Journal articles: 'C3S [Silicate tricalcique]'

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Qi, Tianqi, Wei Zhou, Xinghong Liu, Qiao Wang, and Sifan Zhang. "Predictive Hydration Model of Portland Cement and Its Main Minerals Based on Dissolution Theory and Water Diffusion Theory." Materials 14, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14030595.

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Efficient and accurate cement hydration simulation is an important issue for predicting and analyzing concrete’s performance evolution. A large number of models have been proposed to describe cement hydration. Some models can simulate the test results with high accuracy by constructing reasonable functions, but they are based on mathematical regression and lack of physical background and prediction ability. Other models, such as the famous HYMOSTRUC model and CEMHYD3D model, can predict the hydration rate and microstructure evolution of cement based on its initial microstructure. However, this kind of prediction model also has some limitations, such as the inability to fully consider the properties of cement slurry, or being too complicated for use in finite element analysis (FEA). In this study, the hydration mechanisms of the main minerals in Portland cement (PC) are expounded, and the corresponding hydration model is built. Firstly, a modified particle hydration model of tricalcium silicate (C3S) and alite is proposed based on the moisture diffusion theory and the calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) barrier layer hypothesis, which can predict the hydration degree of C3S and alite throughout the age. Taking the hydration model of C3S as a reference, the hydration model of dicalcium silicate (C2S) is established, and the synergistic hydration effect of C3S and C2S is calibrated by analyzing the published test results. The hydration model of tricalcium aluminate(C3A)-gypsum system is then designed by combining the theory of dissolution and diffusion. This model can reflect the hydration characteristics of C3A in different stages, and quantify the response of the hydration process of C3A to different gypsum content, water–cement ratio, and particle size distribution. Finally, several correction coefficients are introduced into the hydration model of the main mineral, to consider the synergistic hydration effect among the minerals to some extent and realize the prediction of the hydration of PC.

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Zhao, Yan Ting, Xi Chen, Ling Chao Lu, Yong Bo Huang, and Jie Zhang. "Determination of Tricalcium Silicates Crystal Forms in Belite-Barium Calcium Sulphoaluminate Cement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (March 2014): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.204.

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Chemical method of extraction was adopted in the study, and aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide and sucrose (KOSH) was used to obtain the clinker rich in silicate phases (alite and belite) in order to get the crystal forms of tricalcium silicates (C3S) in the belite-barium calcium sulphoaluminate cement clinker. The crystal forms of C3S were finally determined by XRD (X-ray diffraction) spectrums through its characteristic windows of the diffraction spectrums. Results shows that, C3S exists in the innovative cement system mainly in the form of M1; C2.75B1.25A3can completely dissolve in KOSH solution while its dissolution is inhibited in the cement system; after KOSH treatment, diffraction peaks of C4AF disappear totally and peaks of C3A has weakened to great extent; for the cement clinker, the clinker ground for 90min has the best extraction rate.

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Qi, Chongchong, Qiusong Chen, and Andy Fourie. "Role of Mg Impurity in the Water Adsorption over Low-Index Surfaces of Calcium Silicates: A DFT-D Study." Minerals 10, no. 8 (July 26, 2020): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10080665.

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Calcium silicates are the most predominant phases in ordinary Portland cement, inside which magnesium is one of the momentous impurities. In this work, using the first-principles density functional theory (DFT), the impurity formation energy (Efor) of Mg substituting Ca was calculated. The adsorption energy (Ead) and configuration of the single water molecule over Mg-doped β-dicalcium silicate (β-C2S) and M3-tricalcium silicate (M3-C3S) surfaces were investigated. The obtained Mg-doped results were compared with the pristine results to reveal the impact of Mg doping. The results show that the Efor was positive for all but one of the calcium silicates surfaces (ranged from −0.02 eV to 1.58 eV), indicating the Mg substituting for Ca was not energetically favorable. The Ead of a water molecule on Mg-doped β-C2S surfaces ranged from –0.598 eV to −1.249 eV with the molecular adsorption being the energetically favorable form. In contrast, the Ead on M3-C3S surfaces ranged from −0.699 eV to −4.008 eV and the more energetically favorable adsorption on M3-C3S surfaces was dissociative adsorption. The influence of Mg doping was important since it affected the reactivity of surface Ca/Mg sites, the Ead of the single water adsorption, as well as the adsorption configuration compared with the water adsorption on pristine surfaces.

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Fa'izzah, Maulidia, Widjijono Widjijono, Yuichi Kamiya, and Nuryono Nuryono. "Synthesis and Characterization of White Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Using Precipitated Calcium Carbonate Extracted from Limestone." Key Engineering Materials 840 (April 2020): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.840.330.

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White Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (WMTA) using precipitated CaCO3 (PCC) from limestone has been synthesized. PCC in calcite structure was extracted from limestone by calcination at 900 °C for 3 h, dissolved in 0.8 M nitric acid solution and followed with carbonation for 60 minutes. PCC was used for the synthesis of WMTA by mixing with tetraethoxyorthosilicate, bismuth oxide, aluminum oxide, catalyst of with HNO3 and NH3 solution and thermally treated at 1100 °C for 3 h. The products were characterized with Thermal Gravimetric Analysis-Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA-DTG), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Frontier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF). The results showed that the PCC dominated calcite structure was obtained with 75.25% in yield and 99.42% in purity. The WMTA has been successfully synthesized by low thermal treatment at 1100 °C using catalysts of HNO3 and NH3 solution, proven by the presence of tricalcium silicate (C3S), dicalcium silicate (C2S), tricalcium aluminate (C3A), and Bi2O3 in WMTA.

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Moon, Ho-Jin, Jung-Hwan Lee, Joong-Hyun Kim, Jonathan C. Knowles, Yong-Bum Cho, Dong-Hoon Shin, Hae-Hyoung Lee, and Hae-Won Kim. "Reformulated mineral trioxide aggregate components and the assessments for use as future dental regenerative cements." Journal of Tissue Engineering 9 (January 2018): 204173141880739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041731418807396.

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Mineral trioxide aggregate, which comprises three major inorganic components, namely, tricalcium silicate (C3S), dicalcium silicate (C2S), and tricalcium aluminate (C3A), is promising regenerative cement for dentistry. While mineral trioxide aggregate has been successfully applied in retrograde filling, the exact role of each component in the mineral trioxide aggregate system is largely unexplored. In this study, we individually synthesized the three components, namely, C3S, C2A, and C3A, and then mixed them to achieve various compositions (a total of 14 compositions including those similar to mineral trioxide aggregate). All powders were fabricated to obtain high purity. The setting reaction of all cement compositions was within 40 min, which is shorter than for commercial mineral trioxide aggregate (~150 min). Over time, the pH of the composed cements initially showed an abrupt increase and then plateaued (pH 10–12), which is a typical behavior of mineral trioxide aggregate. The compression and tensile strength of the composed cements increased (2–4 times the initial values) with time for up to 21 days in an aqueous medium, the degree to which largely depended on the composition. The cell viability test with rat mesenchymal stem cells revealed no toxicity for any composition except C3A, which contained aluminum. To confirm the in vivo biological response, cement was retro-filled into an extracted rat tooth and the complex was re-implanted. Four weeks post-operation, histological assessments revealed that C3A caused significant tissue toxicity, while good tissue compatibility was observed with the other compositions. Taken together, these results reveal that of the three major constituents of mineral trioxide aggregate, C3A generated significant toxicity in vitro and in vivo, although it accelerated setting time. This study highlights the need for careful consideration with regard to the composition of mineral trioxide aggregate, and if possible (when other properties are satisfactory), the C3A component should be avoided, which can be achieved by the mixture of individual components.

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Liu, Yan Jun, and Yong Chao Zheng. "Active Belite Cement Clinker Produced with Mineral Waste." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 2378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.2378.

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This paper presents a laboratory study on active belite cement linker using mineral waste as one of the major raw meal components. The main chemical component of mineral waste employed in this study is silica (SiO2), around 70%. The raw meals were soaked in Muffle Furnace at 1350oC for 10 minutes and 20minutes respectively, then, cooled down to room temperature using air blower. Boron Oxide was used to stabilize high temperature phases of C2S. QXRD analysis indicates that active belite cement clinker has major mineral components consisting of Dicalcium Silicate (C2S), Ferrite (C2 (A0.48F1.52) O5) and trace amount of Tricalcium Silicate (C3S). Among them, Dicalcium silicate is over 85 percent, Ferrite around 10 percent and Tricalcium silicate less than 10 percent. Also, significant amount of high temperature polymorphic C2S was stabilized under room temperature. Among polymorphic belite phases, αH-C2S accounts for around 66% of cement clinker, and αL-C2S for about 22% of cement clinker. Scanning Eαlectronic Microscope (SEM) analysis also shows coαnsiderable round grains of C2S. TGA-DSC spectrum indicated there is no significant phase change while cement clinker was cooling down. Also, the mechanical tests on active belite cement show that active belite cement clinker has a slow strength development at early ages, but rapid strength gain over 70Mpa at 28 days. Thus, this active belite cement clinker demonstrates very promising prospect in sustainable cement industry development.

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Chen, Lin, Xu Wang, Xiao Dong Shen, Su Hua Ma, and Wei Qiang Zhou. "Crystal Structure and Hydration Characteristics of Tricalcium Silicate Doped with Magnesium Oxide." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 1336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1336.

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The research investigates various methods to identify magnesium oxide influences on the crystal structure and hydration properties of tricalcium silicate. The f-CaO content of the clinkers were analyzed by chemical analysis. The complex disordered superstructure of the tricalcium silicate has been studied by a joint XRD, NMR and TEM. The results show that MgO exerts a remarkable influence on the polymorphisms of C3S. Mg is not only substitutional atom but also interstitial atom in the crystal lattice of tricalcium silicate. The HRTEM pattern of C3S doped with MgO is covered by the various irregular lattice. The addition of appropriate amount of MgO in raw meal can change the formation kinetic of C3S, slightly perturb the environment of SiO44- tetrahedral, modify the crystal structure of C3S and affect the hydration activity. Doped with MgO in the raw meal can slow down the hydration rate of alite slightly in early stage.

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., Marhaini, Eka Sri Yusmartini, and Kurnia Aini. "The Effect of Tricalcium Silicate (C3S) Percentage in Clinkerson the Cement Quality." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 10, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v10i1.31294.

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Composite cement products produced by national cement factories in Indonesia should follow the required quality standards. The quality standard of composite cement refers to the SNI 7064:2014. Some physical parameters of the quality standards set are mortar compressive strength and autoclave expansion. Compressive strength is influenced by C3S and C2S in the clinker. The reaction of the formation of mineralogical compounds occurs when clinkers formed. Whereas the expansion by autoclave is influenced by the levels of free lime in the cement. This research was conducted to determine the effect of the percentage of tricalcium silicate (C3S) on the quality of cement with free lime <2% and free lime > 2% with variations of C3S in clinkers, namely 55%, 57%, 59%, 61%, 63%, 65%, and 67%. Physical parameters tested in this study are compressive strength of mortar, blaine, and autoclave expansion. While the chemical parameters tested in this study are free lime in cement and SO3. Based on the research, it was found that if the same percentage of C3S quality of cement having FCaO <2%, the initial compressive strength results were greater than FCaO> 2%, the ideal condition of the development of compressive strength for FcaO > 2%, 3 to 7 days was at the percentage of C3S clinker of 63,48%. Whereas the development of ideal compressive strength for 7 to 28 days is at the clinker C3S percentage of 64,85%. For FCaO <2% the ideal condition 3 days to 7 days is at the percentage of clinker C3S of 62,79% and the development of compressive strength 7 to 28 days is at the percentage of clinker C3S of 54.77%. The expansion with autoclave experiencing expansion that does not meet the minimum requirements of SNI 7064:2014 are samples with a percentage of C3S 54,86% and 61% with FCaO > 2%.

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Liu, Yan Jun, and Yong Chao Zheng. "Mineral Waste Coupled with Boron Oxide for Producing Active Belite Cement Clinker." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 2564–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.2564.

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This paper presents a laboratory study on active belite cement clinker using boron oxide as dopant to stabilize high temperature phases of Dicalcium silicate (C2S), and mineral waste as siliceous materials in complete replacement of clay. The clinker samples were soaked in Muffle Furnace at different burning temperatures and for various time durations, and then, cooled down to room temperature using air blower. Quantitative X-ray Diffraction analysis (QXRD) by Rietveld method indicates that major mineral components are Dicalcium Silicate (C2S), Ferrite (C2 (A0.48F1.52) O5) and trace amount of Tricalcium Silicate (C3S) in the cement clinkers. Among them, Dicalcium silicate is over 85 percent, Ferrite around 10 percent and Tricalcium silicate less than 10 percent. Thermogravimetric and Differential Scanning Calorimetric (TGA-DSC) spectrum shows that there is no significant phase change while cement clinker was cooling down, which means significant amount of high temperature polymorphic C2S was stabilized during cooling process. It is agreeable with the results from QXRD analysis. Specifically, among polymorphic belite phases, αH-C2S accounts for around 66% of cement clinker, and αL-C2S for about 22% of cement clinker. In addition, massive belite phase was identified by Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) analysis and Light Microscopy analysis. At last, the mechanical tests on active belite cement show that active belite cement clinker has a slow strength development at early ages, but rapid strength gain at 28 days in comparison with belite clinker without adding boron oxide. Thus, this active belite cement clinker demonstrates very promising prospect in sustainable cement industry development. Keywords: Active Belite Cement Clinker; Doped; Boron Oxide; αH-C2S; αL-C2S; Strength Development

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Ghadafi, Muhamad, Sri Juari Santosa, Yuichi Kamiya, and Nuryono Nuryono. "Free Na and Less Fe Compositions of SiO₂ Extracted from Rice Husk Ash as the Silica Source for Synthesis of White Mineral Trioxide Aggregate." Key Engineering Materials 840 (April 2020): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.840.311.

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In this research, we report the use of free sodium and less Fe ion silica (SiO2) for preparation of White Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (WMTA). SiO2 was extracted from rice husk ash (RHA) using NaOH 2 M and HCl 37% (v/v) and removal of Na was performed by washing the extracted SiO2 using deionized water with various volumes and techniques. Before extraction, RHA was calcined at a temperature of 700 °C for 3 h. Preparation of WMTA began with mixing the extracted SiO2 20%, CaO 60%, Al2O3 2%, and Bi2O3 18% (w/w). The mixture was calcined at temperatures of 1100 °C for 4 h, grounded to produce WMTA 200 mesh in size and then was characterized using Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersion X-ray (SEM-EDX). The WMTA characteristics were compared to that of the commercial WMTA ProRoot. The result shows that the silica that was potential as the silica source for WMTA preparation was extracted from RHA involving sonication and washing with 360 mL of deionized water per 10 g of RHA. It contained SiO2 of 94.2%, Fe2O3 of 0.03%, no Na2O, and the particle size of 1.51±0.46 µm. The characterization of WMTA shows that produced WMTA contained tricalcium silicate (C3S), dicalcium silicate (C2S), tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and BiO2, which is comparable to the commercial WMTA ProRoot.

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Ke, Kai, Bao Guo Ma, Xiao Liang Wang, and Xiang Guo Li. "Formation of Tricalcium Silicate Prepared by Electric and Microwave Sintering." Advanced Materials Research 148-149 (October 2010): 1119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.148-149.1119.

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A microwave sintering method was used to prepare C3S from Ca(OH)2, SiO2 and MexOy. f-CaO assay, X-ray diffraction and SEM were used to characterize the sintered samples.The results indicated that ion oxides played a very important role in C3S formation in conventional sintering, the use of MexOy as an additive was so effective in promoting C3S formation. The experimental results showed that samples were heated at an electric heating temperature(1500°C) and then further sintered with microwave for 30~60 min, tricalcium silicate could be formed with kilogram step. The new burning technique can greatly increase the forming speed of tricalcium silicate, MnO2, CuO and Ni2O3 could enhance the microwave sintering.

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Mei, Kaiyuan, Xiaowei Cheng, Yi Pu, Yong Ma, Xianshu Gao, Yongjin Yu, Chunmei Zhang, Jia Zhuang, and Xiaoyang Guo. "Evolution of silicate structure during corrosion of tricalcium silicate (C3S) and dicalcium silicate (C2S) with hydrogen sulphide (H2S)." Corrosion Science 163 (February 2020): 108301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2019.108301.

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Pei, Peng, Xin Qi, Xiaoyu Du, Min Zhu, Shichang Zhao, and Yufang Zhu. "Three-dimensional printing of tricalcium silicate/mesoporous bioactive glass cement scaffolds for bone regeneration." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 4, no. 46 (2016): 7452–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tb02055k.

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Tricalcium silicate/mesoporous bioactive glass (C3S/MBG) cement scaffolds were successfully fabricated for the first time by 3D printing with a curing process, which combined the hydraulicity of C3S with the excellent biological property of MBG together.

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Kwon, Sang-Koo, Seong-Hyeon Hong, Doh-Yeon Kim, and Nong M. Hwang. "Coarsening Behavior of Tricalcium Silicate (C3S) and Dicalcium Silicate (C2S) Grains Dispersed in a Clinker Melt." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 83, no. 5 (December 21, 2004): 1247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01362.x.

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Li, Qinfei, Yong Ge, Guoqing Geng, Sungchul Bae, and Paulo J. M. Monteiro. "CaCl2-Accelerated Hydration of Tricalcium Silicate: A STXM Study Combined with29Si MAS NMR." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/215371.

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The effect of calcium chloride (CaCl2) on tricalcium silicate (C3S) hydration was investigated by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) with Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectra and29Si MAS NMR. STXM is demonstrated to be a powerful tool for studying the chemical composition of a cement-based hydration system. The Ca L3,2-edge NEXAFS spectra obtained by examining C3S hydration in the presence of CaCl2showed that this accelerator does not change the coordination of calcium in the calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), which is the primary hydration product. O K-edge NEXAFS is also very useful in distinguishing the chemical components in hydrated C3S. Based on the Ca L3,2-edge spectra and chemical component mapping, we concluded that CaCl2prefers to coexist with unhydrated C3S instead of C-S-H. In Si K-edge NEXAFS analysis, CaCl2increases the degree of silicate polymerization of C-S-H in agreement with the29Si CP/MAS NMR results, which show that the presence of CaCl2in hydrated C3S considerably accelerates the formation of middle groups (Q2) and branch sites (Q3) in the silicate chains of C-S-H gel at 1-day hydration.

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Bouregba, Adil, Hassan Ez-Zaki, Abdeljebbar Diouri, and Omar Sassi. "β-Dicalcium Silicate Cement Modified with β-Tricalcium Phosphate: In Vitro Bioactivity and Mechanical Strength." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 35 (January 2018): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.35.9.

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Calcium-silicate cement mainly based on dicalcium-silicate (C2S) was synthesized by the mean of solid state reaction. Beta-C3P was added to C2S to obtain C2S-C3P. Zinc oxide and bismuth oxide was incorporated to prepare radioc cement. In this work, the bioactivity and the mechanical strength of the synthesized cement were investigated. The in vitro test was carried out by immersion of cement pastilles in the artificial saliva in different periods from 4 hours to 30 days. Whereas the mechanical strength of some samples was operated at 28 and 72 days. The specimens are characterized by X-ray diffraction , Infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The finding results indicated that hydroxyapatite may appear after 24 hours of soaking; it was also shown that the presence of C3P with a small amount of the cement can enhance the bioactivity and develop more resistance strength of cement. Moreover, the addition of zinc oxide and bismuth oxide increase the radiopacity of the cement. However, the mechanical strength enhances with the incorporation of the zinc oxide while decrease with bismuth oxide. It was concluded then that there is possibility of combining addition of C3P (10%) and an agent radiopacifiers ZnO/Bi2O3(15%) with small amounts on C2S to obtain a cement with excellent bioactivity, good mechanical strength and significante radiopacity that makes this material a great candidate as a biomaterial for biomedical use.

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Milia, F., Y. Bakopoulos, and Lj Miljkovic. "Surface Induced Spin-Lattice Relaxation of Water in Tricalcium Silicate Gels." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 46, no. 8 (August 1, 1991): 697–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1991-0807.

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AbstractThe water proton spin-lattice relaxation time and recovery function of exchangeable water was measured in tricalcium silicate (C3S) gels. The measurements were carried out as a function of the hydration time and grain size. Results show that the hydration of (C3S) is a two stage process. A model is developped

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Ren, Xue Hong, Wen Sheng Zhang, Bin Wang, and Jia Yuan Ye. "Effect of Barium on Formation and Metastable Structure of Tricalcium Silicate." Materials Science Forum 743-744 (January 2013): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.743-744.339.

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The effect of barium on the formation, structure and phase transition of tricalcium silicate (C3S) has been studied by X-ray powder diffraction combined with Rietveld method, Differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the low contents of barium was favorable the formation of C3S with up to 1.5% BaO. Higher amounts of BaO inhibited the C3S crystallization and lead to preferential formation of dicalcium silicate solid solution. Three triclinic forms T1, T2 and T3 of C3S were stabilized. The lattice parameters changed linearly to the barium content, however the discontinuity appeared at the phase transformation boundary, which follows the Vegards law. The crystallographic structure of T1 and T2 was similar to that of T3. The SiO44- tetrahedra were distorted in T1 and T2, while that was approximately regular tetrahedron in T3. The phase transitions of C3S were influenced by the incorporation of barium. It was believed that the stabilization of high temperature polymorphs of C3S was related to the lattice distortion caused by ionic substitution.

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Silatikunsatid, Treerat, Nittaya Jaitanong, and Suparut Narksitipan. "A Study on Influence of Zinc Oxide in Cement Composite Materials." Key Engineering Materials 772 (July 2018): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.772.95.

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In this research, the influence of zinc oxide (ZnO) on the phase compositions and crystalline structure and microstructure of cement composite was studied. ZnO powder (0.5-1 wt% of cement) was used as an additive material. The Portland cement and ZnO powder were blended and mixed with water at the ratio constant (W/C) of 0.4. Then, the paste was cast into the molded for 24 hours. After these periods, the samples were dried at temperature 50°C for 24 hours. Those of samples were analyzed of crystalline structure and phase compositions by using X-ray diffraction technique (XRD). Microstructure analysis by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the XRD spectra showed phases of calcium hydroxide (CH) and calcium silicate hydrated (CS), which were hydration products of cementitious material. Moreover, phase of zinc hydroxide (Zn(OH)2) is detected. Zn(OH)2have affected on the retardation of hydration reaction (more than 48 h). Zn(OH)2phase was formed on the surface of anhydrous tricalcium silicate (C3S) main compound in cement. The intensity of un-hydration products (C3S and C2S) increased with increasing content of ZnO nanoparticle in cement composites.

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Yue, Xu Bo, and Ru Wang. "Influence of SBR Latex on the Formation of C-S-H in C₃S Paste." Advanced Materials Research 687 (April 2013): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.687.329.

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Tricalcium silicate (C3S) was synthesized at 1500oC using calcium carbonate and silicon oxide. The formation of the hydrates of C3S in the presence of 10% styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) latex was evaluated. The morphology of the calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) was studied using SEM, and the calcium to silica ratio of the C-S-H was studied using EDS. The results show that the SBR latex forms film on the surface of the C3S particles and the C-S-H and delays the hydration of C3S. The C-S-H in the paste modified by SBR latex is shorter and thicker than that in the control at the same hydration time. After 1 day, the calcium to silica ratio of the modified paste is higher than that of the control.

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Ede, Anthony N., Oluwarotimi Michael Olofinnade, Akpabot Ifiok Akpabot, Solomon O. Oyebisi, and David O. Nduka. "Influence of Dicalcium Silicate and Tricalcium Aluminate Compounds in Different Local Cement Brands on the Compressive Strength of Normal Concrete." Solid State Phenomena 318 (May 2021): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.318.59.

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The mould-ability of concrete into intricate forms and the versatility of its constituent materials has made concrete to be the most preferred construction material. However, in developing nations such as Nigeria, poor quality of concrete is listed among the common causes of building collapse. Thus, this study investigated the effects of chemical compounds of four commonly used local ordinary Portland cement brands on the compressive strength of normal concrete. The cement was labelled brands A, B, C, and D, respectively, while all the other constituent materials remained constant in this study. The HACH DR 200 direct reading spectrophotometer method was used to analyze the composition of the oxide in each of the cement samples, while the Bogue composition formula was used to estimate the compound compositions of the cement samples. A designed mix proportion of 1:2:4 (cement: sand: granite) at water-cement ratio (w/c) of 0.6 was used to produce the concrete with an expected target strength of 25 N/mm2. Also, the initial and final setting time of the cement samples and the workability of the concrete mixes were determined. Forty-Eight (48) numbers cube samples were cast and tested for compressive strength at 3, 7, 14, and 28 curing days, respectively, using a 150 mm concrete cubes. The result shows the setting time of the cement samples to be within an acceptable period. Also, results indicated that the cement brands have a significant percentage of Tricalcium Silicate (C3S) content and low percentage Dicalcium Silicate (C2S) content responsible for faster hydration rate and higher early strength gain of the concrete. However, it was observed that a higher percentage of Tricalcium aluminate (C3A) leads to higher strength gain from 7 to 28 days of curing age.

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Xu, Zhong Zi, Qing Lin, Yan Bao Li, Xiang Hui Lan, and Chun Hua Lu. "An Evaluation of CaF₂ Doping Tricalcium Silicate as Dental Restorative Materials." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 1339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.1339.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of CaF2 doping tricalcium silicate (Ca3SiO5, C3S) as dental restorative materials. The solid state reaction method was used to prepare CaF2 doping C3S (F-C3S) using CaCO3, SiO2 and CaF2 as the starting materials. The in vitro bioactivity, the rate of heat evolution and the compressive strength were investigated. The in vitro bioactivity was examined by soaking the pastes in simulated body fluid (SBF). The FTIR and SEM results indicated the hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCA) layers of F-C3S pastes and pure C3S pastes occurred after soaking for 1 day and 3 days, respectively. The difference in bioactivity was attributed to the formation of F-substituted apatite, which has a Ksp lower than HCA. As compared with the pure C3S, the rate of heat evolution during the hydration of F-C3S was slower. This was avail to the dimensional stability of dental restorative materials. The pastes of F-C3S had a lower early compressive strength in the early stage, but a higher compressive strength in the later stage. Our results indicated that F-C3S would be bonded better to the teeth because of the earlier formation of HCA and the higher later compressive strength. F-C3S may be a progressive candidate for dental restorative materials.

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Lin, Qing, Yan Bao Li, Xiang Hui Lan, Chun Hua Lu, and Zhong Zi Xu. "Preparation of Amorphous Calcium Phosphate/Triclcium Silicate Composite Powders." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 1643–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.1643.

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The amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP)/tricalcium silicate (Ca3SiO5, C3S) composite powders were synthesized in this paper. The exothermal behavior of C3S determined by isothermal conduction calorimetry indicated that the ACP could be synthesis by chemical precipitation method during the induction period (stage II) of C3S. The composite powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results indicated that nanosized ACP particles deposited on the surface of C3S particles to form core-shell structure at pH=10.5, and the nCa/nP of ACP could be controlled between 1.0 and 1.5. The core-shell structure is stable after sintered at 500 oC for 3 h to remove the β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). As compared with the irregular C3S particles (1~5 μm), the composite powders particles are spherical with a diameter of 40~150 μm. Therefore, to obtain the smaller size of composite powders, it is expected to avoid the aggregate of C3S particles in the aqueous solution by addition of dispersant. As compared with C3S, the composite powders may contribute better injectability, strength and biocompatibility.

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24

Bach, Quoc Si. "Quantitative Study of Hydration of C3S and C2S in the Reactive Powder Concrete together with its Strength Development." Applied Mechanics and Materials 889 (March 2019): 294–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.889.294.

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The compressive strength development always go along with the microstructure development in concrete through the process of cement hydration. In the hydrated products of cement, calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) forms a network of nanoparticles so C-S-H gel is the main compound giving compressive strength of concrete. As we know that C-S-H gel produced by the reactions with water of two main minerals in cement such as Tricalcium Silicate () and Dicalcium Silicate (). In addition, the increase of C-S-H content in concrete due to the pozzolanic reaction of the pozzolan with calcium hydroxide (CH). With the aim of this research is quantitative study of hydration of and in the Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) together with its compressive strength development, three concrete formulas were estimated in this study which made from three different types of cement ownership different mineral compositions content were tested on compressive strength and on heat flux emitted from hydration process by isothermal calorimetry. The purpose of measuring heat flux emitted from chemical reaction process in concrete is to verify the hydration kinetic model for portland cement containing the silica fume. Basing on this simulation program, the amount of C-S-H gel in concrete is calculated. The research results showed that the the C-S-H content formed in binder paste of RPC is proportional to compressive strength development. The (Ordinary Portland Cement) OPC with higher content have compressive strength development earlier.

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Li, Qin Fei, Wang Yang, Heng Chen, Peng Kun Hou, and Xin Cheng. "Effect of Calcium Chloride on Hydration Kinetics and Pore Structure of Hydrated Tricalcium Silicate." Materials Science Forum 984 (April 2020): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.984.224.

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Chemical admixtures are frequently used to regulate the setting and strength development of concrete materials. In this study, tricalcium silicate (C3S) was used as a model of the cement system, and the influence of calcium chloride, an extremely useful accelerator, on C3S hydration and the pore structure of hardened C3S paste were investigated by the combination of the techniques of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the N2 adsorption (BET). The results indicated that the addition of calcium chloride would significantly shorten the pre-induction and induction periods and enhance the specific surface area and porosity of hardened C3S paste. However, the presence of CaCl2 has little effect on the pores, with a width ranging from 2.5 nm to 5 nm. DSC technique has an advantage of measuring continuously the process of C3S hydration by changes of free water in hydrated C3S.

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26

Ding, Qing Jun, Yu Wang, and Xiu Lin Huang. "Hydration Characteristics and Hydration Products of Tricalcium Silicate Doped with Superplasticizer and Silica Fume." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 2589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.2589.

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By using XRD, isothermal microcalorimetry, ESEM, EDS, NMR, the effects silica fume and polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PC) on the hydration behavior of tricalcium silicate (C3S) paste were researched. The results show that: PC suppresses the hydration of C3S while silica fume promotes the hydration of C3S by consumption of generated Ca(OH)2. Both PC and silica fume change the morphology of hydration products C-S-H gel from needle-bar-like to reunion-like, along with the polymerization state of silicon-oxygen tetrahedron varied greatly. Especially silica fume significantly affects Q1, Q2 percentage of silicon-oxygen tetrahedron.

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Plank, J. "On the correct chemical nomenclature of C3S, tricalcium oxy silicate." Cement and Concrete Research 130 (April 2020): 105957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105957.

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Delgado, Ana H., Ralph M. Paroli, and James J. Beaudoin. "Comparison of IR Techniques for the Characterization of Construction Cement Minerals and Hydrated Products." Applied Spectroscopy 50, no. 8 (August 1996): 970–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702963905312.

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The influence of FT-IR sampling techniques on the characterization of cement systems was investigated. Three FT-IR techniques were used to study tricalcium silicate (C3S), hydrated C3S, calcium hydroxide, and calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H). They include transmission spectroscopy (TS), photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS), and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The TS technique (using KBr pellets) was the most labor-intensive but was found to give the simplest spectra with well-defined bands. The PAS technique was found to be the simplest technique but yielded bands at lower wavenumber than TS. DRIFTS was determined to be a good alternative for cement powders since it provided spectra similar to those for the TS technique. DRIFTS required more sample preparation than PAS but less sample preparation than the KBr pellet technique.

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Teratoko, Takuya, Nobuhiro Maruoka, Hiroyuki Shibata, and Shin-ya Kitamura. "Dissolution Behavior of Dicalcium Silicate and Tricalcium Phosphate Solid Solution and other Phases of Steelmaking Slag in an Aqueous Solution." High Temperature Materials and Processes 31, no. 4-5 (October 30, 2012): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2012-0032.

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AbstractMost of the phosphorus in slag forms a solid solution of dicalcium silicate (C2S) and tricalcium phosphate (C3P), and the process used to separate this solid solution from the matrix phase is the same technology used to separate P from other valuable elements such as Mn and Cr containing in the matrix phase. Although it is known that the solubility of C2S in an aqueous solution is much greater than that of C3P, the solubility of the solid solution and that of the matrix phase have yet to be investigated. To clarify the possibility of selectively extracting P from slag through a leaching process, the dissolution behaviors of the solid solution at various compositions and that of the matrix phase were investigated. The following results were obtained: The dissolution ratio of Ca to the aqueous solution at pH = 7 was close to 1.0 in the case of pure C2S and decreased greatly with increasing C3P content. The dissolution ratio of P was about 0.1 and did not change relative to the C3P content. When the ratio of C3P in the solid solution was higher than 0.3, hydroxyapatite (HAP) formation was observed in the residue. The dissolution ratio of P increased for 30 min, and after reaching the maximum value, started to decrease owing to the precipitation of HAP. The dissolution ratio of each element from a glassy slag sample (matrix phase) was lower than that from the solid solution at every pH level.In this study, the possibility to extract a solid solution containing P without dissolving the matrix phase was found through the use of an aqueous solution at pH = 7, although the dissolution ratio of P was not sufficiently high.

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30

Andrade, F. R. D., S. D. Gomes, M. Pecchio, Y. Kihara, F. M. S. Carvalho, and J. R. Matos. "Effect of sulfur on the polymorphism and reactivity of dicalcium silicate of Portland clinker." Cerâmica 57, no. 341 (March 2011): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0366-69132011000100017.

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The present study regards the effect of sulfur in dicalcium silicate (Ca2SiO4), a major crystalline phase (20 to 40 wt.%) of the ordinary Portland cement clinker. Dicalcium silicate is also known as C2S (2CaO.SiO2) or belite. The synthesis of the C2S samples was made with high purity reactants with addition of sulfur as CaSO4.2H2O, mixed according to the stoichiometric proportion 2Ca:(1-x)Si:xS, in which x corresponds to the cationic proportion of sulfur, with values ranging from 0 to 20%. Added amounts of SO3 in the samples were 0.23, 1.39, 2.77, 4.60 and 9.71wt.%. Chemical composition of the samples was determined by X-ray fluorescence before and after sintering. Large-scale sulfur loss by volatilization leads to an excess in calcium and consequently to formation of increasing amounts of tricalcium silicate with increasing sulfur content in the starting mixture. Mineralogical composition of the samples and cell parameters of C2S polymorphs were determined by X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinements. Structural analysis of diffraction data indicates that the presence of sulfur stabilizes the intermediate temperature polymorph β C2S, with increasing unit cell volume. The reactivity with water (heat of hydration) of the samples was measured by differential scanning calorimetry, which was strongly influenced by the highly reactive tricalcium silicate.

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31

Kang, Xiaojuan, Xiaohong Zhu, Jueshi Qian, Jiaping Liu, and Yongbo Huang. "Effect of graphene oxide (GO) on hydration of tricalcium silicate (C3S)." Construction and Building Materials 203 (April 2019): 514–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.117.

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32

Nemes, Norbert M., Dan A. Neumann, and Richard A. Livingston. "States of water in hydrated C3S (tricalcium silicate) as a function of relative humidity." Journal of Materials Research 21, no. 10 (October 2006): 2516–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2006.0332.

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Quasi-elastic neutron spectroscopy was used to study the changes in the water content of hydrated tricalcium silicate cement paste with decreasing relative humidity (RH). The structurally bound water was divided into water bound in Ca(OH)2 and in calcium-silicate hydrate, or C–S–H-gel, utilizing the inelastic vibrational modes of Ca(OH)2. The quasi-elastic line was analyzed in terms of free and constrained water, and both were observed to decrease as the pores empty of pore-water with drying. An inelastic line related to translational vibrations of immobile water molecules was also extracted from the spectra, and its intensity was found to decrease with lower RH.

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33

Yoneyama, Akira, Heesup Choi, Masumi Inoue, Jihoon Kim, Myungkwan Lim, and Yuhji Sudoh. "Effect of a Nitrite/Nitrate-Based Accelerator on the Strength Development and Hydrate Formation in Cold-Weather Cementitious Materials." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 20, 2021): 1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14041006.

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Recently, there has been increased use of calcium-nitrite and calcium-nitrate as the main components of chloride- and alkali-free anti-freezing agents to promote concrete hydration in cold weather concreting. As the amount of nitrite/nitrate-based accelerators increases, the hydration of tricalcium aluminate (C3A phase) and tricalcium silicate (C3S phase) in cement is accelerated, thereby improving the early strength of cement and effectively preventing initial frost damage. Nitrite/nitrate-based accelerators are used in larger amounts than usual in low temperature areas below −10 °C. However, the correlation between the hydration process and strength development in concrete containing considerable nitrite/nitrate-based accelerators remains to be clearly identified. In this study, the hydrate composition (via X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance), pore structures (via mercury intrusion porosimetry), and crystal form (via scanning electron microscopy) were determined, and investigations were performed to elucidate the effect of nitrite/nitrate-based accelerators on the initial strength development and hydrate formation of cement. Nitrite/nitrate-AFm (aluminate-ferret-monosulfate; AFm) was produced in addition to ettringite at the initial stage of hydration of cement by adding a nitrite/nitrate-based accelerator. The amount of the hydrates was attributed to an increase in the absolute amounts of NO2− and NO3− ions reacting with Al2O3 in the tricalcium aluminate (C3A phase). Further, by effectively filling the pores, it greatly contributed to the enhancement of the strength of the hardened cement product, and the degree of the contribution tended to increase with the amount of addition. On the other hand, in addition to the occurrence of cracks due to the release of a large amount of heat of hydration, the amount of expansion and contraction may increase, and it is considered necessary to adjust the amount used for each concrete work.

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Yang, Fei, Xianping Liu, Yongjuan Zhao, Yongming Zhang, Peiming Wang, Ian Robinson, and Bo Chen. "Investigation of Three-Dimensional Microstructure of Tricalcium Silicate (C3S) by Electron Microscopy." Materials 11, no. 7 (June 29, 2018): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11071110.

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35

Salah Uddin, K., and Bernhard Middendorf. "Reactivity of Different Crystalline Surfaces of C3S During Early Hydration by the Atomistic Approach." Materials 12, no. 9 (May 9, 2019): 1514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12091514.

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Early hydration of tricalcium silicate (C3S) has received great attention over the years due to the increased use of composite cement with a reduced number of clinker phases, especially the addition of what should be very reactive C3S to guarantee early strength. Although many mechanisms have been proposed, the dissolution of polygonal C3S at the material interface is not yet fully understood. Over the last decade, computational methods have been developed to describe the reaction in the cementitious system. This paper proposes an atomistic insight into the early hydration and the dissolution mechanism of calcium from different crystalline planes of C3S using reactive force field (ReaxFF) combined with metadynamics (metaD). The reactivity and thermodynamic stability of different crystal planes were calculated from the dissolution profile of calcium during hydration at 298 K. The simulation results, clearly describe the higher reactivity of ( 0 1 ¯ 1 ¯ ), (011), (100), and ( 1 ¯ 00 ) surfaces of C3S due to the strong interaction with the water, whereas, the dissolution profile explains the lower reactivity of ( 1 ¯ 1 ¯ 0 ), (110), ( 0 1 ¯ 0 ) and the effect of water tessellation on the (001), (010) planes.

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36

Leu, Tsai-Hsueh, Yang Wei, Yi-Shi Hwua, Xiao-Juan Huang, Jung-Tang Huang, and Ren-Jei Chung. "Fabrication of PLLA/C3S Composite Membrane for the Prevention of Bone Cement Leakage." Polymers 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2019): 1971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11121971.

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Kyphoplasty is an important treatment for stabilizing spine fractures due to osteoporosis. However, leakage of polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement during this procedure into the spinal canal has been reported to cause many adverse effects. In this study, we prepared an implantable membrane to serve as a barrier that avoids PMMA cement leakage during kyphoplasty procedures through a hybrid composite made of poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) and tricalcium silicate (C3S), with the addition of C3S into PLLA matrix, showing enhanced mechanical and anti-degradation properties while keeping good cytocompatibility when compared to PLLA alone and most importantly, when this material design was applied under standardized PMMA cement injection conditions, no posterior wall leakage was observed after the kyphoplasty procedure in pig lumbar vertebral bone models. Testing results assess its effectiveness for clinical practice.

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37

Wang, Lai Guo, Wei Huang, and Jun Wei Wang. "Tricalcium Silicate (C₃S) Properties in Different Physical and Chemical Environment." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 1256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.1256.

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The paper study on the properties of Tricalcium Silicate (C3S) in different physical and chemical environment, the results suggest that neither chemically nor by way of adsorption and that the physically bound water could not act as a solvent for the ethanolamine. Small-angle neutron scattering studies allow a nondestructive description of statistically representative microstructures in the scale range from micrometer to nanometer. Moreover, the scattering signals can be analyzed in a variety of ways, and more detailed insight can be provided into the very complex cement paste microstructure.

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38

Zhao, Yongjuan, Xianping Liu, Bo Chen, Fei Yang, Yongming Zhang, Peiming Wang, and Ian Robinson. "Three-Dimensional Characterization of Hardened Paste of Hydrated Tricalcium Silicate by Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy." Materials 12, no. 12 (June 12, 2019): 1882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12121882.

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With the application of a three-dimensional (3D) characterization technique, serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM), the 3D microstructure of a hydrated cement monomineral, tricalcium silicate (C3S), was measured with nanoscale resolution. The 3D morphologies of anhydrous particles, hydrated products, and capillary pores were visualized. Closed and open pores were discovered inside an anhydrous particle. The size and distribution of both the anhydrous C3S particles and their capillary pores were analyzed quantitatively and the porosity was determined to be 9%. The distribution of pores was found to be in a good agreement with the inner and outer product model of Hu et. al., with an inner shell distance of 860 nm. Considering the spatial resolution of the instrument and the volume of sample measured, most pores in this experiment could be characterized as capillary pores.

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39

Chung, Ren Jei, Huey Yuan Wang, Kai Shiang Chen, and Huan Yu Wu. "Study of Bone Restoration Ca-Si-Zn Complex." Key Engineering Materials 587 (November 2013): 427–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.587.427.

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In this research, the purpose is to carry out the in vitro study of the plasticity hybrid complex. The main components of the material are tricalcium silicate (C3S, Ca3SiO5) and collagen. In vitro studies, including cell toxicity test (MTT), flowcytometry detection and alkaline phosphatase test (ALP) were carried out to evaluate the biocompatibility of the materials and soaking mediums. Results showed that soaking mediums of different amounts of materials didn’t affect cell growth harmfully. Moreover, the soaking mediums would stimulate the osteoblast and trigger the biomineralization processes leading to higher secretion of ALP during cultivation.. The results in this research showed that the biocompatibility of our hybrid complex for future applications.

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40

Meducin, F., H. Zanni, C. Noik, G. Hamel, and B. Bresson. "Tricalcium silicate (C3S) hydration under high pressure at ambient and high temperature (200 °C)." Cement and Concrete Research 38, no. 3 (March 2008): 320–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.09.024.

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41

Cornejo, M. H., J. Elsen, C. Paredes, and H. Baykara. "Hydration and strength evolution of air-cured zeolite-rich tuffs and siltstone blended cement pastes at low water-to-binder ratio." Clay Minerals 50, no. 1 (March 2015): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2015.050.1.12.

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AbstractThis contribution is the second part of an in-depth study on the hydration and strength evolution of blended cement pastes at a water to binder (W/B) ratio of 0.3, cured by two different methods. The blended cement pastes showed significant hydration up to 7 days, when almost all of the hydration products had already formed; thereafter, carbonation played an important role up to, and possibly beyond, 91 days. Likewise, the hydration of alite (tricalcium silicate, Ca3SiO5, C3S) proceeded up to 14 days and then started to slow down. However, the hydration of belite (dicalcium silicate, Ca2SiO4, C2S) was affected most strongly, as it nearly ceased, under the air-curing conditions. During hydration, some of the blended cement pastes had a larger calcium hydroxide (CH) content than the unblended (plain) ones. The accelerating effects of the addition of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), the air-curing conditions and the low W/B ratio may explain these unusual results. Under these experimental conditions, the water incorporated into hydrates was about 50% of the total amount of water used during full hydration of the cement pastes. The pozzolanic reaction predominated during the early ages, but disappeared as time passed. In contrast, the carbonation reaction increased by consuming ∼45% of the total amount of CH produced after aging for 91 days. Only one blended cement paste reached the compressive strength of the plain cements. The blended cement pastes containing 5% of the zeolitic tuffs, Zeo1 or Zeo2, or 10% of the calcareous siltstone, Limo, developed the greatest compressive strength under the experimental conditions used in this study.

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Zheng, Dapeng, Haibin Yang, Feng Yu, Bo Zhang, and Hongzhi Cui. "Effect of Graphene Oxide on the Crystallization of Calcium Carbonate by C3S Carbonation." Materials 12, no. 13 (June 26, 2019): 2045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12132045.

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The effect of graphene oxide (GO) on the crystallization of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is explored in this paper. Precipitation of CaCO3 was carried out by bubbling carbon dioxide (CO2) through tricalcium silicate (C3S) hydration solution with different graphene oxide admixture contents (0.2%, 1% and 2% mass ratios based on C3S). The polymorph, morphology, crystal size and particle size of CaCO3 were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), an environmental scanning electronic microscope (ESEM), and laser particle size analysis. The results showed that addition of GO was able to promote the conversion of CaCO3 to a calcite crystal phase with higher thermal stability and crystallinity than the control. However, as the dosage of GO increased, the growth of the calcite crystal particles was somewhat suppressed, resulting in a decrease in the crystal particle size and a narrow particle size distribution. When the amount of GO was 0.2%, 1% and 2%, the crystal size of the calcite was 5.49%, 12.38%, and 24.61% lower than that of the sample without GO, respectively, while the particle size of the calcite also decreased by 17.21%, 39.26%, 58.03%, respectively.

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43

Hanafi, S., G. M. S. El-Shafei, and B. Abd El-Hamid. "Effect of grain size on the vapour phase hydration of monoclinic and triclinic modifications of tricalcium silicate; role of high temperature activation." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 56, no. 10 (1991): 1993–2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19911993.

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The hydration of tricalcium silicate (C3S) with three grain sizes of monoclinic (M) and triclinic (T) modifications and on their thermally activated samples were investigated by exposure to water vapour at 80°C for 60 days. The products were investigated by XRD, TG and N2 adsorption. The smaller the particle size the greater was the hydration for both dried and activated samples from (M). In the activated samples a hydrate with 2θ values of 38.4°, 44.6° and 48.6° could be identified. Hydration increased with particle size for the unactivated (T) samples but after activation the intermediate size exhibited enhanced hydration. Thermal treatment at 950°C of (T) samples increased the surface active centers on the expense of those in the bulk. Changes produced in surface texture upon activation and/or hydration are discussed.

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44

Tajuelo Rodriguez, E., I. G. Richardson, L. Black, E. Boehm-Courjault, A. Nonat, and J. Skibsted. "Composition, silicate anion structure and morphology of calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) synthesised by silica-lime reaction and by controlled hydration of tricalcium silicate (C3S)." Advances in Applied Ceramics 114, no. 7 (October 3, 2015): 362–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743676115y.0000000038.

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De La Torre, A. G., S. Bruque, and M. A. G. Aranda. "Rietveld quantitative amorphous content analysis." Journal of Applied Crystallography 34, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889801002485.

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A procedure for Rietveld quantitative amorphous content analysis (RQACA) is outlined, in which the effects of systematic errors in the powder patterns are studied. The method derives the amorphous content from the small overestimation of an internal crystalline standard in a Rietveld refinement of an appropriate mixture. Of several standards studied, Al2O3gave the best results. The statistical analysis of standard mixtures with a known amount of amorphous content indicated that this is a precise and accurate tool. It enables the measurement of the amorphous content with an accuracy close to 1%. Sample preparation and Rietveld analysis need to be optimized in order to minimize the systematic errors. The analysis of samples with phases displaying strong preferred orientation effects gives very high errors in the amorphous content. Samples with different absorption coefficients have also been studied in order to evaluate the importance of microabsorption. This plays an important role but it can be adequately corrected if the absorption coefficients of the standard and the sample are not very different. RQACA has been applied to tricalcium silicate, C3S, which is the main component of Portland cement. The average amorphous content of C3S, after microabsorption correction using two standards of higher and lower absorption coefficients, was found to be 19%.

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Zhu, Zheyu, Zhongping Wang, Yue Zhou, Yuting Chen, and Kai Wu. "Identification of Chemical Bonds and Microstructure of Hydrated Tricalcium Silicate (C3S) by a Coupled Micro-Raman/BSE-EDS Evaluation." Materials 14, no. 18 (September 8, 2021): 5144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185144.

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Identifying the phase evolution and revealing the chemical bonds of hydrated cements accurately is crucial to regulate the performance of cementitious materials. In this paper, a coupled Raman/BSE-EDS analysis was proposed to determine the chemical bonds of tricalcium silicate hydrates and the interface transition zone (ITZ) between inner C-S-H and anhydrates. The results show that the Raman/BSE-EDS method can accurately identify the chemical bonds of inner C-S-H and inner ITZ regions, which confirms the mixed structure of inner C-S-H and nano calcium hydroxide (CH). The inner ITZ shows a lattice change region with a thickness of 700–1000 nm, which can be attributed to the pre-disassembly process of C3S crystal. The successful application of coupled Raman/BSE-EDS provides new insight into the hydration process and multi-structure features of traditional cementitious materials.

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Pani, Swatirupa, Nilima Dash, B. K. Mohapatra, and S. K. Singh. "Siliceous Manganese Ore from Eastern India:A Potential Resource for Ferrosilicon-Manganese Production." High Temperature Materials and Processes 38, no. 2019 (February 25, 2019): 425–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2018-0081.

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AbstractSiliceous manganese ore, associated with the banded iron formation occurs in large volume in northern Odisha, India. It is a sub-grade ore containing 21% Mn, 60% SiO2 and 3% Fe, hence do not find any use and considered as waste. Such ore does not respond to any physical beneficiation techniques because of intricate microstructure and poor liberation of Mn-phase. It could only be up-graded to 32% Mn with 36% yield and 52% recovery by processing it through mineral separator followed by WHIMS. Siliceous manganese ore along with calcite and coke in appropriate ratio, when charged to a plasma reactor, a product with slag metal ratio of 2.5:1 was obtained within a period of 10 min. Electron probe micro-analysis of the metal confirmed it to be ferrosilicomanganese while the slag constitute of tricalcium silicate (C3S) with around 5% Mn in adsorbed state.

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Qi, Chongchong, Lang Liu, Jianyong He, Qiusong Chen, Li-Juan Yu, and Pengfei Liu. "Understanding Cement Hydration of Cemented Paste Backfill: DFT Study of Water Adsorption on Tricalcium Silicate (111) Surface." Minerals 9, no. 4 (March 27, 2019): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9040202.

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Understanding cement hydration is of crucial importance for the application of cementitious materials, including cemented paste backfill. In this work, the adsorption of a single water molecule on an M3-C3S (111) surface is investigated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The adsorption energies for 14 starting geometries are calculated and the electronic properties of the reaction are analysed. Two adsorption mechanisms, molecular adsorption and dissociative adsorption, are observed and six adsorption configurations are found. The results indicate that spontaneous dissociative adsorption is energetically favored over molecular adsorption. Electrons are transferred from the surface to the water molecule during adsorption. The density of states (DOS) reveals the bonding mechanisms between water and the surface. This study provides an insight into the adsorption mechanism at an atomic level, and can significantly promote the understanding of cement hydration within such systems.

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Liu, Yanming, Shu Jian Chen, Kwesi Sagoe-Crentsil, and Wenhui Duan. "Evolution of tricalcium silicate (C3S) hydration based on image analysis of microstructural observations obtained via Field's metal intrusion." Materials Characterization 181 (November 2021): 111457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111457.

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Yaseen, Sarah Abduljabbar, Ghadah Abdaljabar Yiseen, Chi Sun Poon, and Zongjin Li. "Influence of Seawater on the Morphological Evolution and the Microchemistry of Hydration Products of Tricalcium Silicates (C3S)." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8, no. 42 (October 14, 2020): 15875–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c04440.

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Journal articles on the topic 'C3S [Silicate tricalcique]'

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