Academic literature on the topic 'C7 Vertebra'
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Journal articles on the topic "C7 Vertebra"
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Proks, Pavel, Trude Maria Johansen, Ivana Nývltová, Dominik Komenda, Hana Černochová, and Massimo Vignoli. "Vertebral Formulae and Congenital Vertebral Anomalies in Guinea Pigs: A Retrospective Radiographic Study." Animals 11, no. 3 (2021): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030589.
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The objectives of this retrospective study of 240 guinea pigs (148 females and 92 males) were to determine the prevalence of different vertebral formulae and the type and anatomical localization of congenital vertebral anomalies (CVA). Radiographs of the cervical (C), thoracic (Th), lumbar (L), sacral (S), and caudal (Cd) part of the vertebral column were reviewed. Morphology and number of vertebrae in each segment of the vertebral column and type and localization of CVA were recorded. In 210/240 guinea pigs (87.50%) with normal vertebral morphology, nine vertebral formulae were found with constant number of C but variable number of Th, L, and S vertebrae: C7/Th13/L6/S4/Cd5-7 (75%), C7/Th13/L6/S3/Cd6-7 (4.17%), C7/Th13/L5/S4/Cd6-7 (2.50%), C7/Th13/L6/S5/Cd5-6 (1.67%), C7/Th12/L6/S4/Cd6 (1.25%), C7/Th13/L7/S4/Cd6 (1.25%), C7/Th13/L7/S3/Cd6-7 (0.83%), C7/Th12/L7/S4/Cd5 (0.42%), C7/Th13/L5/S5/Cd7 (0.42%). CVA were found in 30/240 (12.5%) of guinea pigs, mostly as a transitional vertebra (28/30), which represents 100% of single CVA localised in cervicothoracic (n = 1), thoracolumbar (n = 22) and lumbosacral segments (n = 5). Five morphological variants of thoracolumbar transitional vertebrae (TTV) were identified. Two (2/30) guinea pigs had a combination of CVA: cervical block vertebra and TTV (n = 1) and TTV and lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LTV) (n = 1). These findings suggest that guinea pigs’ vertebral column displays more morphological variants with occasional CVA predominantly transitional vertebrae.
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Siedlecki, Zygmunt, Kajetan Hadzik, Jakub Woźniak, Emilia Główczewska-Siedlecka, and Maciej Śniegocki. "Surgically Treated Fracture of the C7 Vertebra with Hangman’s Fracture Morphology in a 59-Year-Old Patient – Case Report." Journal of Neurological and Neurosurgical Nursing 14, no. 1 (2025): 43–46. https://doi.org/10.15225/pnn.2025.14.1.6.
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Introduction. Hangman’s fractures are a rare type of cervical spine injury, usually involving the C2 vertebra. However, in exceptional cases, they can affect other cervical vertebrae, including C7. Aim. In this paper, we present a case of an atypical fracture of the C7 vertebra with hangman’s fracture morphology and describe its surgical treatment. Case Report. We present the case of a 59-year-old male with a fracture of the C7 vertebra with a morphology resembling that of a hangman’s fracture, which typically occurs at the C2 vertebra. Hangman’s fractures most often result from hyperextension injuries, whereas, in this case, the fracture occurred due to a fall. The fracture was successfully treated surgically. Stabilisation of C6-C7-Th1 was performed via an anterior approach. Discussion. The instability mechanism in the fracture described in this case involves the separation of the C7 vertebral body from the rest of the vertebra and its apparent subluxation relative to Th1. Thus, the only surgical treatment that ensures the stabilisation of such a fracture is the fusion of C6-C7-Th1, so that the fractured vertebra is fused to both the vertebra above and below. Conclusions. Although C7 fractures can resemble hangman’s fractures in terms of injury mechanism, there are significant anatomical and biomechanical differences. The stabilisation must involve the fractured vertebra and fuse it with the vertebra above and below. (JNNN 2025;14(1):43–46)
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TUFAN, Azmi, and Murat CEL. "ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF FREE HAND C7 PEDICLE SCREWS IN POSTERIOR CERVICAL FIXATION." Annals of Medical Research 30, no. 8 (2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/annalsmedres.2023.06.142.
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Objective: Lateral mass screws are widely used for cervical vertebra fixation. The lateral mass of the C7 vertebra is small in volume. Therefore, the potential risks of biomechanical failure of screws applied to lateral masses makes the pedicle screw a better option for the C7 level. Although cervical pedicle screw application is thought to be a difficult and risky procedure in terms of neurovascular injury, it is actually a very safe method since the a.vertebralis does not pass through the C7 vertebra. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the technical details and screw accuracy of free hand pedicle screw placement in C7 vertebra fixation. Materials and Methods: Forty-six patients (92 screws) who underwent free hand pedicle screw placement in the C7 vertebra due to various cervical pathologies were included in this study. Measurements were made on routinely obtained preoperative and postoperative CT images. Screw malpositions and screw application angles, such as the pedicle screw causing a cortical violation in the bone structure or its progression towards the spinal canal and vertebral foramen, were carefully examined. Results: Postoperative CT imaging revealed grade 2a cortical violation in 6 screws, grade 2b cortical violation in 1 screw, and grade 3 malposition in one screw. Radiculopathy was seen postoperatively in one patient. No vascular injury was observed postoperatively in any patients. Conclusions: Placing a free hand pedicle screw in the C7 vertebra is a successful and safe method. At this point, we see the C7 pedicle screw application as a starting point in the learning curve for the entire cervical region pedicle screwing.
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Zubov, Alexander D., Alexandra A. Berezhnaya, Larisa N. Antonova, and Andrey A. Zubov. "ULTRASOUND FEATURES OF CERVICAL SPINE IN HEALTHY PEOPLE." Kuban Scientific Medical Bulletin 26, no. 2 (2019): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25207/1608-6228-2019-26-2-42-49.
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Aim. In this research, we aimed to study echographic characteristics and normal sizes of the vertebrae and intervertebral discs of the cervical region in healthy individuals.Materials and methods. On the material of 45 healthy volunteers, normal echographic characteristics of the cervical spine were studied using Toshiba Aplio 500 and Toshiba Aplio XG (Japan) scanners equipped with 3.5–5.0 MHz convex sensors and 7.5–12.0 MHz linear sensors.Results. It is found that ultrasound examination from the anterior-lateral access to the right and left allows the C3–C7 vertebral body surfaces facing the sensor to be visualized and their interposition and condition to be evaluated. A new echoanatomical reference point for ultrasonic identifi cation of the level of the cervical vertebra is proposed based on the visualization during the transverse scanning of the carotid artery bifurcation, which corresponds to the C3–C4 intervertebral disc level. The information capacity of the proposed echoanatomical criterion exceeds that for the traditional anatomical criterion used for the C7 vertebra along the sternoclavicular joint by 15.6 ± 5.4%. It is revealed that ultrasound examination provides for a satisfactory visualization of intervertebral discs at a level from C3–C4 to C7–Th1 in the longitudinal and transverse projections, as well as the evaluation of their echostructure and height measurement. The minimum, maximum and average values of the height of intervertebral discs at different levels are given; their dependence on gender, height and body weight of the examined persons is analyzed.Conclusion. It is established that ultrasound examination from the anterior-lateral access is an informative method for investigating vertebral structures at the C3–C7 level. The proposed echoanatomical reference point for C3 and C4 vertebrae allows the ultrasonic identifi cation of the cervical vertebra level to be improved by 15.6 ± 5.4%. The height of the intervertebral disc in healthy persons averages 4.38 ± 0.51 mm and signifi cantly nonlinearly increases from the C3–C4 to C7–Th1 level.
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Rakesh Ranjan, Md. Zahid Hussain, Soni Kumari, Vijay Kumar Singh, and Rashmi Prasad. "The morphology and incidence of the accessory foramen transversarium in human dried cervical vertebrae as well as their clinical significance in the Eastern Indian population." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 13, no. 8 (2022): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v13i8.43777.
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Background: A characteristic feature of the cervical vertebrae (C1–C7) is the presence of a foramen tranversarium on the transverse process. The cervical vertebrae are the smallest in size as compared to the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae and are characterized by a foramen in each transverse process, which is not found in any other vertebra. Except for the seventh cervical vertebra, which transmits only the vertebral vein, this foramen transmits the vertebral artery, vein, and sympathetic nerves (a branch from the cervicothoracic ganglion) in all cervical vertebrae. Any deviation in the development of the foramen transversarium (FT) causes changes in the course, relationships, and structure (stenosis and lumen narrowing) of the vertebral artery and its associated structures. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to establish the location, shape, size, and incidence of accessory FT in dry humancervical vertebrae of Eastern Indian population. Materials and Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted on 170 dry cervical vertebrae (Typical-123 and Atypical-47) of unknown sex and age after getting approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Range, frequencies, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and P value were calculated. P<0.05 was taken as significant. Results: The foramen tranversarium in the transverse process is present in all 170 cervical vertebrae examined. Of the 170 cervicalvertebrae, the accessory FT is found in 24 (14.12%) of the vertebrae. In both typical and atypical cervical vertebrae, the accessory FT is more common on the right side. On the axis vertebra, no accessory FT was found. Conclusion: Understanding the accessary FT and the considerable variation in different cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) in terms of their size, shape, and number of FT are essential for routine spine surgical procedures in the cervical region to avoid post-operative complications. This study is also important for the teaching and acknowledgement of undergraduate and postgraduate students in anatomy as well as in orthopedics, neurosurgery, and radiology departments.
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Baral, Yadu nath, Shrawan Kumar Thapa, Rudra Prasad Marasini, et al. "Morphometric Study of Sub Axial Cervical Spine Pedicles in Nepalese Population." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 20, no. 3 (2023): 697–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v20i3.4282.
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Background: Mal-positioning of cervical screws risks neurovascular injury so, it is necessary to understand cervical pedicle morphology for pedicle screw fixation in the region. The risks of pedicle screw insertion in the cervical spine can be mitigated by a three-dimensional appreciation of pedicle anatomy. The study aims to determine the morphology of the sub axial cervical spine pedicles in Nepalese Population based on computerized tomography. Methods: A cross-sectional study using computerized tomography scans of the spine was made among the randomly selected 87 patients who had visited National Trauma center, Kathmandu, Nepal with vertebral fracture other than cervical vertebrae. Patient was examined as per Advanced Trauma Life support protocol and neurological assessment. Measurement was done from the third cervical vertebra down to the seventh cervical vertebra in computer with standard software in the department of radiology from where all the computerized tomography scan reporting are done. Results: The mean pedicle length ranged from 4.41 mm at C3 to 4.96 mm at C7 where mean pedicle height ranged from 4.64 at C3 to 5.12 at C7. Pedicle length, pedicle height and pedicle width were observed to be statistically significant with gender. The pedicle axial length of C3 and C7 vertebra were found significant with gender. All parameters were found to be greater in male compared to female. Conclusions: The study revealed that pedicle length, pedicle height, pedicle width, pedicle axial length increased from third to seventh cervical however, transverse angulation increased up to fifth vertebra and decreased to seventh vertebra.Keywords: Morphology; sub-axial cervical spine; tomography.
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Dhakal, Arun, P. Adhikari, N. Ranjit, and D. Budhathoki. "Morphometry of Dry Sub Axial Vertebra: A Nepalese Study." Nepal Medical College Journal 23, no. 1 (2021): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v23i1.36228.
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There is paucity in literature describing the morphology of sub-axial vertebra of the local population. Available studies are limited to the body, intervertebral disk, spinal canal and Torg’s ratio of the cervical vertebra. Therefore, the present study aims to document various morphological parameters of sub axial vertebra. Sixty-four dry sub-axial vertebrae of the Nepalese population were studied using Vernier Calipers calibrated to 0.1 mm accuracy. Paired parameters of pedicle, lamina, uncinate process, the distance of the apex of the uncinate process to intervertebral foramen and foramen transversarium were measured. Similarly, unpaired parameters including spinous process length, vertebral foramen anteroposterior width, vertebral foramen transverse diameter and Torg’s ratio were evaluated. Except the height of left lamina of C3 to C6 vertebrae, none of the parameters showed significant side differences. Significant higher values of C7 were noted against C3-C6 on vertebral body height, vertebral body anteroposterior diameter, spinous process length and vertebral foramen anteroposterior diameter. Population data of sub-axial vertebra available in literature showed mixed results with ours. Interestingly, our observations either compared to (lamina, uncinate process, anteroposterior diameter of spinal canal and Torg’s ratio) or were larger (Pedicle and spinous process) than the Indian study with pedicle axis length being largest among all the compared studies. The information of this study may be used as a reference database for our local setting and could be of value in preoperative planning and in designing implants.
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M, Lalit, Piplani S, and Piplani N. "Exploring the Anatomical and Clinical Perspectives of the Vertebra Prominens (C7)." Journal of Human Anatomy 8, no. 1 (2024): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.23880/jhua-16000207.
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The vertebra prominens is unique for its palpable prominence at the dorsum of the neck that serves as a key landmark in both clinical examinations and surgical procedures. Anatomical and morphometric aspects of the vertebra prominens also play a very important role in degenerative, traumatic and neoplastic diseases of the cervical spine and also as a reference point in surgery. This e-book “Exploring the Anatomical and Clinical Perspectives of the Vertebra Prominens” provides an in-depth analysis of its morphological and morphometric components. Dry bone specimens were utilized to measure vertebra prominens’s key parameters, including body dimensions, pedicle, laminae, spinous process, and the diameters of the foramen transversarium and vertebral foramen. Morphological variations of vertebra prominens include differences in the shape, size and presence of the foramen transversarium, bifid or elongated spinous processes, and cervical ribs. Studies on its morphometry highlight variability in the body, foramen transversarium and pedicle dimensions, with implications for conditions such as thoracic outlet syndrome and cervical spine trauma. Ethnic variations have also been reported in these dimensions. Its transitional design reflects the evolutionary balance between stability and mobility in the cervical-thoracic junction. The knowledge of such variations is critical for planning surgical interventions, understanding neurovascular compression syndromes, and enhancing diagnostic precision in cervical spine imaging. These parameters of vertebra prominens(C7) with combined effects of axial computed tomography, provide valuable insights in correct estimation of spinal deformities and are of interest from anatomical, anthropological and medicolegal point of view.
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Uygur, Saygi, Irmak Tekeli Barut, Efekan Doruk, et al. "Subaxial Cervical Vertebra Pedicle Anatomy: A Radiological Morphometric Study." Neurological Sciences and Neurophysiology 42, no. 2 (2025): 40–47. https://doi.org/10.4103/nsn.nsn_158_24.
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ABSTRACT Aim: This radiological morphometric study aimed to investigate the morphometry of the pedicles of subaxial cervical vertebrae (C3–C7) and emphasize the importance of preoperative planning to prevent complications during spinal surgery. Materials and Methods: Computed tomography scans of the subaxial cervical vertebrae of 40 patients without cervical pathology were morphometrically evaluated. Key parameters such as pedicle height, pedicle width, pedicle length, pedicle axial angle, pedicle sagittal angle, and vertebral foramen diameter were measured at each vertebral level (C3–C7). Statistical analysis was performed to identify morphometric differences based on individual vertebral levels and patient demographics, particularly between male and female populations. Results: The study revealed significant variations in the pedicle morphometry between different cervical vertebral levels and between sexes. Notably, the C3 vertebrae exhibited the narrowest pedicles, and female patients had consistently smaller pedicle dimensions than male patients. The pedicle axial and sagittal angles also demonstrated substantial variability, with a decreasing trend from C4 to C7. These variations suggest a high degree of anatomical heterogeneity in the subaxial cervical spine. Discussion: The morphometric differences in subaxial cervical vertebrae, particularly between sexes and individual and vertebral levels, highlight the significance of individualized preoperative planning. Thorough radiological assessment of pedicle anatomy is essential for tailoring surgical approaches and reducing the risk of complications such as neurovascular injury due to pedicle screw misplacement. Conclusion: Our findings underscore the critical need for patient-specific preoperative planning to enhance the accuracy of pedicle screw placement and minimize surgical risks in the subaxial cervical spine.
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Vialle, Emiliano, Luis Herrera, Luiz Roberto Vialle, and Luis Gomes. "FREE-HAND PLACEMENT OF C7 PEDICLE SCREWS: A CADAVERIC STUDY." Coluna/Columna 14, no. 4 (2015): 308–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1808-185120151404152743.
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Objective : To evaluate the accuracy of free-hand pedicle screws placement at the seventh cervical vertebra. Methods : The authors have exposed the cervicothoracic junction of 9 adult cadavers (7 male and 2 female) preserved in formalin from the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad Andina Néstor Cáceres Velásquez, city of Juliaca, Puno - Peru, locating the C7 vertebra based on anatomical parameters. According to previous publications, the entry point for the C7 pedicle was determined as 3-4mm lateral and 5-6mm superior to the center of the lateral mass, and the pedicle was drilled manually and instrumented with 3.5mm screws. After the screws placement, the C7 vertebrae were removed for radiographic analysis. Results : The authors were able to adequately locate the C7 entry point in 12 pedicles (66.6% accuracy), finding a great variability both laterally (2-5mm) and cranially (3-10mm). The angulation in the coronal plane was correct in 13 pedicles (72.3%), despite the incorrect location of the entry point. Angle values in the coronal plane ranged from 38 to 62 degrees. In the sagittal plane angulation, 2 screws were placed in the C6-C7 disc. The midtransversal diameter of the 18 pedicles ranged from 4 to 7mm. Conclusions : The location of the entry point for placement of C7 pedicle screws with pure free-hand technique is very variable due to anatomical differences and the authors recommend some type of guidance for increased safety and accuracy.
Books on the topic "C7 Vertebra"
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Bronemo, Lars. A comparison of the inter- and intra-examiner reliablity of motion palpation of the lower cervical spine (C2-C7) in the oblique posterior lateral direction in sitting and supine positions. Anglo-European College of Chiropractic, 1987.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "C7 Vertebra"
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Akin Saygin, Duygu. "Neck Muscle." In Clinical Anatomy of Muscle a Hand Book for Healthcare Professionals. Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053358862.3.
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The neck region contains very important anatomical structures. It is a very important region from a clinical point of view, and it is very important for doctors, dentists, nurses, health technicians and everyone who provides services in the field to know the neck anatomy. The neck is the body part between the head and the trunk. The neck region is clinically important. The location of the skin lesions should be very well defined and the direction of the fluid in the lymph vessels is very important in skin cancers. The upper border of the neck is formed by the line originated from the external occipital protuberentia and superior nuchal line of the occipital bone at the back, continuing with the mastoid process of the temporal bone on the sides and the basis mandibulae at the front. The lower border of the neck is formed by the league. nuchae posteriorly, the projection of the proc. spinosus of the C7 vertebra, the upper edge of the art. acromioclavicularis and clavicula laterally and the line continuing in front at the manubrium sterni. They are classified as supra-hyoid, sub-hyoid, and muscles located lateral and deep in the neck. In the neck region, 2 large and 6 small neck triangles are defined. Knowing its boundaries and internal structures is clinically very important.
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Grivas, TB, VA Kechagias, and C. Mihas. "Vertebra prominence in women: significance in clinical practice and in surface topography." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti210441.
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A sexual dimorphism (SD) of the “vertebra prominens” was found, namely the 7th cervical vertebra (C7) spinous process (SP) is more frequently longer in men and the 1st thoracic (T1) SP in women.[1] We assume that the cause of this SD is the different anatomy of the anterior upper thoracic region (AUTR) between men and women, due to the presence of the breast. One-hundred forty-two women aged 48.1Âś17 years old, who visited the OPD for neck complaints, were studied. Measures included the age, the relationship of C7 and T1 SP length, documented in three types (type 1= [C7>T1], 2 = [C7 = T1], 3 = [C7 < T1]), the breast size, (small, medium and large), the length ratio of C7/T1 SP and the BMI. Breast size and SP length relationship between C7 and T1 was found to be significantly correlated. The results confirm that the cause of the SD of the SP length of C7 and T1 seems to be the different female AUTR anatomy due to the presence of the breast and it is probably the result of the need of the posterior cervical anatomical structures to compensate for the higher torque created by the female AUTR anatomy. These original findings are useful in clinical examination, in breast oncology, for the plastic surgeons, in terms of implantation of the proper breast size implant, after mastectomies for malignancies but also for aesthetic reasons and the software of all surface topography devices should be adjusted accordingly.
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Cancel M., Villemure I., Moldovan F., and Grimard G. "Effects of in vivo Mechanical loading on extracellular matrix components of the growth plate." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2008. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-58603-888-5-351.
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Clinical evidence demonstrates that mechanical loads are essential to normal longitudinal bone growth, yet if too important these loads can lead to progressive deformities such as adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The controlled synthesis/degradation of growth plate extracellular matrix is essential to regulate normal longitudinal bone growth. A loading device was developed to precisely control a stress of 0.2 MPa applied for two weeks on the seventh caudal vertebra of rats (male, 28 days-old). Three groups were studied: baseline control, sham (loading apparatus installed but no load applied) and loaded groups. Growth modulation was quantified with calcein labeling and three main components of the extracellular matrix were assessed with safranin O coloration (proteoglycans) and immunohistochemistry (type II and X collagens). Average growth rates for C7 vertebra were 39, 33 and 28 &mu;m/day for the control, sham and loaded groups. Compression modulated C7 growth by 29% &lpar;p&lt;0.001&rpar; and 15% &lpar;p&lt;0.05&rpar; as compared to controls and shams respectively. At the extracellular matrix level, no change was observed in the proteoglycans. Nevertheless, the expression of type X and II collagens was reduced in 66% and 83% respectively of the loaded rats. Static compression loading reduces bone growth rate. In vivo, this growth modulation involves remodeling of the extracellular matrix, which could in turn lead to changes in surrounding cellular activities.
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"Chapter 7. Swimming." In Functional Vertebrate Morphology. Harvard University Press, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674184404.c7.
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Marhofer, Peter. "Upper extremity blocks." In Ultrasound Guidance for Nerve Blocks: Principles and Practical Implementation. Oxford University PressOxford, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199547562.003.0009.
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Abstract The brachial plexus is formed by the ventral rami of the spinal nerves C5–Th1. In general, supraclavicular and infraclavicular parts are described. The ventral rami leave the intervertebral foramina posterior to the vertebral artery and, after a short distance in the scalenovertebral triangle (bordered by the longus colli muscle medially, the anterior scalenus muscle laterally, and the dome of the pleura inferiorly), are situated between the anterior and middle scalene muscles – the interscalene space. The first branches are the dorsal scapular and thoracic longus nerves, both of which pierce the middle scalenus muscle to take a dorsolateral course. Subsequently, the roots form a superior (C5/C6), intermediate (C7), and inferior (C8/T1) trunk.
Conference papers on the topic "C7 Vertebra"
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Sadegh, Ali M., and Abraham Tchako. "A Cervical Spine Model to Predict Vertebral Stresses in High Acceleration." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0304.
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Abstract A cervical spine model was developed to investigate the stresses in each vertebra when subjected to high G-z and G-y accelerations. The experimental data used were collected from the biodynamic responses of human volunteers. The model accounts for the biodynamic viscoelastic characteristics of the neck. The results indicated that high stress occurred in C2 and C4 for G-z acceleration cases, while for G-y the high stresses were at C1 and C7.
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Stemper, Brian D., Narayan Yoganandan, and Frank A. Pintar. "Effects of Thoracic Ramping on Whiplash Kinematics." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59447.
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Whiplash injuries result from differential motion between the head and thorax. Experimental investigations using human volunteers and full body cadavers have described thoracic ramping due to interaction with the seatback and straightening of the thoracic spine. The effect of this motion on cervical kinematics has not been investigated. A head-neck computer model was used to determine the effects of thoracic ramping on whiplash kinematics. The model consisted of skull, cervical spine, first thoracic vertebra, intervertebral discs, spinal ligaments, facet joints, and passive musculature, and was subjected to 2.7 m/sec rear impact velocity. Vertical acceleration of T1 was prescribed according to literature. Segmental angulations and region dependent facet joint capsular ligament distractions were obtained from levels C2-C3 through C7-T1 during the time of cervical S-curvature. Maximum capsular ligament distractions during this time occurred in the dorsal region at the C2-C3 level and in the lateral region at the C3-C4 through C7-T1 levels. Increasing magnitudes of T1 ramping decreased segmental angulations and ligament distractions by less than 20% in most cases. Results of the present investigation demonstrated that thoracic ramping may play a secondary role in whiplash kinematics.
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Kumaresan, Srirangam, Phouvadol Khouphongsy, Brian Stemper, et al. "Development of a Biomechanically Analogous Cervical Spine Physical Model." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0077.
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Abstract Physical models of the human cervical spine vertebrae (C3 to C7) were developed based on the geometrical details obtained from 1.0 mm close-up axial computed tomography scans. The vertebrae were constructed using the rapid prototyping technique. Polyurethane rigid foam, pottery plaster and hydrocal white gypsum cement materials with varying strength combinations were used to construct the models. Biomechanical strength tests were conducted on a total of sixty physical vertebral model specimens by compressing to 50% of their initial height using an electrohydraulic testing machine. The stiffness, energy absorbed at failure, force-deflection and stress-strain responses were computed and compared with cadaver experimental data. The mean compressive force sustained by pottery and hydrocal materials compared well with the cadaver experimental data, while the Polyurethane exhibited lower forces.
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Purushothaman, Yuvaraj, Hoon Choi, Narayan Yoganandan, Jamie Baisden, Deepak Rajasekaran, and Davidson Jebaseelan. "Biomechanical Study of Cervical Disc Arthroplasty Devices Using Finite Element Models." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24123.
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Abstract Various types and designs of artificial discs for cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) have been introduced to overcome the disadvantages of the conventional anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different CDA designs on the range of motion (ROM), intradiscal pressure (IDP), and facet force variables with different types of FDA-approved CDA devices under normal physiological loading conditions. A validated three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) of the intact cervical spinal column (C2-T1) was used in the present study. The intact spine model was modified and used for postoperative FE models simulating CDAs implanted at the C5-C6 intervertebral disc space. The normal surgical procedures were used in the simulations. The hybrid loading protocol (intact spine loading: 2 Nm) with a compressive follower force of 75 N was applied at the superior end of the spine. The inferior endplate of C7 vertebra was constrained in all directions. Flexion, extension, and lateral bending loading conditions were simulated in all models: intact spine and models with different CDA devices. At the index level, all CDAs except the Bryan disc showed an increase in motion, and the range of motions at the adjacent levels decreased in flexion, extension, and lateral bending modes. The largest increase in motion occurred during lateral bending. The Bryan disc reduced the segmental motion at the index level under flexion, extension, and lateral bending, and had compensatory increases in motion at the adjacent levels. The intradiscal pressure reduced at the adjacent levels with Mobi-C and Secure-C devices. The Bryan and Prestige LP devices showed increases in the intradiscal pressure at the adjacent levels due to the reduced index level motion (Bryan disc) and the metal-on-metal design (Prestige LP). The facet force increased at the index level in all CDAs, with the highest force with Mobi-C, and this was attributed to its unrestrained design. The facet force generally decreased at the adjacent levels with CDAs, except for the Bryan disc, due to reduced index level motion, and the Prestige LP in lateral bending, likely due to its metal-on-metal design. The present study demonstrates the influence of different CDA designs on the anterior and posterior loading patterns at the index and adjacent levels. In addition, the study validates key clinical observations: CDA procedure is contraindicated in cases of facet arthropathy; and CDA may be protective against adjacent segment degeneration.
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Gaffney, Brecca M., Katrina S. Maluf, and Bradley S. Davidson. "High-Density Surface EMG Biofeedback From the Trapezius for Real-Time Postural Correction." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14764.
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Work-related chronic neck pain is a growing condition in the United States that accounts for 56% to 65% of all occupational disabling injuries [1]. Fifty-four percent of working adults suffer from chronic neck pain within any six-month period and 5% of working adults report that neck pain significantly inhibits daily activities [2]. These conditions have been linked to poor posture in the cervical spine and shoulder [3]. Poor cervical spine posture commonly includes simultaneous extension in the upper vertebrae (C1-C3) and flexion in lower vertebrae (C7-C4). This posture moves the head anterior to the torso and increases the load carried by the upper trapezius (UT) [4]. To maintain this posture, the UT is activated and elevates the scapula. Chronic activation of the UT has been correlated to chronic neck pain [5]. Although there is an apparent correlation between poor posture and neck pain, it is unclear whether neck pain causes poor posture or if poor posture causes neck pain.
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Mollenhauer, L., B. Schulze Gronover, M. Santos, J. Martinez Lopez, and T. H. Gudehus. "Cervical Vertebral Interbody Fusion (C7-T1) Using Combined Transvertebral Compression Screws and a 4-Hole Locking Compression Plate for Surgical Treatment of Diskospondylitis of C7-T1 Intervertebral Disk Space Diagnosed by CT/Myelogram." In Abstracts of the 50th Annual Conference of the Veterinary Orthopedic Society. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1775682.
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