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1
Umeda, K., and D. MacNeil. "Aphid Control in Cabbage Study." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219994.
Full textAbstract:
Aphistar provided the quickest reduction of the aphids after one application and continued residual control for up to 14 DAT-2. Following a second application and reduction of aphids, Pirimor, Provado, Fulfill, Actara, and Metasystox-R provided a varied degree of residual control of aphids between 5 and 14 DAT-2. A comparison of Fulfill rates indicated that the two rates were equally effective at 5 DAT-2 but the lower rate did not offer as long residual control compared to the higher rate. Endosulfan was moderately effective and did not provide acceptable control after 1 week.
2
Kerns, David L., and Tony Tellez. "Baseline Susceptibility of Cabbage Looper to Insecticides." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220013.
Full textAbstract:
Populations of cabbage looper were collected during 1998 from 12 geographical location in the United States, and were assessed for susceptibility to six new insecticides: Alert, Avaunt, Confirm, Intrepid, Proclaim, and Success, and to a standard insecticide, Pounce. There was no detectable evidence indicating insecticide resistance to any of the new insecticides. However, variability in response to Confirm, Proclaim, and Success warrants close resistance monitoring. Cabbage looper response to Pounce was extremely variable, and there was strong evidence for the occurrence of resistance. Populations from Jackson, MS, Sunderland, MA, and Whately, MA all exhibited high levels of resistance to Pounce with resistance ratios of 90.60, 93.50, and 76.30-fold respectively.
3
Umeda, K., G. Gal, and J. Murrieta. "Diamondback Moth Control in Spring Cabbage." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221675.
Full textAbstract:
In a small plot field study, diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella, DBM) in cabbage were not significantly reduced by various insecticide treatments when applied one time during the season. ABG -6406 (Abbott Laboratories), Success® (spinosad, DowElanco), and Kryocide® generally maintained larger -sized DBM larval numbers below or similar to the untreated check at most rating dates. Cabbage treated by Xentari®, Alert® (clorfenapyr, Cyanamid), Confirm® (tebufenozide, Rohm and Haas) and Proclaim® (emamectin benzoate, Novartis) exhibited numbers of larger -sized larvae that exceeded the untreated check at certain rating dates. DBM populations were not consistent during the testing period to allow assessment of treatment differences.
4
Umeda, K., J. Murrieta, and D. Stewart. "Lepidopterous Insect Pest Control with New Insecticides in Cabbage." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221641.
Full textAbstract:
Four experimental insecticides being developed for lepidopterous insect control in vegetable crops were applied on cabbage and demonstrated efficacy against cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni, CL). Chlorfenapyr (Alert®), tebufenozide (Confirm®), spinosad (Success®), and emamectin- benzoate (Proclaim®) reduced the number of larger cabbage loopers following multiple applications. The experimental insecticides were comparable or superior to the commercially available standard treatments of thiodicarb (Larvin®), methomyl (Lannate®), or cryolite (Kryocide®). Evaluations at 7 days after treatment (DAT) showed that Success controlled CL so that no medium to large -sized larvae were observed. Alert, Confirm, and Proclaim were highly effective and less than 0.3 CL/plant were detected. The untreated cabbage had 0.5 to 1.1 CL/plant that were medium to large-sized at various observation dates.
5
Umeda, K., D. MacNeil, and D. Roberts. "New Insecticides for Diamondback Moth Control in Cabbage." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219999.
Full textAbstract:
At 3 days after the first application, RH-2485, Success, Proclaim, Avaunt, and Larvin reduced the total number of diamondback moth (DBM) larvae to less than 2.0 larvae per 10 plants compared to the untreated that had 7.0 larvae/10 plants. Alert, Kryocide, and S-1812 treated cabbage exhibited 4.0 to 5.0 larvae/10 plants and Lannate was intermediate with 2.7 total larvae/10 plants. Following a second application, Success and Proclaim completely controlled DBM for one week. Success, Proclaim, Alert, and Larvin continued to offer very good control of DBM for two weeks after the second application. S-1812 performed similarly to Lannate.
6
Umeda, K., and C. Fredman. "Comparative Efficacy of B.t. Insecticides Against Lepidopterous Pests in Cabbage." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221494.
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Several commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis (Al) insecticides were applied on cabbage and lepidopterous pests including Tricoplusia it (cabbage looper, CL), Spodoptera exigua (beet armyworm, BAW), and Plutella xvlostella (diamondback moth, DBM) were effectively reduced in population. The ten commercial products did not appear to vary significantly in controlling CL, the dominant species present in the cabbage.
7
Umeda, K., and J. Murrieta. "Proclaim® Insecticde Efficacy Against Cabbage Looper in Broccoli Experimental Use Permit Field Study." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221639.
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Proclaim® insecticide (emamectin benzoate, MK -244, Merck Research Laboratories) was applied two times during the broccoli growing season for lepidoperous insect control. The primary pest was cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni CL) and very few beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua). After the second application at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after treatment (WAT), Proclaim reduced the number of CL in the broccoli relative to the untreated check. The number of large larvae observed in the Proclaim treated broccoli was one-half of that found in the untreated broccoli. Proclaim efficacy to reduce CL was comparable to the standard treatment of Larvin® (thiodicarb) plus Asana® (esfenvalerate). At harvest, the Proclaim treated broccoli had 20% infested crowns compared to 28% for the standard treatment and 44% in the untreated.
8
Kerns, David L., and Tony Tellez. "Efficacy of Pyrethroid Insecticides for Cabbage Looper Control in Head Lettuce, 1997." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221662.
Full textAbstract:
Mustang 1.5EW, Ammo 2.5EC, Pounce 3,2EC, Scout X-TRA, and three formulations of Karate were compared for efficacy to cabbage loopers infesting head lettuce in Yuma, AZ Karate and Pounce provided the most consistent cabbage looper control followed by Mustang and Scout X-TRA. Ammo appeared slightly inferior to the other pyrethroids tested. There did not appear to be any obvious differences in the efficacy of the three Karate formulations.
9
Palumbo, John C. "Beet Armyworm and Cabbage Looper in Head Lettuce: Control with Selective and Reduced-Risk Insecticides." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214961.
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Studies were replicated over 2 years to further evaluate the residual efficacy of several selective, reduced-risk compounds that are now registered for use in head lettuce. In most cases, the Success, Proclaim, Avaunt and Intrepid provided excellent seasonal efficacy against beet armyworm and cabbage looper larvae. Their performance at stand establishment and harvest were also examined. Based on the results of these studies and additional trials conducted over the past several years, we now have sufficient information for optimizing their uses in our lettuce pest management program. Because they are uniquely different insecticide chemistries, they can be rotated throughout the season to prevent the rapid buildup of resistance. A table was constructed that offers suggested uses for each compound throughout the season. The results are ultimately are aimed at assisting growers and PCA’s in making sound decisions on choosing compounds for use in controlling beet armyworm and cabbage looper in head lettuce.
10
Kerns, David L. "Efficacy of Biorational Insecticides to Beet Armyworm and Cabbage Looper on Iceberg Lettuce." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221466.
Full textAbstract:
Four tests were conducted evaluating biorational insecticides for control of beet armyworm (BAW) and cabbage looper (CL) on iceberg lettuce. Treatment means for BAW were difficult to separate due to low population densities. The new formulation of Javelin appeared to be the most efficacious Bt overall. However, when Bts were compared on a equal cost/A basis, there were no significant derences among products for CL control. All Bts were comparable to Lannate for CL control. The neem oil extract Align, provided adequate BAW and CL control, and its efficacy at low rates seemed to be slightly enhanced by the addition of Sunspray Ultrafine Oil. Larvin at lower than label recommended rates gave good BAW and CL control as did Javelin. The tank-mix of these two products did not enhance worm control over that of the products used alone. Mustang gave good control of CL but appeared to be slightly weak against BAW.
11
Palumbo, John C. "Temporal and Diagnostic Mortality of Cabbage Looper Larvae to Selective Insecticides in Head Lettuce." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221647.
Full textAbstract:
Several new insecticide chemistries were evaluated and compared with standard chemistries for temporal and diagnostic mortality of cabbage looper in lettuce. Three field bioassays of small and large larval mortality were conducted at pre-thinning, thinning, and postthinning, stages of lettuce. The compounds with translaminar activity (Alert, Success, and Proclaim) appear to be have the most rapid "knockdown activity" with 100% mortality consistently occurring by 1 -2 DAT. Because of their rapid activity, a large proportion of larvae are found dead on the plants. The products that need to be ingested to cause larval mortality (Larvin Confirm, Neemix, Crymax, Cryolite, MP 062) generally varied significantly in temporal mortality and in efficacy against larvae. Unlike the translaminar products, a large proportion of larvae on were often found missing from treated plants. The results of this study provide basic guidelines concerning the activity and assessment of the performance of these materials in the field PCAs and growers will ultimately be able to develop specific use patterns for these materials within their individual lettuce pest management programs.
12
Sprint, Michelle M. "Ocelli and octopamine and their effects on cabbage looper moth flight activity." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71341.
Full textAbstract:
The roles of ocelli and octopamine in regulating the onset, intensity, and duration of cabbage looper moth flight activity were examined. This was achieved by studying the flight activity of control, sham, and anocellate moths with and without octopamine treatment. Sham and anocellate moths were produced by cauterization in last-instar larvae, of ocellar primordial cells for anocellate moths, and of non-involved cells for sham moths. Flight activity of moths was monitored by a computerized actograph under normal light (LD) conditions, under advanced-sunset, and under constant dark (DD) conditions to determine the effect of ocelli on flight activity. The role of octopamine was investigated by treating the three groups of moths topically with octopamine dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and with DMSO alone, and comparing flight activity before and after treatment.
Results support a combined role for ocelli and the compound eyes in determining flight initiation times, and a role for ocelli in determining flight intensity. These roles were more pronounced in males than in females. It was found that the cauterization operation itself decreases flight activity in sham moths.
No evidence was found that supports the existence of an octopamine effect on flight activity in any of the groups of moths when octopamine is topically applied.Master of Science
13
Greenfield, Cassandra Joyce. "Low Fruit Set, Pollen Limitation and the Roles of Birds and Insects in Pollination of Native New Zealand Plants." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5182.
Full textAbstract:
Pollination and fruit set of four species of native New Zealand flowering plant species were examined through two field seasons. Bird exclusion, pollinator exclusion, natural and supplemental pollination treatments were initiated on individuals of Cordyline australis (Cabbage tree), Phormium tenax (Flax), Kunzea ericoides (Kanuka), and Pseudopanax arboreus (Five-finger). The species differed in the self-compatibility as well as in their floral syndrome. No species showed any evidence of pollen limitation, and two species. K. ericoides and P. arboreus set fruit from more than 70% of their flowers. The response of fruit set to treatment in C. australis varied from season to season, with birds appearing important to pollination in the first but not the second field season, while birds were important in pollination across both seasons for P. tenax. K. ericoides was resilient to treatment, setting high fruit set in every treatment, compared to P. arboreus which set high fruit set when pollinators had access, but low when all pollinators were excluded. No trends relating to fruit set or PLI and self-compatibility or floral syndrome were found. That there was no evidence of pollen limitation for any species, despite variation in fruit set from some treatments, indicates that these species are performing well and not at risk of decreased population size due to pollen limitation.
14
Umeda, Kai, and Chris Fredman. "Evaluation of Insecticides for Lepidopterous Insect Pest Control in Cabbage." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214747.
Full textAbstract:
Experimental insecticides MK-244 (Merck), Alert (AC 303630, Cyanamid), and Confirm (RH-5992, Rohm and Haas) demonstrated very good efficacy in reducing the lepidopterous pests including plutell4 xylostella (diamondback moth, DBM) and Tricoplusia at (cabbage looper, CL) in cabbage. The total number of small, medium, and large DBM larvae for all treatments was lower than the untreated at most rating dates. The experimental insecticides compared favorably with commercially available products Lannate®, Larvin®, and Kryocide®.
15
Umeda, Kai, and Chris Fredman. "Evaluation of Insecticides for Aphid Control in Cabbage." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214743.
Full textAbstract:
Experimental insecticides CGA-215944 (Ciba), pyriproxyfen (S-71639, Valent), and RH-7988 (Rohm and Haas) demonstrated very good efficacy in reducing the aphid population in cabbage. Fipronil (Rhone-Poulenc) was not as effective in controlling the aphids relative to the other treatments. Acephate (Orthene®), chlorpyrifos (Lorsban™), and naled (Dibrom®) were highly effective relative to the untreated check.
16
Umeda, Kai, and Chris Fredman. "Admire® Aphid Control in Spring Cabbage." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214753.
Full textAbstract:
Imidacloprid (Admire®) was applied at planting time in anticipation of providing aphid control in cabbage for spring harvest. In three commercially treated cabbage fields, Admire reduced the number of cabbage (Brevicoryne brassicae) and green peach aphids (Myzus persicae). Two rates of Admire, 10 and 20 oz/A appeared to be similar in performance for efficacy against aphids. Depth of placement of Admire in the soil below the seed appears to have some influence on the efficacy and consistency of performance. Much fewer aphids and greater consistency was observed when Admire was placed at 1-inch depth below the seed compared to 3- to 4-inches below the seed.
17
Stirrup, Timothy J. "Induced defence in wild cabbage : integrating genes, volatiles & insect behaviour." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439371.
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18
Warner, Douglas James. "The potential of carabidae in the control of insect pests of winter oilseed rape." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366035.
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19
Henneberry, T. J., Jech L. Forlow, and la Torre T. de. "Cabbage Looper, Tobacco Budworm, and Beet Armyworm Larval Mortalities, Development and Foliage Consumption on Bt and Non-Bt Cottons." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197915.
Full textAbstract:
Tobacco budworm (TBW), Heliothis virescens (F.), larvae were highly susceptible to feeding on Bt cotton leaves or flower buds with 100% and 96% mortality occurring within 4 days, respectively, compared to an average mortality of 95% for cabbage looper (CL), Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), and 57% for beet armyworm (BAW), Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), after 14 days feeding on Bt leaves. Larval weights, of CL and BAW after 7, 10, or 14 days of feeding on Bt leaves were lower compared with those feeding on non-Bt cotton leaves. BAW, CL, and TBW larvae consumed significantly less Bt leaf area per feeding day compared with DPL 5415.
20
Langan, Anthony Mark. "Interactions between insect pests and the size, quality and gas exchange activity of cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea)." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265087.
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21
Camelo, Leonardo De Azevedo. "Floral lures for attract and kill and for seasonal monitoring of alfalfa looper, corn earworm and cabbage looper moths." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2006/l%5Fcamelo%5F060206.pdf.
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22
Akey, D. H., H. M. Flint, and J. R. Mauney. "Application of Zinc Chelate and Ammonium Sulphate Supplements: Increased Damange to Cotton Foliage from Beet Armyworm and Cabbage Looper." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204844.
Full textAbstract:
Foliar applications of zinc as a chelate or sulphate with ammonium sulphate to plots of cotton resulted in beet armyworm infestations with leaf damage that was 2.3 to 3.1 times greater than that in control plots.
23
Hopkins, Richard James. "Cabbage and turnip root flies on resistant and susceptible Brassicas : host selection and chemical interactions." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8367.
Full textAbstract:
During post-alighting behaviour gravid female turnip root fly, D.jloralis, select a plant for oviposition predominantly during the initial landing phase; the cabbage root fly, D.radicum, also utilise the leaf resting phase. The post-alighting behaviour exhibited by D.radicum and D.floralis infers that oviposition site selection is primarily based upon positive stimuli present on the leaf surface. Ranking of four genotypes of plants for antixenotic resistance to oviposition by D.radicum and D.jloralis was found to be the same for both fly species, tested in the laboratory (swede cv Doon Major, most susceptible; kale cv Fribor, most resistant) and varied x80 (D.floralis) and x5 (D.radicum). Field experiments showed that oviposition (which was dominated by D.radicum) varied x2 between plant genotypes (swede cv Doon Major, most susceptible; swede cv GRL aga, most resistant). Testing of Brassica leaf surface extracts, applied to surrogate plants, indicated that leaf surface chemicals strongly influence the site of oviposition of D.floralis. Methanol soluble polar compounds are the most stimulatory element for D.floralis and a fraction which contained aliphatic glucosinolates stimulated oviposition strongly although glucosinolates were not the primary oviposition stimulant. Collaborative experiments indicate that "CIF" (cabbage identification factor) is probably present in this fraction. The concentrations of Brassica root sugars are generally reduced by the damage of both D.radicum and D.floralis and appear to influence larval development. The percentages of plant fibre and lignin in the roots of Brassicas rise following the damage of D.floralis. The concentrations of individual glucosinolates in Brassica roots arc radically altered by the damage of D.floralis and D.radicum. D.floralis damage resulted in a rise in the concentration of aromatic glucosinolates and a fall in the concentration of aliphatic glucosinolates. D.radicum damage generally resulted in an elevated concentration of both aliphatic and aromatic glucosinolates. There was no clear evidence that glucosinolatc profiles were associated with different levels of antibiotic resistance to D.radicum and D.floralis. GRL aga (SCRI breeding line) was consistently resistant to the oviposition and larval feeding of D.radicum and D.floralis both in the laboratory and in the field. It was shown that the use of end-of-season chemical analysis to assess the influence of plant chemistry on insect development or host plant resistance in field experiments and the use of damage indexes based on the percentage of a plant root damaged by D.radicum may be flawed.
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Henneberry, T. J., Jech L. Forlow, la Torre T. de, and J. Maurer. "Pink Bollworm and Cabbage Looper Motalities and NuCOTN 33B (Bt) Cry1Ac Contents in Cotton Fruiting Forms and Leaves on Increasing Numbers of Days after Planning." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197703.
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Studies were conducted to follow seasonal susceptibility of feral pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) larvae to NuCOTN 33B (Bt) and Deltapine (DPL) 5414 in furrow and furrow plus supplementary drip-irrigated cotton field plots. Laboratory bioassays of laboratory - reared PBW larvae to flower buds and bolls and cabbage looper (CL), Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), larval mortality feeding on DPL 5415 and Bt cottons leaves were also conducted. Cry1Ac insect toxic protein contents in the different plant tissue were determined by Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) throughout the season to compare in relation to PBW and CL mortality data. Irrigation type had no effect on PBW or CL larval mortality parameters measured. DPL 5415 bolls had 0.15 feral live larvae per boll and no dead larvae per boll compared with no live and 0.12 dead feral larvae per Bt boll. Whole plant samples showed 0.5 to 8.6% live larvae boll infestations compared to no live PBW life stages and no exit holes for Bt bolls. No PBW larvae survived on day four following bioassay infestation of one-third grown Bt flower buds with PBW neonate larvae as compared to 90% larval survival on DPL 5415 flower buds. Immature bolls harvested in the field and artificially infested with PBW larvae in the laboratory showed averages of 3 to 52% live larvae per boll, all in fourth instar of development, for DPL 5415 bolls compared to no live larvae, no development beyond the first instar, and no exit holes for Bt bolls. Cry1Ac protein level in flower buds were 0.11 to 0.16 ppm and 0.14, 0.11 and 0.05 ppm, in each case, per wet weight gram of boll tissue in bolls during the season. For CL leaf bioassays, larval mortalities after 7 days feeding on Bt leaves were variable ranging from 82 to 94% from node 8 on 61 and 82 days after planting (DAP) to 32, 38 and 7% on leaves from node 16 on 82, 117, and 159 DAP, respectively, and 28 and 6% on leaves from node 24 on 117 and 159 DAP. Cry1Ac amounts were 0.96 and 0.85 ppm (wet wgt per g of Bt leaf tissue), from leaves from node 8 (61 and 82 DAP), 0.53, 0.50 and 0.22 ppm (node 16, 82, 117, and 159 DAP) and 0.44 and 0.18 ppm (node 24, 117 and 159 DAP). Numbers of cotton bolls, lint and seed per acre were significantly greater from plots that were furrow plus drip irrigated as compared to furrow irrigated alone. DPL 5415 and Bt cotton yields were not significantly different.
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Carter, David Gerald. "Insect egg glue : an investigation of the nature and secretion of insect egg glues, with special reference to the human louse, Pediculus humanus and the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris brassicae." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/250982.
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The primary aim of the thesis was to investigate the nature and secretion of insect egg glues. Very little work has been done on this group of secretions, even though they are essential to the survival of a wide range of insect pest species. Knowledge of how they work could lead to the production of repellants or solvents which could be used as non-toxic means of control. Initial studies were performed on the cabbage white butterfly. Histological and histochemical techniques were employed to examine the structure and composition of the glue and glue glands. Separated glue was chemically analysed, and the amino acid composition of major protein components was determined. Butterflies were induced to lay eggs on a variety of surfaces, and the tensile strength of glue deposited in different chemical environments was investigated. The physical structure of the glue was examined. A treatment which destroyed the strength of butterfly glue was identified. Techniques perfected on the butterfly were then applied to the human clothing louse. A detailed examination of the louse reproductive system was carried out, using a combination of dissection, histology, and electron microscopy. The egg laying behaviour of head lice and clothing lice was compared with that reported in other species. The physical structure of the glue was investigated using polarised light and electron microscopy. The structure and formation of louse eggs was examined, including a study of the transmission of symbiotic organisms into developing oocytes. Development of embryos inside the body of the female was observed in some cases, and these were successfully cultured in vitro until they hatched. The respiratory openings of the louse egg were positively identified. The preference of lice for laying eggs on different fabrics was studied. An attempt was made to discourage lice from laying eggs on hair by coating it with Prolong. The possibility of using Prolong as a control method for developing eggs and active stages was assessed. Use of Prolong in combination with wetting agents was also investigated.
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Mkize, Nolwazi. "A contribution to cabbage pest management by subsistence and small-scale farmers in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005342.
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The interaction between farmers, agricultural scientists and extension workers is sometimes overlooked in agricultural entomology. In an attempt to respond to this reality this study examines some foundation of this interaction in relation to the pest management practices of subsistence and small-scale farmers and also highlights the problems that might arise in the implementation of IPM. Problems involving pests occurrence; language barriers; beliefs, knowledge and perception about insects, and visual literacy are examined. The thesis has a two-fold focus, firstly the study of pests on cabbages of subsistence farmers in Grahamstown and secondly a broader focus on other aspects such as cultural entomology, perception of insects and visual literacy specifically in relation to Xhosa speaking people in the Eastern Cape. The most important crop for emergent farmers in the Eastern Cape are cabbages, which have a variety of pests of which diamondback moths and are the most important. Traditional pest management practices tend to influence the development of IPM programmes adopted by these farmers. Eastern Cape farmers apply periodic cropping systems, which had an effect on the population densities of diamondback moth (DBM), other lepidopteran pests and their parasitoids. Considering the maximum population densities of DBM, which were 0.2 - 2.9 larvae/plant, there were no major pest problems. The availability of parasitoids, even in highly disturbed and patchy environments, showed good potential for biological control. Since some extension officers cannot speak the local farmers’ language, a dictionary of insect names was formulated in their language (isiXhosa) to assist communication. Response-frequency distribution analysis showed that the dictionary is essentially complete. The literal translations of some names show that isiXhosa speakers often relate insects to people, or to their habitat or classify them according to their behaviour. Farmers from eight sites in the Eastern Cape were interviewed regarding their knowledge and perception of insect pests and their control thereof. To some extent, farmers still rely on cultural control and have beliefs about insects that reflected both reality and superstition. There is no difference between the Ciskei and Transkei regions regarding insect-related beliefs. Farmers generally lack an understanding of insect ecology. There is a need for farmers to be taught about insects to assist with the implementation of IPM. Leftover pesticides from commercial farms or detergents are sometimes used to manage the pests. When training illiterate or semi-literate farmers, it is important to understand their media literacy so as to design useful graphic and object training media. Generally farmers showed that they either understand graphic or object media depending on the features of the insects being looked at. These findings are discussed with regard to the potential development of IPM training material for subsistence and small-scale farmers in a community.
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Mesmin, Xavier. "La régulation naturelle des insectes ravageurs des cultures légumières et ses conséquences sur la production : quantification du service fourni et recherche de leviers pour son intensification." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSARC134/document.
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Le développement d’une agriculture moins dépendante des pesticides repose en partie sur la maximisation des services écosystémiques. L’objectif principal de cette thèse était de quantifier le service de régulation des insectes ravageurs par leurs ennemis naturels, en conditions expérimentales et en situation de production. Le travail a porté sur les brassicacées légumières soumises aux attaques de ravageurs aériens et souterrains (pucerons et mouche du chou). Nous avons évalué leur nuisibilité pour quantifier les dégâts et dommages qu’ils peuvent générer. Nos résultats confirment la moindre nuisibilité des pucerons par rapport à celle de la mouche du chou. Pour celle-ci, la nuisibilité sur légume-fleur s’exprime non seulement par la mortalité des plants mais aussi par un effet sur leur développement.Nous avons également montré que les prédateurs épigés réduisaient significativement les populations des deux ravageurs, ce qui, pour la mouche du chou, conduit à une baisse conséquente de la mortalité des plants. Enfin, simplifier le travail du sol au printemps n’a pas permis de favoriser les prédateurs hivernant dans la parcelle, ni d’augmenter le service de régulation à court terme. Cependant les prédateurs précoces sont déterminants et doivent être favorisés par des pratiques intra- et péri-parcellaires ciblées. Les connaissances acquises dans ce travail démontrent le potentiel de la lutte biologique par conservation pour une gestion agro-écologique efficace des insectes ravageursDevelopping farming systems that use less pesticides is partly based on the intensification of ecosystem services. The main aim of this thesis was to quantify the insect pest regulation service provided by their natural enemies, both in experimental plots and in farmers fields. We worked on brassicaceous vegetables that are confronted to pest attacks on above- and belowground organs (aphids and the cabbage root fly). We assessed their harmfulness, in order to quantify the injuries and damage these pests can inflict to plants. Our results confirm that aphids are less harmful than the cabbage root fly. On flower vegetables, the latter not only leads to plant mortality but can also slow plant development.We also showed that ground dwelling predators significantly reduce the populations of both pests, leading, for the cabbage root fly, to a strong decrease in plant mortality rate. Finally, simplifying soil tillage in the spring did not favor ground dwelling predators overwintering inside the field and neither did it increase natural regulation service in the short term. However, early ground dwelling predators are fundamental and must be favored by tailored practices both inside and around the fields. The knowledge gained in the present thesis show the potential of conservation biological control for the agroecological management of insect pest populations
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Guthrie, Ruth J. "Patterns of invertebrate distribution and abundance on Cordyline australis in human-modified landscapes." Diss., Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1235.
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Fragmentation of forest habitat by urban and rural development has had profound effects on the distribution and abundance of many native species; however, little is known about the ecological processes driving patterns in community structure (species richness and composition) of host-specialised herbivores in modified habitats. I examined patterns in community structure of 9 specialist and 19 generalist invertebrate herbivores of cabbage trees (Cordyline australis Laxmanniaceae) across a highly-modified landscape. I found that, although species richness of specialists was highest in forest sites, the majority of host-specialised species were not restricted to forest habitats and were as widespread as many generalists. In terms of site occupancy, only two specialist and four generalist species were rare. I show that patterns of species occupancy and abundance reflect differing susceptibility to habitat modification, with landscape-level variation an important predictor of abundance for nearly all species. When species occurrences and life history traits were considered I did not find strong evidence for the importance of dispersal ability, which suggests that habitat variability had a stronger organising effect on the community. In a replicated common garden experiment, I found distinct regional patterns in the community structure of the specialist invertebrates occurring on different phylogenetic groups of C. australis. In contrast, community structure of generalist herbivores did not differ significantly among host genotypes. I speculate these patterns are due to historical changes in the distribution of cabbage trees in the Southern phylogenetic region that caused specialised herbivores to become locally adapted on populations of low genetic diversity following expansion after the last glacial maximum. However, this consistent selection pressure did not occur in the Northern region where C. australis habitat has been more consistently available over the past tens of thousands of years, reflected in higher host genetic diversity. This study has advanced our understanding of the patterns in community structure of an indigenous, host-specialised fauna in a highly modified and fragmented urban and rural landscapes.
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CHIEN-HSUAN, YANG, and 楊千萱. "The Appropriateness of Exhibit Texts: A Case Study of The NPM's Jadeite Cabbage with Insects." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/t9x3bj.
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碩士輔仁大學
博物館學研究所碩士班
102
During the 1900s, museum theories and practices were influenced by the mass communication theory, which regards museums as communication systems. The assumption of museums was that by perfecting the medium of communication (the exhibition or the exhibit), a successful way of conveying messages would take place when visitors visit. However, are messages conveyed successfully? The purpose of this study is to explore what problems exist between the source and the receiver based on the museum communication model which states that “exhibits convey messages to visitors”. Researchers have long been trying to understand what are referred to as “noise and distraction” in each part of the linear communication process through multiple perspectives, but there have been few mentions of the message transmission between the visitors and the exhibits. As such, this study is a qualitative approach to learning more about the influence of the content of text through a case study of the NPM’s Jadeite Cabbage with Insects by participant observations, interviews and exhibit text analysis. The results show that visitors rely heavily on the messages delivered and the interpretations given by the museum in order to understand the exhibit. The case study finds that visitors glean limited learning from the exhibits if the messages, the exhibit texts or the interpretations (1) cannot deliver the real meaning or are inaccurate, and if (2) the information of icon is described inadequately in the context of cultural history. This is why the appropriateness of exhibit texts is crucial for understanding an exhibit. This study is mainly based on the conclusion of the present research and the experiences learned from this case study. It offers suggestions on museum interpretation. First, museums should avoid specific motives for over-interpreting exhibits, such as over-emphasizing the value of cultural heritage or the benefits for publicity. Second, although the texts enhance visitor understanding of the abstract meaning of the exhibits, it also gives room for providing inaccurate information in the content of texts. Third, texts should offer more information on symbols, icon and symbolized meaning, dating back to the context of history. For future researches, this study suggests to examine more closely how visitors interpret an exhibit and the exhibit texts provided based on existing visual analysis theories, and to further explore the difficulties that may arise when visitors attempt to interpret the displayed objects of an exhibit.
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Wu, Peiling, and 吳佩玲. "Tripartite interaction among cabbage, herbivorous insect and a phytopathogenic bacterium." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20324151186119261670.
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碩士國立中興大學
昆蟲學系
93
In Taiwan, cabbage is an important vegetable crop. In the field, cabbage hosts a multitude of attackers, such as white butterfly (Pieris rapae crucivora) and black rot bacterium (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris). The objective of this study was to investigate interaction among cabbage, white butterfly, and black rot bacterium focusing on two main areas: (1) whether the infection of cabbage by the black rot affects the performance of white butterfly, and (2) whether feeding of the white butterfly on cabbage influences the infection rate of the black rot. The results indicated that white butterfly larvae fed on bacteria-infected cabbages had higher survival rate than those fed on healthy cabbages. In contrast, 4th-instar larvae feeding on bacteria-infected leaves decreased relative consumption rate (RCR), total consumption (TC), and approximate digestibility (AD) as compared to those feeding on control leaves. However, the efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) and the efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) for the 4th-instar larvae were higher on bacterial-infected , suggesting that 4th-instar larvae might have better ability to convert infected foliage in to body mass. In addition, the results also indicated that the whit butterfly preferred to feed and oviposit eggs on treated plants. For the test insect feeding on bacterial infection, I found that zero day after insect or mechanical damage, the black rot had lower infection rate on treated than on control cabbages. Infection rates for all treatments, however, were over 50% on the third day after the insect damage. This result suggested that damage may delay bacterial infection only in the early stage. In conclusion, this study revealed that bacteria-infected cabbages might enhance feeding of the white butterfly; however, the white butterfly damage may delay bacterial infection only in the early stage.
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Mkize, Nolwazi. "A contribution to cabbage pest management by subsistence and small-scale farmers in the Eastern Cape, South Africa /." 2003. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/752/.
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Lopez-Gutierrez, E. Rolando. "Analyzing population dynamics of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L., and its parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) using simultaneous measurement of host and parasitoid recruitment rates in the field." 1988. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/3051.
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Tansey, James. "Mechanisms of cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus, resistance associated with novel germplasm derived from Sinapis alba x Brassica napus." Phd thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/700.
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The cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an important pest of brassicaceous oilseed crops, especially canola (Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L.) in North America and Europe. Application of foliar insecticide is the only method currently employed to control C. obstrictus populations; because this approach is environmentally unsustainable, alternatives including host plant resistance have been explored.
White mustard, Sinapis alba L., is resistant to C. obstrictus and was chosen as a potential source of resistance for B. napus oilseed. Interspecific crosses of S. alba x B. napus have produced several lines that are resistant to C. obstrictus feeding and oviposition and yield fewer, lighter-weight weevil larvae that take longer to develop. I investigated potential mechanisms of this resistance, including assessing differences in visual and olfactory cues among resistant and susceptible genotypes, and antixenosis and antibiosis. Determining effects of visual cues associated with host plant resistance required investigation of weevil vision. Deployment strategies for resistant germplasm were assessed to evaluate incorporation of susceptible refugia to promote long-term durability of resistance traits.
Results reported in Chapter 2 indicate that the C. obstrictus visual system is apparently trichromatic and incorporates receptors with response maxima near 350, 450, and 550 nm. Modelling indicated that UV light alone reduced weevil responses but the interaction of yellow and UV light increased responses at a threshold reflectance level of UV. Results reported in Chapter 3 indicated that differences in yellow and UV reflectance among host plant flowers influence host selection in C. obstrictus. Results described in Chapter 4 determine differential attraction to the odours of S. alba and B. napus and among resistant and susceptible accessions. Inferences of the identities of glucosinolates found in varying amounts among susceptible and resistant genotypes suggested that 2-phenylethyl glucosinolate influenced attractiveness. Results described in Chapter 5 indicate differences in adult feeding and oviposition preferences among resistant and susceptible genotypes. Oocyte development, larval biomass and larval development time varied among weevils feeding on resistant and susceptible genotypes. Based on results of Chapter 4, 1-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate was implicated as contributing to antixenosis and antibiosis resistance. Results reported in Chapter 6 describe effects of mixed plots of resistant and susceptible genotypes on weevil spatial distribution and oviposition. These results are consistent with associational resistance and attributed to reduced apparency of susceptible plants in mixtures and antixenosis resistance associated with resistant germplasm.Plant Science
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Brandes, Haiko. "Variation und Vererbung von Glucosinolatgehalt und muster in Grünmasse und Samen von Raps (Brassica napus L.) und deren Zusammenhang zum Befall mit Rapsstängelschädlingen." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0028-8690-5.
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Raps (Brassica napus L.) ist heute die drittwichtigste Ölfrucht weltweit. Einer der Hauptgründe für die große Anbaubedeutung liegt in der Züchtung von Sorten mit niedrigem Gehalt an Glucosinolaten (GSL) im Samen, welche die Koppelnutzung des Öls und des Rapskuchens in der Tierfütterung möglich machte. GSL sind schwefelhaltige, sekundäre Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe und ein Charakteristikum der Familie der Kreuzblütler, zu der Raps zählt. Die Funktion der GSL in der Pflanze wird zusammen mit dem sie abbauenden Enzym Myrosinase als konstitutiver Abwehrmechanismus gegenüber unspezifischen Fraßfeinden gesehen, dem sogenannten Glucosinolat-Myrosinase System. Raps wird aber auch von Schädlingen befallen, die speziell nur Kreuzblütler als Wirtspflanzen akzeptieren. Bei einigen spezialisierten Schädlingsarten der Kreuzblütler konnte gezeigt werden, dass GSL oder ihre Abbauprodukte einen Einfluss auf das Verhalten bei der Wirtspflanzenwahl, bei der Eiablage oder beim Fraß haben können. Es besteht also die Möglichkeit, dass über GSL in der Grünmasse eine quantitative Resistenz gegenüber Schadinsekten vermittelt wird und die genetische Variation von GSL im Rapsgenpool eine natürliche Resistenzquelle darstellt. Jedoch ist die Vererbung der GSL in Blatt und Stängel im Gegensatz zu den GSL im Samen wenig untersucht.
Die Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit bestand daher einerseits in der Evaluierung von GSL-Gehalten und -mustern als potentielle Resistenzfaktoren gegenüber den spezialisierten Rapsschädlingen „Großer Rapsstängelrüssler“ (Ceutorhynchus napi) und „Gefleckter Kohltriebrüssler“ (Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus) und andererseits in einer genetischen Analyse der GSL-Gehalte in Blatt und Stängel. Dazu wurden dreijährige Feldversuche an vier Standorten durchgeführt, in denen 28 genetisch sehr unterschiedliche Genotypen, darunter 15 Rapsresynthesen und 13 ältere und neuere Zuchtsorten hinsichtlich der Variation von GSL-Gehalten und –Zusammensetzungen in Grünmasse und Samen und deren Anfälligkeit gegenüber den beiden Rapsstängelschädlingen evaluiert wurden. Die Daten des Schädlingsbefalls wurden in der Abteilung Agrarentomologie erhoben und entstammen der parallel durchgeführten Dissertation von Schäfer-Kösterke (2015). Um die Selektionsmöglichkeiten auf unterschiedliche GSL-Gehalte in Samen und Grünmasse zu eruieren, wurde die Vererbung von GSL in einem weiteren Experiment mit Hilfe einer DH-Population untersucht. Die Hauptfrage dieser QTL-Kartierung war, inwieweit am GSL-Stoffwechsel beteiligte Genomregionen sich zwischen Stängeln, Blättern und Samen unterscheiden.
In der Auswertung der Versuchsserie zur Variation der GSL konnte für die elf identifizierte GSL eine große genetische Variation mit hohen Heritabilitäten festgestellt werden. Als großer Einflussfaktor auf die GSL-Gehalte der Genotypen erwies sich das Entwicklungsstadium der Pflanzen: Die über 28 Genotypen gemittelten GSL-Gesamtgehalte in der Grünmasse nahmen vom ersten Probenahmetermin von 18 µmol im Schossen zum zweiten auf 4 µmol bei Blühbeginn ab. Weiterhin hatten Samen im Mittel der Genotypen um 47 µmol höhere GSL-Gehalte als die Grünmasse, und Stängel um ca. 3 µmol höhere Gehalte als Blätter. Auch die mittlere GSL-Zusammensetzung der Genotypen unterschied sich deutlich zwischen Samen und Grünmasse, jedoch nicht zwischen den zwei Probenahmeterminen. Zusätzlich hatten Standort und Jahr einen Einfluss, wobei in den Jahren 2012 und 2013 die Standorteffekte größer als die der Jahre waren. Zwischen den Pflanzenteilen Blatt und Stängel bestand eine hohe Korrelation von 0,96 für den GSL-Gesamtgehalt. Zwischen Samen und Grünmasse war die Beziehung für die GSL-Gesamtgehalte mit 0,60 weniger deutlich und für die Gruppe der indolischen GSL mit 0,14 nicht mehr vorhanden. Die komplexe zeitliche und räumliche Verteilung der GSL innerhalb der Pflanze wird im Zusammenhang mit der Bedeutung von Transportprozessen diskutiert.
Bei der Untersuchung der Beziehung zwischen dem Befall durch Stängelschädlinge und GSL stellte sich heraus, dass der natürliche Schädlingsdruck im Freiland mit durchschnittlich 2,6 Rapsstängelrüsslerlarven pro Pflanze und 2,8 Kohltriebrüsslerlarven pro Pflanze sehr niedrig war. Daher konnte eine Differenzierung der Genotypen im Rapsstängelrüsslerbefall nur an einem Standort in den Jahren 2012 und 2013 statistisch abgesichert werden. Für den Kohltriebrüsslerbefall gab es an keinem Standort statistisch absicherbare, genotypische Unterschiede. In den beiden ausgewerteten Umwelten zeigten sich keine signifikanten Beziehungen zwischen GSL-Gesamtgehalt, Alkenyl-GSL, Indol-GSL oder den elf einzelnen GSL und dem Befall mit Rapsstängelrüsslerlarven pro Pflanze. Hauptkomponentenanalysen und Vergleiche zwischen unter-schiedlich stark befallenen Gruppen von Genotypen ließen ebenfalls nicht auf lineare Zusammenhänge zwischen GSL-Gehalten oder -Zusammensetzungen und der Wirtspflanzenpräferenz des Rapsstängelrüsslers oder auch des Stängelfraßes der Larven schließen. Allerdings fiel die Resynthese S30 in beiden ausgewerteten Umwelten durch eine niedrige Anzahl an Rapsstängelrüssler-larven und einen niedrigen Anteil Minierfraß auf. GSL-Zusammensetzung und GSL-Gesamtgehalt von S30 zeigten jedoch keine Besonderheiten.
Für die Kartierung von am GSL-Stoffwechsel beteiligten Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) wurden GSL in Blatt, Stängel und Samen von 120 DH-Linien der DH-Population ‚L16 x Express‘ untersucht. Die beiden Populationseltern L16 und Express unterscheiden sich nicht nur durch unterschiedliche GSL-Gesamtgehalte im Samen (L16 59,0 µmol vs. Express 26,4 µmol) und in der Grünmasse (L16 1,1 µmol vs. Express 6,2 µmol), sondern auch in der relativen Zusammensetzung von Alkenyl- und Indol-GSL (L16 31 % Indol-GSL vs. Express 10 % Indol-GSL). Die über zwei Orte gemittelten GSL-Gehalte der Population waren zum Knospenstadium in der Grünmasse mit 5,4 µmol in Stängeln und 3,7 µmol in Blättern sehr niedrig, zur Reife in den Samen mit 48,6 µmol jedoch hoch. Die Heritabilitäten der Merkmale mit signifikanter genotypischer Variation lagen im Stängel zwischen 0,64 und 0,86, im Blatt zwischen 0,55 und 0,89 und im Samen zwischen 0,70 und 0,98. Die Korrelationen der GSL-Gesamtgehalte zwischen Blatt und Stängel lag bei 0,95, diejenige zwischen Stängel (Blatt) und Samen bei 0,52 (0,53). Die erstellte Kopplungskarte enthielt 4003 SNP-Marker, deren 19 Kopplungsgruppen 2050 centiMorgan abdeckten. Der mittlere Abstand zwischen zwei Markern lag bei 2 cM. Es wurden insgesamt 115 QTL gefunden von denen 49 QTL für die GSL-Gehalte im Samen, 35 QTL für die Gehalte im Stängel und 31 QTL für die Gehalte im Blatt verantwortlich waren. Für aliphatische GSL zeigten sich drei Hauptregionen auf den Kopplungsgruppen A03, C02 und C09. Während auf A03 und C09 QTL aus allen Pflanzenteilen lokalisiert wurden, regulierten die QTL auf C02 spezifisch die Gehalte im Samen. Für Indol GSL-Gehalte von Blatt und Stängel existierten zwei Hauptregionen auf den Kopplungs-gruppen A02 und C07, welche von denen im Samen (auf A03, C02 und C05) getrennt lokalisiert waren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass 1) die Akkumulation von aliphatischen und indolischen GSL durch gentrennte Genomregionen gesteuert wurde, 2) GSL-Gehalte in Blatt und Stängel durch identische Genomregionen kontrolliert wurden und 3) die GSL-Akkumulation im Samen teils von den gleichen Regionen des Genoms wie in Blatt und Stängel, teils aber auch durch für Samen spezifische Genomregionen reguliert wurde.