a facies arenosas de la Formación Ciénaga de Oro Inferior (Oligoceno tardío) y facies calcáreas de la Formación Ciénaga de Oro Superior (Mioceno temprano). El gas producido varía entre seco con más de 98% de metano y húmedo donde la proporción de GLP (C3+) es mayor al 5%. Con base en la caracterización geoquímica los gases húmedos se asocian a craqueo primario del kerógeno y los gases secos a craqueo secundario de crudo. La presencia en la cuenca de un amplio espectro de hidrocarburos líquidos y gaseosos representa una oportunidad exploratoria, ya que se trata de una cuenca donde es posible encontrar gas natural (GN / C1) y gas húmedo (C3-C5), este último es considerado como fuente principal del gas licuado del petróleo (GLP).

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Lee, Jin-Young, Bong Hyun Sung, So-Hyung Oh, et al. "C1 Compound Biosensors: Design, Functional Study, and Applications." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 9 (2019): 2253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092253.

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The microbial assimilation of one-carbon (C1) gases is a topic of interest, given that products developed using this pathway have the potential to act as promising substrates for the synthesis of valuable chemicals via enzymatic oxidation or C–C bonding. Despite extensive studies on C1 gas assimilation pathways, their key enzymes have yet to be subjected to high-throughput evolution studies on account of the lack of an efficient analytical tool for C1 metabolites. To address this challenging issue, we attempted to establish a fine-tuned single-cell–level biosensor system constituting a combination of transcription factors (TFs) and several C1-converting enzymes that convert target compounds to the ligand of a TF. This enzymatic conversion broadens the detection range of ligands by the genetic biosensor systems. In this study, we presented new genetic enzyme screening systems (GESSs) to detect formate, formaldehyde, and methanol from specific enzyme activities and pathways, named FA-GESS, Frm-GESS, and MeOH-GESS, respectively. All the biosensors displayed linear responses to their respective C1 molecules, namely, formate (1.0–250 mM), formaldehyde (1.0–50 μM), and methanol (5–400 mM), and they did so with high specificity. Consequently, the helper enzymes, including formaldehyde dehydrogenase and methanol dehydrogenase, were successfully combined to constitute new versatile combinations of the C1-biosensors.

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Dong, Li Long, Wei Lin Zhao, Jian Rong Wang, and Zong Jun Geng. "Numerical Simulation of C1 Cyclone in a 5000t/d Cement Clinker Production System." Advanced Materials Research 997 (August 2014): 762–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.997.762.

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In order to investigate the characteristics of C1 cyclone in a 5000t/d cement production system, the gas flow velocity, pressure and raw particles movement trajectory in this cyclone was simulated on the basis of Fluent 6.3. The RNG k-ε turbulence model and the stochastic trajectory model were proposed. The results indicate that the gas flow velocity and pressure distribute symmetrically, the raw meal particles revolve along with the whirling flow and can be separated more efficiently from the gas in this cyclone.

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Ghassemzadeh, Lida, Majid Monajjemi, and Karim Zare. "Ab Initio Theoretical Studies of Relative Stabilities and IR Spectrum of 5-Methylcytosine Tautomers." Journal of Chemical Research 2003, no. 4 (2003): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/030823403103173705.

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The structure and relative energies of the tautomers of 5-methylcytosine in the gasphase and in different solvents are predicted using MP2 and density functional theory methods. The order of stability for these tautomers is C3>C1>C2>C4>C5>C6 calculated by MP2 and C1>C3>C2>C4>C5>C6 calculated by the B3LYP method. Relative energy calculations are performed in wide range of solvent dielectrics and in all solvents the oxo-amino C1 is predicted as the most stable tautomer. The infrared spectra of two dominant tautomers are calculated in the gas phase using HF and density functional theory. Good agreement between calculated (DFT) and experimental harmonic vibrational frequencies is found.

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Rana, Ikram, Takahiro Nagaoka, Hiroki Nagasawa, Toshinori Tsuru, and Masakoto Kanezashi. "The Effect of C/Si Ratio and Fluorine Doping on the Gas Permeation Properties of Pendant-Type and Bridged-Type Organosilica Membranes." Membranes 12, no. 10 (2022): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12100991.

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A series of pendant–type alkoxysilane structures with various carbon numbers (C1–C8) were used to fabricate sol–gel derived organosilica membranes to evaluate the effects of the C/Si ratio and fluorine doping. Initially, this investigation was focused on the effect that carbon-linking (pendant–type) units exert on a microporous structure and how this affects the gas-permeation properties of pendant–type organosilica membranes. Gas permeation results were compared with those of bridged–type organosilica membranes (C1–C8). Network pore size evaluation was conducted based on the selectivity of H2/N2 and the activation energy (Ep) of H2 permeation. Consequently, Ep (H2) was increased as the C/Si ratio increased from C1 to C8, which could have been due to the aggregation of pendant side chains that occupied the available micropore channel space and resulted in the reduced pore size. By comparison, these permeation results indicate that pendant–type organosilica membranes showed a somewhat loose network structure in comparison with bridged–type organosilica membranes by following the lower values of activation energies (Ep). Subsequently, we also evaluated the effect that fluorine doping (NH4F) exerts on pendant−type [methytriethoxysilane (MTES), propyltrimethoxysilane (PTMS)] and bridged-type [1,2–bis(triethoxysilyl)methane (BTESM) bis(triethoxysilyl)propane (BTESP)] organosilica structures with similar carbon numbers (C1 and C3). The gas-permeation properties of F–doped pendant network structures revealed values for pore size, H2/N2 selectivity, and Ep (H2) that were comparable to those of pristine organosilica membranes. This could be ascribed to the pendant side chains, which might have hindered the effectiveness of fluorine in pendant–type organosilica structures. The F–doped bridged–type organosilica (BTESM and BTESP) membranes, on the other hand, exhibited a looser network formation as the fluorine concentration increased.

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Chen, Zilu, Xianlin Liu, Anfu Wu, Yuning Liang, Xinyu Wang, and Fupei Liang. "Synthesis, structure and properties of an octahedral dinuclear-based Cu12 nanocage of trimesoyltri(l-alanine)." RSC Advances 6, no. 12 (2016): 9911–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra26357c.

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We report here a Mo6C184+-like dinuclear-based octahedral nanocage, presenting antiferromagnetic interactions between the Cu(ii) ions and nice selectivity on gas adsorption.

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Dwiantoro, Mulyono, and Sundek Hariyadi. "Studi Komponen Gas Hidrokarbon Batubara Menggunakan Metode Pirolisis Gas Kromatografi." Jurnal Geomine 7, no. 3 (2020): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.33536/jg.v7i3.382.

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This recent research was conducted to investigate the characteristics of lignite from organic geochemistry side using pyrolysis method of gas chromatography. Thi aim of the study is to analyze three important things concluding the generated hydrocarbon gases, calculate the gas volume, and investigate its environmental setting. The gas product is called pyrolisat which generated during processing of pyrolysis that shown as chromatogram graph on computer screen concluding group of short carbon- chain (C1-4), medium carbon-chain (C5-14), and long carbon-chain (C15). The research result revealed that short carbon-chain has dominant percentage (81,9%) than medium carbon chain (9,5%) or long carbon chain (8,6%). This condition indicates that coal sample consisted of various organic matter particularly methane which derived from land plants. Based on these research results, it can be conclude that organic matters were originally from terrestrial environmental setting.

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Hosseini, Ali, and Mehdi Najafi. "DETERMINATION OF METHANE DESORPTION ZONE FOR THE DESIGN OF A DRAINAGE BOREHOLE PATTERN (CASE STUDY: E4 PANEL OF THE TABAS MECHANIZED COAL MINE, IRAN)." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 36, no. 1 (2021): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2021.1.6.

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Underground coal mining is known as one of the major sources of methane emissions which mainly occurs after underground coal extraction. Rock strata in-situ methane can potentially be the most significant hazard in coal mining operations. To prevent or minimize the risks of methane emissions, methane drainage approaches have been adopted by coal mines. Rock mass methane drainage is the most efficient and effective approach toward controlling methane hazards as it prevents and reduces the frequency of methane emissions, outflows into the working area and sudden outbursts of methane and rocks. The method includes drilling boreholes from the tailgate side to the unstressed zone in the roof and floor strata above and below a working coal seam. The coal seam gas content in Tabas Parvadeh I is estimated to be about 16 m3 /t, which is relatively high. Based on exploration data, five distinct coal seams have been identified (B1, B2, C1, C2 and D) at the coal deposit and currently C1 is being worked. Considering the high value of C1 gas content and surrounding rocks, the Methane Drainage System (MDS) has been utilized for gas drainage. This paper tries to determine the desorption area which is essential and helpful for the selection of an effective drilling pattern into the adjacent coal seams. In this study, the methane drainage zone in the E4 panel of the Tabas coal mine was calculated using experimental equations and a drainage borehole pattern was determined.

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Lima, Magda Aparecida de, Rosana Faria Vieira, Alfredo José Barreto Luiz, and José Abrahão Haddad Galvão. "CH4 and N2O fluxes during paddy rice crop development, post-harvest, and fallow." Agronomía Colombiana 41, no. 1 (2023): e107053. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v41n1.107053.

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Paddy fields are major sources of greenhouse gases, mainly methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Defining the sampling times for determining the average diurnal emission rates is an important step in optimizing field measurement, avoiding the influence of possible peaks. With this purpose, diurnal gas measurements (CH4 and N2O) were taken using the static chamber method during five 24 h-periods (campaigns), every 2 h, at three rice crop development stages (R2, C1 campaign; R5, C2 campaign, and R8, C3 campaign), and in post-harvest (PH, C4 campaign) and in fallow (FP, C5 campaign) periods. The CH4 fluxes remained close to the average flux both at C1 (9.4 ± 1.0 mg CH4 m-2 h-1) and C2 (10.2 ± 1.4 mg CH4 m-2 h-1), allowing the gas sampling at any time of the day, except at 5:00 p.m. when a peak was observed at C1. As the CH4 fluxes for C3, C4, and C5 were close to zero, no average value was identified. The average N2O fluxes were low at C1 (1.0 ± 5.7 μg N2O m-2 h-1) and at C4 (6.7 ± 2.6 μg N2O m-2 h-1), increasing at C2 (26.9 ± 9.3 μg N2O m-2 h-1) and C3 (21.2 ± 7.2 μg N2O m-2 h-1) and reaching higher values during the C5 campaign (73.7 ± 33.3 μg N2O m-2 h-1). In general, considering the average flux values recorded in this study, the most appropriate times for sampling N2O during the C1, C2, C3, and C4 campaigns would be from 9 p.m. to 1 a.m. and also around 11:00 a.m. Average N2O flows in fallow would be more likely around 11:00 p.m. and 11 a.m.

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