Journal articles: 'Caballi'

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Awinda, Peter O., Robert H. Mealey, Laura B. A. Williams, Patricia A. Conrad, Andrea E. Packham, Kathryn E. Reif, Juanita F. Grause, et al. "Serum Antibodies from a Subset of Horses Positive for Babesia caballi by Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Demonstrate a Protein Recognition Pattern That Is Not Consistent with Infection." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20, no. 11 (September 18, 2013): 1752–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00479-13.

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ABSTRACTTick-borne pathogens that cause persistent infection are of major concern to the livestock industry because of transmission risk from persistently infected animals and the potential economic losses they pose. The recent reemergence ofTheileria equiin the United States prompted a widespread national survey resulting in identification of limited distribution of equine piroplasmosis (EP) in the U.S. horse population. This program identifiedBabesia caballi-seropositive horses using rhoptry-associated protein 1 (RAP-1)–competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA), despiteB. caballibeing considered nonendemic on the U.S. mainland. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the suitability of RAP-1–cELISA as a single serological test to determine the infection status ofB. caballiin U.S. horses. Immunoblotting indicated that sera from U.S. horses reacted withB. caballilysate and purifiedB. caballiRAP-1 protein. Antibody reactivity toB. caballilysate was exclusively directed against a single ∼50-kDa band corresponding to a nativeB. caballiRAP-1 protein. In contrast, sera from experimentally and naturally infected horses from regions whereB. caballiis endemic bound multiple proteins ranging from 30 to 50 kDa. Dilutions of sera from U.S. horses positive by cELISA revealed low levels of antibodies, while sera from horses experimentally infected withB. caballiand from areas whereB. caballiis endemic had comparatively high antibody levels. Finally, blood transfer from seropositive U.S. horses into naive horses demonstrated no evidence ofB. caballitransmission, confirming that antibody reactivity in cELISA-positive U.S. horses was not consistent with infection. Therefore, we conclude that a combination of cELISA and immunoblotting is required for the accurate serodiagnosis ofB. caballi.

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Tamaki, Yoh, Haruyuki Hirata, Noriyuki Takabatake, Sabine Bork, Naoaki Yokoyama, Xuenan Xuan, Kozo Fujisaki, and Ikuo Igarashi. "Molecular Cloning of a Babesia caballi Gene Encoding the 134-Kilodalton Protein and Evaluation of Its Diagnostic Potential in an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 11, no. 1 (January 2004): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.11.1.211-215.2004.

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ABSTRACT A Babesia caballi gene encoding the 134-kDa (BC134) protein was immunoscreened with B. caballi-infected horse serum. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using recombinant BC134 protein could effectively differentiate B. caballi-infected horse sera from Babesia equi-infected or noninfected control horse sera. These results suggest that the recombinant BC134 protein is a potential diagnostic antigen in the detection of B. caballi infection.

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Posnett, E. S., and R. E. Ambrosio. "DNA probes for the detection of Babesia caballi." Parasitology 102, no. 3 (June 1991): 357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000064301.

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A genomic library of Babesia caballi DNA was constructed in the plasmid vector pUC13. The specificity of the clones for B. caballi was established by the lack of hybridization to Babesia equi, Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina and equine DNA. Two probes, pBC11 and pBC191, were isolated that could detect 0·25 ng and 0·125 ng of B. caballi DNA, corresponding to a parasitaemia of 0·12% and 0·06% respectively. pBC191 could detect B. caballi parasites in the blood of an experimentally infected horse as well as in naturally infected horses.

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Torres, Reinaldo, Claudio Hurtado, Sandra Pérez-Macchi, Pedro Bittencourt, Carla Freschi, Victoria Valente Califre de Mello, Rosangela Zacarias Machado, Marcos Rogério André, and Ananda Müller. "Occurrence and Genetic Diversity of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in Chilean Thoroughbred Racing Horses." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (June 7, 2021): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060714.

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This study aimed to serologically and molecularly survey Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in thoroughbred horses from racecourses in Chile. Additionally, the genetic diversity of the positive samples was assessed. A total of 286 thoroughbred horses from the Santiago and Valparaíso racecourses had their serum samples submitted to an ELISA for B. caballi and T. equi, and 457 samples (from the Santiago, Valparaíso, and Concepción racecourses) were tested with nested PCRs for the B. caballi 48 KDa rhoptry protein (RAP-1) and T. equi 18S rRNA genes. Selected RAP-1 and 18S positive products were sequenced to perform phylogenetic and haplotype analyses. An overall seroprevalence of 35.6% was observed for these Chilean racecourses: 23.7% for T. equi, 8.4% for B. caballi, and 3.5% for both agents. Overall, a 53.6% occurrence by nPCR was detected for the three Chilean racecourses: 44.2% for T. equi, 5.4% for B. caballi, and 3.9% for both agents. Phylogenetic analysis of T. equi and B. caballi showed genetic proximity with sequences previously detected in other countries. Haplotype analysis revealed a low diversity among the Chilean sequences, which may have originated from those reported in Brazil, Israel, or Cuba. Babesia caballi and T. equi were detected for the first time in Chilean thoroughbred horses.

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Kappmeyer, Lowell S., Lance E. Perryman, Stephen A. Hines, Timothy V. Baszler, Jonathan B. Katz, Steven G. Hennager, and Donald P. Knowles. "Detection of Equine Antibodies to Babesia caballi by Recombinant B. caballi Rhoptry-Associated Protein 1 in a Competitive-Inhibition Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 7 (1999): 2285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.7.2285-2290.1999.

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A competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) was developed for detection of equine antibodies specific forBabesia caballi. The assay used recombinant B. caballi rhoptry-associated protein 1 (RAP-1) and monoclonal antibody (MAb) 79/17.18.5, which is reactive with a peptide epitope of a native 60-kDa B. caballi antigen. The gene encoding the recombinant antigen was sequenced, and database analysis revealed that the gene product is a rhoptry-associated protein. Cloning and expression of a truncated copy of the gene demonstrated that MAb 79/17.18.5 reacts with the C-terminal repeat region of the protein. The cELISA was used to evaluate 302 equine serum samples previously tested for antibodies to B. caballi by a standardized complement fixation test (CFT). The results of cELISA and CFT were 73% concordant. Seventy-two of the 77 serum samples with discordant results were CFT negative and cELISA positive. Further evaluation of the serum samples with discordant results by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) demonstrated that at a serum dilution of 1:200, 48 of the CFT-negative and cELISA-positive serum samples contained antibodies reactive with B. caballi RAP-1. Four of five CFT-positive and cELISA-negative serum samples contained antibodies reactive withB. caballi when they were tested by IFA. These data indicate that following infection with B. caballi, horses consistently produce antibody to the RAP-1 epitope defined by MAb 79/17.18.5, and when used in the cELISA format, recombinant RAP-1 is a useful antigen for the serologic detection of anti-B. caballi antibodies.

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QABLAN, MONEEB A., MIROSLAV OBORNÍK, KLÁRA J. PETRŽELKOVÁ, MICHAL SLOBODA, MUSTAFA F. SHUDIEFAT, PETR HOŘÍN, JULIUS LUKEŠ, and DAVID MODRÝ. "Infections by Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in Jordanian equids: epidemiology and genetic diversity." Parasitology 140, no. 9 (May 15, 2013): 1096–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013000486.

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SUMMARYMicroscopic diagnosis of equine piroplasmoses, caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi, is hindered by low parasitaemia during the latent phase of the infections. However, this constraint can be overcome by the application of PCR followed by sequencing. Out of 288 animals examined, the piroplasmid DNA was detected in 78 (27·1%). Multiplex PCR indicated that T. equi (18·8%) was more prevalent than B. caballi (7·3%), while mixed infections were conspicuously absent. Sequences of 69 PCR amplicons obtained by the ‘catch-all’ PCR were in concordance with those amplified by the multiplex strategy. Computed minimal adequate model analyses for both equine piroplasmid species separately showed a significant effect of host species and age in the case of T. equi, while in the B. caballi infections only the correlation with host sex was significant. Phylogenetic analyses inferred the occurrence of three genotypes of T. equi and B. caballi. Moreover, a novel genotype C of B. caballi was identified. The dendrogram based on obtained sequences of T. equi revealed possible speciation events. The infections with T. equi and B. caballi are enzootic in all ecozones of Jordan and different genotypes circulate wherever dense horse population exists.

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Nagai, Akiko, Naoaki Yokoyama, Tomohide Matsuo, Sabine Bork, Haruyuki Hirata, Xuenan Xuan, Yinchang Zhu, Florencia G. Claveria, Kozo Fujisaki, and Ikuo Igarashi. "Growth-Inhibitory Effects of Artesunate, Pyrimethamine, and Pamaquine against Babesia equi and Babesia caballi in In Vitro Cultures." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 2 (February 2003): 800–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.2.800-803.2003.

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ABSTRACT Three antimalarial drugs, artesunate, pyrimethamine, and pamaquine, were evaluated for their growth-inhibitory effects against Babesia equi and Babesia caballi in in vitro culture. B. equi was more resistant to pyrimethamine than B. caballi. B. equi was also found to be more sensitive to artesunate and pamaquine than B. caballi. Of the three compounds, pyrimethamine gave the most promise for in vivo effectiveness.

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Ikadai, Hiromi, Xuenan Xuan, Ikuo Igarashi, Shigeyasu Tanaka, Takumi Kanemaru, Hideyuki Nagasawa, Kozo Fujisaki, Naoyoshi Suzuki, and Takeshi Mikami. "Cloning and Expression of a 48-KilodaltonBabesia caballi Merozoite Rhoptry Protein and Potential Use of the Recombinant Antigen in an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 11 (1999): 3475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.11.3475-3480.1999.

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A cDNA expression library prepared from Babesia caballimerozoite mRNA was screened with a monoclonal antibody BC11D against the rhoptry protein of B. caballi merozoite. A cDNA encoding a 48-kDa protein of B. caballi was cloned and designated BC48. The complete nucleotide sequence of the BC48 gene had 1,828 bp and was shown to contain no intron. Southern blotting analysis indicated that the BC48 gene contained more than two copies in theB. caballi genome. Computer analysis suggested that this sequence contained an open reading frame of 1,374 bp with a coding capacity of approximately 52 kDa. The recombinant protein expressed by the vaccinia virus vector in horse cells had an apparent molecular mass of 48 kDa, which was the same as that of the native B. caballi 48-kDa protein. Moreover, recombinant proteins expressed by the pGEX4T expression vector in Escherichia coli as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins were used for antigen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA was able to differentiate very clearly between B. caballi-infected horse sera and B. equi-infected horse sera or noninfected normal horse sera. These results suggest that this simple and highly sensitive test might be applicable to the detection of B. caballi-infected horses in the field.

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Nogueira, Rita de Maria Seabra, Arannadia Barbosa Silva, Tayra Pereira Sato, Joicy Cortez de Sá, Ana Clara Gomes dos Santos, Edvaldo Franco Amorim Filho, Tássia Lopes do Vale, and Gilberto Salles Gazêta. "Molecular and serological detection of Theileria equi, Babesia caballi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in horses and ticks in Maranhão, Brazil." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37, no. 12 (December 2017): 1416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017001200010.

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ABSTRACT: Equine piroplasmosis is a tick-borne disease caused by the intraeytrhocytic protozoans Babesia caballi and Theileria equi. It has been reported as a main equine parasitic disease. In addition, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis, causes a seasonal disease in horses. Both diseases, can be detrimental to animal health. In this sense, blood samples and ticks were collected from 97 horses raised in the microregion of Baixada Maranhense, Maranhão State, Brazil. Serum samples were subjected to Indirect Fluorescence Antibody Test (IFAT) and blood samples and ticks to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to evaluate the infection by Theileria equi, Babesia caballi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. The overall seroprevalence was 38.14%, 18.55% and 11.34% for T. equi, B. caballi and A. phagocytophilum, respectively. The results of PCR from blood samples showed 13.40% and 3.09% positive samples to T. equi and B. caballi, respectively. A total of 170 tick specimens were collected and identified as Dermacentor nitens, Amblyomma cajennense sensu lato and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. It was detected 2.35% (4/170) and 0.59% (1/170) positive tick samples by PCR for T. equi and B. caballi, respectively. All samples were negative to A. phagocytophilum. No statically difference (p>0.05) was observed when gender, age, use of ectoparasiticide and tick presence were analyzed. A BLASTn analysis of the sequenced samples indicated 97 to 100% similarity with T. equi 18S rRNA gene sequences in GenBank and 98 to 100% with B. caballi. Genetic analysis classified the obtained sequences as T. equi and B. caballi cluster, respectively. It can be concluded that these pathogens occur and are circulating in the studied area.

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Braga, Maria do Socorro Costa de Oliveira, Francisca Neide Costa, Débora Regina Maia Gomes, Daniele Rosa Xavier, Marcos Rogério André, Luiz Ricardo Gonçalves, Carla Roberta Freschi, and Rosangela Zacarias Machado. "Genetic diversity of piroplasmids species in equids from island of São Luís, northeastern Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 26, no. 3 (September 2017): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017046.

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Abstract Equine piroplasmosisis, a tick-borne disease caused by the intra-erythrocytic protozoans Babesia caballi and Theileria equi, has economic importance due to the international trade and the increased movement of horses all over the world. The goal of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of phylogenetic diversity of T. equi and B. caballi genotypes among infected equids from São Luís Island, state of Maranhão, northeastern Brazil. Between December of 2011 and June of 2012, EDTA-blood and serum samples were collected from 139 equids (90 donkeys, 39 horses and 10 mules). From 139 serum samples submitted to ELISA assay, IgG antibodies to T. equi and B. caballi were detected in 19.4% (27/139) and 25.2% (35/139), respectively. Among sampled animals, 21.6% (30/139) and 55.4% (77/139) were positive for cPCR assays for T. equi and B. caballi, based on ema-1 and rap-1 genes, respectively. Overall, the T. equi sequences (n=7) submitted to Maximum Likelihood analysis (based on a 18S rRNA fragment of 1700 bp after alignment) grouped into three main groups, which were subdivided in eight clusters. The present work showed that different genotypes of T. equi and B. caballi circulate among equids in Brazil.

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Schein, Fabio Bernardo, Maerle Oliveira Maia, Rute Witter, Arlei Marcili, Lázaro Manoel de Camargo, Valéria Dutra, Luciano Nakazato, et al. "Molecular survey and genetic diversity of piroplasmids in equids from Midwestern Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 27, no. 4 (August 30, 2018): 464–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-296120180048.

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Abstract We evaluated the distribution of piroplasmids in equids from the Mato Grosso state in Midwestern Brazil using molecular methods and the interspecific genetic diversity. For this, 1,624 blood samples of equids from 973 farms were examined by PCR, using primer pairs that amplify a fragment of the genes rap-1 and ema-1 of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi, respectively. For molecular characterization and phylogenetic studies, 13 and 60 sequences of the rap-1 and ema-1 genes, respectively, were used to build a dendogram using maximum parsimony. B. caballi and T. equi were detected in 4.11% and 28.16% of the farms, respectively, and molecular prevalence was 2.74% for B. caballi and 25.91% for T. equi. The location of the farms and animals raised in the Pantanal ecoregion influence the probability of equids testing positive for B. caballi and T. equi . Moreover, age and herd purpose were variables significantly associated with T . equi infection. The sequences of B. caballi presented 1.95% intraspecific variability, contrasting with 2.99% in T. equi. Dendrograms for both species demonstrated the presence of subgroups with high values of support of branches. However, it is not possible to associate these groups with geographic origin and/or ecoregion.

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Sunday Idoko, Idoko, Sharon Tirosh-Levy, Monica Leszkowicz Mazuz, Babagana Mohammed Adam, Bello Sikiti Garba, Daniel Wesley Nafarnda, and Amir Steinman. "Genetic Characterization of Piroplasms in Donkeys and Horses from Nigeria." Animals 10, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020324.

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Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease of equids, caused by the two haemoprotozoal parasites: Theileria equi and Babesia caballi. Nigeria constitutes a major crossroads of animal transport in West Africa and may serve as a factor in EP dissemination in the region. The study aim was to characterize EP parasites in donkeys and horses in northern Nigeria using a molecular approach. Blood was collected from 57 donkeys and 47 horses. EP infection was detected and characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Twenty five donkeys (43.8%) were infected with T. equi, five (8.8%) with B. caballi, three (5.3%) with dual infections. Four horses (8.5%) were infected by T. equi and none by B. caballi. Four of the five known T. equi 18S rRNA genotypes (A, B, C and D) were identified. Theileria equi ema-1 and ema-2 genes were amplified in only 2 and 10 samples, respectively, showing no genetic variation. All B. caballi isolates were classified as rap-1 genotype A1. Twenty-two (42.3%) of the donkeys were positive for anti-T. equi antibodies and 29 (55.8%) were positive for anti-B. caballi antibodies, using immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). The study results demonstrate high genetic variation within T. equi parasites, suggesting that donkeys may be reservoirs of EP parasites in West Africa.

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Huang, Xiaohong, Xuenan Xuan, Rodolfo A. Verdida, Shoufa Zhang, Naoaki Yokoyama, Longshan Xu, and Ikuo Igarashi. "Immunochromatographic Test for Simultaneous Serodiagnosis of Babesia caballi and B. equi Infections in Horses." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 13, no. 5 (May 2006): 553–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.13.5.553-555.2006.

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ABSTRACT An immunochromatographic test for the simultaneous detection of Babesia caballi- and B. equi-specific antibodies (BceICT) was developed using a recombinant B. caballi 48-kDa rhoptry protein (rBc48) and a recombinant truncated B. equi merozoite antigen 2 (rEMA-2t). An evaluation of the ability of the BceICT to detect antibodies in sera from uninfected horses and experimentally infected horses showed high sensitivities and specificities of 83.3% (10/12 sera) and 92.9% (52/56 sera), respectively, for the anti-B. caballi antibody and 94.1% (16/17 sera) and 88.2% (45/51 sera), respectively, for the anti-B. equi antibody. Results from the detection of antibodies in field-collected sera indicated that the BceICT results corresponded with those of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), showing 91.8% correspondence (67/73 sera) for B. caballi and 95.9% correspondence (70/73 sera) for B. equi, and that the BceICT results also corresponded with the ICT for B. caballi and for B. equi, both of which were 98.2% (55/56 sera). The comparable results of the ICT and ELISA and the simplicity and rapidity of the performance of the ICT suggest that the BceICT would be a feasible test for the simultaneous serodiagnosis of both agents of equine babesiosis in the field.

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Hentrich, Brigitte, Reinhard Böse, and Marcus Doherr. "Cryopreservation of Babesia caballi cultures." International Journal for Parasitology 24, no. 2 (April 1994): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7519(94)90033-7.

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Onyiche, ThankGod E., Moeti O. Taioe, Ndudim I. Ogo, Thillaiampalam Sivakumar, Abdullahi A. Biu, Albert W. Mbaya, Xuenan Xuan, Naoaki Yokoyama, and Oriel Thekisoe. "Molecular evidence of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in equines and ticks in Nigeria: prevalence and risk factors analysis." Parasitology 147, no. 11 (June 17, 2020): 1238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182020000992.

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AbstractBabesia caballi and Theileria equi are biological agents responsible for equine piroplasmosis (EP). We conducted a robust and extensive epidemiological study in Nigeria on the prevalence and risk factors of EP. Blood (468, both horses and donkeys) and ticks (201 pools) were screened using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DNA of equine piroplasms was observed in tick pools with B. caballi amplified in Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi only [minimum infection rate (MIR) of 7.6%] while T. equi was observed in R. e. evertsi (MIR, 61.6%), Hyalomma dromedarii (MIR, 23.7%) and H. truncatum (MIR, 50.0%). Overall results showed that 196/468 (41.9%) animals were positive for equine piroplasms (both B. caballi and T. equi). The prevalence for T. equi was 189/468 (40.4%) compared to 7/468 (1.5%) for B. caballi. In the horses and donkeys, respectively, the prevalence for T. equi was (39.9%; 112/281) and (41.2%; 77/187) compared with (1.4%; 4/281) and (1.6%; 3/187) due to B. caballi. Our analysis showed that location (Jigawa state), Talon breed, horses used for work and reproduction, unsatisfactory husbandry practices, contact with other mammals are risk factors that associated positivity to T. equi infection in horses, whilst horses kept on intensive management appeared to be less prone to infection. On the other hand, Jangora breed of donkeys and location (Jigawa state) are risk factors to infection with T. equi in donkeys. Findings suggest the persistence of EP in equids and ticks in Nigeria.

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Tirosh-Levy, Sharon, Monica L. Mazuz, Igor Savitsky, Dana Pinkas, Yuval Gottlieb, and Amir Steinman. "Serological and Molecular Prevalence of Babesia caballi in Apparently Healthy Horses in Israel." Pathogens 10, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10040445.

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Babesia caballi is a tick-borne hemoparasite of equines and one of the causative agents of equine piroplasmosis, which poses a great concern for the equine industry regarding animal welfare and international horse movement. The parasite is endemic in Israel; however, its seroprevalence in the area was never evaluated due to antigenic heterogenicity in the gene used in the commercially available kit. Blood samples were collected from 257 horses at 19 farms throughout the country and screened for the presence of anti-B. caballi antibodies via an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and for the presence of parasite DNA by nested PCR. The seroprevalence of B. caballi was 69.6% and its molecular prevalence was 9.7%. The geographical area, horse’s sex, breed, housing, exposure to ticks, and specifically to Hyalomma marginatum, and co-infection with Theileria equi were found to be significantly associated with serologic exposure in univariable analysis, while the geographical area and horses’ sex remained significant in the multivariable analysis. The results of this study demonstrate a high level of exposure to B. caballi and identify important risk factors for infection. The difference between the serological and molecular prevalence, probably related to parasite clearance, is also highlighted.

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RÜEGG, S. R., P. TORGERSON, P. DEPLAZES, and A. MATHIS. "Age-dependent dynamics of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infections in southwest Mongolia based on IFAT and/or PCR prevalence data from domestic horses and ticks." Parasitology 134, no. 7 (February 19, 2007): 939–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182007002405.

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SUMMARYEpidemiological factors of tick-borne equine piroplasmoses, caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi, were investigated using logistic regression (GLM) and general additive models (GAM) based on the prevalences determined in 510 domestic horses and in ticks in S.W. Mongolia by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and/or multiplex PCR. Prevalences of T. equi and B. caballi in horses were 66·5% (95% CI: 62·1–70·7) and 19·1% (15·6–22·9), respectively by PCR and 78·8% (74·9–82·3) and 65·7% (61·3–69·9) by IFAT. Of 166 ticks analysed from PCR- and IFAT-negative horses 1 was PCR positive for B. caballi and none for T. equi. GAM demonstrated non-linear increasing proportions of T. equi-PCR and -IFAT positive horses with age suggesting persistent infection. In contrast, the B. caballi-PCR prevalence decreased with age despite a concurrent increase in the proportion of IFAT-positive animals suggesting parasite elimination. The tick (Dermacentor nuttalli) burden of the horses increased with age and decreased with advancing season. Geldings were more likely to be infected with, and seroconvert to, T. equi. Neither herd affiliation, date of sample collection nor abundance of tick infestation had a significant influence on parasite prevalence.

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Hornok, S., Renate Edelhofer, G. Földvári, Anja Joachim, and R. Farkas. "Serological evidence for Babesia canis infection of horses and an endemic focus of B. caballi in Hungary." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 55, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 491–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.55.2007.4.8.

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In order to evaluate the seroconversion of horses to Babesia caballi and B. canis in Hungary, blood samples were collected from 371 animals on 23 different locations of the country. The presence of antibodies to B. caballi was screened with a competitive ELISA. All 29 positive samples came from one region (the Hortobágy). The prevalence of infection did not show correlation with sexes, and reached 100% in the age group of 2–5 years. Babesia canis -specific antibodies were demonstrated by IFAT in 6.74% of animals kept in 7 regions. The titres were low or medium level (1:40 to 1:160), indicating that the horses had previously been exposed to this piroplasm, but their infection must have been limited. The highest seropositivity rate was observed in the age group of 3–4 years, and males (stallions and geldings) were significantly more frequently infected than females. However, neither B. caballi nor B. canis could be identified in the peripheral blood samples of infected horses by PCR. Since most of the B. caballi -positive horses remained negative in the B. canis IFAT, whereas seroconversion solely to B. canis was detected in several regions of the country, serological cross-reaction between the two species can be discounted. This is the first serological evidence of horses being naturally infected with B. canis , supporting the view that piroplasms are less host specific than previously thought.

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Idoko, Idoko S., Richard E. Edeh, Andrew M. Adamu, Salamatu Machunga-Mambula, Oluyinka O. Okubanjo, Emmanuel O. Balogun, Sani Adamu, et al. "Molecular and Serological Detection of Piroplasms in Horses from Nigeria." Pathogens 10, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050508.

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Equine piroplasmosis, an economically important disease of equids caused by the hemoprotozoan parasites Theileria equi, T. haneyi, and Babesia caballi, has a worldwide distribution. These parasites are transmitted by ixodid ticks. To improve the detection of horses in Nigeria exposed to piroplasm parasites, 72 horses with variable clinical signs of piroplasmosis were sampled from Northwest and Northcentral Nigeria and tested by nPCR and cELISA. Blood and serum samples were collected from each horse via jugular venesection. Individually, nPCR or cELISA failed to identify all horses exposed to piroplasms. A combination of species-specific nPCR and the OIE-approved T. equi and B. caballi cELISAs enhanced the detection of horses exposed to parasites. The results also demonstrated horses showing abnormal hematology were positive for only T. equi, except for one sample that was coinfected with T. equi and T. haneyi. We also identified ticks collected from some of the horses, with Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi being the most prevalent. This study shows that a larger proportion of horses in the sample set were exposed to T. equi than B. caballi or T. haneyi. Additionally, ticks that have been previously reported as potential vectors for these parasites were found to have infested sampled horses. Further studies are needed to investigate which tick species are competent vectors for Theileria spp. and Babesia caballi in Nigeria.

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OKUBO, K., P. WILAWAN, S. BORK, M. OKAMURA, N. YOKOYAMA, and I. IGARASHI. "Calcium-ions are involved in erythrocyte invasion by equine Babesia parasites." Parasitology 133, no. 3 (June 2, 2006): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182006000436.

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Ethylene glycol bis (β-aminoethylether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) is a chelating agent capable of binding to positively-charged metal ions, including a calcium-ion (Ca2+). Here, we demonstrated the inhibitory effect of the chemical on the in vitro asexual growth of the equine protozoan parasites, Babesia caballi and Babesia equi. The growth of both B. caballi and B. equi was significantly inhibited in the presence of EGTA (IC50=1·27 and 2·25 mM, respectively). Under microscopical observation, increased percentages of extracellular merozoites in the total parasites were detected in both of the cultures treated with high concentrations of EGTA. In contrast, further addition of Ca2+ to the EGTA-treated cultures prevented the parasites from clearing and the percentages of extracellular merozoites from increasing. As for B. caballi, an invasion test using high-voltage pulsing proved that EGTA has an inhibitory effect to their erythrocyte invasion. These results suggest that Ca2+ is involved in erythrocyte invasion by equine Babesia parasites.

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Escande, Françoise, Eric Vallee, and François Aubart. "Pasteurella caballi Infection Following a Horse Bite." Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie 285, no. 3 (February 1997): 440–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0934-8840(97)80010-2.

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AVARZED, Abgaandorjiin, Ikuo IGARASHI, Takumi KANEMARU, Kazuko HIRUMI, Yoshitaka OMATA, Atsushi SAITO, Takashi OYAMADA, Hideyuki NAGASAWA, Yutaka TOYODA, and Naoyoshi SUZUKI. "Improved in vitro Cultivation of Babesia caballi." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 59, no. 6 (1997): 479–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.59.479.

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Böse, Reinhard. "Polyclonal antibody characterization of Babesia caballi antigens." International Journal for Parasitology 24, no. 4 (July 1994): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7519(94)90142-2.

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Costa, Sonia Carmen Lopo, Jéssica de Souza Freitas, Aísla Nascimento da Silva, Luciana Carvalho Lacerda, Rebeca Dálety Santos Cruz, Fábio Santos Carvalho, Maria Julia Salim Pereira, and Alexandre Dias Munhoz. "Frequency and factors associated with Theileria equi, Babesia caballi and Trypanosoma evansi in equids from Bahia (Northeast Brazil)." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 28, no. 1 (March 2019): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-296120180090.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and factors associated to Babesia caballi, Theileria equi and Trypanosoma evansi in naturally infected equids from the northeast Brazil. Blood samples from 569 equids (528 horses, 8 mules, and 33 donkeys) were collected and tested for the presence of DNA of each of these protozoan parasites by PCR. Generalized linear models were used to evaluate risk factors associated with the infection. The frequency of T. equi infection was 83.5% (475/569) - 84.3% in horses, and 73.2% in donkeys and mules. The results of the final model indicated that age (senior group) and animal species (mule and donkey group) were protective factors against this pathogen. The frequency of B. caballi infection was 24.3% (138/569) - 23.5% in horses and 34.1% in donkeys and mules. Age (adult and senior group) was considered a protective factor against B. caballi infection whereas animal species (donkey and mule group) were considered a risk factor for the infection. Trypanosoma evansi infection was not detected in any of animals. Our results suggest that equids from the area studied may be infected earlier in life with the etiological agents of equine piroplasmosis and become asymptomatic carriers.

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Souza, Eline Almeida Rodrigues de, Andreina de Carvalho Araujo, Larissa Célly Souza Regis Pires, Carla Roberta Freschi, Sergio Santos Azevedo, Rosangela Zacarias Machado, and Maurício Claudio Horta. "Serological detection and risk factors for equine piroplasmosis in the semiarid region of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 28, no. 4 (December 2019): 685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612019088.

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Abstract Equine piroplasmosis, an economically important disease in horses, has so far not been reported in Pernambuco state, Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of anti-Babesia caballi and anti-Theileria equi antibodies based on the detection of these agents in equine blood and in ticks on horses in the municipality of Petrolina, Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil. Blood samples were drawn from 393 horses and sera were examined by ELISA. The presence of tick infestations was evaluated, and 101 ticks were subjected to DNA amplification for the detection of Babesia spp. by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). No parasites were detected in the blood smears. Anti-B. caballi and anti-T. equi antibodies were found in 27.2% (107/393) and 34.8% (137/393) horses, respectively. Infestation by Dermacentor nitens was detected in 4.3% (17/393) of the horses. There was no DNA amplification of the agents in ticks. The risk factors for the presence of anti-T. equi antibodies (P < 0.05) were: purebred (P < 0.001), animals older than 156 months (P = 0.014), and the presence of ticks (P = 0.001). No risk factors for B. caballi were identified. This study confirmed the circulation of agents of equine piroplasmosis in the municipality of Petrolina, state of Pernambuco, Brazil.

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Onyiche, ThankGod E., Moeti O. Taioe, Nthatisi I. Molefe, Abdullahi A. Biu, Joshua Luka, Isaac J. Omeh, Naoaki Yokoyama, and Oriel Thekisoe. "Equine piroplasmosis: an insight into global exposure of equids from 1990 to 2019 by systematic review and meta-analysis." Parasitology 147, no. 13 (August 3, 2020): 1411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182020001407.

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AbstractEquine piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease of economic importance, relevant in the international movement of equids. The causative agents are at least two apicomplexan protozoan parasites Babesia caballi and Theileria equi. To date, there is no study that estimates global and regional exposure of equids to EP. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence and heterogeneity of EP using random-effects model. Six electronic databases were searched for publications on EP and assessed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 66 eligible studies published between 1990 and 2019 and representing 24 041 equids were included. The overall pooled prevalence estimates (PPEs) of B. caballi was 22.3% (95% CI 21.7–22.8), while the overall PPE for T. equi was 29.4% (95% CI 28.7–30.0). The overall pooled prevalence due to co-infection with both parasites was 11.8% (95% CI 11.32–12.32). Also, subgroup analysis according to sex, age, diagnostic technique, equid species, region and publication years showed a substantial degree of heterogeneity across studies computed for both B. caballi and T. equi infections in equids. Awareness of the current status of EP globally will alert the relevant authorities and stakeholders where necessary on the need for better preventive and control strategies against the disease.

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CHURCH, S., KE HARRIGAN, AE IRVING, and MM PEEL. "Endocarditis caused by Pasteurella caballi in a horse." Australian Veterinary Journal 76, no. 8 (August 1998): 528–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1998.tb10207.x.

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HANAFUSA, Yasuko, Kyoung-Oh CHO, Takumi KANEMARU, Ryuichi WADA, Chihiro SUGIMOTO, and Misao ONUMA. "Pathogenesis of Babesia caballi Infection in Experimental Horses." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 60, no. 10 (1998): 1127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.60.1127.

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Schwint, O. Nicolas, Massaro W. Ueti, Guy H. Palmer, Lowell S. Kappmeyer, Melissa T. Hines, R. Timothy Cordes, Donald P. Knowles, and Glen A. Scoles. "Imidocarb Dipropionate Clears Persistent Babesia caballi Infection with Elimination of Transmission Potential." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53, no. 10 (July 20, 2009): 4327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00404-09.

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ABSTRACT Antimicrobial treatment of persistent infection to eliminate transmission risk represents a specific challenge requiring compelling evidence of complete pathogen clearance. The limited repertoire of antimicrobial agents targeted at protozoal parasites magnifies this challenge. Using Babesia caballi as both a model and a specific apicomplexan pathogen for which evidence of the elimination of transmission risk is required for international animal movement, we tested whether a high-dose regimen of imidocarb dipropionate cleared infection from persistently infected asymptomatic horses and/or eliminated transmission risk. Clearance with elimination of transmission risk was supported by the following four specific lines of evidence: (i) inability to detect parasites by quantitative PCR and nested PCR amplification, (ii) conversion from seropositive to seronegative status, (iii) inability to transmit infection by direct inoculation of blood into susceptible recipient horses, and (iv) inability to transmit infection by ticks acquisition fed on the treated horses and subsequently transmission fed on susceptible horses. In contrast, untreated horses remained infected and capable of transmitting B. caballi using the same criteria. These findings establish that imidocarb dipropionate treatment clears B. caballi infection with confirmation of lack of transmission risk either by direct blood transfer or a high tick burden. Importantly, the treated horses revert to seronegative status according to the international standard for serologic testing and would be permitted to move between countries where the pathogen is endemic and countries that are free of the pathogen.

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Onyiche, ThankGod E., Keisuke Suganuma, Ikuo Igarashi, Naoaki Yokoyama, Xuenan Xuan, and Oriel Thekisoe. "A Review on Equine Piroplasmosis: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Risk Factors, Host Immunity, Diagnosis and Control." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10 (May 16, 2019): 1736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101736.

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Equine Piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease caused by apicomplexan protozoan parasites, Babesia caballi and Theileria equi. The disease is responsible for serious economic losses to the equine industry. It principally affects donkeys, horses, mules, and zebra but DNA of the parasites has also been detected in dogs and camels raising doubt about their host specificity. The disease is endemic in tropical and temperate regions of the world where the competent tick vectors are prevalent. Infected equids remain carrier for life with T. equi infection, whilst, infection with B. caballi is cleared within a few years. This review focuses on all aspects of the disease from the historical overview, biology of the parasite, epidemiology of the disease (specifically highlighting other non-equine hosts, such as dogs and camels), vector, clinical manifestations, risk factors, immunology, genetic diversity, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

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Kizilarslan, Fatih, Alparslan Yildirim, Onder Duzlu, Abdullah Inci, Zuhal Onder, and Arif Ciloglu. "Molecular Detection and Characterization of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in Horses (Equus ferus caballus) in Turkey." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 35, no. 10 (October 2015): 830–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2015.08.002.

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Davitkov, Dajana, Darko Davitkov, Milos Vucicevic, Ljubodrag Stanisic, Milena Radakovic, Uros Glavinic, and Zoran Stanimirovic. "A molecular and haematological study of Theileria equi in Balkan donkeys." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 65, no. 2 (June 2017): 234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.2017.023.

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Equine piroplasmosis in donkeys has been recognised as a serious problem of major economic importance. The present molecular study is the first investigation of the presence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in Balkan donkeys and of the possible haematological alterations related to it. A total of 70 apparently healthy donkeys from Serbia were included in this study. The overall prevalence of T. equi infection in donkeys tested with multiplex PCR was 50%. There was no B. caballi-positive sample. Infections in donkeys included in this study seem to be associated with decreased red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit and platelet count, and with increased white blood cell count, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. Altered haematological parameters in donkeys can lead to a decrease in working capacity and production performance. Further molecular research and long-term monitoring of equine piroplasmosis is needed in Serbia and throughout Europe.

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Грубіч, П. Ю., А. Ф. Курман, Л. В. Лепета, and Є. А. Пархоменко. "Розробка ПЛР тест-системи для видової ідентифікації збудників бабезіозу тварин." Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, no. 2 (June 28, 2013): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2013.02.27.

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Розроблена система олігонуклеотидних праймерів, що дозволяє ампліфікувати в ПЛР ділянки гену 18S рРНК 6 видів роду Babesia. Наведено особливостіконструювання праймерів та випробування мультиплексної ПЛР тест-системи для ідентифікації представників роду Babesia. Визначені довжини ампліфікованих фрагментів – від 299 до 258 пар нуклеотидів для Babesia canis, Babesia divergens, Babesia caballi, Babesia major, Babesia bovis. Досліджено 342 зразки крові від різних видів тварин і встановлено 100 % збіг із результатами мікроскопічних досліджень. The system of oligonucleotide primers that allow PCR amplified in section 18S rRNA gene 6 species of the genus Babesia. The article presents the features and design of primers tested multiplexed PCR test systems for the identification of the genus Babesia. Yznacheni in amplified fragment length - From 299 to 2 5 8 pairs for Babesia canis, Babesia divergens, Babesia caballi, Babesia major, Babesia bovis. Studied 342 blood samples from different animal species and is 100% coincidence with the results of microscopic studies.

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Bartolomé del Pino, Leticia E., and Aránzazu Meana. "Host and environmental factors as determinants of equine piroplasmosis seroprevalence in Central Spain." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 18, no. 3 (December 29, 2020): e0503. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020183-15315.

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Aim of study: To estimate equine piroplasmosis seroprevalence, identify associated risk factors and assess infection recentness.Area of study: Community of Madrid (Central Spain)Material and methods: Sera from 139 horses and 40 donkeys were examined by cELISA to evaluate Babesia caballi and Theileria equi seroprevalences and examine potential risk factors. They included species, gender, age, breed, colour coat, dedication, external parasite treatments, access to pasture, contact with other species, new introduction, tick infestation, farm altitude, land cover, soil type and climatic zone. A bivariate analysis was performed and significant variables were included in a logistic regression model to examine their independent contribution. In positive samples ELISA inhibition percentiles (EIPs) were used to assess whether infections were old or recent.Main results: True seroprevalence (95% CI), adjusted for test sensitivity and specificity was 19% (13-27) for T. equi and 1% (0-3) for B. caballi. In the bivariate analysis, T. equi seroprevalence varied significantly according to horse and farm-level explanatory variables; high seroprevalence groups generally had high EIPs suggesting recent infection. The multivariable analysis revealed that T. equi seroprevalence increased with age, it was higher in police horses compared to sporting, recreational and breeding animals and in those living in lower altitude where planosol soil type was predominant.Research highlights: T. equi seroprevalence in the area was significantly higher than B. caballi seroprevalence and depends on animal management and environmental factors that affect vector abundance and diversity. Identified risk factors must be considered to improve tick and tick-borne disease control and prevention.

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González Jiménez, Indrid Marcela, Fernando Favian Castro Castro, Fredy Javier Angarita Alonso, and Luis Gabriel Rivera Calderón. "Utilización de PCR para la identificación de Piroplasmosis equina en un criadero de Jamundí (Colombia)." Revista de Investigación Agraria y Ambiental 12, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22490/21456453.3543.

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Contextualización: la piroplasmosis equina es una enfermedad transmitida por garrapatas, causada por protozoarios de la especie Babesia caballi y Theileria equi. Los animales afectados presentan diferentes signos clínicos que incluyen anemia, fiebre, ictericia y depresión. Los equinos infectados con T. equi pueden ser portadores de manera vitalicia del parasito, mientras que aquellos que contraen B. caballi pueden diseminarlo por algunos años hasta finalmente quedar libres de la infección. Vacío de investigación: en Colombia existen pocos estudios sobre el aislamiento e identificación de hemoparásitos en equinos mediante técnicas moleculares como reacción en cadena de la polimerasa. Dentro de estos parásitos se encuentran Babesia caballi y Theileria equi, agentes causantes de la Piroplasmosis una enfermedad de declaración obligatoria por la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE). Propósito del estudio: el objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la Piroplasmosis equina mediante PCR en un criadero localizado en el municipio de Jamundí (Valle del Cauca). Metodología: de un total de 20 ejemplares, divididos en dos grupos, (animales estabulados y animales en potrero), se colectó sangre periférica para realizar frotis teñidos con Wright. Además, se enviaron otras muestras al laboratorio para diagnóstico molecular. Resultados y conclusiones: todas las muestras con Wright fueron negativas a hemoparásitos, sin embargo, por PCR convencional fue posible identificar piroplasmosis. La PCR fue un método sensible y confiable para diagnosticar la enfermedad en un individuo asintomático. Más estudios deben ser realizados en esta región sobre Babesia sp., para identificar sus posibles factores predisponentes y causales, así como para mejorar las medidas de prevención, control y tratamiento.

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Schlater, L. K., D. J. Brenner, A. G. Steigerwalt, C. W. Moss, M. A. Lambert, and R. A. Packer. "Pasteurella caballi, a new species from equine clinical specimens." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 27, no. 10 (1989): 2169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.27.10.2169-2174.1989.

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Avarzed, Abgaandorjiin, Ikuo Igarashi, Daniel T. De Waal, Satoru Kawai, Yukio Oomori, Noboru Inoue, Yoshiyuki Maki, et al. "Monoclonal Antibody against Babesia equi: Characterization and Potential Application of Antigen for Serodiagnosis." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 7 (1998): 1835–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.7.1835-1839.1998.

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Monoclonal antibody (MAb) BEG3 was produced against Babesia equi parasites to define a species-specific antigen for diagnostic use. The MAb reacted with single, paired, and Maltese cross forms of B. equi, and no reaction was observed with this MAb on acetone-fixed Babesia caballi, Babesia ovata, or Babesia microti parasites in the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. Confocal laser and immunoelectron microscopic studies showed that the antigen which was recognized by this MAb was located on the surface of B. equi parasites. This MAb recognized a 19-kDa protein of B. equi antigen and did not react with B. caballi antigen or normal horse erythrocytes in immunoblot analysis. This MAb also significantly inhibited the in vitro growth of the B. equi parasite. Preliminary studies using partially purified antigen, which was separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and recognized by the MAb, suggested that it is a suitable antigen for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detection of anti-B. equi antibodies in naturally infected horse sera.

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Barros, E. M., Í. A. Braga, L. G. F. Santos, T. F. Ziliani, A. L. T. Melo, A. M. C. M. Borges, L. G. Silva, and D. M. Aguiar. "Detecção de Theileria equi e Babesia caballi e anticorpos anti-Ehrlichia spp. em equídeos do Pantanal Mato-Grossense, Brasil." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 67, no. 3 (June 2015): 716–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-7930.

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O presente estudo avaliou equídeos de 19 fazendas da região do Pantanal Mato-Grossense, sendo 121 equídeos testados pela reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR), para detectar fragmentos dos genes dos seguintes gêneros: Babesia, Theileria, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, e Neorickettsia, e pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), para detectar anticorpos anti-Ehrlichia spp. Das amostras testadas na PCR, 17 (14,0%) animais de nove (47,3%) fazendas foram positivos. Das amostras positivas, 16 foram 100% idênticas a sequencias de Theileria equi e uma foi 99% similar à sequência de Babesia caballi, todas disponíveis no GenBank. Pela RIFI, 48 (39,6%) equídeos foram soropositivos para antígenos de E. canis, sendo 40 (83,3%) amostras com títulos de 40 e oito (16,6%) com títulos de 320. Todas as fazendas avaliadas (100%) apresentaram equídeos soropositivos. Os resultados do presente estudo demonstram que T. equi e B. caballi infectam equinos na região, e a presença de anticorpos anti-Ehrlichia spp. indica a circulação de espécies antigenicamente relacionadas aos gêneros Ehrlichia e Anaplasma, apesar de a negatividade nos exames de PCR indicar provável processo crônico desses agentes.

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Sugimoto, C., Y. Kawase, Y. Sako, T. Kakuda, E. Zweigarth, T. Kanemaru, R. Wada, and M. Onuma. "Molecular cloning of Babesia caballi antigen genes and Elisa development." Parasitology International 47 (August 1998): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1383-5769(98)80636-3.

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Ikadai, H., M. D. Martin, H. Nagasawa, K. Fujisaki, N. Suzuki, T. Mikami, N. Kudo, T. Oyamada, and I. Igarashi. "Analysis of a Growth-Promoting Factor for Babesia caballi Cultivation." Journal of Parasitology 87, no. 6 (December 2001): 1484. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3285326.

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Kawai, Satoru, Ikuo Igarashi, Avarzed Abgaandorjiin, Kiyoshi Miyazawa, Hiromi Ikadai, Hideyuki Nagasawa, Kozo Fujisaki, Takeshi Mikami, Naoyoshi Suzuki, and Hajime Matsuda. "Ultrastructural characteristics of Babesia caballi in equine erythrocytes in vitro." Parasitology Research 85, no. 10 (August 24, 1999): 794–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004360050635.

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Böse, Reinhard, Berit Peymann, and Imke Pfeifer Barbosa. "Identification of diagnostic antigens for South American Babesia caballi infections." International Journal for Parasitology 24, no. 2 (April 1994): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7519(94)90034-5.

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Coultous, Robert M., Desmond P. Leadon, Brian R. Shiels, David Sutton, and William Weir. "Investigating the presence of equine piroplasmosis in Ireland." Veterinary Record 187, no. 11 (September 4, 2020): e97-e97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.105937.

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BackgroundEquine piroplasmosis (EP) is a notifiable disease in Ireland and a significant concern to domestic and international equine industries. Information regarding EP presence in Ireland is currently limited. This retrospective surveillance study describes a serological and molecular analysis of blood samples submitted to the Irish Equine Centre for EP testing between January 2013 and April 2016.MethodsFollowing serological testing, seropositive samples were screened using a PCR targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA gene. Amplicon sequences were bioinformatically analysed to identify the parasite species and to assess genetic diversity.ResultsFrom 2099 screened equine blood samples, 2.5 per cent and 1 per cent were seropositive for Theileria equi and Babesia caballi, respectively. T equi DNA was detected in 9 per cent of the seropositive samples while B caballi DNA was not detected in any sample. The T equi DNA sequences displayed no genetic diversity at this locus, in contrast to samples from the UK and from endemic areas.ConclusionDetection of EP-seropositive and parasitaemic horses in Ireland indicates a clear and present health risk to the equine population. It is recommended that owners adopt appropriate biosecurity measures and that clinicians are mindful of this disease as a differential diagnosis.

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OGUZ, B., N. ÖZDAL, M. S. DEGER, and K. BICEK. "Molecular Investigation and Genotyping of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in Horses in Mus Province, Turkey." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 71, no. 4 (January 25, 2021): 2531. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.25932.

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Equine Piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi of the phylum Apicomplexa. In this study, 102 blood samples were randomly collected from the horses in Mus province of Turkey. PCR analysis, gene sequences, and phylogenetic analyses were carried out for detecting the presence and genotypic characteristics of species that cause piroplasmosis. Four (3.9%) of the 102 horses that were examined were found to be positive for T. equi, while B. caballi was not detected. Theileria equi isolates that were detected in the sequence analyses were found to be 100% identical to the isolates that were isolated from the horses in Turkey, the United States, and South Africa as well. In the phylogenetic analysis, all of the isolates were found to cluster with T. equi sequences in the genotype A. This study, in which we revealed intraspecies sequence heterogeneity of the parasite using the 18S rRNA gene region, provides important epidemiological data for equine piroplasmosis. However, we think that determining the characterization of genotypes that are common in different parts of our country is extremely important in terms of developing new diagnostic tools and vaccines.

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Ememe, M. U., O. Onyegbula, F. C. Egwuogu, C. U. Nlebedum, and C. C. Ogbu. "Babesia caballi infection in a 6-month-old colt." Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences 16, no. 1 (March 9, 2018): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v16i1.15.

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Xuan, X., I. Igarashi, A. Avarzed, H. Ikadai, N. Inoue, H. Nagasawa, K. Fujisaki, Y. Toyoda, and N. Suzuki. "Diagnosis of Babesia caballi infection in horses by polymerase chain reaction." Parasitology International 47 (August 1998): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1383-5769(98)81145-8.

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Passos, L. M. F., M. F. B. Ribeiro, P. I. Anderegg, and R. Böse. "Serological diagnosis of Babesia equi and B. caballi in pregnant mares." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 51, no. 6 (December 1999): 527–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09351999000600003.

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IKADAI, H., R. TSUKADA, M. SASAKI, R. TAKASHIRO, N. YOKOYAMA, N. KUDO, I. IGARASHI, and T. OYAMADA. "Molecular characterization of a putative protein disulfide isomerase from Babesia caballi." Parasitology 131, no. 06 (August 15, 2005): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182005008516.

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Heuchert, C. M. S., V. de Giulli Jr, D. F. de Athaide, R. Böse, and K. T. Friedhoff. "Seroepidemiologic studies on Babesia equi and Babesia caballi infections in Brazil." Veterinary Parasitology 85, no. 1 (August 1999): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4017(99)00108-9.

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Montes Cortés, Maria Guadalupe, José Luis Fernández-García, and Miguel Ángel Habela Martínez-Estéllez. "Seroprevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in horses in Spain." Parasite 24 (2017): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2017015.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Caballi'

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