Relevant bibliographies by topics / C1 level

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'C1 level'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "C1 level"

1

Schmaier, AH, S. Amenta, T. Xiong, GD Heda, and AM Gewirtz. "Expression of platelet C1 inhibitor." Blood 82, no. 2 (July 15, 1993): 465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v82.2.465.465.

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Abstract Human platelets contain a pool of C1 inhibitor (C1 INH) distinct from that in plasma. Twelve normal platelet samples washed by centrifugation had a mean platelet C1 INH antigen level of 19.3 +/- 2.8 ng (mean +/- SEM) per 10(8) platelets. These values contrast with the mean +/- SEM platelet C1 INH antigen level of 6.1 +/- 0.9 per 10(8) platelets from 12 C1 INH-deficient patients. The level of platelet C1 INH correlated (r = .7) with the level of plasma C1 INH in normal individuals and patients with classic hereditary angioedema. Platelet C1 INH, like plasma C1 INH, was a 105-Kd protein on immunoblots of solubilized platelets and in thrombin- or collagen-induced platelet releasates. On indirect immunofluorescence, morphologically and immunochemically identifiable elutriated human megakaryocytes had C1 INH antigen. Using nested primer polymerase chain reaction, C1 INH mRNA was detected in megakaryocytes. When activated, human platelets expressed a portion of their total pool of C1 INH antigen on their membrane. Using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for C1 INH as a quantitative, indirect antibody consumption assay, the surface of unstimulated platelets had 0.55 +/- 0.4 ng C1 INH/10(8) platelets (mean +/- SEM). When activated with thrombin, platelets secreted 7.37 +/- 2.2 ng C1 INH/10(8) platelets into the suspension buffer and simultaneously expressed 4.4 +/- 1.2 ng C1 INH/10(8) platelets on their external membrane. These studies showed that activated platelets secreted 38% of their C1 INH and externalized another 23% of the total platelet C1 INH on their membrane. Furthermore, in 125I-anti-C1 INH Fab' binding experiments to platelets, about 8 ng of the antibody fragment specifically bound to 10(8) activated platelets. These data suggest that level of platelet C1 INH packaged into platelet alpha-granules is modulated by the amount of protein produced in megakaryocytes. Platelet alpha-granule C1 INH can both be secreted from platelets and expressed on their activated membranes. The cell membrane expression of C1 INH may be important to modulate the activity of the proteases of the complement and contact systems of plasma proteolysis in the microenvironment of the inflammatory response.
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Schmaier, AH, S. Amenta, T. Xiong, GD Heda, and AM Gewirtz. "Expression of platelet C1 inhibitor." Blood 82, no. 2 (July 15, 1993): 465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v82.2.465.bloodjournal822465.

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Human platelets contain a pool of C1 inhibitor (C1 INH) distinct from that in plasma. Twelve normal platelet samples washed by centrifugation had a mean platelet C1 INH antigen level of 19.3 +/- 2.8 ng (mean +/- SEM) per 10(8) platelets. These values contrast with the mean +/- SEM platelet C1 INH antigen level of 6.1 +/- 0.9 per 10(8) platelets from 12 C1 INH-deficient patients. The level of platelet C1 INH correlated (r = .7) with the level of plasma C1 INH in normal individuals and patients with classic hereditary angioedema. Platelet C1 INH, like plasma C1 INH, was a 105-Kd protein on immunoblots of solubilized platelets and in thrombin- or collagen-induced platelet releasates. On indirect immunofluorescence, morphologically and immunochemically identifiable elutriated human megakaryocytes had C1 INH antigen. Using nested primer polymerase chain reaction, C1 INH mRNA was detected in megakaryocytes. When activated, human platelets expressed a portion of their total pool of C1 INH antigen on their membrane. Using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for C1 INH as a quantitative, indirect antibody consumption assay, the surface of unstimulated platelets had 0.55 +/- 0.4 ng C1 INH/10(8) platelets (mean +/- SEM). When activated with thrombin, platelets secreted 7.37 +/- 2.2 ng C1 INH/10(8) platelets into the suspension buffer and simultaneously expressed 4.4 +/- 1.2 ng C1 INH/10(8) platelets on their external membrane. These studies showed that activated platelets secreted 38% of their C1 INH and externalized another 23% of the total platelet C1 INH on their membrane. Furthermore, in 125I-anti-C1 INH Fab' binding experiments to platelets, about 8 ng of the antibody fragment specifically bound to 10(8) activated platelets. These data suggest that level of platelet C1 INH packaged into platelet alpha-granules is modulated by the amount of protein produced in megakaryocytes. Platelet alpha-granule C1 INH can both be secreted from platelets and expressed on their activated membranes. The cell membrane expression of C1 INH may be important to modulate the activity of the proteases of the complement and contact systems of plasma proteolysis in the microenvironment of the inflammatory response.
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3

Emelyanov, A. V., E. V. Leshenkova, and G. A. Kameneva. "Diagnosis and treatment of hereditary angioedema with normal C1-inhibitor level." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 92, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2020.12.200447.

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Hereditary angioedema (HAE) with normal C1-inhibitor level is a rare potentially life-threatening disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance which was first described in 2000. Its clinical presentation is similar to HAE with C1-deficiency. The review is summarized data about its prevalence, mechanisms, genetics and diagnostic criteria. Different subtypes and treatment options (on demand, short term and long-term prophylaxis) are discussed. We describe family clinical cases of 2 female patients with normal C1-inhibitor and plasminogen gene mutation. Their features were late diagnosis (in 10 and 25 years after the onset of symptoms), family history (similar genetic mutation in 3 female members of the same family, including 1-asymtomatic) and combination of face, tongue, larynx and abdominal angioedema in patient and her sibling.
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Murahashi, Yasutaka, Tsuneo Takebayashi, Yoshinori Terashima, Hajime Tsuda, Mitsunori Yoshimoto, and Toshihiko Yamashita. "Clinical Presentation of Cervical Myelopathy at C1–2 Level." Asian Spine Journal 10, no. 4 (2016): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.4184/asj.2016.10.4.755.

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Tarukado, Kiyoshi, Ko Ikuta, Keiichiro Iida, Osamu Tono, Toshio Doi, and Katsumi Harimaya. "Radiographic and Clinical Results of C1 Laminoplasty for the Treatment of Compressive Myelopathy." Asian Spine Journal 14, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31616/asj.2019.0190.

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Study Design: Case series.Purpose: To evaluate the radiographic and clinical results of C1 laminoplasty without fusion.Overview of Literature: C1 laminectomy has been the standard procedure for decompression at the C1 level. However, there have been some reports of trouble cases after C1 laminectomy. C1 laminoplasty might be superior to C1 laminectomy with regard to maintaining the original C1 anatomical shape, preventing compression from the posterior soft tissue, and ensuring an adequate bonegrafting site around the C1 posterior part if additional salvage fusion surgery is necessary afterward.Methods: Seven patients with spinal cord compression without obvious segmental instability at the C1/2 level treated by C1 laminoplasty were included. The indication of C1 laminoplasty was same as that of C1 laminectomy. C1 laminoplasty was performed in the same way as subaxial double-door laminoplasty. The imaging findings were evaluated using X-ray, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The clinical results were evaluated using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) Cervical Myelopathy Evaluation Questionnaire (JOACMEQ) and JOA score. Peri- and postoperative complications were also investigated.Results: No patient showed increased C1/2 segmental instability after the surgery. The mean pre- and postoperative JOA scores were 8.6 and 11.7, respectively. The mean recovery rate was 40.2%. The effective rate in the JOACMEQ was 50% for the cervical spine function, 33% for the upper extremity function, 50% for the lower extremity function, 17% for the bladder function, and 17% for the quality of life. No major complication that seemed to be unique to C1 laminoplasty was observed over a period of about 4 years follow-up.Conclusions: C1 laminoplasty for patients without obvious segmental instability might be a viable alternative procedure to C1 laminectomy.
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Armbrust, T., S. Schwögler, G. Zöhrens, and G. Ramadori. "C1 esterase inhibitor gene expression in rat Kupffer cells, peritoneal macrophages and blood monocytes: modulation by interferon gamma." Journal of Experimental Medicine 178, no. 2 (August 1, 1993): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.178.2.373.

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Kupffer cells (KC) represent the main part of the tissue macrophages. Beside phagocytosis of particulate material, involvement of KC in immunological and inflammatory reactions has been supposed. As C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) is a serine protease inhibitor involved in such processes, the aim of this work was to study C1-INH synthesis in KC and, by comparison, in peritoneal macrophages (PM) and blood monocytes (MC) of the rat. C1-INH synthesis was studied on the protein level by biosynthetic labeling, immunoprecipitation, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis, and on the RNA level by Northern blotting of total RNA or by in situ hybridization. KC were found to express C1-INH gene spontaneously. C1-INH synthesis represents 1.3 +/- 0.2% of total protein synthesis at day 1 of culture and the absolute amount each cell synthesis remains constant during the whole time in culture. Transcripts of C1-INH were detected both in freshly isolated and in cultured KC. In contrast, spontaneous C1-INH gene expression was not detectable in freshly isolated PM, but only in cultured PM. In MC, C1-INH was not detectable at any time, whatever. Treatment of the cells with interferon gamma increased C1-INH synthesis in KC and in PM and caused an induction of C1-INH synthesis in MC. The results suggest that constitutive C1-INH synthesis is a functional marker for mature tissue macrophages.
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Varga, Lilian A., Dorottya Csuka, George Füst, Zsuzsanna Zotter, Erika Szabó, Ibolya Czaller, and Henriette Farkas. "Functional C1-inhibitor level increases during attacks of hereditary angioedema." Immunobiology 217, no. 11 (November 2012): 1172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imbio.2012.08.126.

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8

Kang, H. R., E. Y. Yim, S. Y. Oh, Y. S. Chang, Y. K. Kim, S. H. Cho, K. U. Min, and Y. Y. Kim. "Normal C1 inhibitor mRNA expression level in type I hereditary angioedema patients: newly found C1 inhibitor gene mutations." Allergy 61, no. 2 (February 2006): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01010.x.

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9

Aldrich, E. Francois, Peter B. Weber, and Wayne N. Crow. "Halifax interlaminar clamp for posterior cervical fusion: a long-term follow-up review." Journal of Neurosurgery 78, no. 5 (May 1993): 702–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1993.78.5.0702.

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✓ Fifty consecutive patients requiring posterior cervical fusion for various pathologies were treated with Halifax interlaminar clamps for internal spinal fixation. Fusion involved the C1–2 level in 17 cases, the C1–3 level in one, and the lower cervical area (C2–7) in 32. No patient was lost to follow-up review, which varied from 6 to 40 months (average 21 months). Fusion failed in five patients, three at the C1–2 level, one at the C1–3 level, and one at the C2–3 level. Screw loosening was the cause of failure in four patients, and in one the arch of C-1 fractured. No other complications occurred. Because of the lack of complications, avoidance of the hazards of sublaminar instrumentation, and an excellent fusion rate, this technique is highly recommended for posterior cervical fusion in the lower cervical spine. Atlantoaxial arthrodesis was achieved in only 14 (82%) of 17 patients, however, which might be due to the higher mobility at this multiaxial level. Improved results in this region may be possible by using a new modified interlaminar clamp, by performing adequate bone fusions, and by postoperative external halo immobilization in high-risk patients.
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Werle, Stephan, Ali Ezzati, Hesham ElSaghir, and Heinrich Boehm. "Is inclusion of the occiput necessary in fusion for C1–2 instability in rheumatoid arthritis?" Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 18, no. 1 (January 2013): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2012.10.spine12710.

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ObjectThe atlantoaxial joint is the location most and earliest affected in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In longstanding disease, ligamentous and osseous destruction can progress and involve all cervical segments. If surgical intervention is necessary, some prefer, to be safe, undertaking fusion to the occiput, whereas others advocate 1-level fusion of C1–2. Sparing the occiput (Oc)–C1 segment would allow retention of a considerable amount of physiological range of motion and seems beneficial against subaxial overload. Previous clinical studies on this topic have provided only nonspecific data after short-term follow-up, rendering a segment-sparing approach questionable.The purpose of the present investigation was to assess long-term progression of inflammatory or degenerative destruction in the Oc–C1 segment after isolated C1–2 fusion for RA.MethodsIn a series of 113 consecutive patients with RA-related destruction restricted to the craniocervical junction, 14 individuals underwent Oc–C2 fusion and 99 underwent surgery exclusively at the C1–2 level. After a mean follow-up period of 9.4 years (range 4.9–14.7 years), 46 patients were available for clinical and radiographic examination, including CT imaging.ResultsNone of the 46 patients needed additional surgery to extend the fusion to the occiput. Despite marked deterioration in the subaxial cervical spine, in general there were little or no changes in the atlantooccipital region. All but one patient presented with bony fusion of the fixed C1–2 level at follow-up.ConclusionsThe results of this investigation suggest that if the Oc–C1 joint is free of osseous destructions on conventional radiographs and free of abnormalities on MRI scans at the time of surgery (for transarticular fixation and fusion of C1–2), there is a very low risk for relevant destruction in the following 5–14 years. Thus, no prophylactic oligosegmental approach, but rather a segment-sparing monosegmental approach, is preferred, even in patients with high inflammatory levels.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "C1 level"

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Riba, Patrick. "La spécification et la certification pour le francais des niveaux C1 et C2 du Cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues." Thesis, Paris 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA030062.

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Cette thèse a pour objet la problématique de la description et la spécification des niveaux C du Cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues, dits niveaux de l’utilisateur expérimenté [C1 autonome, C2 maîtrise] pour le français. Elle s’inscrit dans la dynamique de référentialisation souhaitée par le Conseil de l’Europe et engagée dans plusieurs pays européens, y compris en France, où les niveaux A et B ont déjà été décrits : B2, J.C. Beacco, S. Bouquet, R. Porquier, [2004], A1, J.C. Beacco, R. Porquier, [2007], A2, J.C. Beacco, S. Lepage, R. Porquier, P. Riba, [2008], B1, J.C. Beacco, B. Blin, E. Houles, S. Lepage, P. Riba, à paraître]. La description des éléments notionnels et fonctionnels des niveaux C1 et C2, genres discursifs, fonctions, notions, catégories morphosyntaxiques, matière graphique, compétences culturelles et stratégies d’apprentissage, a été établie en suivant trois voies méthodologiques, intuitive, expérimentale et d’étalonnage. Elle se focalise sur la recherche des points de césure entre B2, C1 et C2 utiles pour les auteurs de méthodes ou de curriculums, les concepteurs d’examens et les enseignants et elle propose une spécification d’un niveau C2+, didactiquement compatible avec les notions paradoxales de « dernier niveau de langue » et d’apprentissage tout au long de la vie
This investigation describes and specifies for French the contents of C1 and C2 levels of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. It joins in the dynamics wished by the Council of Europe, and engaged in several European countries, including in France, where the levels A and B were already described: B2, J.C. Beacco, S Bouquet, R. Porquier, 2004, A1, J.C. Beacco, R. Porquier, 2007, A2, J.C. Beacco, S Lepage, R. Porquier, p. Riba, 2008, B1, J.C. Beacco, B. Blin, E. Swells, S Lepage, p. Riba, to be published]. The description of the notional and functional elements of C1 and C2 levels: discursive genders, functions, notions, morphosyntactic categories, graphic material, cultural skills and strategies of learning, were established by following methodological, intuitive and experimental ways and by calibration. This investigation focuses on the research of cutscores between B2, C1 and C2, in order to help authors of methods, designers of examinations and teachers, and it proposes a specification of a level C2 +, didactically compatible with the paradoxical notions of " last level " and “learning throughout the life”
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Byrne, Shelley. "An examination of successful language use at B1, B2 and C1 level in UCLanESB speaking tests in accordance with the Common European Framework of References for Languages." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2016. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20455/.

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The concept of success in second language learning has received growing attention over the last few years. With the earlier dominance of the native speaker as a model and measure for success, learner language had previously been seen as inferior or deviant from the native speaker target and norm. However, with the arrival of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages [CEFR] (CoE, 2001), a shift in emphasis saw learner proficiency across all language use viewed in terms of what learners could do, rather than what they could not. Despite this more positive outlook, the CEFR, in its aim of being non-language specific to maintain applicability across language learning contexts, fails to effectively illustrate how its many descriptors and scales apply to learner language at different levels. Though it extensively documents what learners are able to do with their language, it fails to specify exactly how they can actually do it. The aim of this study was therefore to examine what makes B1, B2 and C1 learners successful in their speech in accordance with the CEFR. In being successful, learners’ spoken performance should correspond with the criteria presented in the CEFR’s descriptors and scales for their current proficiency level. Employing corpus linguistics methodology, speech was chosen as a focus for this study as it i) represents the skill by which learners are most commonly judged, and ii) represents an area that has not received as much attention in corpus linguistics and learner corpus research. Via the compilation of a 70,578 token learner corpus of speaking exam data, analysis examined learners’ use of their core vocabularies and the occurrence and realisation of can-do statements for speech. The study’s research questions asked: What percentage of the words used by successful B1, B2 and C1 learners came from the first 1000 and second 1000 most frequent words in English? What were the 20 most frequent words at B1, B2 and C1 and their notable collocations, colligations and functions? What were the 20 most frequent keywords at B1, B2 and C1 and their notable collocations, colligations and functions? What were the most frequent 3- and 4-word chunks at B1, B2 and C1 and their notable collocations and functions? and What CEFR indicators are present in terms of spoken interaction, spoken production and strategies at B1, B2 and C1 and how are they realised? Overall, the study ascertained that B1, B2 and C1 learners differed very little in their use of the 2000 most frequent words in English. Though B1 learners evidenced significantly fewer word types and tokens than their B2 and C1 counterparts, only 1 in 33 words at all three levels came from beyond the 2000 word vocabulary limit. The findings indicated that quantitative measures alone were not able to distinguish learners at different levels nor the changes for vocabulary range suggested in the CEFR. With 97% token coverage achieved, however, this core vocabulary of 2000 words did allow learners to be successful in their speech. In addition, frequent and keyword data alongside lexical chunk analysis established that lexis such as we, er, erm, think, so, like, a lot of, agree with you, exhibited several similarities and differences across the levels. They supported the argument that for learners to be successful in their speech, they need to be supplied with multifunctional lexis which not only aims to broaden their vocabularies, but which intends to deepen it too. By making learners more aware of what can be achieved with the vocabulary they already possess, transitions across proficiency levels can seem more within reach. Finally, analysis of CEFR can-do statements revealed several key points, in particular for successful pragmatics and discourse at B1, B2 and C1. It identified that the objective of interaction evolved across levels: B1 learners expressed their thoughts and opinions, B2 learners asked for the opinions of others and C1 learners, though demonstrating the same skills as B1 and B2 learners, sought mostly to elaborate more fully on the reasons for their thoughts. In terms of the combination of ideas, simplistic chains were evidenced via the use of conjunctions but whilst B1 learners concerned themselves mostly with simple addition of ideas, B2 and C1 learners looked towards utterances expressing cause-and-effect. In sum, the study demonstrated that some of the misconceptions about learner language do have a considerable impact on learner success. Progression across proficiency levels presented itself more in the flexibility and multifunctionality of lexis, rather than its complexity or level of difficulty. It concluded that by making expectations more realistic and not by presuming that learners would do more in their speech than any native speaker, more can be learnt about what learners are able to achieve. Also, by supplementing teaching with materials based on real examples of successful learner speech, learners can be presented with more relevant, more realistic and more attainable models of language use.
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Waller, Daniel. "Investigation into the features of written discourse at levels B2 and C1 of the CEFR." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/606056.

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Validation in language testing is an ongoing process in which information is collected through investigations into the design, implementation, products and impacts of an assessment (Sireci, 2007). This includes the cognitive processes elicited from candidates by a test (Weir, 2005). This study investigated the English Speaking Board’s ESOL International examinations at levels B2 and C1 of the CEFR. The study considered the role of discourse competence in successful performances through examination of cognitive phases employed by candidates and metadiscourse markers and whether the use fit with models such as the CEFR and Field (2004) and so contributed to the validation argument. The study had two strands. The process strand of the study was largely qualitative and focussed on the cognitive processes which candidates used to compose their texts. Verbal reports were carried out with a total of twelve participants, six at each level. The product strand of the study analysed the use of metadiscourse markers in the scripts of sixty candidates in order to identify developing features of discourse competence at levels B2 and C1. The process strand of the study identified that there were statistically significant differences in the cognitive phases employed by the participants in the study. The investigation also identified a number of differences in what B2 and C1 learners attended to while carrying out the different phases. The product strand of the study found no statistically significant differences in the use of metadiscourse markers used by candidates at the two levels, but observed differences in the way particular metadiscourse markers were employed. These differences indicate the direction for a possible larger-scale study. Unlike previous studies into metadiscourse (Burneikaite, 2008; Plakans, 2009; Bax, Nataksuhara & Waller, forthcoming) the study controlled for task, text type and rhetorical pattern and nationality. The study suggested that discourse competence contributed to higher-level performances in writing and that the examinations under investigation elicited a wide range of cognitive phases from C1 candidates. The study also suggested that many of the CEFR’s statements about the development of discourse competence at the higher levels are correct.
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Cardoso, LÃdia AmÃlia de Barros. "Diversidade lexical e nÃveis de proficiÃncia (B2 e C1) em portuguÃs como lÃngua adicional." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=18752.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Programa de Doutorado-sanduÃche no Exterior
O objeto de estudo do presente trabalho à o conhecimento lexical evidenciado em produÃÃes escritas de aprendizes de PortuguÃs como LÃngua Adicional (PLA). AtravÃs de um design exploratÃrio, a partir do corpus (Recolha de Corpora de PLA da Universidade de Coimbra), investigamos os estÃgios de desenvolvimento da interlÃngua (IL) na tentativa de comparar a diversidade lexical, examinando a variaÃÃo dos nÃveis de proficiÃncia estabelecidos de acordo com os Ãndices calculados pela ferramenta texinspector workflow. A pesquisa encontra apoio em estudos de conhecimento lexical de Cobb (2003), Engber (1995), Hulstijn (1996, 2001, 2011, 2015), Laufer (1995, 1998, 2004), Meara (1980, 2005), Milton (2009), Nation (2001, 2004, 2011, 2012), Read (2004) e Jarvis (2013a, 1013b), que consideram os textos escritos como uma fonte potencialmente rica de informaÃÃes sobre o desenvolvimento do vocabulÃrio da L2 ou da lÃngua adicional (LA). O pressuposto subjacente à que o estÃgio de desenvolvimento da interlÃngua (IL) pode servir como um indicador de proficiÃncia mais elevada, juntamente com a noÃÃo de um nÃcleo comum de uso da lÃngua em questÃo. Partindo de uma primeira investigaÃÃo, realizamos uma anÃlise ANOVA de 129 textos, estabelecendo como variÃveis qualitativas independentes os nÃveis de proficiÃncia (B2 e C1), a lÃngua materna (RomÃnica e NÃo RomÃnica) e os diferentes tÃpicos (sobre o IndivÃduo, a Sociedade e o Meio-ambiente). Como variÃveis quantitativas dependentes, foram considerados os Ãndices de variabilidade (TTR) e diversidade lexical (MTLD). Os resultados sugerem variaÃÃes significativas nos Ãndices TTR e MTLD apenas entre as produÃÃes escritas desenvolvidas sob diferentes temas. As implicaÃÃes do estudo sÃo discutidas do ponto de vista pedagÃgico da avaliaÃÃo escrita, considerando a importÃncia da operacionalizaÃÃo de descritores de diversidade lexical como feedback, tendo em vista a dinamicidade dos nÃveis de proficiÃncia. Corroboramos com as noÃÃes de Housen e Bultà (2013) de que complexidade linguÃstica tem dimensÃes de carÃter cognitivo e linguÃstico, com facetas de desenvolvimento e desempenho, podendo se manifestar em todos os nÃveis estruturais e de uso.
The present study aims to investigate the lexical knowledge evidenced in written productions of learners of Portuguese as an additional language. Through an exploratory design, from the corpus (PLA Corpora Collection of the University of Coimbra), the developmental stages of interlanguage (IL) were investigated in an attempt to compare the lexical diversity by examining the variation of the indexes established by the tool textinspector workflow. This research is supported by lexical knowledge studies of Cobb (2003), Engber (1995), Hulstijn (1996, 2001, 2011, 2015), Laufer (1995, 1998, 2004), Meara (1980, 2005), Milton (2009), Nation (2001, 2004, 2011, 2012), Read (2004) and Jarvis (2013a, 1013b), who take written texts as potentially rich sources of information on the vocabulary development of a second or additional language. The underlying assumption is that the interlanguage (IL) stage of development of may serve as an indicator of higher proficiency along with the notion a common core use of the language in question. Departing from a first investigation, an ANOVA analysis of a sample of 139 texts was conducted, establishing as independent qualitative variables: the proficiency levels (B2 and C1), the mother tongue (Romance and non-Romance), and the different topics (on the Individual, Society and the environment). As dependent quantitative variables, the variability index (TTR) and lexical diversity (MTLD) were considered. The results suggest significant changes in TTR and MTLD indexes only between the different topics provided by the corpus. The implications of the findings are discussed from a pedagogical point of view of writing assessment, considering the importance of lexical diversity descriptors for feedback in view of the dynamics of the proficiency levels. Also, the study corroborates the notions of Housen and Bultà (2013) of linguistic complexity as having dimensions of cognitive, linguistic, performance, and developmental facets that can be found in all structural levels and use.
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Books on the topic "C1 level"

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Wyatt, Rawdon. Premium C1 Level Copiables. Pearson Education, Limited, 2009.

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Blake. C1 Module Chemistry A-Level. RND Publications Ltd, 1998.

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Tilbury, Alex. English Unlimited. Level C1 Teacher's Pack. Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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Premium C1 Level Teachers Book for Pack. Pearson Education, Limited, 2009.

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Cosgrove, Anthony. Premium C1 Level Workbook with Key for Pack. Pearson Education, Limited, 2009.

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Premium C1 Level Coursebook/Exam Reviser for Pack. Pearson Education, Limited, 2009.

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Cosgrove, Anthony. Premium C1 Level Workbook no key for Pack. Pearson Education, Limited, 2009.

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Premium C1 Level iTest CD-ROM for CBk Pack. Pearson Education, Limited, 2009.

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Wright, Lizzie. Premium C1 Level Test Master CD-ROM for Pack. Pearson Education, Limited, 2009.

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Cosgrove, Anthony. Premium C1 Level Multi-Rom for Workbook for Pack. Pearson Education, Limited, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "C1 level"

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"Acknowledgments." In A Level Playing Field, vii—xvi. Harvard University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674060869.c1.

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Walczak-Sroczyńska, Barbara, and Sergey Khvatov. "Z doświadczeń pracy nad układaniem testów z języka rosyjskiego na poziomach biegłości C1 i C2." In Kompetencje XXI wieku: certyfikacja biegłości językowej / Competences of the 21st century: Certification of language proficiency. University of Warsaw Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323546917.pp.166-176.

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The condition for obtaining a C1 and C2 language proficiency certificate is communicative competence approaching the level of the native speaker. When developing Russian language certification tests, one should take into account its typological, grammatical and historical-cultural features. These include the synthetic nature of expressing typical meanings, the inflective way of expressing grammatical meanings and weakly expressed regional and dialectal differences. One should also consider the modifi cation of the listening comprehension tests at level C1.
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Vurdien, Ruby. "Enhancing Writing Skills via Mobile Learning and Wikis." In Recent Developments in Technology-Enhanced and Computer-Assisted Language Learning, 99–121. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1282-1.ch005.

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This chapter reports on how a group of advanced EFL students in a private language school in Spain employed their smartphones and wikis to create a learning environment outside their classroom context to enhance their writing skills. Twenty-one participants of C1 level downloaded the Google application on their smartphones with a view to performing their reading and vocabulary tasks prior to writing their essays on a wiki learning platform, with subsequent peer editing and feedback. The findings suggest that the participants' general overview of this novel learning experience was positive and that collaborative work on the wiki fostered negotiation of meaning and sharing knowledge, which can benefit the writing process. The smartphone was deemed a convenient tool for reading and completing vocabulary exercises as its portability permits ubiquitous learning. Peer editing and feedback are crucial for developing linguistic proficiency, thereby improving writing skills.
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Hansen, Dirk, Carlee Arnett, and Ferran Suñer. "Leveraging collaborative work for game-based language learning." In CALL and complexity – short papers from EUROCALL 2019, 169–73. Research-publishing.net, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2019.38.1004.

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Over the past few years, language teaching has progressively evolved from teacher-fronted classroom settings to more complex, learner-centered scenarios, allowing learners to explore authentic contents, work collaboratively, and create sophisticated and socially relevant products. In addition, these processes foster language learning, increase learner engagement, and support the acquisition of competences such as critical thinking and democratic competence. In spite of these positive results, previous research has not always suggested efficient ways to properly manage classroom interaction and potentially enhance learning outcomes. Against this backdrop, this paper explores the potential of cooperation scripts as a means to leverage collaborative work and classroom interaction in complex learning scenarios. In this paper, we report on the first phase of an intervention study that was conducted with 17 university learners of German at the B2-C1 level. Survey results show that most of the students found the addition of the cooperation script to be beneficial when engaging in a complex, game-based scenario.
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Magedera-Hofhansl, Hanna. "“Become a reporter”, the Four Skills News Project: applying and practising language skills using digital tools for level C1/C2 students." In Innovative language teaching and learning at university: enhancing participation and collaboration, 73–78. Research-publishing.net, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2016.000407.

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Korkealehto, Kirsi, and Maarit Ohinen-Salvén. "Finnish students’ perceptions of key elements in effective online language courses: insights from the KiVAKO project." In CALL for widening participation: short papers from EUROCALL 2020, 167–71. Research-publishing.net, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2020.48.1183.

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This study explored Finnish students’ perceptions of online language courses with the KiVAKO project (KiVAKO is an acronym in Finnish meaning strengthening the language capital at higher education institutions). The aim was to identify and make visible the aspects that need to be taken into account in designing an effective online language course. The research context included eight pilot courses created and implemented within the framework of the KiVAKO project, which seeks to develop a nationwide online language course offering. Language instruction is offered in Chinese, Estonian, Finnish Sign Language, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish on Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) levels A1-C1. The research data consisted of responses to a post-course online questionnaire. The data were analysed according to a qualitative content analysis method. The findings indicate that clearly structured course design, relevant learning materials, appropriate teacher activities, and aligned assignments enhanced the students’ positive learning experiences.
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Lomas, David A. "α‎1-Antitrypsin deficiency and the serpinopathies." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Timothy M. Cox, 2235–42. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0242.

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α‎1-Antitrypsin is an acute phase glycoprotein synthesized by the liver that functions as an inhibitor of a range of proteolytic enzymes, most importantly neutrophil elastase in the lung. Ninety-five per cent of severe plasma deficiency of α‎1-antitrypsin results from homozygosity for the Z allele (Glu342Lys), which causes the protein to undergo a conformational transition and form ordered polymers that are retained within hepatocytes as periodic acid–Schiff-positive, diastase-resistant inclusions. Clinical features— all adults homozygous for the Z allele of α‎1-antitrypsin have a minor degree of portal fibrosis that is often subclinical, but up to 50% have clinically evident cirrhosis and occasionally hepatocellular carcinoma. They also develop panlobular emphysema that typically affects the lung bases and is greatly exacerbated by smoking. Cor pulmonale and polycythaemia are late features. Diagnosis and management—severe genetic deficiency of α‎1-antitrypsin is readily diagnosed by low plasma levels and the virtual absence of the α‎1-band on protein electrophoresis. Patients should abstain from smoking and avoid agents that cause hepatic injury, such as excessive alcohol and obesity. Emphysema is treated along conventional lines. α‎1-Antitrypsin replacement therapy is widely used in North America to slow the progression of the lung disease and has recently been licensed by the European Medicines Agency, but its clinical efficacy remains contentious and it has no effect on liver disease. Clinical trials are underway to ‘knock down’ the expression of mutant Z α‎1-antitrypsin within hepatocytes to try to prevent cirrhosis. Other serpinopathies—the polymerization that underlies α‎1-antitrypsin deficiency is found in other members of the serine protease inhibitor (or serpin) superfamily to cause diseases as diverse as thrombosis (antithrombin), angio-oedema (C1 inhibitor), and dementia (neuroserpin).
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Conference papers on the topic "C1 level"

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Amberkar, Nikita, Vijay Vishal Duraisamy, Melisa Mastroliberti, Michelle Munasinghe, Gabriel Maupin, Pedro J. Llanos, and Sathya N. Gangadharan. "Correction: Suborbital Payload Testing Aboard Level 3 Rocket Research Platform." In AIAA Scitech 2020 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2020-0070.c1.

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Shi, Mingxuan, Konstantinos Milios, Jonathan C. Gladin, and Dimitri N. Mavris. "Correction: System-Level Study of Different Super/Turbocharger Architectures for Rotorcraft Diesel Engine." In 2018 AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-2027.c1.

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Shi, Mingxuan, Imon Chakraborty, Yu Cai, Jimmy C. Tai, and Dimitri N. Mavris. "Correction: Mission-Level Study of Integrated Gas Turbine and Environmental Control System Architectures." In 2018 AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-1751.c1.

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Binkley, Brian, and Adam Vakili. "Correction: Development of a Robust, Multi-Level, Flow-Control Actuator Part 1: Experimental Studies." In 2018 AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-1055.c1.

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Binkley, Brian, and Adam Vakili. "Correction: Development of a Robust, Multi-Level, Flow-Control Actuator Part 2: Computational Studies." In 2018 AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-1056.c1.

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Clark, Patrick A., Kenneth M. Mull, Christopher L. Reynolds, and Wesley Miller. "Correction: An Industry-Based Approach to Aircraft Design Education at the Pre-Collegiate Level." In AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-0006.c1.

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Geiss, Markus J., and Kurt Maute. "Correction: Topology Optimization of Active Structures using a Higher-Order Level-Set-XFEM-Density Approach." In 2018 Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-4053.c1.

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Wan, Wenbin, Hunmin Kim, Yikun Cheng, Naira Hovakimyan, Petros G. Voulgaris, and Lui Sha. "Withdrawal: Safety Constrained Multi-UAV Time Coordination: A Bi-level Control Framework in GPS Denied Environment." In AIAA AVIATION 2020 FORUM. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2020-2621.c1.

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Dewi, Rishe, R. Rahardi, Yuliana Setyaningsih, and Septina Krismawati. "Analysis of Readability Discourse Level and Authenticity of “Sahabatku Indonesia” for BIPA Level C1 Textbook by Indonesia’s Language Agency Based on the Fry Chart." In Proceedings of the 2nd Konferensi BIPA Tahunan by Postgraduate Program of Javanese Literature and Language Education in Collaboration with Association of Indonesian Language and Literature Lecturers, KEBIPAAN, 9 November, 2019, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.9-11-2019.2295080.

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Kawabata, Yo, Masaya Kimura, Yutaka Wada, Ryo Nagase, Ryuichi Kato, Nobuji Kato, Keiichi Hori, and Takafumi Matsui. "Correction: Experimental Study on 5 kN Thrust Level Hybrid Rocket Motor Using the Low-Melting-Point Thermoplastic Fuel." In AIAA Propulsion and Energy 2020 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2020-3751.c1.

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