Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cabernet franc'

In 2009 and 2010 a split, split, split plot experiment with training system, VSP or Smart-Dyson Ballerina (main plot), N, 0 or 33.6 kg/ha (split), crop level, 14.0, 18.7, or 23.4 clusters/m/canopy (split), clone, Cabernet Franc 1,4, 8 and 214 treatments with five replications were established in Union County, Illinois on mature vines. The Smart-Dyson Ballerina training system produced a Ravaz index that was 89% and 28% bigger compared to the VSP respectively in 2009 and 2010. In 2009, the Smart-Dyson Ballerina produced a 80% bigger yield than VSP and in 2010 yield was also larger, but influenced by both training system and crop level. Maintaining a balanced vineyard can increase profit for the grower by up to $6,356.87/ha.

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Guilherme Lanzi Sassaki
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências : Bioquímica. Defesa: Curitiba, 25/02/2016
Inclui referências : f. 90-108
Resumo: Existem poucos trabalhos sobre caracterização de polissacarídeos de vinhos. A estrutura e as quantidades de polissacarídeos liberados dependem do processo de vinificação e podem influenciar as propriedades sensoriais, a qualidade dos vinhos e possivelmente os benefícios para a saúde. No entanto, não foram encontrados na literatura científica, estudos que mostrem alguma relação entre os polissacarídeos encontrados nos vinhos e atividades biológicas, como a anti-inflamatória. Com isso, esse trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização estrutural dos polissacarídeos encontrados em três tipos de vinhos: Cabernet Franc (ACF), Cabernet Sauvignon (ACS) e Sauvignon Blanc (ASB) e avaliação da capacidade das amostras estudadas de inibirem mediadores inflamatórios in vitro. Os vinhos foram concentrados e os polissacarídeos foram obtidos por meio de precipitação etanólica seguida de centrifugação, diálise, liofilização, congelamento e degelo, precipitação de Fehling e fracionamento por coluna de troca iônica. Os polissacarídeos foram caracterizados estruturalmente por métodos químicos, por ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) 1D e 2D de 1H e 13C, cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas de ionização eletrônica (GC-MS), análise de metilação e cromatrografia líquida de exclusão estérica acoplada à índice de refração de espalhamento de luz laser em multiângulos (HPSEC-MALLS). Os rendimentos dos polissacarídeos dos vinhos foram: 0,16% (ACF), 0,05% (ACS) e 0,02% (ASB). A composição monossacarídica mostrou a presença de Gal, Ara, Rha, GalA, Glc, 2-O-metil-Xyl, 2-O-metil-Fuc e Man em diferentes concentrações. Todas as frações apresentaram teor de <1% de proteínas. As frações apresentaram um perfil de eluição heterogênea em HPSEC-MALLS, sugerindo uma mistura de polissacarídeos. Através da RMN heteronuclear de 2D-HSQC e a análise de metilação foi possível identificar a presença de arabinogalactanas do tipo II, ramnogalacturananas do tipo I e II, mananas e dextrinas. O potencial anti-inflamatório dos polissacarídeos foi avaliado através da inibição de NF-?B em células RAW-Blue. Todas as frações estudadas apresentaram propriedade anti-inflamatória quando testadas in vitro na dose 100 ?g/mL. Os resultados das análises químicas, espectrométricas e espectroscópicas forneceram um "fingerprint" molecular para os polissacarídeos de cada tipo vinho, uma vez que os polissacarídeos dos vinhos apresentaram rendimentos e quantidades diferentes, podendo auxiliar na determinação de uma assinatura dos vinhos analisados. Palavras-chave: vinhos, polissacarídeos, inflamação.
Abstract: There are few works about characterization of polysaccharides of wines. The structure and amounts of polysaccharides released depend on the wine-making process and can influence the sensory properties, quality of the wines and benefits for health. However, there were not found in scientific literature, studies showing a relationship between the polysaccharides found in wines and biological activities. This work aimed structural characterization of the polysaccharides found in three types of wines: Cabernet Franc (ACF), Cabernet Sauvignon (ACS) and Sauvignon Blanc (ASB). The wines were concentrated and the polysaccharides were obtained via ethanolic precipitation followed centrifugation, dialysis, freeze dry, freezing-thawing, fehling precipitation and fractionation with ion exchange columnn. The polysaccharides have been characterized structurally by chemical methods, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 1D and 2D ¹H and ¹³C NMR, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry electron ionization (GC-MS), methylation analysis and liquid cromatrografia coupled steric exclusion the laser light scattering refractive index in multi angles (HPSEC-MALLS). The anti-inflammatory potential of the polysaccharides through inhibition of NF-?B in Raw-Blue cells. Polysaccharide yields were: 0,16% (ACF), 0,05% (ACS) and 0,02% (ASB). The fractions showed monosaccharide composition containing Ara, Rha, GalA, Glc, Gal, Man, Xyl e Fuc in different concentrations. All fractions have <1% content of protein. All the samples showed a heterogeneous elution profile, suggesting the presence of polysaccharide mixture. By heteronuclear NMR 2D-HSQC and methylation analysis was possible to identify the presence of type II arabinogalactan, type I and II rhamnogalacturanans, mannans, and dextrins. The anti-inflammatory potential of the polysaccharides was evaluated through the inhibition of NF-?B in RAW-blue cells. All samples showed anti-inflammatory property when tested in vitro in a dose100 ?g/mL. The results of chemical, spectrometric and spectroscopic analyzes can furnish a fingerprint for each wine, since the profile of the mixtures had different yields and quantities, aiding for a non-volatile based singular signature. Keywords: wines, polysaccharides, inflammation.

Vineyard management practices are known to affect fruit composition and resultant wines, in part, by altering fruit volatiles. Methods currently used to evaluate the impact of vineyard practices on grape/wine composition include measuring physico-chemistry indices and performing wine sensory analyses. These activities are both time-consuming and destructive. Two electronic nose (ENose) systems: a hand-held conducting polymer-based and a portable surface acoustic wave-based systems were investigated as grape monitoring tools. Vineyard treatments included the effect of canopy side (East vs. West and North vs. South), cluster thinning (unthinned, 1 cluster/shoot, and 1 & 2 cluster/shoot) and ethanol spray (5% v/v) on Cabernet franc, Merlot and both varieties respectively. ENose data were obtained in the field (over two growing seasons for canopy side and in 2008 for cluster thinning and ethanol spray) and laboratory (2007 for canopy side), across different sampling dates and compared with nine-grape/eight-wine chemistry assays, GC/MS (cluster thinning) and wine aroma sensory evaluations (triangular difference testing). ENose results demonstrated 100% significant differences between all Cabernet franc and Merlot treatments. Grape/wine chemistry indices, for both Cabernet franc and Merlot, did not differ among treatments (except ethanol treatment) across sampling dates or growing seasons and vineyard management practices. Wine aroma sensory evaluations demonstrated only limited differences (3 out of 8 comparisons: East vs. West, 1 cluster/shoot vs. 1 & 2 clusters/shoot and 1 cluster/shoot and 1 & 2 clusters/shoot). The high level of discrimination by ENose systems may provide opportunities to enhance the understanding of vineyard management activities.
Master of Science in Life Sciences

Traditional vineyard floor management in humid regions consists of mown perennial grass or mown resident vegetation in aisles. Many vineyard sites in the eastern USA have climate and soil that support excessive vine vigor and rapid growth of aisle vegetation. Frequent mowing or unmanaged aisles are not a practical option. To explore vineyard floor management options for vine vigor and weed management while maintaining soil cover, vine balance, and fruit quality in the eastern USA, seven cover crop treatments: 1) grower control mown tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.), 2) chemically mown tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), 3) little barley (Hordeum pusillum Nutt.), 4) downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.), 5) oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L.), 6) spring oats (Avena sativa L.), 7) chemically mown sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench sp.) were established for the 2011 and 2012 growing seasons in a commercial Cabernet franc vineyard, planted in 2000, in southern Illinois, on an Menfro silt loam soil. In fall 2011, oilseed radish reduced the fresh weight of grapevine shoots removed with summer hedging 46% compared to the grower control. In 2012, spring oats increased the weight of grapevine shoots removed with summer hedging 160% compared to the grower control. In 2012, spring oats, and chemically mown sorghum-sudangrass produced 82% and 73%, respectively, greater pruning weights compared to grower control mown fescue, also, spring oats, downy brome, and chemically mown sorghum-sudangrass produced 54%, 48%, and 50%, respectively, greater yields compared to the grower control in 2012. Cover crop did not affect Ravaz index in 2011 or 2012. Chemically mown sorghum-sudangrass reduced total soluble solids in grape must 7% compared to the grower control in 2012. Downy brome produced the most ground cover and greatest weed control at bloom time in 2011 and 2012, and harvest time in 2011. In 2012, oilseed radish at veraison and harvest time produced 97% and 177%, respectively, more ground cover than grower control. The persistent mulch produced by little barley and downy brome followed by burndown herbicide, Rely ® (glufosinate 1 lb ai/gal) 76 fl oz/acre in August reduced their average weed cover by a range of 99% to 89% compared to all other treatments except grower control at harvest 2012. Downy brome established in vineyard aisles had the greatest potential for maintaining weed control at bloom and harvest time, while increasing yield without decreasing vine size. However, more research is needed to develop a residue management program which encourages self-reseeding of downy brome and little barley. In a season with above average rainfall, oilseed radish reduced excessively vigorous vine growth. While all treatments studied had the potential for vineyard use, downy brome and oilseed radish had the most potential to be readily incorporated into practical vineyard aisle management systems provided they are managed to produce moderate vine size, without adverse effects to yield or fruit quality, while still maintaining effective weed control.

Questo progetto di tesi ha l’obiettivo di confrontare la vinificazione tradizionale con la vinificazione in anfora.Le vinificazioni sono state condotte nel 2016 per cv. Carmenère e Cabernet franc e nel 2017 per la cv. Ansonica.Il confronto fra le due vinificazione è stato condotto nell’anno 2017 su vigneti di Vitis Vinifera impiantati nella regione viticola Toscana (Italia).Ogni varietà è stata vinificata sia in vasche di acciaio con successiva fermentazione malo-lattica e affinamento in barrique,sia in anfore di terracotta TAVA.Per valutare le principali differenze e similitudini,sono state svolte analisi chimiche e sensoriali su ogni campione.I parametri chimico-fisici hanno determinato i metodi d'analisi comunitari da utilizzare nel settore del vino.Differenze sono state riscontrate nei valori di SO2,maggiori nel vino ottenuto con vinificazione tradizione,nei casi di Cabernet franc e Carmenère;per Ansonica,il valore più elevato è stato registrato nel vino ottenuto in anfora.Il TAV è risultato sempre maggiore nei vini ottenuti con vinificazione tradizionale,invece l’acidità volatile è maggiore nei vini Carmenère e Ansonica vinificati in anfora.Sono emersi valori simili di estratto secco,pH,acidità totale e sostanze riducenti.Le analisi sensoriali sono state svolte mediante valutazione dei 6 campioni di vino,con l’impiego dell’analisi descrittiva(Lawless and Heymann,1998)da parte di 33 assaggiatori non esperti.I descrittori utilizzati erano suddivisi per categorie in base ai 5sensi.Dai risultati sono emerse differenze nella tonalità e nell’odore fruttato, più percepiti nei vini ottenuti con metodo tradizionale;la nota alcolica, più elevata nel campione Ansonica vinificato in anfora,rispetto quello vinificato in vasche di acciaio inox,lo stesso per l’astringenza,percepita maggiormente nel vino Carmenère vinificato in anfora.Infine,la piacevolezza complessiva è sempre risultata maggiore nei vini ottenuti con vinificazione tradizionale.

La seguente tesi tratta di una sperimentazione condotta su uve Cabernet Franc vinificate secondo due diversi protocolli: (i) una fermentazione tradizionale/standard durante la quale la fermentazione alcolica (FA) precede la fermentazione malolattica (FML), (ii) ed una innovativa, definita “co-inoculo”, in cui i tempi delle due fermentazioni coincidono. Sui vini ottenuti dalle due prove sono state esaminate le caratteristiche fisico-chimiche e sensoriali. Nel corso delle analisi effettuate sono state riscontrate alcune differenze chimiche e sensoriali tra i due campioni “co-inoculo” e “testimone” in esame. Inoltre, con il metodo del co-inoculo la FML si è conclusa in anticipo rispetto al protocollo tradizionale di inoculo al termine della FA. Questo dato indica la possibilità di un guadagno sia dal punto di vista economico sia dal punto di vista tecnico-pratico di gestione della cantina. Nel co-inoculo, la rapida conclusione della fermentazione malolattica è da attribuire alla popolazione batterica che, moltiplicatasi in un ambiente favorevole e ricco in nutrienti qual è il mosto, ha consentito una rapida cinetica di degradazione del malico.

La qualité d’un vin est étroitement liée à la qualité sa matière première la baie de raisin. Il est donc nécessaire pour la filière d’avoir à disposition des outils fiables de prédiction de la qualité, permettant un choix de date de vendange optimal ainsi qu’un choix d’itinéraires oenologiques adaptés. L’évaluation de la qualité est basée sur des indicateurs permettant une approche multicritères, parmi lesquels émergent les propriétés mécaniques des baies regroupées sous le terme de « texture ». Cet indicateur, permet entre autres, d’évaluer l'assouplissement et le ramollissement des baies de raisin au cours de la maturation. Des travaux précédents ont permis d’appréhender la qualité texturale du raisin par une approche sensorielle (Le Moigne, 2008) et instrumentale (Zouid, 2011) en établissant un lien entre la résistance et l’élasticité des pellicules et la diffusion des composés phénoliques au cours du processus de vinification. Bien qu’encourageante, la notion de maturité texturale n’est pas encore intégrée de manière systématique comme paramètre de suivi de la qualité et de la maturation raisins. Certains verrous techniques et scientifiques subsistent notamment sur le fait qu’il était difficile par une approche instrumentale de différencier des stades de maturité texturale différents. Les mesures étant réalisées par une approche baie à baie, il était primordial de connaitre l’impact de l’hétérogénéité des raisins sur les mesures de texture. Dans ce contexte, ce travail de thèse aborde la notion de maturité texturale en lien avec l’évolution de paramètres physiques et physiologiques au cours de la maturation, le but étant de comprendre l’impact de l’hétérogénéité sur les propriétés mécaniques et d’en adapter les protocoles d’échantillonnages. Premièrement, la comparaison de deux variétés de raisins de cuve Blanc et Rouge par cinq méthodes instrumentales de mesure de la texture, a permis de valider le Cabernet Franc et la technique de double compression 20% comme étant respectivement le matériel végétal et la technique de mesure instrumentale de référence pour notre étude. Deuxièmement, l’évolution au cours de la maturation des paramètres de double compression et des principaux facteurs physiologiques et physiques des baies a été étudiée suivant un protocole d’échantillonnage par grappe entières. Ces résultats ont notamment fait ressortir le rôle prépondérant des paramètres physiologiques liés à l’eau, dans l’évolution des propriétés mécaniques du raisin. De plus, il est montré que l’impact de la position et de l’exposition des baies sur la grappe est un facteur significatif d’hétérogénéité textural. Les résultats de ce travail apportent des informations clés sur l’évolution de la texture des baies au cours de la maturation. Ils ont également démontré l’importance de considérer l’hétérogénéité intra grappe sur les mesures de texture et proposent un nouveau mode d’échantillonnage à la parcelle à la fois représentatif et comparable d’une date à l’autre permettant un suivi fiable de la maturité texturale
The wine quality is closely related to the quality of grapes. It is therefore necessary for the viticulturist to have reliable indicators for predicting the quality , allowing a choice of optimum harvest date and a choice of routes for wine. The quality assessment is based on multiple criteria indicators, including emerging mechanical properties of berries grouped under the term " texture ". This indicator allows to evaluate the relaxation and softening of grape berries during ripening. Previous work has helped to understand the textural quality of the grapes by sensory approach (Le Moigne, 2008) and instrumental approach( Zouid, 2011) by establishing a link between the resistance and elasticity of the berry skin and the diffusion of phenolic compounds during the winemaking process. Although promising, the concept of textural maturity is not yet systematically integrated as a parameter for monitoring the quality and ripening grapes. Some technical and scientific limitations remain including the fact that it was difficult for an instrumental approach to differentiate different textural maturity stages. Measurements were taken by a berry per berry approach, so it is important to know the impact of the heterogeneity of grapes on texture measurements. In this context, this thesis discusses the concept of textural maturity in connection with the development of physical and physiological parameters during ripening, in order to understand the impact of heterogeneity on the mechanical properties and adapt the sampling protocols. First, the comparison of two varieties of wine grapes white and red by five instrumental methods of texture measurement was used to validate the Cabernet Franc and the technique of double compression 20% respectively as plant material and instrumental technique of reference for our study. Secondly, changes during ripening of double compression’s parameters and key physical and physiological parameters of berries has been studied according to a protocol by sampling whole grape bunches. These results have highlighted the important role of physiological parameters related to water in the evolution of the mechanical properties of the grape. Furthermore , it is shown that the impact of the position and exposure of berries on the cluster is a significant factor textural heterogeneity. The results of this work provide key information on the evolution of the texture of berries during ripening. They also demonstrated the importance of considering the heterogeneity of intra-cluster measures and propose a new texture sampling mode to plot both representative and comparable from one date to another for reliable monitoring textural maturity

Les professionnels de la filière vin sont à la recherche de méthodes globales pour suivre la maturité du raisin et ainsi en déterminer la qualité à la vendange pour l'élaboration de leurs vins. Dans ce contexte, le principal objectif de ce travail est de rechercher des méthodes sensorielle et instrumentales innovantes pour suivre globalement la maturation des baies de raisin de Cabernet franc. La spectroscopie VisNIR et l'analyse sensorielle des baies de raisin apparaissent comme les méthodes les plus prometteuses en terme de suivi de maturation pour la filière vin. La technique de double compression à 20 % n'est en revanche pas appropriée pour suivre la maturité « texturale ». D'autres techniques mécaniques destructives pourraient cependant être envisagées comme la pénétrométrie. La spectroscopie de fluorescence a permis de suivre la maturité phénolique du raisin. Mais, cette méthode doit être optimisée pour gagner en précision. Une méthode capable de caractériser la qualité globale du raisin a également été recherchée. La spectroscopie VisNIR et les descripteurs sensoriels permettent de caractériser les différents aspects de la qualité globale du raisin pendant sa maturation. Ces deux techniques permettent en effet une caractérisation en termes de maturités technologique, phénolique, aromatique et « texturale ». La méthode d'analyse sensorielle des baies de raisin est en cours de transfert vers les professionnels de la filière afin d'obtenir un outil d'aide à la décision pour déterminer la date de vendange. La mise au point d'un appareil portable de spectroscopie VisNIR pourrait quant à elle être envisagé afin de réaliser des mesures directes dans les parcelles.

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The region of San Joaquin has proved favorable to the production of fine wines and has been gaining entrepreneurial. However, there are many skills needed by those who want a viable cash crop. The practical viticulture is the application of a set of technical management of vineyards, in order to produce the maximum quantity of grape without reducing their enological potential required by certain markets, with minimum cost. These practices derived from scientific knowledge about the biology and physiology of plants in relation to the terroir . One of the main factors that interfere in the for developing a vineyard is the management of the canopy and cultivation techniques, such as cluster thinning. Thi study aimed to learn about the physiological and technological maturity of the clusters of Cabernet Sauvingon grapevines, produced in altitude regions of Santa Catarina State. The vineyard has been submitted to differentes levels of cluster thinning made at the véraison , in order to establish criteria that will help determine the most appropriate management for the preparation of fine red wines in areas above 900 meters in altitude. The experiment was carried during 2009/10 and 2010/11 vintage at the Villa Francioni Vineyards in the city of São Joaquim (28˚ 17 39 S, 49˚ 55 56 W), at altitude of 1230 meters with cv. Cabernet Franc grafted on Paulsen 1103. The levels of cluster thinning, adjusted at the véraison , corresponded to maximum production and percentage reductions in their productivity in 25%, 50% e 75%. From results found it is concluded that in altitude regions the practice of cluster thinning affects the chemical characteristics of the grape and wine cv Cabernet Franc, but there was a siginificant improvement in quality when we see all the parameters involved. Under the conditions of the experiment there was no balance vegetate: productive of plants
A região de São Joaquim tem se mostrado favorável à produção de vinhos finos e vem despertando interesse de empreendedores da atividade. Entretanto, muitos são os conhecimentos demandados por quem deseja viabilizar um cultivo comercial. A vitivinicultura prática otimizada é a aplicação de um conjunto de técnicas de manejo do vinhedo, de modo a produzir a máxima quantidade de uva sem reduzir seu potencial enológico exigido por determinados mercados, com um custo mínimo. Estas práticas derivam do conhecimento científico sobre a biologia e a fisiologia das plantas em relação ao meio em que é cultivado o vinhedo e sua manipulação em qualquer condição ou local. A dificuldade está em identificar o equilíbrio exato entre a produção, vigor e qualidade da uva. Um dos principais fatores que interferem no potencial de desenvolvimento de um vinhedo é o manejo do dossel e as técnicas de cultivo, dentre os quais se encontra o raleio de cachos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo obter informações sobre a maturação fenólica e tecnólogica dos cachos na cultivar Cabernet Franc, produzidos em região de altitude. O vinhedo foi submetido a diferentes níveis de raleio de cachos realizados na virada de cor, de modo a estabelecer critérios que contribuam para definir o manejo mais apropriado para a elaboração de vinhos tintos finos em regiões acima de 900 metros de altitude. Os ensaios foram conduzidos durante as safras de 2009/10 e 2010/11 em um vinhedo da empresa Villa Francioni Agronegócios S/A, coordenadas 28˚ 17 39 S e 49˚ 55 56 W, a 1230 metros de altitude , localizado no município de São Joaquim, SC. O talhão utilizado da cultivar Cabernet Franc foi enxertadas sobre Paulsen 1103 consuzido em espaldeira, com espaçamento de 3,0m x 1,2m e cobertura anti-granizo. Os níveis de raleio de cachos, ajustados na virada de cor véraison , corresponderam a produção máxima, e reduções percentuais em sua produtividade em 25%, 50% e 75%. Dos resultados obtidos conclui-se que em condições de altitude, a prática de raleio de cachos afeta as características químicas da uva e do vinho cv Cabernet Franc, porém não houve uma melhora significativa na qualidade quando se verifica todas as características envolvidas. Nas condições do ensaio não se observou equilíbrio vegetativo:produtivo das plantas

Current fruit-zone management recommendation in the eastern US aims for 1-2 basal shoot leaf layers after fruit set to limit fungal disease and sunburn incidence, and prevent extreme heating of grapes. The goal of this work was to assess if fruit-zone leaf removal to an uncommonly greater extent, and/or at an earlier phenological stage, would favorably alter yield components or fruit composition in three popularly grown, red-fruited, Bordeaux varieties – Cabernet franc, Petit Verdot, and Cabernet Sauvignon. Pre-bloom leaf removal to various extents reduced crop yield by 41-78% when compared to no leaf removal across seasons and varieties. Pre-bloom leaf removal implementation in consecutive seasons tended to further reduce crop yield components compared to implementation in the first year. Pre-bloom leaf removal tended to reduce cluster compactness and bunch rot incidence when compared to post-fruit set and no leaf removal. Basal leaf removal to the greatest extents inconsistently reduced soluble solids and titratable acidity across varieties and seasons. Pre-bloom and post-fruit set leaf removal to the greatest extent consistently increased total grape phenolics and anthocyanins compared to no leaf removal in Cabernet Sauvignon, but inconsistently increased total grape phenolics compared to no leaf removal in Cabernet franc and Petit Verdot. Basal leaf removal to the greatest extents tended to increase the synthesis and degradation of carotenoids more consistently than no leaf removal, and this was particularly true for zeaxanthin. Petit Verdot and Cabernet franc wine color and aroma were inconsistently distinguishable between leaf removal treatments, and color intensity was rated higher in wines made with fruit from pre-bloom leaf removal compared to modest post fruit-set leaf removal plots. Waiting until after fruit set to remove fruit-zone leaves maintained crop yield and offered comparable improvements in fruit composition to pre-bloom leaf removal. Pre-bloom leaf removal of no more than four leaves is recommended to limit crop yield reduction, and modestly improve fruit composition. This work showed that fruit-zone leaf removal does not need to be conservative in the eastern US, particularly because the climate does not appear to be detrimental to fruit composition, and open fruit-zones reduce grape fungal disease incidence.
Ph. D.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo.
En el presente estudio, se utilizaron plantas de la variedad Cabernet franc sobre cinco portainjertos (420A, P1103, R110, SO4 y 3309) y un control como Pie Franco para determinar los efectos que puedan ejercer éstos sobre las características químicas, ya sean fenoles, antocianos y taninos totales, además del perfil antociánico por HPLC-DAD en vinos, así como fenoles totales, antocianos y taninos en hollejos, y fenoles totales y taninos en semillas; y sobre otras características químicas, como pH y acidez volátil en vinos, y sólidos solubles, pH y acidez total en la pulpa de las bayas. Este estudio se realizó con uvas y vinos de la viña Caliboro, ubicada en el Valle del Maule, Chile, durante la temporada 2013. Se pudo observar que en cada uno de los tratamientos hubo un efecto provocado por los portainjertos, pero no relacionados directamente en los resultados de uvas y vinos, ya que en algunos casos el portainjerto 420A presentó los mayores valores en los parámetros químicos como fenoles, taninos y antocianos totales en los vinos, a diferencia de lo que ocurre con los hollejos, donde fueron los menores, exceptuando los valores de taninos totales. Los análisis realizados permitieron observar que cada portainjerto tuvo influencia de forma diferenciada sobre los parámetros tanto físicos como químicos de hollejos, semillas, pulpa y vinos, provocados por posibles efectos sobre la maduración de la baya, asociado a la integridad de la membrana celular o pared celular proveniente de cada uno de los tratamientos, lo que generó mayores o menores extracciones de compuestos durante la vinificación.
In the present study, Cabernet Franc vines grafted on five rootstocks (420A, P1103, R110, SO4 and 3309) and a control as ungrafted vines were used in order to know and compare their effects on chemical parameters such as total phenols, anthocyanins and tannins, anthocyanins profile by HPLC-DAD in wines, total phenols, anthocyanins and tannins in grape skins, and total phenols and tannins in seeds. Besides, chemical characteristics such as pH and volatile acidity in wine, and soluble solids, pH and total acidity in the pulp of the berries were studied. This study was conducted with grapes and wines from Caliboro vineyard, located in the Maule Valley, Chile, during the 2013 season. It could be seen that in each of the observed treatment was an induced rootstocks effect, but not directly related results between grapes and wines were observed. In some cases the rootstock 420A has the highest values in the chemical parameters (phenols, tannins and total anthocyanins) in wines, in contrary happens with the skins, which were lower, except the values of total tannins. The analyzes revealed that, each rootstock was differentially influence on both physical and chemical skins, seeds, pulp and wine parameters, caused by possible effects on berry´s ripening, associated with the integrity of the cell membrane or wall cell from each of the treatments, which generated higher or lower extractions of compounds during vinification.

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A produção vitivinícola no Brasil é uma atividade econômica recente, quando comparada aos tradicionais produtores mundiais. Assim, objetivou-se caracterizar a videira „Cabernet Franc‟ submetida à poda extemporânea nas condições da região sudeste do Brasil, bem como avaliar os efeitos da desfolha parcial do dossel vegetativo na fisiologia, produção e qualidade de frutos em vinhedo comercial no munícipio de São Roque - SP, Brasil. O primeiro experimento visou caracterizar a duração dos estádios fenológicos nos ciclos de produção de 2012/13; 2013/14; e 2014/15, sempre submetido ao manejo de produção extemporâneo. O segundo experimento avaliou o efeito da desfolha parcial na fisiologia, produtividade e qualidade das uvas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com três tratamentos e sete repetições (blocos), onde cada parcela foi constituída de quatro plantas. Os tratamentos consistiram em três diferentes níveis de desfolha: T1 - testemunha sem desfolha; T2 - desfolha da base do ramo até 1º cacho; T3 - desfolha da base do ramo até 2º cacho. A desfolha foi executada a partir do início da maturação e mudança de cor nas bagas. Durante o período, compreendido entre o início da maturação e a colheita, foram feitas amostragens semanais de 50 bagas em cada tratamento para avaliação de: massa de bagas; teor de sólidos solúveis; pH e acidez titulável. Com relação aos parâmetros fisiológicos foram mensurados o potencial hídrico foliar e as trocas gasosas quanto aos diferentes tratamentos. As uvas da variedade Cabernet Franc (Vitis vinífera L.) atingiram índices satisfatórios de maturação sob manejo de dupla poda extemporânea. Os meses de novembro, dezembro e janeiro não são adequados para realização da dupla poda extemporânea. Em razão da elevada pluviosidade durante o período de crescimento herbáceo das videiras, ...
The wine production in Brazil is a recent economic activity compared to traditional producers worldwide. This research aimed to characterize the vine „Cabernet Franc 'submitted for extemporaneous pruning the conditions of southeastern Brazil, and to evaluate the effects of partial defoliation of the canopy physiology, production and fruit quality. The studies were conducted under field conditions in commercial vineyard in the municipality of São Roque - SP, Brazil. The first experiment was to characterize the phenology of cultivating and number of leaf pulverization since its planting in December 2011 to May 2015, when submitted to the management extemporaneous production. The second experiment evaluated the effect of partial defoliation on yield and quality of grapes. The experimental design was a randomized block design, with three treatments and seven repetitions (blocks) where each plot consisted of four plants. The treatments consisted of different levels of defoliation: T1 - control without defoliation; T2 - defoliation the base of the branch by 1st bunch; T3 - defoliation the base of the branch to 2nd bunch. Defoliation was performed from the beginning of the maturation and change of berries's color. During the period between the beginning of maturation and harvesting, weekly samples of 50 berries were made for each treatment to evaluate: mass berries; soluble solids; pH and titratable acidity. Regarding the physiological parameters were measured leaf water potential and gas exchange about the different treatments. The grape variety Carbenet Franc (Vitis viníferas L.) achieved satisfactory indexes of maturation with double pruning extemporaneous. November, December and January are not suitable months to accomplish double pruning extemporaneous. The elevated rainfall during the vine herbaceous growth ...

Orientador: Elizabeth Orika Ono
Banca: Marco Antonio Tecchio
Banca: João Domingos Rodrigues
Banca: Leonardo Pretto de Azevedo
Banca: Guilherme Augusto Canella Gomes
Resumo: A produção vitivinícola no Brasil é uma atividade econômica recente, quando comparada aos tradicionais produtores mundiais. Assim, objetivou-se caracterizar a videira „Cabernet Franc‟ submetida à poda extemporânea nas condições da região sudeste do Brasil, bem como avaliar os efeitos da desfolha parcial do dossel vegetativo na fisiologia, produção e qualidade de frutos em vinhedo comercial no munícipio de São Roque - SP, Brasil. O primeiro experimento visou caracterizar a duração dos estádios fenológicos nos ciclos de produção de 2012/13; 2013/14; e 2014/15, sempre submetido ao manejo de produção extemporâneo. O segundo experimento avaliou o efeito da desfolha parcial na fisiologia, produtividade e qualidade das uvas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com três tratamentos e sete repetições (blocos), onde cada parcela foi constituída de quatro plantas. Os tratamentos consistiram em três diferentes níveis de desfolha: T1 - testemunha sem desfolha; T2 - desfolha da base do ramo até 1º cacho; T3 - desfolha da base do ramo até 2º cacho. A desfolha foi executada a partir do início da maturação e mudança de cor nas bagas. Durante o período, compreendido entre o início da maturação e a colheita, foram feitas amostragens semanais de 50 bagas em cada tratamento para avaliação de: massa de bagas; teor de sólidos solúveis; pH e acidez titulável. Com relação aos parâmetros fisiológicos foram mensurados o potencial hídrico foliar e as trocas gasosas quanto aos diferentes tratamentos. As uvas da variedade Cabernet Franc (Vitis vinífera L.) atingiram índices satisfatórios de maturação sob manejo de dupla poda extemporânea. Os meses de novembro, dezembro e janeiro não são adequados para realização da dupla poda extemporânea. Em razão da elevada pluviosidade durante o período de crescimento herbáceo das videiras, ...
Abstract: The wine production in Brazil is a recent economic activity compared to traditional producers worldwide. This research aimed to characterize the vine „Cabernet Franc 'submitted for extemporaneous pruning the conditions of southeastern Brazil, and to evaluate the effects of partial defoliation of the canopy physiology, production and fruit quality. The studies were conducted under field conditions in commercial vineyard in the municipality of São Roque - SP, Brazil. The first experiment was to characterize the phenology of cultivating and number of leaf pulverization since its planting in December 2011 to May 2015, when submitted to the management extemporaneous production. The second experiment evaluated the effect of partial defoliation on yield and quality of grapes. The experimental design was a randomized block design, with three treatments and seven repetitions (blocks) where each plot consisted of four plants. The treatments consisted of different levels of defoliation: T1 - control without defoliation; T2 - defoliation the base of the branch by 1st bunch; T3 - defoliation the base of the branch to 2nd bunch. Defoliation was performed from the beginning of the maturation and change of berries's color. During the period between the beginning of maturation and harvesting, weekly samples of 50 berries were made for each treatment to evaluate: mass berries; soluble solids; pH and titratable acidity. Regarding the physiological parameters were measured leaf water potential and gas exchange about the different treatments. The grape variety Carbenet Franc (Vitis viníferas L.) achieved satisfactory indexes of maturation with double pruning extemporaneous. November, December and January are not suitable months to accomplish double pruning extemporaneous. The elevated rainfall during the vine herbaceous growth ...
Doutor

Le vin est certainement le produit auquel se refere le plus la notion de terroir. Des travaux anterieurs ont decrit un effet terroir en moyenne vallee de la loire qui s'exprime au travers de la qualite des vins rouges. Les criteres qui y sont associes sont relatifs a l'intensite et a l'equilibre des vins. Ils incluent notamment la couleur et l'astringence, respectivement imputables aux anthocyanes et aux tanins, flavonoides majeurs des raisins et des vins rouges. Dans cette etude, a partir d'un reseau de 17 parcelles du saumurois et de l'anjou connues sur le plan geo-pedologique, nous avons caracterise les compositions en flavonoides des baies et des vins du cepage cabernet franc, au cours de deux millesimes successifs. Les anthocyanes et les flavonols ont ete doses par clhp et les tanins analyses par clhp apres thiolyse. Toutes les donnees ont ete traitees au moyen d'analyses statistiques multifactorielles. Nos resultats montrent que la composition phenolique des baies est liee a leur etat de maturite, qui depend a la fois du millesime et du terroir. Ils indiquent l'existence d'une relation entre la composition des baies et celle des vins, qui apparait donc aussi lie au terroir et au millesime. Cette relation peut etre perturbee par l'etat sanitaire de la vendange ou modifiee par les conditions de vinification. Nous avons ensuite etudie les relations entre composition et caracteres sensoriels des vins et compare les proprietes gustatives d'extraits de tanins d'origines et de structures differentes. Nous avons ainsi montre que les tanins de pellicule et ceux des pepins sont egalement astringents mais que les seconds sont plus amers. Les pigments polymeriques, dont la formation dans les vins est favorisee par les rapports anthocyanes / tanins eleves, semblent moins astringents et pourraient etre a l'origine du caractere tanins fondus, l'astringence etant liee a la teneur en tanins.

De nombreuses etudes ont ete realisees sur la vigne, le mout ou le vin, mais peu de recherches ont ete consacrees a la seve. Les stades phenologiques majeurs : debourrement, floraison, veraison et maturite ont ete parfaitement decrits mais aucune etude ne recense les differentes substances presentes a ces epoques. L'analyse de la seve brute du cepage cabernet franc aux quatre stades phenologiques, sur plusieurs millesimes, dans la region de bordeaux, montre que la teneur globale en acides amines varie avec l'annee. La presence constante, en quantite significative d'un groupe de huit acides amines a ete notee : asparagine/glutamine, tyrosine, arginine, acide aspartique, acide glutamique, histidine et proline. Les concentrations de ces constituants dans la seve varient en fonction du millesime pour un meme stade phenologique. Aussi, une differenciation, par analyse statistique, des stades phenologiques est possible. De meme, des acides amines specifiques pour chaque millesime ont ete mis en evidence. L'influence du sol sur la composition en acides amines de la seve a egalement ete etudiee. La seve brute du cepage cabernet franc de trois types de sols de precocite differente, dans la region de saumur, a ete analysee. Les teneurs globales en acides amines varient pour un meme stade en fonction de cette precocite. La nature des acides amines dominants reste inchangee par rapport a bordeaux. Les memes acides amines sont presents aux divers stades pour les trois parcelles. Certains acides amines pourraient etre en relation avec la precocite de la vigne, a l'exemple de l'asparagine/glutamine, l'acide aspartique, la proline et la valine. D'autres (serine, acide glutamique, threonine, glycine, alanine, histidine et tyrosine) semblent au contraire etre en relation avec le caractere tardif de la parcelle au debourrement.

Le constat que la qualité du vin prend ses origines dans le vignoble est bien enraciné dans la culture européenne. De cette façon, le zonage viticole est à la base de la caractérisation et de la valorisation des produits de terroir tenant compte de l'attention croissante des consommateurs envers les aliments fonctionnels (avec des propriétés nutritionnelles et des bienfaits sur la santé due à leur richesse en molécules comme vitamines et polyphénols). L'enjeu général s'inscrit dans une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes qui sont à la base du fonctionnement de la vigne et de la qualité du vin ainsi que cette étude vise la recherche des terroirs où le taux des stilbènes des vins est le plus élevé. Nous avons considéré deux réseaux de parcelles, l'un de Cabernet franc dans le Saumurois-Touraine (France) et l'autre de Sangiovese di Romagna (Italie). La caractérisation des terroirs et l'analyse des stilbènes des vins issus de chaque parcelle ont été étudiées sur de plusieurs années (de 2003 à 2005 en France, en 2008 et 2009 en Italie) Nous avons identifié cinq UTB dans le Saumurois-Touraine et trois UTB dans le Sangiovese di Romagna. Nos résultats montrent bien que le terroir affecte le métabolisme des stilbènes d'une façon importante et en particulier la teneur en transresvératrol dans le Saumurois-Touraine dépend pour le 58% du terroir. L'effet du millésime (climat) est dominant tandis que l'effet du sol et du sous-sol est secondaire au climat. L'altitude de la parcelle et la teneur en calcaire actif du sol favorisent l'augmentation du resvératrol des vins. La texture du sol affecte le métabolisme des stilbènes ainsi que la teneur en argile augmente la concentration du vin en ces molécules
The observation that the quality of wine takes its origin in the vineyard is well rooted in the European culture. In this way, the viticultural zoning allows to characterize and to develop the 'Terroir'-based products also considering the recent increased consumers' attention on functional foods (that combine nutritional and healthy properties due to the high concentration of bioactive compounds as vitamins and phenols). Therefore, this study aims at identifying viticultural areas which can maximize the concentration of stilbenes in the wine using a 'Terroir' approach. We have considered fourteen vineyards of Cabernet franc in Saumurois-Touraine (France) and fourteen vineyards of Sangiovese in Romagna (Italy). The characterization of 'terroir' was carried out over three years in France (2003-2005) and over two years in Italy (2008-2009) along with determination of wine stilbene concentration. Five UTB (Terroir-based Unit) were identified in Saumurois-Touraine and three in Romagna. 'Terroir' significantly affected the metabolism of stilbenes and the level of trans-resveratrol in Saumurois-Touraine was influenced for 58% by 'Terroir'. The effect of the year (climate) was dominant whereas the effect of soil and sub-soil was secondary to climate. The vineyard elevation and the active-lime in the soil enhanced resveratrol content in wines. The soil texture affected the stilbene metabolism so the clayiest soil increased their wine concentration

Le constat que la qualité du vin prend ses origines dans le vignoble est bien enraciné dans la culture européenne. De cette façon, le zonage viticole est à la base de la caractérisation et de la valorisation des produits de terroir tenant compte de l'attention croissante des consommateurs envers les aliments fonctionnels (avec des propriétés nutritionnelles et des bienfaits sur la santé due à leur richesse en molécules comme vitamines et polyphénols). L'enjeu général s'inscrit dans une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes qui sont à la base du fonctionnement de la vigne et de la qualité du vin ainsi que cette étude vise la recherche des terroirs où le taux des stilbènes des vins est le plus élevé. Nous avons considéré deux réseaux de parcelles, l'un de Cabernet franc dans le Saumurois-Touraine (France) et l'autre de Sangiovese di Romagna (Italie). La caractérisation des terroirs et l'analyse des stilbènes des vins issus de chaque parcelle ont été étudiées sur de plusieurs années (de 2003 à 2005 en France, en 2008 et 2009 en Italie) Nous avons identifié cinq UTB dans le Saumurois-Touraine et trois UTB dans le Sangiovese di Romagna. Nos résultats montrent bien que le terroir affecte le métabolisme des stilbènes d'une façon importante et en particulier la teneur en transresvératrol dans le Saumurois-Touraine dépend pour le 58% du terroir. L'effet du millésime (climat) est dominant tandis que l'effet du sol et du sous-sol est secondaire au climat. L'altitude de la parcelle et la teneur en calcaire actif du sol favorisent l'augmentation du resvératrol des vins. La texture du sol affecte le métabolisme des stilbènes ainsi que la teneur en argile augmente la concentration du vin en ces molécules.

La viticulture, comme toute autre activité agricole, a des impacts sur l’environnement mais au fil du temps les préoccupations environnementales s’intensifient et les vignerons sont amenés à changer de pratiques afin d’intégrer de nouveaux critères dans leurs systèmes agricoles. Les consommateurs de leur côté, sont de plus en plus sensibles à ces sujets environnementaux, ils sont concernés par l’impact de leurs achats et montrent une préoccupation des effets de l’agriculture sur la santé et l’environnement. Une piste pour changer de pratiques agricoles et pour intégrer de nouveaux acteurs dans les systèmes sont les démarches participatives. Celles-ci incluent souvent des chercheurs et des producteurs mais à aujourd’hui, peu de démarches se sont intéressées à intégrer les consommateurs dans la réflexion que les viticulteurs ont sur l’intégration de pratiques plus respectueuses de l’environnement dans leurs vignobles Cette thèse a donc développée une démarche participative avec des viticulteurs, consommateurs et chercheurs en plusieurs étapes (diagnostic, validation, mise en place d’ateliers ). Nos travaux montrent que ces démarches peuvent donner lieu à des échanges constructifs entre ces acteurs. Cependant, la difficulté à mobiliser les acteurs professionnels et leurs divergences d’intérêts au niveau collectif et individuel ainsi que le manque de connaissances des consommateurs, peuvent entraver ce type de processus. De plus, il semble essentiel de coupler les réflexions sur le déploiement de pratiques à celle de leur valorisation et communication auprès des consommateurs, afin de sensibiliser ces derniers aux enjeux environnementaux dans les vignobles et soutenir ce changement de pratiques dans le temps
Viticulture, like any other agricultural activity, has impacts on the environment, but over time,environmental concerns have intensified, and winemakers have changed their practices to integrate new criteria into their farming systems. Consumers, on their side, are more and more sensitive to these environmental issues, they are concerned about the impact of their purchases and show concern about the effects of agriculture on health and the environment. One way to change agricultural practices and to integrate new actors into the systems is through participatory approaches. These often include researchers and producers, but to date few approaches have been interested in integrating consumers into the reflection that winegrowers have on the integration of more environmentally friendly practices in their vineyards.This thesis has therefore developed a participatory approach with winegrowers, consumers and researchers in several stages (diagnosis, validation, implementation of workshops). However, the difficulty in mobilizing professional actors and their divergent interests at the collective and individual levels, as well as the lack of knowledge of consumers, can hinder this type of process. Moreover, it seems essential to couple the reflections on the deployment of practices with that of their promotion and communication to consumers to make them aware of the environmental issues in the vineyards and to support this change in practices over time