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Journal articles on the topic 'C4 grass'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Wan, Cindy SM, and Rowan F. Sage. "Climate and the distribution of C4 grasses along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America." Canadian Journal of Botany 79, no. 4 (2001): 474–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b01-026.

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In this study, relationships between temperature, precipitation, and the percentage of C4 grasses in local grass floras from the Atlantic and Pacific coastal regions of North America were examined. The proportion of C4 species in a local grass flora increased as latitude decreased on both coasts. At a given latitude, the C4 percentage on the Atlantic coast was higher than the Pacific coast. This difference was related to the Atlantic coast having greater July minimum temperatures than Pacific coast locations of similar latitude. Linear regression analysis showed that the proportion of C4 speci

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2

Hovenden, Mark J., and Dennis I. Morris. "Occurrence and distribution of native and introduced C4 grasses in Tasmania." Australian Journal of Botany 50, no. 6 (2002): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt01093.

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Of the 137 species of grass considered native to Tasmania, only eight use the C4 photosynthetic pathway. There are also approximately 137 grass species considered as introduced to Tasmania and 21% of these are C4. In total, there are 41 species from 20 genera of C4 grass recorded from Tasmania. Many of the introduced C4 species have a very limited distribution, however, and are generally confined to urban areas and along roadsides. Overall, Tasmania has fewer C4 grasses than would be expected from climate alone and few of the C4 grass species are widely distributed or abundant. However, the pr

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3

Ansley, R. James, and William E. Pinchak. "Stability of C3 and C4 Grass Patches in Woody Encroached Rangeland after Fire and Simulated Grazing." Diversity 15, no. 10 (2023): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15101069.

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As the woody legume, Prosopis glandulosa (honey mesquite) has encroached into grasslands and rangelands in the southern Great Plains, USA, two grass species, C4 shortgrass, Buchloe dactyloides (buffalograss), and C3 mid-grass, Nassella leucotricha (Texas wintergrass), have increased in dominance. Occurrence of more productive C4 mid-grasses and herbaceous diversity have declined. We measured effects of various combinations of spring clipping (to simulate cattle grazing) and summer and/or winter fire treatments on the stability of monoculture patches of these two grass species over an eight-yea

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James, T. K., A. Rahman, C. A. Dowsett, and M. R. Trolove. "Fenoxaprop for control of yellow bristle grass in pasture and its efficacy on other C₄ grasses." New Zealand Plant Protection 66 (January 8, 2013): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5718.

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The efficacy of the herbicide fenoxaprop for control of yellow bristle grass (Setaria pumila) in pasture was evaluated in two field trials Additionally glasshouse experiments investigated its phytotoxicity on seven annual and four perennial C4 grass species Results of the field trials showed good control of yellow bristle grass and consequently a very high (up to 98) reduction in seed head production Fenoxaprop had no measurable effect on clover yield but the removal of yellow bristle grass resulted in higher production of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) Fenoxaprop killed all the annual C4

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5

Angelo, Courtney L., and Curtis C. Daehler. "Temperature is the major driver of distribution patterns for C4 and C3 BEP grasses along tropical elevation gradients in Hawai‘i, and comparison with worldwide patterns." Botany 93, no. 1 (2015): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2014-0075.

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The distribution patterns of C4 and C3 grasses in relation to climate have attracted much attention, but few studies have examined grass distributions along tropical elevation gradients. Previous studies identified either temperature, precipitation, or both variables as the major climatic factor(s) driving these distributions. Here we investigated relative dominance of C4 grasses in relation to climate along five elevation gradients in Hawai‘i. The transition temperature between C4 and C3 BEP (Bambusoideae, Ehrhartoideae, and Pooideae) grasses (where their relative dominance is equal) was dete

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6

Ning, Jiao, Xiong Z. He, and Fujiang Hou. "C3 and C4 Grass Species: Who Can Reduce Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions in a Continental Arid Region?" Atmosphere 11, no. 9 (2020): 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090958.

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In order to relieve grazing pressure, drought-tolerant grass species are widely cultivated in arid regions. However, soil N emission is largely neglected while pursuing forage yield. We carried out a randomized block study to investigate whether and how the C3 and C4 grass species differ in soil N emission in a typical salinized field with temperate continental arid climate in the northwest inland regions, China. We quantified soil N2O flux from two C3 (barley and rye) and two C4 grass species [corngrass and sorghum hybrid sudangrass (SHS)] in fields during the growing season (from May to Sept

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7

Bowen, M. K., F. Chudleigh, S. Buck, and K. Hopkins. "Productivity and profitability of forage options for beef production in the subtropics of northern Australia." Animal Production Science 58, no. 2 (2018): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16180.

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This study measured forage biomass production, diet quality, cattle liveweight gain, and economic performance of six forage types at 21 sites across 12 commercial beef cattle properties in the Fitzroy River catchment of Queensland during 2011–2014 (28 annual datasets in total). The forages were annual forage crops (oats (Avena sativa), sorghum (Sorghum spp.) and lablab (Lablab purpureus)), sown perennial legume-grass pastures (leucaena-grass (Leucaena leucocephala spp. glabrata + perennial, tropical grass (C4) species) and butterfly pea-grass (Clitoria ternatea + perennial, C4, grass species))

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8

Schwarz, A. G., and R. E. Redmann. "C4 grasses from the boreal forest region of northwestern Canada." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 12 (1988): 2424–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-329.

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Six C4 grasses (Distichlis stricta, Muhlenbergia glomerata var. cinnoides, M. mexicana, M. richardsonis, Spartina gracilis, S. pectinata) were found in grassy openings in the boreal forest of northwestern Canada. High carbon isotope ratios and Kranz anatomy confirmed that these northern populations are functionally C4 grasses. Muhlenbergia mexicana was assumed to be a C4 grass on the basis of published data. Recent collections of C4 plants tended to have more negative δ13C values than older collections from northern locations, which may reflect decreases in δ13C of atmospheric CO2 over time. I

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9

McInerney, Francesca A., Caroline A. E. Strömberg, and James W. C. White. "The Neogene transition from C3 to C4 grasslands in North America: stable carbon isotope ratios of fossil phytoliths." Paleobiology 37, no. 1 (2011): 23–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/09068.1.

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C4 grasses form the foundation of warm-climate grasslands and savannas and provide important food crops such as corn, but their Neogene rise to dominance is still not fully understood. Carbon isotope ratios of tooth enamel, soil carbonate, carbonate cements, and plant lipids indicate a late Miocene-Pliocene (8–2 Ma) transition from C3 vegetation to dominantly C4 grasses at many sites around the world. However, these isotopic proxies cannot identify whether the C4 grasses replaced woody vegetation (trees and shrubs) or C3 grasses. Here we propose a method for reconstructing the carbon isotope r

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10

Coates, David B., and Rob M. Dixon. "Development of near Infrared Analysis of Faeces to Estimate Non-Grass Proportions in Diets Selected by Cattle Grazing Tropical Pastures." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 16, no. 5 (2008): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.815.

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Grass (monocots) and non-grass (dicots) proportions in ruminant diets are important nutritionally because the non-grasses are usually higher in nutritive value, particularly protein, than the grasses, especially in tropical pastures. For ruminants grazing tropical pastures where the grasses are C4 species and most non-grasses are C3 species, the ratio of 13C/12C in diet and faeces, measured as δ13C‰, is proportional to dietary non-grass%. This paper describes the development of a faecal near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy calibration equation for predicting faecal δ13C from which dietary grass an

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11

Haling, Rebecca E., Chris D. Campbell, Matthew K. Tighe, and Chris N. Guppy. "Effect of competition from a C4 grass on the phosphorus response of a subtropical legume." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 10 (2013): 985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13275.

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Tropical pasture systems are typically dominated by C4 grasses growing on nitrogen (N) deficient soils. Under these conditions, N2-fixing legumes should have a competitive advantage, yet low legume contents are often reported in these systems. This work investigates whether below-ground competition for phosphorus (P) is limiting the ability of legumes to compete in swards of C4 grasses when grown in a sand matrix. The external P requirement of a subtropical legume (butterfly pea, Clitoria ternatea L.) and a C4 grass (buffel grass, Cenchrus ciliaris L.) were initially determined in a P-response

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12

Mandadi, Kranthi K., Jesse D. Pyle, and Karen-Beth G. Scholthof. "Comparative Analysis of Antiviral Responses in Brachypodium distachyon and Setaria viridis Reveals Conserved and Unique Outcomes Among C3 and C4 Plant Defenses." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 27, no. 11 (2014): 1277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-05-14-0152-r.

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Viral diseases cause significant losses in global agricultural production, yet little is known about grass antiviral defense mechanisms. We previously reported on host immune responses triggered by Panicum mosaic virus (PMV) and its satellite virus (SPMV) in the model C3 grass Brachypodium distachyon. To aid comparative analyses of C3 and C4 grass antiviral defenses, here, we establish B. distachyon and Setaria viridis (a C4 grass) as compatible hosts for seven grass-infecting viruses, including PMV and SPMV, Brome mosaic virus, Barley stripe mosaic virus, Maize mild mottle virus, Sorghum yell

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13

Kovács, M., A. Engloner, and N. Németh. "Chemical composition of Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) in Hungary." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 50, no. 2 (2002): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.50.2002.2.5.

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under the influence of the prognosticated climatic changes, the increasing rate of degradation and the extension of uncultivated lands, it is expected that the dominance of some C4 plants will increase. Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) is the most common C4 species in Hungary. The chemical composition of Cynodon dactylon and its substrate was investigated on 3 soil types (Arenosol, Solonchak soil and a waste place) typical of the country. It was established that in comparison with other perennial C4 grasses (Andropogon ischaemum, Chrysopogon gryllus, Cleistogenes serotina) the total element co

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14

Hu, Jialin, Jonathan D. Richwine, Patrick D. Keyser, Fei Yao, Sindhu Jagadamma, and Jennifer M. DeBruyn. "Urea fertilization and grass species alter microbial nitrogen cycling capacity and activity in a C₄ native grassland." PeerJ 10 (August 12, 2022): e13874. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13874.

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Soil microbial transformation of nitrogen (N) in nutrient-limited native C4 grasslands can be affected by N fertilization rate and C4 grass species. Here, we report in situ dynamics of the population size (gene copy abundances) and activity (transcript copy abundances) of five functional genes involved in soil N cycling (nifH, bacterial amoA, nirK, nirS, and nosZ) in a field experiment with two C4 grass species (switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii)) under three N fertilization rates (0, 67, and 202 kg N ha−1). Diazotroph (nifH) abundance and activity were not a

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15

Gurevitch, Jessica. "Restriction of a C3 grass to dry ridges in a semiarid grassland." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 5 (1986): 1006–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-136.

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Contrary to generalizations about differences in the adaptive significance of C3 and C4 photosynthesis, Stipa neomexicana, a C3 grass, was restricted to the driest sites along a topographic and soil moisture gradient in a semiarid grassland in Arizona. The distribution of Stipa neomexicana was inversely related to the abundance of C4 grasses. The total biomass of C4 grasses increased from low values on ridge crests to maximum values on lower, wetter sites. Ordination analysis confirmed that the topographic and soil moisture gradient was the factor most closely associated both with grass specie

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16

Vendramini, Joao. "35 Warm-season perennial grass management in tropical and subtropical regions." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.073.

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Abstract Warm-season perennial grass, also called C4, are the predominant forages for ruminant production in tropical and subtropical regions. In general, C4 grasses have greater herbage production in warm-climate regions due to a more efficient carbon fixation pathway than cool-season forages (C3) and anatomical characteristics results in C4 plants with less concentration of CP and soluble carbohydrates, and greater concentrations of cell wall components such as cellulose and hemicelluloses than C3 grasses. Several factors may contribute to the differences in nutritive value in C4 grasses, in

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17

Kaggwa, Ruth J., Hui Jiang, Rita A. Ryan, et al. "Exploring Grass Morphology & Mutant Phenotypes Using Setaria viridis." American Biology Teacher 83, no. 5 (2021): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2021.83.5.311.

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Globally, most human caloric intake is from crops that belong to the grass family (Poaceae), including sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), rice (Oryza sativa), maize (or corn, Zea mays), and wheat (Triticum aestivum). The grasses have a unique morphology and inflorescence architecture, and some have also evolved an uncommon photosynthesis pathway that confers drought and heat tolerance, the C4 pathway. Most secondary-level students are unaware of the global value of these crops and are unfamiliar with plant science fundamentals such as grass architecture and the genetic concepts of genotype and phenot

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18

Fukayama, Hiroshi, Takashi Kobara, Keita Shiomi, et al. "Rubisco small subunits of C4 plants, Napier grass and guinea grass confer C4-like catalytic properties on Rubisco in rice." Plant Production Science 22, no. 2 (2018): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1343943x.2018.1540279.

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19

Dengler, Ronald E., and Nancy G. Dengler. "Leaf vascular architecture in the atypical C4 NADP – malic enzyme grass Arundinella hirta." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 6 (1990): 1208–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-153.

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Leaf anatomy, particularly vascular organization, of the grass species Arundinella hirta is atypical for a C4 NADP – malic enzyme species. Most conspicuously, interveinal distances are large, more similar to those of C3 than C4 species. When the longitudinal files of the bundle-sheath-like distinctive cells are included with vein counts, interveinal distance falls within the range for the C4 NADP – malic enzyme biochemical type. A quantitative analysis of the lengths of distinctive cell files shows that ca. 22% lack any contact with transverse veins or other vascular tissue. This reinforces th

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20

Ussher, G. R., and D. E. Hume. "Sustainable perennial pastures in Northland." Journal of New Zealand Grasslands 77 (January 1, 2015): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2015.77.489.

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In the northern half of Northland, perennial ryegrassbased pastures have exhibited poor persistence. Nineteen tall fescue and ryegrass pastures in the region infected with either MaxP or AR37 fungal endophytes, respectively, had high levels of endophyte-infected tillers and low levels of contamination from wild endophytes. On surveyed farms, MaxP-infected tall fescue pastures had good contents of sown grass, which were higher than sown grass contents in AR37-infected ryegrass pastures, but on two far-north monitor farms these temperate grasses failed to compete with summer active C4 grasses su

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21

Olsson, Aaryn D., Julio Betancourt, Mitchel P. McClaran, and Stuart E. Marsh. "Sonoran Desert Ecosystem transformation by a C4 grass without the grass/fire cycle." Diversity and Distributions 18, no. 1 (2011): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00825.x.

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22

Wu, Chao, and Dianjing Guo. "Identification of Two Flip-Over Genes in Grass Family as Potential Signature of C4 Photosynthesis Evolution." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 18 (2023): 14165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814165.

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In flowering plants, C4 photosynthesis is superior to C3 type in carbon fixation efficiency and adaptation to extreme environmental conditions, but the mechanisms behind the assembly of C4 machinery remain elusive. This study attempts to dissect the evolutionary divergence from C3 to C4 photosynthesis in five photosynthetic model plants from the grass family, using a combined comparative transcriptomics and deep learning technology. By examining and comparing gene expression levels in bundle sheath and mesophyll cells of five model plants, we identified 16 differentially expressed signature ge

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23

Drake, BG. "A Field-Study of the Effects of Elevated CO2 on Ecosystem Processes in a Chesapeake Bay Wetland." Australian Journal of Botany 40, no. 5 (1992): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9920579.

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Open top chambers are being used in a long-term project to determine the effects of elevated CO2 on ecosystem processes on a Chesapeake Bay wetland. Three communities are studied: mono-specific stands of the C3 sedge, Scirpus olneyi, and the C4 grass, Spartina patens, and a mixed community of these two species and the C4 grass, Distichlis spicata. Treatment began in the spring of 1987 and will continue through the 1994 growing season. During the first 4 years of exposure, elevated CO2 had the following effects on mono-specific stands of the C3 sedge, Scirpus olneyi: increased quantum yield and

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Hu, Jialin, Jonathan D. Richwine, Patrick D. Keyser, et al. "Ammonia-oxidizing bacterial communities are affected by nitrogen fertilization and grass species in native C₄ grassland soils." PeerJ 9 (December 16, 2021): e12592. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12592.

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Background Fertilizer addition can contribute to nitrogen (N) losses from soil by affecting microbial populations responsible for nitrification. However, the effects of N fertilization on ammonia oxidizing bacteria under C4 perennial grasses in nutrient-poor grasslands are not well studied. Methods In this study, a field experiment was used to assess the effects of N fertilization rate (0, 67, and 202 kg N ha−1) and grass species (switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii)) on ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (AOB) communities in C4 grassland soils using quantitative PCR,

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25

Li, Jia, Litian Zhang, Rania G. Elbaiomy, et al. "Evolution analysis of FRIZZY PANICLE (FZP) orthologs explored the mutations in DNA coding sequences in the grass family (Poaceae)." PeerJ 10 (March 11, 2022): e12880. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12880.

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FRIZZY PANICLE (FZP), an essential gene that controls spikelet differentiation and development in the grass family (Poaceae), prevents the formation of axillary bud meristems and is closely associated with crop yields. It is unclear whether the FZP gene or its orthologs were selected during the evolutionary process of grass species, which possess diverse spike morphologies. In the present study, we adopted bioinformatics methods for the evolutionary analysis of FZP orthologs in species of the grass family. Thirty-five orthologs with protein sequences identical to that of the FZP gene were iden

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26

Bremond, Laurent, Arnoud Boom, and Charly Favier. "Neotropical C3/C4 grass distributions - present, past and future." Global Change Biology 18, no. 7 (2012): 2324–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02690.x.

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27

Bromham, L., and T. H. Bennett. "Salt tolerance evolves more frequently in C4 grass lineages." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 27, no. 3 (2014): 653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12320.

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Ségalen, Loïc, Julia A. Lee-Thorp, and Thure Cerling. "Timing of C4 grass expansion across sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 53, no. 5 (2007): 549–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.12.010.

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Ghannoum, Oula, Matthew J. Paul, Jane L. Ward, Michael H. Beale, Delia-Irina Corol, and Jann P. Conroy. "The sensitivity of photosynthesis to phosphorus deficiency differs between C3 and C4 tropical grasses." Functional Plant Biology 35, no. 3 (2008): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp07256.

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Phosphorus (P) is an important determinant of plant productivity, particularly in the tropical grasslands of Australia, which contain both C3 and C4 species. Few studies have compared the responses of such species to P deficiency. Previous work led us to hypothesise that C3 photosynthesis and the three subtypes of C4 photosynthesis have different sensitivities to P deficiency. To examine their dynamic response to P deficiency in more detail, four taxonomically related tropical grasses (Panicum laxum (C3) and Panicum coloratum, Cenchrus ciliaris and Panicum maximum belonging to the C4 subtypes

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Taub, Daniel R. "Climate and the U.S. distribution of C4 grass subfamilies and decarboxylation variants of C4 photosynthesis." American Journal of Botany 87, no. 8 (2000): 1211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2656659.

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Van Auken, O. W., J. K. Bush, and David D. Diamond. "Changes in species biomass in the Coastal Prairie of Texas when light and nutrients are altered." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 9 (1992): 1777–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-220.

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A 2 × 2 factorial experiment using light and nutrients as factors was carried out over 2½ years in a remnant, native Coastal Prairie of Texas. Light level, nutrient level, and date of sampling all had significant influences on total biomass, but changes were subtle, suggesting additional limiting factors. More obvious were changes in biomass of individual species, especially the dominant C4 grass species. Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash (little bluestem), Paspalum plicatulum Michx. (brownseed paspalum), and Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash (Indian grass), three C4 grasses, maintained their b

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Killeen, Timothy J., and Paul N. Hinz. "Grasses of the Precambrian Shield region in eastern lowland Bolivia. II. Life-form and C3–C4 photosynthetic types." Journal of Tropical Ecology 8, no. 4 (1992): 409–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400006738.

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ABSTRACTA life-form classification from Neotropical Gramineae is proposed for 113 native species from eastern lowland Bolivia. A factor analysis was performed on a correlation matrix of 51 vegetative attributes to identify ‘character suites,’ which were then used as the basis for the classification. The principal types are arboreal, liana, shrub-like, forb-like, bunch grass with basal foliage, bunch grass with basal and caulescent foliage, caespitose annuals, elongate rhizomes, turf grass, stoloniferous, and decumbent (the last category is further divided into subgroups: -perennial, -indefinit

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Kazemi, Fatemeh, Mansoure Jozay, Farzaneh Salahshoor, Eddie van Etten, and Sahar Rezaie. "Drought Stress Responses of Some Prairie Landscape C4 Grass Species for Xeric Urban Applications." Land 12, no. 6 (2023): 1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12061195.

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Creating xeric landscapes in lawns and prairies is a significant challenge and practical need in arid urban environments. This study examined the drought resistance of some C4 grass species for constructing urban lawns and prairies. A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block designs with four replications was conducted. Experimental treatments were two irrigation levels (100% and 50% Field Capacity (FC)) and five warm-season grass species (Andropogon gerardii Vitman, Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash, Panicum virgatum L., Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash, and Bouteloua curtipend

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Dunning, Luke T., Jose J. Moreno-Villena, Marjorie R. Lundgren, et al. "Key changes in gene expression identified for different stages of C4 evolution in Alloteropsis semialata." Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 12 (2019): 3255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz149.

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Abstract C4 photosynthesis is a complex trait that boosts productivity in tropical conditions. Compared with C3 species, the C4 state seems to require numerous novelties, but species comparisons can be confounded by long divergence times. Here, we exploit the photosynthetic diversity that exists within a single species, the grass Alloteropsis semialata, to detect changes in gene expression associated with different photosynthetic phenotypes. Phylogenetically informed comparative transcriptomics show that intermediates with a weak C4 cycle are separated from the C3 phenotype by increases in the

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Hughes, Thomas E., Olga Sedelnikova, Mimi Thomas, and Jane A. Langdale. "Mutations in NAKED-ENDOSPERM IDD genes reveal functional interactions with SCARECROW during leaf patterning in C4 grasses." PLOS Genetics 19, no. 4 (2023): e1010715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010715.

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Leaves comprise a number of different cell-types that are patterned in the context of either the epidermal or inner cell layers. In grass leaves, two distinct anatomies develop in the inner leaf tissues depending on whether the leaf carries out C3 or C4 photosynthesis. In both cases a series of parallel veins develops that extends from the leaf base to the tip but in ancestral C3 species veins are separated by a greater number of intervening mesophyll cells than in derived C4 species. We have previously demonstrated that the GRAS transcription factor SCARECROW (SCR) regulates the number of pho

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Mei, Linlin, Xue Yang, Hongbing Cao, Tao Zhang, and Jixun Guo. "Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Alter Plant and Soil C:N:P Stoichiometries Under Warming and Nitrogen Input in a Semiarid Meadow of China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (2019): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030397.

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Ecological stoichiometry has been widely used to determine how plant-soil systems respond to global change and to reveal which factors limit plant growth. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can increase plants’ uptake of nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), thereby altering plant and soil stoichiometries. To understand the regulatory effect of AMF feedback on plants and soil stoichiometry under global change, a microcosm experiment was conducted with warming and N input. The C4 grass Setaria viridis, C3 grass Leymus chinensis, and Chenopodiaceae species Suaeda corniculata were st

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Md., Mahabubur Rahman, Shermin Khatun Mst., Shahriar Ahmed Sonet Md., Kaniz Fatema Mst., Siddika Ayesha, and Sharmin Sultana Rubaiyat. "NADP-ME Subtype C4 Grass Saccharum spontaneum L.: An Anatomical Study." EBAUB Journal 4 (January 1, 2022): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6492990.

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Leaf blade of <em>Saccharum spontaneum</em> L. was scrutinized microscopically in the present study. Surface features and internal structures in leaf blades from plants grown in natural terrain were examined in peelings and transverse sections after staining with 1% aqueous solution of safranin. Different types of cell diagram were measured from the photographs. In both abaxial and adxial surfaces of the leaf blade, stomata, cork cells, micro hairs, long and short cells with sinuous wall were recognized. Epidermal cells (15.13µm) were found compactly arranged with oval shaped cells. Meso

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Rosolem, Ciro Antonio, Rodrigo Werle, and Rodrigo Arroyo Garcia. "Nitrogen washing from C3 and C4 cover grasses residues by rain." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 34, no. 6 (2010): 1899–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832010000600014.

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Crop species with the C4 photosynthetic pathway are more efficient in assimilating N than C3 plants, which results in different N amounts prone to be washed from its straw by rain water. Such differences may affect N recycling in agricultural systems where these species are grown as cover crops. In this experiment, phytomass production and N leaching from the straw of grasses with different photosynthetic pathways were studied in response to N application. Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and congo grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis) with the C4 photosynthetic pathway, and black oat (Avena Strigos

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Singh, Vijay Shankar, Prajna Tripathi, Parul Pandey, et al. "Dicarboxylate Transporters of Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 Play an Important Role in the Colonization of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana) Roots." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, no. 7 (2019): 828–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-12-18-0344-r.

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Azospirillum brasilense is a plant growth–promoting bacterium that colonizes the roots of a large number of plants, including C3 and C4 grasses. Malate has been used as a preferred source of carbon for the enrichment and isolation Azospirillum spp., but the genes involved in their transport and utilization are not yet characterized. In this study, we investigated the role of the two types of dicarboxylate transporters (DctP and DctA) of A. brasilense in their ability to colonize and promote growth of the roots of a C4 grass. We found that DctP protein was distinctly upregulated in A. brasilens

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Sagun, Julius Ver, Murray R. Badger, Wah Soon Chow, and Oula Ghannoum. "Cyclic electron flow and light partitioning between the two photosystems in leaves of plants with different functional types." Photosynthesis Research 142, no. 3 (2019): 321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11120-019-00666-1.

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Abstract Cyclic electron flow (CEF) around photosystem I (PSI) is essential for generating additional ATP and enhancing efficient photosynthesis. Accurate estimation of CEF requires knowledge of the fractions of absorbed light by PSI (fI) and PSII (fII), which are only known for a few model species such as spinach. No measures of fI are available for C4 grasses under different irradiances. We developed a new method to estimate (1) fII in vivo by concurrently measuring linear electron flux through both photosystems $$\left( {{\text{LEF}}_{{{\text{O}}_{ 2} }} } \right)$$LEFO2 in leaf using membr

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Ketter, Benjamin L., and Ricardo M. Holdo. "Strong competitive effects of African savanna C4 grasses on tree seedlings do not support rooting differentiation." Journal of Tropical Ecology 34, no. 1 (2018): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467418000020.

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Abstract:Rooting differentiation between established trees and grasses has been well documented in savannas, but it remains unclear to what extent tree-grass rooting differences affect competition between newly established seedlings and grasses. To examine this question, a greenhouse experiment was conducted at the University of Missouri, USA. Twenty 3-mo-old seedlings each of two African savanna tree species (Acacia nigrescens and Colophospermum mopane) were grown for 8 mo with two crossed factors: grass competition and irrigation depth. Strong negative effects of grass competition on final s

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Tozer, K. N., C. A. Cameron, R. M. Greenfield, and C. B. Glassey. "Nutritive value and production of yellow bristle grass (Setaria pumila) in Waikato dairy pastures validating Farmax model assumptions." New Zealand Plant Protection 68 (January 8, 2015): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2015.68.5876.

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Yellow bristle grass is a C4 summeractive annual weed prevalent in the upper North Island Its production and nutritive value was assessed onfarm to validate the assumptions used in a published Farmax model on the impact of yellow bristle grass The percentage ground cover of yellow bristle grass averaged 9 in a survey of 39 central Waikato dairy pastures assessed each February over 8 years Yellow bristle grass dry matter content peaked in February Herbage production of patches of yellow bristle grass was greater than patches of perennial ryegrass when assessed over one yellow bristle grass grow

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Visser, Vernon, F. Ian Woodward, Rob P. Freckleton, and Colin P. Osborne. "Environmental factors determining the phylogenetic structure of C4 grass communities." Journal of Biogeography 39, no. 2 (2011): 232–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02602.x.

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Bowen, M. K., D. P. Poppi, and S. R. McLennan. "Ruminal protein degradability of a range of tropical pastures." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 7 (2008): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07414.

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The rumen degradability parameters of the diet selected by two to four oesophageal-fistulated Brahman steers grazing a range of tropical pastures were determined by incubation of extrusa in nylon bags suspended in the rumen of rumen-fistulated (RF) Brahman steers. The effective protein degradability (Edg) was determined by measuring the rate of disappearance of neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN) less acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) in the incubated extrusa. Six to eight RF steers also grazed each of the pastures along with the oesophageal-fistulated steers, to allow determina

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Prendergast, HDV, and PW Hattersley. "Australian C4 Grasses (Poaceae) - Leaf Blade Anatomical Features in Relation to C-4 Acid Decarboxylation Types." Australian Journal of Botany 35, no. 4 (1987): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9870355.

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Using fresh, preserved and herbarium material we have examined the leaf blade anatomy of the Australian C4 grass flora (Poaceae) in relation to C4 acid decarboxylation type (NADP-malic enzyme, NADP-ME; NAD-malic enzyme, NAD-ME; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, PCK). Our survey included almost all species of the subfamilies Arundinoideae and Chloridoideae and of the panicoid genus Panicum. We sampled all genera for the Panicoideae but for many only representative species were examined. Our data are cross-referenced with available anatomical and biochemical data on C4 types, in particular with

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Robinson, T. F., M. Sponheimer, B. L. Roeder, et al. "Digestibility and nitrogen retention in llamas and goats fed alfalfa, C3 grass, and C4 grass hays." Small Ruminant Research 64, no. 1-2 (2006): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.04.018.

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Gessler, Arthur. "Why leaves become isotopically lighter than photosynthetic carbon isotope discrimination explains: on the importance of post-photosynthetic fractionation." Journal of Experimental Botany 75, no. 5 (2024): 1210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erad497.

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This article comments on: Yu YZ, Liu HT, Yang F, Li L, Schäufele R, Tcherkez G, Schnyder H, Gong XY. 2024. δ13C of bulk organic matter and cellulose reveal post-photosynthetic fractionation during ontogeny in C4 grass leaves. Journal of Experimental Botany 75, 1451–1464

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Hattersley, PW, and NE Stone. "Photosynthetic Enzyme Activities in the C3-C4 Intermediate Neurachne minor S. T . Blake (Poaceae)." Functional Plant Biology 13, no. 3 (1986): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9860399.

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The activities of eight key photosynthetic enzymes were measured in leaf blade extracts of the C3-C4 intermediate Neurachne minor S. T. Blake, its C3 and C4 relatives, C3-C4 Panicum milioides Nees ex Trin., and controls (all Poaceae). Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase (PEPC) activity in N. minor (5.46 �mol mg Chl-1 min-1) is higher than previously reported for any other C3-C3 plant, and the ratio of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity to PEPC activity is lower than for P. milioides or C3 species. Activity of pyruvate,PI dikinase (up to 0.88 �mol mg Chl-1 min-1) is 3-5 times high

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Blumenthal, Scott A., Naomi E. Levin, Francis H. Brown, et al. "Aridity and hominin environments." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 28 (2017): 7331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700597114.

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Aridification is often considered a major driver of long-term ecological change and hominin evolution in eastern Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene; however, this hypothesis remains inadequately tested owing to difficulties in reconstructing terrestrial paleoclimate. We present a revised aridity index for quantifying water deficit (WD) in terrestrial environments using tooth enamel δ18O values, and use this approach to address paleoaridity over the past 4.4 million years in eastern Africa. We find no long-term trend in WD, consistent with other terrestrial climate indicators in the Omo-Turkana

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Nandu, Purushottam Kumar, Samir E. Topno, V. M. Prasad, and Nini R. Kuotsu. "Effect of Salinity on Warm Season Turf Grass Species." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 19 (2023): 316–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i193558.

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The demand for salinity tolerant turf grasses is increasing due to augmented use of effluent or low-quality water for turf irrigation. Fresh water, along with soil Stalinization in many locations, has raised the requirement for salt-tolerant turf grass screening. Physiological responses to salinity and relative salt tolerance of Five C4 turf grasses, two variety ofCynodon dactylon(Bermuda grass), Zoysia matrella (Manilla grass), Zoysia japonica(Zoysia Grass) and Paspalum notatum(Bahia grass) were investigated during the study at Department of Horticulture Sam Higginbottom University of Agricul

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