Journal articles: 'C45 steel'

1

Molenda, Justyna, and Adam Charchalis. "STEEL C45 ELEMENTS LAPPING." Journal of KONES. Powertrain and Transport 21, no. 1 (December 28, 2014): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/12314005.1134091.

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Wang, Liu Ying, Gu Liu, Yong Fa Wu, Shao Chun Hua, and Jian Xun Yao. "High Temperature Oxidation Behaviors of Ni-Cr Based Thermal Sprayed Coatings." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.691.

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Ni-Cr coating and Ni-Cr/ZrO2 gradated coating were deposited on C45 carbon steel by high velocity arc spraying and micro-plasma spraying to solve the high temperature oxidation problem of medium carbon steel components. The oxidations of Ni-Cr coating, Ni-Cr/ZrO2 gradated coating and C45 carbon steel substrate were carried out for up to 108 hours in air atmosphere at 1100°C. The oxidation behaviors were investigated after detailed examinations by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ni-Cr coating and Ni-Cr/ZrO2 gradated coating show similar and low dynamics curve near to the logarithms function. Surface observations with SEM and XRD reveal that the oxidizing surface of the C45 carbon steel substrate is mainly a loose spherical structure consisted of mainly Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. The surface structures of Ni-Cr coating and Ni-Cr/ZrO2 gradated coating after 108 hours oxidization are rather denser than that of C45 carbon steel, which can effectively improve the properties of the oxidation resistance of C45 carbon steel substrate.

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Jurko, Jozef, and Anton Panda. "Change of Material Deformation under the Machined Surface when Drilling Steel C45 and DIN 1.4301." Applied Mechanics and Materials 459 (October 2013): 428–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.459.428.

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The basic hypothesis of this article focuses on the study changes in deformation under the machined surface of stainless steels and steel C45 when drilling. The problem of drilling holes with diameter D=5 to 12.5 mm resides in the fact that 25 to 30% of these holes do not comply with prescribed requested requirements. This article presents the results of experiments focusing on the study of the damage process in helical drills with diameter d=8.0 mm when drilling into austenitic stainless steel DIN 1.4301 and steel C45. This study also includes an analysis of accompanying phenomena in the cutting zone by measuring some selected parameters.

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Szkodo, Marek. "Cavitation Erosion Resistance of Austenitic Microstructure Created by Laser Beam." Solid State Phenomena 165 (June 2010): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.165.195.

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This work presents investigations of cavitation properties of different austenitic microstructures formed by laser beam machining of X5CrNi18-10 and C45 steels. X5CrNi18-10 steel was alloyed with TiC and Mn powders and surface layer of C45 steel was enriched with Ni, Mn, Cr and Nb. For alloying the cw CO2 laser beam was used as a power source. Cavitation behaviour of produced layers was investigated in a rotating disc facility. The results reveal different susceptibility to plastic deformation and strain hardening degree of surface in the early stage of cavitation erosion.

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Senatorski, Jan, Jan Tacikowski, Paweł Mączyński, and Piotr Wach. "Tribological aspects of friction node tests: nitrided constructional steels versus heat treated steels." Inżynieria Powierzchni 24, no. 3 (December 5, 2019): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5780.

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The subject matter of the article are tribological and material tests of gas-nitrided constructional steels, including 38HMJ and AISI52100, cooperating frictionally with C45 toughened steel or 100Cr6 hardened steel. All friction tests were carried out using the standardized “3 cylinders – cone” method. The results of the obtained tests showed a slightly more beneficial effect of the cooperation of nitrided constructional steels with 100Cr6 hardened bearing steel.

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Hauserová, D., J. Dlouhý, Z. Nový, J. Zrník, and M. Duchek. "Forming of C45 Steel at Critical Temperature." Procedia Engineering 10 (2011): 2955–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.490.

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Yan, P. X., Z. Q. Wei, X. L. Wen, Z. G. Wu, J. W. Xu, W. M. Liu, and J. Tian. "Post boronizing ion implantation of C45 steel." Applied Surface Science 195, no. 1-4 (July 2002): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4332(02)00555-x.

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8

Bartkowska, A., A. Pertek, M. Jankowiak, and K. Jóźwiak. "Laser Surface Modification of Borochromizing C45 Steel." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 57, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-012-0012-9.

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Laser Surface Modification of Borochromizing C45 SteelIn this study the test results for borochromized C45 steel after laser surface modification were presented. Influence of laser heat treatment on the microstructure and microhardness of surface layer was investigated. The process of borochromizing consisted of chromium plating followed by diffusion boronizing. The laser heat treatment (LHT) of multiple tracks in the helical line was carried out with CO2laser beam. The technological laser TRUMPF TLF 2600 Turbo CO2of the nominal power 2.6 kW was applied. Borochromizing was carried out with laser power density q = 41.40 kW/cm2and at laser beam scanning rate v = 0.67 m/min and v = 2.016 m/min. Measurements of microhardness were conducted using the Vickers' method and Zwick 3212 B hardness tester. Microstructure observations were performed by means of an optical microscope Metaval Carl Zeiss Jena and scanning electron microscope Tescan VEGA 5135. After laser heat treatment with re-melting a three-zone layer was obtained, which included: re-melted zone, heat affected zone and a core. Influence of laser treatment parameters on thickness of melted zone and microstructure of the surface layer was tested. The microhardness tested along the axis of track of the surface layer after laser modification was about 800-850 HV. The results of tests showed influence of laser power density and scanning rate on microstructure and properties of borochromized layers.

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PERTEK-OWSIANNA, Aleksandra. "THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF IRON ALLOYS WITH VARIOUS CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS AFTER DIFFUSIONAL BORONIZING." Tribologia, no. 5 (October 31, 2017): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5905.

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The purpose of the paper was to test how the content of carbon and alloying elements in steels influence the structure and properties of boronized layers. The following grades of steels were used during the tests: C45, C99U, 41Cr4, 42CrMo4, 45SG, 50HS, 60G, and 102Cr6. In the process of boronizing, the two-phase layer of borides of FeB and Fe2B were obtained on the tested steels with a hardness from 1900 HV0.1 for boride FeB to 1600 HV0.1 for Fe2B, irrespective of the chemical composition of the core/substrate. As the kontent of carbon and alloying elements in steels increase, the structure of borides becomes more compact, and the needles are thicker. The richer in alloying elements the core and the more carbon in steel, the thinner is the boride layer. After boronizing, the layer of FeB and Fe2B with a thickness of approx. 110 μm for C45 steel to approx. 90 μm for 102Cr6 steel was obtained. The test results indicate that the brittleness of borides increases in steels with the addition of Cr, and it decreases in steels containing Si and Mn. The highest wear resistance was obtained in steel 102Cr6.

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Pashechko, Mykhaylo, Krzysztof Dziedzic, and Jerzy Jozwik. "Analysis of Wear Resistance of Borided Steel C45." Materials 13, no. 23 (December 3, 2020): 5529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235529.

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The wear resistance of diffusion coatings in conditions of specific pressures of 3, 7 and 10 MPa was studied. The boride coatings were prepared by means of diffusion methods using C45 steel as the substrate material. Research on the microstructure and redistribution of chemical elements on wear surface of a borided layer was carried out. It was found that the boride coatings should be used under a specific pressure of 7 MPa. It was found that the wear of friction couple coating of steel C45 under specific pressure of 3 MPa proceeds according to the oxidation wear mechanism, while under specific pressures of 7 and 10 MPa the abrasive wear prevails. The wear-induced segregation of atoms in coatings was studied using secondary mass-spectroscopy method (SIMS). Increased C, O, and B concentrations were noticed at the wear surface on depth from 50 to 2000 Å. The secondary wear-induced structure formation on the wear surface resulted in high wear resistance of diffusion borided coatings.

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11

Vorel, Ivan, Filip Vančura, Vít Pileček, Hana Jirková, and Bohuslav Mašek. "Material-technological Modelling of C45 Steel Die Forgings." Procedia Engineering 100 (2015): 714–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.01.424.

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Naveen, E., B. Vijaya Ramnath, C. Elanchezhian, and S. S. Mohamed Nazirudeen. "Influence of organic corrosion inhibitors on pickling corrosion behaviour of sinter-forged C45 steel and 2% Cu alloyed C45 steel." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 695 (February 2017): 3299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.11.133.

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13

KASPRZYCKA, Ewa. "ANTIWEAR PROPERTIES OF MEDIUM-CARBON STEEL WITH Cr/CrN TYPE HYBRID COATING PRODUCED BY THE PVD METHOD." Tribologia 282, no. 6 (December 31, 2018): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8422.

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The paper presents the results of examinations of the structure, and mechanical and antiwear properties of hybrid coatings of the Cr/CrN type, consisting of chromium and chromium nitride, formed on the surface of the C45 medium-carbon steel by the Arc-PVD method. Investigations of the morphology and microstructure of hybrid coatings, as well as of their phase composition were carried out. The studies on mechanical properties included tests on hardness and Young’s modulus using the nanoindentation method. Tests on adhesion were conducted using the scratch-test. Tribological properties (linear wear) of the coatings were performed by means of taper-three rolls test. The investigations showed that the linear wear of the C45 steel samples with the Cr/CrN hybrid coatings is 7–9 times smaller than that of hardened steel samples without any coatings. This indicates the excellent tribological properties of the C45 medium-carbon steel with the Cr/CrN type hybrid coatings deposited by the Arc-PVD method.

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14

Monkova, Katarina, and Peter Monka. "Influence of Deposition and Laser Treatment on Some Characteristics of Medium Carbon Steel." Key Engineering Materials 730 (February 2017): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.730.306.

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The article deals with the influence of WC-Co deposition layer on some properties of steel C45. The coating was obtained by electro spark deposition followed by a laser treatment with three different powers of laser beam. Within experiments the tribological measurements were carried out at which wear resistance and friction coefficient were investigated. The results have shown that the highest coefficient of friction was measured at uncoated steel C45 without laser processing. The micro-hardness has been studied in three various layers of the samples. It can be said that towards the surface micro-hardness is significantly increasing. Maximum value of micro-hardness has shown steel with WC-Co coating, but after laser treatment the micro-hardness slightly decreased. Using point and line analysis, it was possible to find an evidence about mixing of C45 steel with WC-Co coating, i.e. about alloying. Based on results it is possible to say that laser treatment modifies the properties of coats applied in electro spark way along with base material.

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15

Zorc, Matija, Aleš Nagode, Milan Bizjak, and Borut Zorc. "Decarburization of the Carbon Steel C45 During Annealing in Air." Materials and Geoenvironment 65, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rmzmag-2019-0005.

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AbstractIn production it is necessary to achieve conditions that lead to the minimum decarburization of a steel product’s surfaces. In this study, the hypo-eutectoid carbon steel C45 was annealed in air in the temperature range Ta = 600–1100 °C. The annealing times were between ta = ½ h and ta = 2 h. Different decarburizations occurred in different microstructures: ferrite–pearlite (Ta = 600 °C and 700 °C, Ta < AC1, no visible decarburization); ferrite–austenite (Ta = 760 °C, AC1 < Ta < AC3, visible decarburization); austenite at the beginning, ferrite– austenite after the incubation period (Ta = 850 °C, AC3 < Ta < 912 °C, visible decarburization); and austenite (Ta= 950 °C and 1100 °C, Ta> 912 °C, visible decarburization and overheating of steel). The edges were more prone to decarburization and to overheating. Stress relieving, normalizing and annealing before quenching of the steel C45 can be carried out in air.

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Blaoui, M. M., M. Zemri, and A. Brahami. "Effect of Heat Treatment Parameters on Mechanical Properties of Medium Carbon Steel." Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering 22, no. 4 (September 2, 2020): 909–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mme-2018-0071.

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AbstractEngineering materials, mostly steel, are heat treated under controlled sequence of heating and cooling to alter their physical and mechanical properties to meet desired engineering applications. This paper presents a study of the influence of austenitization temperature, cooling rate, holding time and heating rate during the heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties (tensile strength, yield strength, elongation and hardness) of the C45 steel. Specimens undergoing different heat treatment lead to various mechanical properties which were determined using standard methods. Microstructural evolution was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that microstructure and hardenability of the C45 steel depends on cooling rate, austenitization temperature, holding time and heating rate.

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17

Satish, G. Jangali, H. K. Madhusudhana, Bentur H. Nishant, and B. B. Kotturshettar. "Optimising cutting parameters in boring operation for C45 steel." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 872 (June 27, 2020): 012080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/872/1/012080.

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18

Vopát, Tomáš, Jozef Peterka, Vladimír Šimna, and Ivan Buranský. "The Influence of Copy Strategy on the Tool Life of Ball End Mills and Achieved Surface Roughness." Key Engineering Materials 686 (February 2016): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.686.240.

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The article deals with the tool life of ball nose end mills and surface roughness of steel C45 depending on up-copying and down-copying. The cemented carbide and high speed steel was used as tool material. Furthermore, the new and sharpened cutting tools were also compared. In the experiment, the cutting speed, feed rate, axial and radial depth of cut were not changed. The results show different achieved surface roughness of machined material C45 and tool life of ball nose end mills depending on the copy milling strategy for various tool materials.

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19

Wójcik, Łukasz, and Zbigniew Pater. "Comparison Analysis of Cockroft – Latham Criterion Values of Commercial Plasticine and C45 Steel." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ama-2018-0044.

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Abstract The paper presents and compares the results of theoretical and experimental research in the field of cracking of model material (commercial plasticine) and C45 steel in hot forming conditions. The aim of the research was to determine the limit values of the Cockroft-Latham integral for both materials. The presented research methodology includes experimental tests (tensile tests) and numerical simulations carried out in the DEFORM-3D program. For laboratory tests, axially symmetric samples made of C45 steel and model material were used. On the basis of the obtained experimental and numerical results, a comparative analysis of both materials was carried out.

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Bauer, I., and M. Paczkowska. "Effects of laser heat treatment of steel following diffusion chromizing." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 2, no. 83 (August 1, 2017): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7032.

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Purpose: This paper presents the findings of a study of laser heat treatment of C45 steel following diffusion chromizing. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of laser heating of steel subjected on the microstructure of its surface layer. Design/methodology/approach: Diffusion chromizing was conducted at the temperature of 1050°C for 8 hours in a LABOTHERM LH15/14 laboratory furnace. A powder mixture of the following composition was used to produce the layer: Cr2O3 with an addition of Al, kaolin and an activator – ammonium chloride NH4Cl. Diffusion chromizing of C45 steel was followed by laser heat treatment with a dual diode TRUDISK 1000 laser device. The treatment was carried out in four variants with a laser beam of 400 to 900 W. The microstructure of the surface layer was assessed with a scanning electron microscope Tescan Vega 5135. Hardness tests were carried out by the Vickers method on crosswise microsections. The chemical composition of the diffusion layer was assessed by optical emission spectrometry. Findings: The results revealed the presence of a modified surface layer following laser heat treatment in each of the variants. Research limitations/implications: This study focuses on the effect of laser heating of C45 steel subjected to diffusion chromizing on the microstructure of its top layer. Presented research are the first step of the investigation of the surface layer of steel after diffusion chromizing and laser treatment. Next one will be consisted in detailed investigation of microstructure (phases identification) of the achieved surface layer using (among other methods) X-ray diffraction. Practical implications: Laser heat treatment of C45 steel after diffusion chromizing can be applied to parts of machines and devices used in various branches of industry exposed to tribological wear and corrosion. Originality/value: The results of the experiment were affected by the composition of the powder mixture and process parameters of the diffusion chromizing and the laser treatment.

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Marcisz, Ewa, Zbigniew Marciniak, Dariusz Rozumek, and Ewald Macha. "Energy Fatigue Characteristic of C45 Steel Subjected to Cyclic Bending." Key Engineering Materials 598 (January 2014): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.598.147.

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The paper contains the results of fatigue tests under cyclic bending of C45 steel with amplitude of energy parameter control. The tests were performed on the smooth specimens. Based on these tests, energy fatigue characteristic of the tested material was elaborated.

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Berczyński, Stefan, Daniel Grochała, and Zenon Grządziel. "Simulation of the Process of Metal Hardness Measurement by the Rockwell Method." New Trends in Production Engineering 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2018-0081.

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AbstractThe article presents a simulation of metal hardness determination by the Rockwell method. The authors describe a physical model of an indenter and the examined sample built by means of the Nastran FX 2010 program using the finite elements method. The modelling included subsequent stages of indenter loads that follow the procedure used in the method. The verifying calculations were made for the results of C45 steel hardness of approx. 20 HRC. Two methods of hardness measurements were analyzed. A diamond cone was used as an indenting tool in one method, a steel ball in the other. As a result of calculations, spatial maps of elastic and plastic strains and stresses were obtained throughout the process. The hardness results obtained from computer simulations and those from experiments involving C45 steel are similar.

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Kania, H., and K. Nowacki. "Optimization of Chemical Composition of the Mould Powder for Casting Ø 170 mm Billets from C45 Steel." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 2083–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0335.

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Abstract Physico-chemical properties of mould powders and assumed casting parameters for the particular steel grade influence the way of lubricating the surface of the skin of concast billets formed in the mould, as well as heat transfer along its circumference. The paper presents research which main aim was to improve the surface quality of continuous casting round billets (Ø 170 mm) cast from C45 steel. Improvement of the surface quality can be obtained by designing the chemical composition of mould powder for local casting conditions and the technical and technological parameters of CC equipment. Based on the experimental casting from C45 medium carbon steel it was found that there are relationships between the physicochemical properties of mould powder and intensity of skin lubrication and heat transmission to the mould wall.

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Burduhos-Nergis, Diana-Petronela, Gabriel Dragos Vasilescu, Dumitru-Doru Burduhos-Nergis, Ramona Cimpoesu, and Costica Bejinariu. "Phosphate Coatings: EIS and SEM Applied to Evaluate the Corrosion Behavior of Steel in Fire Extinguishing Solution." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 25, 2021): 7802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177802.

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Phosphate coatings are one of the most important methods in preventing metal corrosion, especially iron alloys. The high interest in this method for industrial applications is mainly due to the low costs associated with the phosphating solution component and technological process. Considering this aspect and the advantages offered to the materials (corrosion resistance, good adhesion, wear resistance), this study evaluates the potential of using the phosphate coating method in health and safety applications. Therefore, the deposition of a layer of zinc phosphate on the steel surface used in the manufacture of components for personal protective equipment was approached. Firefighters, during rescue/evacuation operations, use protective equipment for fall arrest, whose accessories (hooks, carabiners) are made of steel. Due to the low corrosion resistance property of carbon steel, these accessories must be replaced frequently. This paper aims to analyze the possibility of improving the corrosion resistance of carbon steel in a fire extinguishing solution. Accordingly, the electrochemical behavior of two different types of coatings was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). In the literature, different corrosion evaluating methods or systems have been considered, and up until now, there has been no previous study to have approached the corrosive behavior of C45, phosphate C45, and painted phosphate C45 immersed in fire extinguishing solution.

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Varanasi, Dheeraj, and Peter Baumli. "Grain boundary behavior of copper with C45 medium carbon steel." Resolution and Discovery 3, no. 2 (December 2018): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2051.2018.00059.

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Li, Han, Yi He, Yi Fan, Wei Xu, and Qiangbin Yang. "Pulse electrodeposition and corrosion behavior of Ni–W/MWCNT nanocomposite coatings." RSC Advances 5, no. 84 (2015): 68890–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra09462c.

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KASPRZYCKA, Ewa, Bogdan BOGDAŃSKI, and Piotr DĄBROWSKI. "TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MEDIUM-CARBON STEEL AFTER NITRIDING COMBINED WITH SUBSEQUENT OXIDATION AND IMPREGNATION." Tribologia 283, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1430.

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The paper presents the results of examinations of tribological and corrosion properties of the layers produced on a C45 medium-carbon steel surface in the gas nitriding process combined with subsequent treatment – oxidation and impregnation of corrosion inhibitor. Investigations of the microstructure of these layers and their phase composition were carried out. Hardness of the layers was measured by Vickers method. Tribological properties (linear wear) of the layers were performed by means of the three-cylinder-cone method. Resistance to corrosion was determined by electrochemical methods. The investigations showed that the linear wear of the C45 steel samples with the layers produced in the combined processes of nitriding with subsequent oxidation and impregnation was smaller than that of steel samples without layers. Moreover, the corrosion resistance of these layers in aggressive solutions containing chloride ions was very good.

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Szala, Grzegorz. "Comments on Linear Summation Hypothesis of Fatigue Failures." Polish Maritime Research 21, no. 3 (October 28, 2014): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2014-0033.

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Abstract This paper presents a comparative analysis of results of fatigue life calculations with the u se of the linear summation hypothesis of fatigue failures (LHSUZ), confronted with experimental test results. Te calculations and fatigue tests were performed for variable amplitude(VA), two-step and ten-step loading conditions, both in the low-cycle fatigue (LCF) and high-cycle fatigue (HCF) range, for the case of C45 steel as an example. Experimental verification of the hypothesis LHSUZ did not revealed any significant influence of load level and form of load spectrum on conformity of results of the calculation by using the LHSUZ, to results of fatigue tests on C45 steel. However, it enabled to assess magnitude of a correction factor which appears in the considered linear hypothesis.

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BAUER, Iwona. "MICROSTRUCTURE AND RESISTANCE TO ABRASIVE AND CORROSIVE WEAR OF A CHROMOSILICONIZED LAYER ON C45 STEEL SUBSTRATE." Tribologia 283, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1486.

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The paper presents the results of investigation of the microstructure and resistance to the abrasive and corrosive wear of a chromosiliconized layer on C45 steel substrate. The chromosiliconizing process was carried out at 1000°C for 6 hours by the powder pack method. Microstructure, chemical and phase composition of the layer as well as surface roughness, thickness, and hardness measurements were carried out. Tribocorrosion tests were conducted with the use of a wear tester composed of three rollers and a cone. The frictional resistance of a chromosiliconized layer was investigated under exposure to a corrosive medium of an aqueous suspension of quartz sand. Chromosiliconizing of C45 steel influenced the resistance to wear of the layers during friction processes in the abrasive and corrosive environment.

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Nedeloni, L., P. C. Pedrali, L. Cîndea, A. V. Petrica, A. M. Budai, I. L. Conciatu, and A. Băra. "Dry sliding wear research on C45 carbon steel, 41Cr4 alloyed steel and X3CrNi13-4 martensitic stainless steel." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 477 (February 18, 2019): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/477/1/012053.

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Barszcz, Marcin, Mykhaylo Pashechko, Krzysztof Dziedzic, and Jerzy Jozwik. "Study on the Self-Organization of an Fe-Mn-C-B Coating during Friction with Surface-Active Lubricant." Materials 13, no. 13 (July 6, 2020): 3025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13133025.

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This paper investigates the friction process between an Fe-based coating and C45 steel with surface-active lubrication, as well as examines the coating surface before and after tribological testing. As a result, it is possible to determine whether the surface undergoes self-organization during friction. Coatings were produced by hardfacing a subeutectic alloy Fe-Mn-C-B modified by silicon, nickel, chromium and copper. Tribological tests were performed using a pin-on-disc tribometer. The pin (coating) and the disc made of steel C45 were subjected to heat treatment (hardening and tempering). The tests were carried out under loads of 3 MPa, 7 MPa and 10 MPa at a constant sliding velocity of 0.4 m/s and a sliding distance of 5700 m using a surface-active lubricant (glycerine oil). Obtained results were compared with the published results of previous tests carried out under the same conditions but under a load of 20 MPa. Obtained microscopic and spectroscopic results demonstrate that that the friction pair materials (the coating made of subeutectic alloy Fe-Mn-C-B modified by Si, Ni, Cr, Cu and C45 steel) and the surface-active lubricant cause self-organization during friction. The friction surface of the coatings has a flay-laminar structure and is covered with triboreaction products. The surface shows the presence of wear-resistant compounds such as oxides, carbides, borides and nitrides.

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Ligaj, Bogdan. "Cumulative Energy of Fatigue Cracking under Variable Amplitude Loading on the Example of C45 Steel." Solid State Phenomena 224 (November 2014): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.224.51.

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The article presents the results of low and high cycle fatigue tests of C45 steel for constant and variable amplitude loading in the stress and energy based approach. Values of the cumulated energy of plastic strain ΣΔWpl for programmed loading (at selected levels of stress amplitude Sa) were found to meet reliability criteria for results obtained in the condition of constant amplitude loading. (R= -1). It was also found that the results obtained in the energy based approach are characterised by a smaller range of relative difference changes (δ(N) = 0,77 to 1,17) than the results obtained in the stress based approach (δ(N) = 0,15 to 1,94). At stress level Sa = 428 MPa, (corresponding to yield point of C45 steel) value δ(N) is similar for the stress based approach and energy based approach.

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SENATORSKI, Jan, Jan TACIKOWSKI, and Paweł MĄCZYŃSKI. "WEAR RESISTANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THERMO-CHEMICALLY TREATED STRUCTURAL STEELS." Tribologia 273, no. 3 (June 30, 2018): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6255.

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The article presents results of investigations of wear resistance by friction, employing the “3 cylinder – cone” method, of selected structural steels subjected to given thermo-chemical treatment, i.e. nitriding, carburizing, and precipitation hardening after nitriding. The investigated steels were C45, 21NiCrMo2, 18HGT, and 41Cr4. These materials, after thermo-chemical treatment undergo metallurgical characteristics of diffusion layers formed on steel. It was observed that proportionality exists between their wear resistance and the value of surface unit loading. Moreover, the friction – wear properties of these layers exhibited certain differences, depending on their microstructure and chemistry.

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Hojny, Marcin, and Mirosław Głowacki. "Mechanical Behaviour of C45 Grade Steel Deformed in Semi-Solid State." Procedia Engineering 10 (2011): 2353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.388.

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Sas-Boca, Ioana Monica, Marius Tintelecan, Dana-Adriana Iluțiu-Varvara, Mariana Pop, Dan Frunza, and Florin Popa. "Research on the mechanical properties of C45/S235JR multilayer steel systems." Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.176.

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36

Kermouche, G., and C. Langlade. "Mechanical nano-structuration of a C45 steel under repeated normal impacts." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 63 (August 8, 2014): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/63/1/012019.

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Chodor, Jaroslaw, and Leon Kukielka. "Numerical analysis of micromachining of C45 steel by single abrasive grain." PAMM 8, no. 1 (December 2008): 10715–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pamm.200810715.

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38

Marcisz, Ewa, Dariusz Rozumek, and Zbigniew Marciniak. "Comparison of C45 Steel Fatigue Characteristics Carried out at Controlled Stress and Energy Parameter, Subjected to Fully Reversed Bending." Solid State Phenomena 224 (November 2014): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.224.33.

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The work presents fatigue characteristics of C45 steel that have been obtained at controlled energy parameter and nominal stress. The tested material has been subjected to fully reversed bending on MZGS-100Ph fatigue test stand.

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Kovačič, Miha, and Robert Jager. "Modeling of occurrence of surface defects of C45 steel with genetic programming." Materiali in tehnologije 49, no. 6 (November 18, 2015): 857–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17222/mit.2013.304.

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Bartkowska, Aneta, Damian Przestacki, and Tadeusz Chwalczuk. "Microstructure, phase composition and corrosion resistance of Ni2O3 coatings produced using laser alloying method." Archives of Mechanical Technology and Materials 36, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amtm-2016-0005.

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Abstract The paper presents the studies' results of microstructure, microhardness, cohesion, phase composition and the corrosion resistance analysis of C45 steel after laser alloying with nickel oxide (Ni2O3). The aim of the laser alloying was to obtain the surface layer with new properties through covering C45 steel by precoat containing modifying compound, and then remelting this precoat using laser beam. As a result of this process the surface layer consisting of remelted zone and heat affected zone was obtained. In the remelted zone an increased amount of modifying elements was observed. It was also found that the surface layer formed during the laser alloying with Ni2O3 was characterized by good corrosion resistance. This property has changed depending on the thickness of the applied precoat. It was observed that the thickness increase of nickel oxides precoat improves corrosion resistance of produced coatings.

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Molenda, Justyna, and Adam Charchalis. "Dependence between Workpiece Material Hardness and Face Lapping Results of Steel C45." Solid State Phenomena 220-221 (January 2015): 743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.220-221.743.

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The high demands required today by manufacturing engineers for machine parts and tools necessitate very precise machining. The finishing processes are an important perspective to be considered today for meeting the goals like parallelism, tolerances, flatness, and smooth surface. These processes are high-precision abrasive processes used to generate surfaces of desired characteristic such as geometry, form, tolerances, surface integrity, and roughness characteristics. A leading importance in this perspective has the lapping process. It leads to a surface with low roughness and high precision. The topographical structure resulting from lapping is very advantageous in sliding joints, because of the high ability of lubricant retention, as well as in nonsliding joints because of the high load-carrying ability. Many materials can be lapped, including glass, ceramic, plastic, metals and their alloys, sintered materials, satellite, ferrite, copper, cast iron, steel, etc.This paper reports the observations of steel C45 elements lapping process results. Workpieces were rollers with diameter 17 mm and height 10 mm placed in the conditioning rings with use of workholdings. Samples were divided to three groups according to their Vicker’s hardness: 160, 440, and 650 HV. After grinding, lapping process was conducted. Experiments were carried out with an angular speed of the lapping plate set at 65 RPM, and lapping velocity was v = 49 m/min. The lapping pressure was provided by dead weights and during experiments executing p = 0.04 MPa. Samples were lapped during 10, 15 and 20 minutes. Abrasive slurry was composed of silicon carbide grains mixed with kerosene and machine oil. Abrasive grains size was F400/17.The material removal rate (MRR) and specimens surface characteristic are studied in the light of workpiece material hardness. Test results show that applied process parameters are the best for steel which hardness is 440 HV. In that case, the lowest values of Raparameter were obtained in conjunction with satisfactory values of material removal rate. It can be also seen, as could be predicted, that lapping time influenced on lapping results. MRR increases and surface roughness decreases with time. The worst lapping results were obtained for normalized steel (160HV). It can be the effect of surface damage, like scratching and grooving by harder abrasive grains.

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Szala, Grzegorz. "The Issue of Low Cycle Fatigue Scope in the Description of Two-Parameter Fatigue Characteristics." Key Engineering Materials 598 (January 2014): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.598.225.

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This paper discusses the issue connected with determination of the low cycle fatigue scope for the two-parameter fatigue characteristics. Low cycle fatigue (LCF) and high cycle fatigue (HCF) evaluation criterion for constructional steel (C45, S355J0 and 41Cr4) has been discussed.

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Liu, Gu, Liu Ying Wang, Wei Wang, and Yong Fa Wu. "Microstructure and Properties of Thermal Sprayed ZrO₂-NiCr Coatings." Materials Science Forum 809-810 (December 2014): 546–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.809-810.546.

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NiCr/ZrO2gradated coatings were obtained on C45 carbon steel by high velocity arc spraying and micro-plasma spraying to improve the mechanical and thermal behaviors of the carbon steel. Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to characterize the microstructure of the prepared composite coatings. Mechanical properties including hardness and bonding strength were also evaluated by microhardness tester and electron tensile tester. The thermal shock behaviors were investigated by quenching the coating samples in cold water from 900 °C and 1100 °C, respectively. The oxidation of NiCr/ZrO2gradated coating and C45 carbon steel substrate were carried out for up to 108 hours in air atmosphere at 1100°C. The oxidation behaviors were investigated after detailed examinations by thermal gravimetric analysis. Experimental results indicate that NiCr/ZrO2gradated coating exhibit a much higher hardness and high temperature oxidation behavior than the substrate. The bonding strength and thermal shock behavior of NiCr/ZrO2are superior to pure ZrO2coating, which could be mainly attributed to the NiCr intermediate graded layer due to the microstructure improvement and relaxation of residual stress concentration.

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Mulewicz, Bartłomiej, Grzegorz Korpala, Jan Kusiak, and Ulrich Prahl. "Autonomous Interpretation of the Microstructure of Steels and Special Alloys." Materials Science Forum 949 (March 2019): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.949.24.

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The main objective of presented research is an attempt of application of techniques taken from a dynamically developing field of image analysis based on Artificial Intelligence, particularly on Deep Learning, in classification of steel microstructures. Our research focused on developing and implementation of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNN) for classification of different types of steel microstructure photographs received from the light microscopy at the TU Bergakademie, Freiberg. First, brief presentation of the idea of the system based on DCNN is given. Next, the results of tests of developed classification system on 8 different types (classes) of microstructure of the following different steel grades: C15, C45, C60, C80, V33, X70 and carbide free steel. The DCNN based classification systems require numerous training data and the system accuracy strongly depend on the size of these data. Therefore, created data set of numerous micrograph images of different types of microstructure (33283 photographs) gave the opportunity to develop high precision classification systems and segmentation routines, reaching the accuracy of 99.8%. Presented results confirm, that DCNN can be a useful tool in microstructure classification.

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Szala, Grzegorz, and Bogdan Ligaj. "Application of hybrid method in calculation of fatigue life for C45 steel (1045 steel) structural components." International Journal of Fatigue 91 (October 2016): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2016.05.015.

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Lipski, Adam. "Rapid Determination of theS-NCurve for Steel by means of the Thermographic Method." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4134021.

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The paper presents a thermographic method of accelerated determination of theS-Ncurve. In the presented method, theS-Ncurve was developed based on energy-related parameter with the assumption of its dependency on the stress amplitude. The tests made on C45 steel and X5CrNi18-10 steel under reversed bending revealed that theS-Ncurve obtained by accelerated thermographic method fits inside the 95% confidence interval for theS-Ncurve obtained from the full test.

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47

Sillekens, W. H., J. H. Dautzenberg, and J. A. G. Kals. "Flow Curves for C45 Steel at Abrupt Changes in the Strain Path." CIRP Annals 37, no. 1 (1988): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-8506(07)61620-5.

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Padgurskas, Juozas, Raimondas Kreivaitis, Raimundas Rukuiža, Valentin Mihailov, Vasile Agafii, Rita Kriūkienė, and Arūnas Baltušnikas. "Tribological properties of coatings obtained by electro-spark alloying C45 steel surfaces." Surface and Coatings Technology 311 (February 2017): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.12.098.

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Ranc, Nicolas, Véronique Favier, Bertrand Munier, Frédéric Vales, Guillaume Thoquenne, and Fabien Lefebvre. "Thermal Response of C45 Steel in High and Very High Cycle Fatigue." Procedia Engineering 133 (2015): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.12.668.

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50

Szkodo, M. "Relationship between microstructure of laser alloyed C45 steel and its cavitation resistance." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 162-163 (May 2005): 410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.02.016.

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Journal articles on the topic 'C45 steel'

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