Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cable release

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Cable release'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Cable release"

1

Zhang, Jia Qing, Bo Si Zhang, Ming Hao Fan, Liu Fang Wang, Xiang Jun Guo, and Deng Yang Yu. "Effects of External Heat Radiation on Combustion and Toxic Gas Release of Flame Retardant Cables." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 2392–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.2392.

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The effects of external heat radiation on combustion and toxic gas release characteristics of flame retardant cables, which were XLPE insulated, flame retardant PVC sheathed and steel armoured cables, were investigated. The combustion characteristics of the level A and the level C flame retardant cables were explored by the cone calorimeter. For the level C cables, heat release rate (HRR) and CO concentration in cable fires increased and the ignition time decreased with increase of the external radiation heat flux. For level A cables, the HRR and CO concentration showed two-stage variations with the external radiation heat flux. When the external radiation heat flux was smaller than 35 kW/m2, the cable self-extinguished quickly after the ignition. When the external radiation heat flux was larger than 50 kW/m2, the cables showed continuous burning phenomena after the ignition. The level A cable had smaller HRRs compared with that of the level C cable under the same external radiation heat flux. However, the CO concentration of level A cable was remarkably higher than that of the level C cable in the present study. The high CO release rate of cable with well flame retardant ability under large external radiation heat flux requires more caution in the cable fires.
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Huang, Xianjia, He Zhu, Lan Peng, Zihui Zheng, Wuyong Zeng, Chihonn Cheng, and Wanki Chow. "An improved model for estimating heat release rate in horizontal cable tray fires in open space." Journal of Fire Sciences 36, no. 3 (April 15, 2018): 275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904118769810.

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Electric cable fires in nuclear power plants could be disastrous and have to be studied carefully for safety and economic considerations. Based on the results of previous work on large-scale and bench-scale cable fire testing, the Flame Spread over Horizontal Cable Trays model was modified and improved to estimate the heat release rate of large-scale cable fires using bench-scale measured data. The heat release rate per unit area measured in the cone calorimeter experiment is taken as the input, to avoid introducing any prediction uncertainties caused by inconsistent values of the heat of combustion and char yield of the cable. Cable fire experiments with vertical stacks of trays with one to three layers of cables were conducted in open space to assess the accuracy of the improved model. In comparing with the experimental results, predictions using the improved model are encouraging. The local error of prediction is less than 15% and the global error lies between 19.2% and 35.7%. In addition, three cable tray fire experiments with data available in the literature were used to validate the improved model. It is shown that the improved model had good predictions for these cable tray fires.
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Martinka, Jozef, Peter Rantuch, Marek Rolinec, Jiri Pokorny, Karol Balog, Petr Kucera, Marek Rybakowski, and Janka Sulova. "A New Approach to the Assessment of the Reduction in Visibility Caused by Fires of Electrical Cables." Safety 5, no. 3 (July 9, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety5030044.

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Electricity is the most important form of household energy and one of the most important forms of energy for industry and transport. Electrical distribution in construction and transport is almost exclusively implemented using electrical cables. One of the unresolved problems associated with electrical cables is the release of smoke and the resulting reduction of visibility in case of fire in the area. In this study, a new approach was developed to assess the reduction of visibility in an area affected by an electrical cable fire. This approach is based on the determination of the critical ratio of smoke volume (in the smoke layer and exhausted from the fire compartment) to the length of the burning cable, through which the visibility of reflective and illuminated signs was reduced to a lower limit value (a standard of 10 m). The input data for this approach was the extinction area of the smoke released from one meter of burning cable and the length of the cables in the area. This approach was used to test two power cables (CHKE-V J3x1.5 and CHKE-R J3x1.5) and one signal cable J-H(St)H 1 × 2 × 0.8 with the B2ca, s1, d1, a1 fire reaction class. The smoke extinction area of the examined cables was determined using a cone calorimeter at a heat flux of 50 kW/m2. The obtained data showed that in order to maintain a visibility of 10 m for reflective signs, the critical ratio of smoke volume to length of burning cable was 7.5 m3/m. For illuminated signs, the critical ratio was 2.8 m3/m. The relationship between burning length and visibility allows the calculation of visibility in the fire compartment affected by cable fire only from cables length.
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Lee, Seok-Hui, Min-Ho Kim, Sangkyu Lee, Ju-Eun Lee, and Min-Chul Lee. "Analysis of Combustion and Smoke Characteristics According to the Aging of Class 1E Cables in Nuclear Power Plants." Fire Science and Engineering 35, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.970c894b.

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In this study, combustion and smoke characteristics according to the aging of class 1E cables in nuclear power plants were analyzed through a cone calorimeter test. In the case of combustion characteristics, during the early period, which was the first peak of the heat release rate, the peak value of the non-aged cable was higher by approximately 20-50 kW/m<sup>2</sup> than that of aged cables. However, in the mid-late periods, which was the second peak, the value of the aged cables were higher than the non-aged cable due to the decrease in flame retardant performance with aging deterioration. In addition, the duration of the char layer of the aged cables was shortened by 200 s than that of the non-aged cables due to the unstable formation of char layer. The total heat release measured was approximately 1.4 times higher in the aged cables than in the non-aged cables. In the case of smoke characteristics, the smoke production rate and total smoke release show a similar trend with the heat release rate and total heat release. The total smoke release of the aged cables was measured to be higher than that of the non-aged cables. The tendency of the smoke factor increased with aging deterioration, and the values of the smoke factor in the aged cables beyond 4 years were approximately 1.76-2.0 times different from those in the non-aged cables. Consequently, the smoke risk increased with aging deterioration. Therefore, the risk of heat and smoke release increased as aging progressed.
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Martinka, Jozef, Peter Rantuch, Igor Wachter, and Karol Balog. "Fire Risk of Halogen-Free Electrical Cable." Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 26, no. 42 (June 1, 2018): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rput-2018-0002.

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Abstract This paper deals with the fire risk of a selected halogen-free electrical cable. The research was objected to a three-core power electric cable for a fixed installation CHKE J3x1.5 (cross section of each copper core was 1.5 mm2) with a declared class of reaction to fire B2ca, s1, d1, a1. The electrical cable was manufactured and supplied by VUKI, a. s., Slovakia. The fire risk of the electric cable was evaluated based on the heat release rate, total heat release, smoke release rate, total smoke release and effective heat of combustion. These parameters were measured using a cone calorimeter at 50 kW m−2 (specimens and cone emitter were placed horizontally during the test). The measured electrical cable showed a maximum heat release rate of nearly 150 kW m−2, a maximum average heat emission rate of almost 100 kW m−2, a total heat release of almost 130 MJ m−2, a maximum smoke release rate of almost 2.5 s−1, a total smoke release of more than 800 m2 m−2, an effective heat of combustion (cable as a whole) of nearly 9 MJ kg−1 and an effective heat of emission (polymeric parts of the cable) of 26.5 MJ kg−1.
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Kaczorek-Chrobak and Fangrat. "Influence of Constructional-Material Parameters on the Fire Properties of Electric Cables." Energies 12, no. 23 (November 29, 2019): 4569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234569.

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The significant number of cables of different materials and construction used extensively in building objects increases their fire load and, therefore, strongly influences safety in the case of fire. The purpose of the study was to identify relevant factors related to the construction of electrical cables, and perform a qualitative and quantitative assessment of their influence on specific fire properties, such as heat release and smoke production. Fifteen cables of different construction and materials were studied using the EN 50399 standard test. The analysis was focused on cable constructional-material parameters related to the chemical composition of non-metallic elements and the number and shape of conductors in the cable, as well as the concentric barrier as armor or the copper concentric conductor. The conclusions drawn from the experiments were: (1) Construction, the number of conductors, and the presence of armor or concentric metallic conductors improve the fire properties by forming a barrier against flame penetration through the cable; (2) the use of copper conductors resulted in a decrease of fire parameters compared to cables with aluminum conductors (peakHRRav parameter even four times lower for copper cable); (3) construction material based on non-plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) significantly reduced the fire properties of cables more than halogen-free materials (LS0H) (peakHRRav parameter more than 17 times higher for the fully halogenated cable), which is due to the decomposition process of the material; and (4) no clear relationship between the fire parameters and the cable parameter, χ, was found.
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Kim, Min Ho, Seok Hui Lee, Sang Kyu Lee, Ju Eun Lee, and Min Chul Lee. "Effect of Radiation Deterioration on Class 1E Cable Fire." Fire Science and Engineering 34, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.3f6529d5.

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In this study, the effect of radiation deterioration on cable fire for a type of class 1E cable for a nuclear power plant was investigated. Combustion and smoke characteristics were compared via a cone calorimeter test (ISO 5660-1), and the toxicity index of the toxic gas emitted during combustion was analyzed by following the NES 713 standard. The peak heat release rate of the irradiated cable was measured to be approximately 38 kW/m<sup>2</sup> higher than that of the non-irradiated cable. Additionally, the heat release rate of the irradiated cable temporarily increased during a certain period. This can be ascribed to the continuous pyrolysis and heat penetration as a result of the unstable formation of the char layer. The total heat release of the irradiated cable was measured to be approximately 2.2 times higher than that of the non-irradiated cable. A corresponding increase of ~2.8% in the total mass loss was observed. In the case of smoke characteristics, the irradiated cable was measured to be 2.3 times higher in the smoke parameter and 3.8 times higher in the smoke factor compared to the non-irradiated cable. For the toxicity index, only CO was detected above the critical factor in the non-irradiated cable, whereas both CO and HBr were detected above their critical factors in the irradiated cable.
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Li, Jin Mei, Jia Qing Zhang, Qiang Li, and Zi Dong Guo. "Thermal Aging Effects on Fire Performance of the Cross-Linked Polyethylene Insulated Cable." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 2399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.2399.

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To evaluate the fire performance of the cable in service, the ignition time, heat release rate and insulation failure parameters of the accelerated thermal aging cable on stimulated fire condition were studied. The results show that, the extended ignition time and decreasing peak of heat release rate of the cable in the early stage of aging are the addictive including the lubricant, plasticizer and anti-oxygen. In the aggravating of thermal aging, labile materials with low heating value will be exhausted, while the thermal stability of insulation sheath material decreases, its corresponding ignition time will start to shorten and initial peak of heat release rate will start to rise. The insulation failure temperature of the cable is related with the decomposition temperature of insulation materials of the cable by heating. In each aging stage, the decomposition temperatures of insulation materials by heating are all lower than the insulation failure temperature of the cable for about 10°C. The reason for the insulation failure of the cable is that the ambient heat , gives rise to the decomposition by heating of internal insulation materials of the cable through sheath materials finally under the thermal transmission effect.
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Kaczorek-Chrobak, Katarzyna, and Jadwiga Fangrat. "Combustible Material Content vs. Fire Properties of Electric Cables." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 24, 2020): 6172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236172.

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The fire load of buildings is significantly increased by means of electric cables, usually creating a long combustible base for fire to spread and in this way decreasing the fire safety of buildings. The aim of the study was to evaluate a relationship between the construction of the cables and their fire properties, especially the mass loss influence on other fire properties of cables. Six cables of different core numbers were tested by means of the standard test method EN 50399. Additionally, thermogravimetric analysis and Attenuated Total Reflection—Fourier Transform Infrared analysis were performed on the separate outer sheath, bedding, and core insulations in order to determine the similarity of the materials’ chemical structures. It was found that: (1) the construction of the cable strongly influences the fire behavior due to the creation of a barrier for flame penetration and emission of combustion effluents though inside the closed agglomeration of non-combustible metallic cores (conductors), and the intumescent structures formed from aluminum trihydrate/zinc borate fillers and fire retardants in outer sheath material during the self-sustained combustion process after ignition of cables; (2) the inhomogeneous distribution of non-combustible inorganic fillers or different contents of fillers and flame retardants within the polymer fraction cause an unobvious fire behaviors of cables; and (3) the use of bedding in multicore cable construction results in lower values of combustion parameters (maximum average heat release rate, total heat release, maximum average smoke production rate, total smoke production), e.g., better fire properties of cables.
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Kim, Min Ho, Hyun Jeong Seo, Sang Kyu Lee, and Min Chul Lee. "Influence of Thermal Aging on the Combustion Characteristics of Cables in Nuclear Power Plants." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 5, 2021): 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14072003.

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In this study, the combustion characteristics and emission of toxic gases of a non-class 1E cable in a nuclear power plant were investigated with respect to the aging period. A thermal accelerated aging method was applied using the Arrhenius equation with the activation energy of the cables and the aging periods of the cables set to zero, 10, 20, 30 and 40 years old by considering the lifetime of a nuclear power plant. According to ISO 5660-1 and ISO 19702, the cone calorimeter Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy test was performed to analyze the combustion characteristics and emission toxicity. In addition, scanning electron microscopy and an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer were used to examine the change in the surface of the sheath and insulation of the cables according to the aging periods. To compare quantitative fire risks at an early period, the fire performance index (FPI) and fire growth index (FGI) are derived from the test results of the ignition time, peak heat release rate (PHRR) and time to PHRR (tPHRR). When comparing FPI and FGI, the fire risks decreased as the aging period increased, which means that early fire risks may be alleviated through the devolatilization of both the sheath and insulation of the cables. However, when comparing heat release and mass loss, which represent the fire risk at the mid and late period, fire intensity and severity increased with the aging period. The emission of toxic gases coincided with the results obtained from the heat release rate, which confirms that the toxicity of non-aged cables is higher than that of aged cables. From the results, it can be concluded that the aging period significantly affects both the combustion characteristics and toxicity of the emission gas. Therefore, cable degradation with aging should be considered when setting up reinforced safety codes and standards for cables and planning proper operation procedures for nuclear power plants.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cable release"

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Chen, Ching-Rong, and 陳清容. "The Evaluation of Heat Release Rate on Cable And Wire for Construction." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24498238176792747351.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程技術學系
83
This study investigate heat release rate of cables and wires used on constructions. The short circuit of cable or wires is one of the major reasons which cause fires, and injury comes from high temperatures, high heat fluxes, and large amounts of toxic gases being emitted. Therefore, the heat release rate of material pre- sents the parameters of reaction to fire. The apparatus of heat release rate test are Cone Calorimeter and Factory Mutual Calorimeter, which are bench- scale. It based on the principle of oxygen consumption to measure heat release rate. The testing sample used were cables and wires according to National stan- dards for construction. The results showed that the cable of CNS 11359 would not be burned within 20 minutes under the heat which are 14 kw/m2, the rest of peak of heat release rate greater than 12.5 kw/m2, which needed for burning of wooden materials. It could burn the adjoin- ing combustibles .It was also simultaneously found that the curve of heat release rate for Cone calorimeter are similar to Factory Mutual Calorimeter, and the relationship for total heat release rate between Cone calorimeter and Factory Mutual Calorimeter are close to linear.
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Books on the topic "Cable release"

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The book of photography. London: DK Pub., 2005.

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Telecommunications: FCC procedures delay release of decision documents : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Communications and Finance, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cable release"

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Zhang, Chao, and Junmei Wang. "The Internet of Things and Big Data in the Submarine Cable Release Process of Finite Element Simulation and Matlab Simulation." In Cloud Computing and Security, 133–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00021-9_13.

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Conolly, Jez. "‘It’s not dead yet!’." In The Thing, 75–90. Liverpool University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906733773.003.0007.

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This chapter talks about the initial reception of the film and its rise to cultdom. It discusses how a film that gets prematurely dismissed as bad is able to rise above by gaining some high profile and highly vocal supporters. One such supporter that was cited was Quentin Tarantino who mentioned The Thing as an inspiration to Reservoir Dogs. The chapter states that this was a crucial stage in the film's journey from flop to classic. It discusses how The Thing qualifies as a cult film citing its budget, its approach to goriness, and its troubled production story. It also discusses the transformations the film had to go through as it was transferred for home-video release, and for cable TV. The chapter describes the film's reception in the 1990s and the decades that have followed. It also discusses the film's influence on films and TV shows in the 2000s.
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Lupack, Barbara Tepa. "Introduction." In Silent Serial Sensations, 1–13. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748189.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter provides an overview of the serial motion picture. Typically two-reel action-packed films that ran for ten, fifteen, or more installments, serials often ended with a cliffhanger and a promise “to be continued next week.” Episodically structured and suspensefully plotted, they not only served as the precursors of the popular installment dramas and crime procedurals that have become staples of modern network and cable television programming; they also anticipated the extended incremental storytelling methods and “thrilling episodes of inescapable fatality and hair-breath escapes” that later filmmakers would exploit in commercial blockbusters such as the Star Wars series and the Indiana Jones and Marvel movie franchises. Moreover, serials helped to forge a strong link between the print and the film industries. The chapter then traces the evolution of the serial form, looking at an early twelve-part Edison production, What Happened to Mary, whose first installment was released on July 26, 1912. It also describes the serial The Perils of Pauline (released beginning March 23, 1914), which not only heightened interest in the genre; it also immortalized its star, Pearl White, and became the most famous of all the early chapter plays. However, it was the pioneering serials produced by filmmakers Ted and Leo Wharton that would have the most profound and sustained impact on the genre.
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"americanum) [29]. Among wheat, tetraploid durum wheat contained higher FL contents than the U.S. hard winter NSTL shows the highest NL:PoL ratio. wheats. Larsen et al. [66] reported New Zealand wheat flour Among all grains, wheat is the richest in GL, followed FL content ranges of 67-85 mg/10 g (db) for the 1984 crop by triticale, rye, and barley. Millet lipids from P. ameri-and 93-108 mg/10 g (db) for the 1985 wheat crop (Table 4). canum seed [29], corn, and sorghum lipids contain the Ten Greek bread wheat flours [67] contained lipid ranges lowest GL content. However, other researchers [32] report-similar to those in U.S. Kansas flours reported by Chung et ed that GL contents ranged from 6 to 14% for millet lipids al. [61]. Australian scientists [68,69] also investigated their that were extracted by hot water—saturated butanol and wheat FL. Compared with the means of U.S. wheat and acid hydrolysis. flour FL [61], Australian wheats contained substantially In general, PL also are more abundant in wheat, triti-less FL and NL but higher PL. Australian flours contained cale, rye lipids and slightly lower in barley, oat groats, similar FL and NL but still higher PoL content (Table 4). sorghum, and rice. Although corn NSTL were found to have higher PL contents than GL contents, they were very low in PL compared to other grains. Millet NSTL from P. C. Fatty Acid Composition of Grain Lipids americanum seed [29] contains the lowest PL content of All cereal grain lipids are rich in unsaturated fatty acids all the grains. (FA) (Table 5). Palmitic acid (16:0) is a major saturated Wheat flour FL, a minor component, have been report-FA, and linoleic acid (18:2) is a major unsaturated FA for ed to have a significant effect on bread-making. When the all cereals except for brown rice. In brown rice, oleic acid defatted flours were reconstituted with the extracted lipids (18:1) is a major unsaturated FA. The presence of palmi-to their original levels, the PoL fraction of FL but not the toleic acid (16:1) and eicosenoic acid (20:1) is reported NL completely restored loaf volume and crumb grain quite often but usually at levels below 1% of total FA com-[59,60]. Among wheat flour lipids, GL are the best bread position. loaf volume improvers [19-21]. Fatty acid compositions are generally similar for barley, In 1982, Chung et al. [61] reported a range of 177-230 rye, triticale, and wheat lipids. Rye lipids are somewhat mg/10 g (db) for wheat FL contents of 21 HRW wheats higher in linolneic acid (18:3) than those of other cereals. (Table 4). Flours showed 83-109 mg FL, 67-84 mg NL, Oat lipid FA composition is similar to that of brown rice, and 11-27 mg PoL with NL:PoL ratios of 2.5-6.9. Ohm because oats and brown rice are rich in oleic acid. Millet and Chung [62] also investigated the FL contents of flours lipids are generally higher in stearic acid (18:0) than all from 12 commercial hard winter wheat cultivars grown at other cereal lipids. six locations and reported the cultivar mean ranges of There are wide ranges in FA compositions of corn oils 90-109 mg/10 g (db) for total flour FL, 72-85 mg for NL, (Table 6). Jellum [82] reported a range of 14-64% oleic 11-16 mg for GL, 1.7-3.1 mg for monogalactosyldiglyc-acid and 19-71% linoleic acid for the world collection of erides (MGDG), 5.3-6.5 mg for digalactosyldiglycerides 788 varieties of corn (Table 6). The wide ranges in FA com-(DGDG), and 5-7 mg for PL (Table 4). The ratios of NL to position were due to more lines having been examined in PoL were in a much narrower range than those of earlier corn than in any of the other cereal grains [1]. Dunlap et al. work by Chung et al. [61]. This was probably due to a [86,87] reported on corn genotypes with unusual fatty acid smaller variation in the released cultivars used by Ohm compositions (Table 6). They found palmitic acid ranges of and Chung [62]. Samples used by Chung et al. [61] includ-6.3-7.6% and 16.7-18.2% for low and high saturated corn ed some experimental lines. genotypes, respectively. They also reported a range of Bekes et al. [63] investigated 22 hard and 4 soft spring 43.9-46.1% of oleic acids for high oleic acid lines. wheat varieties grown at 3 locations in Canada: varietal Fatty acid composition differs depending on the lipid means ranged from 72 to 134 mg per 10 g (db) flour for extractant (Tables 5 and 6). For example, FL were higher FL, 61-115 mg for NL, 4-11 mg for GL, and 4-9 mg for in both oleic and linoleic acids than the BL of corn and PL (Table 4). There were larger variations in FL contents pearl millet, whereas FL were lower in palmitic acid than for Canadian spring wheats than for U.S. hard winter the BL of millet, oats, and corn. The FA composition of wheats except for GL. Chung [64] showed that U.S. winter NSTL from corn is intermediate to those of FL and BL and spring wheats could not be differentiated by lipid con-based on data complied by Morrison [3]. tents and compositions. Wheat lipid FA compositions for different classes or Unlike the Canadian spring wheats [63], the U.K. soft subclasses are shown in Table 7. The average of 6 HWW winter wheats [65] contained more FL (195-244 mg/10 g, wheats and 14 SWS wheat lipids was lower in palmitic and db) with higher NL content than hard winter wheats stearic acids and higher in linoleic and linolenic acids than (186-210 mg/10 g, db). In general, U.K. hard spring wheats the overall average of 290 wheat lipids. The average FA." In Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Revised and Expanded, 435–37. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027228-44.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cable release"

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McGrattan, K., A. Lock, N. Marsh, M. Nyden, J. Dreisbach, and D. Stroup. "Understanding the Hazards of Grouped Electrical Cables." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22466.

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CHRISTIFIRE (Cable Heat Release, Ignition, and Spread in Tray Installations during FIRE) is a U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Office of Research program to quantify the mass and energy released from burning electrical cables. This type of quantitative information will be used to develop more realistic models of cable fires for use in fire probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) analyses. The experimental program has two main thrusts—bench-scale measurements of small samples of burning cables and full-scale measurements of the heat release and fire-spread rates of cables burning within typical ladder-type trays. The bench-scale measurements include micro-calorimetry of cable components, effluent characterization using absorption spectroscopy, and measurements of the heat release rate using a cone calorimeter. The full-scale measurements include the burning of a variety of cables within a typical tray under radiant panel heating, and full-scale, multiple tray fires. The outcome of the experiments is to be used by a variety of fire models, ranging from simple correlations to computational fluid dynamics.
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Li, Lin, Yanhui Zhang, and Ping Yang. "Research On The Optimum Cable Release Length Of ROVs." In 2015 3rd International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Intelligent Systems. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmeis-15.2015.57.

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Huang, Xianjia, Kun Bi, Jun Xiao, Lan Peng, He Zhu, and Zihui Zheng. "A Method Evaluating Fire Hazard of Multiple-Layer Cable Tray and its Validation." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66017.

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Multi-layer cable tray fire has special burning characteristics that the cable flame spreads horizontally along cable tray and propagates vertically from bottom layer to upper layer at the same time. With respect of accuracy and speed of calculation, simulation of multi-layer cable tray fire remains a challenge for fire models. In this paper, a method is proposed to simulate multi-layer cable tray fire. By developing a more accurate fire source description, this method can provide accurate simulation for multi-layer cable tray fire rapidly. In this method, Firstly, the heat release rate of each burning cable tray is evaluated by FLASH-CAT model. Based on the results from FLASH-CAT, a more accurate fire source definition for multiple lay cable tray is developed for zone model. Taking account of each burning cable tray considered as one fire source point, zone model is applied to predict the fire dynamics process. In order to validate this method, four-layer cable tray fire experiments and replicated experiments were carried out in a confined compartment. The histories of mass loss rate of cable tray and temperatures at the middle of compartment were recorded during the cable fire. From the replicated experimental results of total mass loss rate, it is concluded that the four-layer cable tray fire experiment has good repetition in this scenario. Vertical temperature profile shows that the fire circumstance generated by multiple-layer cable tray burning can be divided into upper hot layer and lower cool layer, which conforms to the basic assumption of zone model. As a consequence, the zone model can be applied to simulating multiple-layer cable tray fire. By comparing the experimental total heat release rate with predictions, it is found that characteristics of multiple-layer cable tray fire are well captured. On account of good prediction on overall heat release rate for multi-layer cable tray fire, predicted heat release rate for each burning cable layer by FLASH-CAT model is believed to be reliable. Then, each burning cable layer is set as one fire source and the heat release rate of each burning cable layer is input into zone model, respectively. The comparisons between simulations and experimental data show that the predicted upper layer temperature and lower layer temperature agree well with experimental data. As a result, it can be concluded that this method provides reliable prediction for multiple-layer cable tray fire rapidly.
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Ji, Bowen, Yuhao Zhou, Zhejun Guo, Kai Zhang, Minghao Wang, Kai Tao, Huicheng Feng, Honglong Chang, and Jingquan Liu. "Reliable Connection Between Stretchable Electrodes on PDMS and Flexible Flat Cable by Introducing Thermal Release Tape." In 2021 21st International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (Transducers). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/transducers50396.2021.9495567.

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Bussière, Mathew, Mark Stephens, Marzie Derakhshesh, Yue Cheng, and Lorne Daniels. "Establishing a Detection Threshold for Acoustic-Based External Leak Detection Systems." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9518.

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Abstract A better understanding of the sensitivity threshold of external leak detection systems can assist pipeline operators in predicting detection performance for a range of possible leak scenarios, thereby helping them to make more informed decisions regarding procurement and deployment of such systems. The analysis approach described herein was developed to characterize the leak detection sensitivity of select fiber optic cable-based systems that employ Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS). The detection sensitivity analysis consisted of two steps. The first step involved identifying a suitable release parameter capable of providing a defensible basis for defining detection sensitivity; the second step involved the application of logistic regression analysis to characterize detection sensitivity as a function of the chosen release parameter. The detection sensitivity analysis described herein provides a means by which to quantitatively determine the leak detection sensitivity threshold for each technology and sensor deployment position evaluated in a set of full-scale tests. The chosen sensitivity threshold measure was the release parameter value associated with release events having a 90% probability of being detected. Thresholds associated with a higher probability level of 95% were also established for comparison purposes. The calculated sensitivity thresholds can be interpreted to mean that release events associated with release parameter values above the sensitivity threshold have a very high likelihood (either 90 or 95%) of being detected.
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Cherry, Michael S., Sridhar Kota, and Daniel P. Ferris. "An Elastic Exoskeleton for Assisting Human Running." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87355.

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This paper presents the design and preliminary evaluation of an elastic lower-body exoskeleton (eExo). Human legs behave in a spring-like fashion while running. We selected a design that relied solely on material elasticity to store and release energy during the stance phase of running. The exoskeleton included a novel knee joint with a cam and a Bowden cable transferring energy to and from a waist-mounted extension spring. We used a friction-lock clutch controlled by hip angle via a pneumatic cylinder to release the cable during swing phase for free movement of the leg. The design also incorporated a composite leaf spring to store and release energy in the distal portion of the exoskeleton about the foot and ankle. Preliminary test data for our target subject showed that his typical leg deflection was 0.11 m with leg stiffness of 16 kN/m while running at 3.0 m/s. We used these values to set the desired stiffness (60±15% of the normal leg stiffness, or 9.6±2.4 kN/m) and deflection (0.11 m) of the exoskeleton. We created simplified multi-body and full finite element quasi-static models to achieve the desired system stiffness and validate our results, respectively. The final design model had an overall stiffness of 7.3 kN/m, which was within the desired range. We fabricated a single-leg prototype of the exo–skeleton that weighed 7.1 kg. We tested the exoskeleton stiffness quasi-statically and found a stiffness of 3.6 kN/m. While running, the exoskeleton provided ∼30% of the total leg stiffness for two subjects. Although the stiffness was lower than desired, the fabricated prototype demonstrated the ability of a quasi-passive exoskeleton to provide a significant portion of an individual’s leg stiffness while running.
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Zamora-Garcia, Diego A., Luis Miguel Acosta-Carrion, Ma Pilar Corona-Lira, and Alejandro C. Ramirez-Reivich. "Experimental Determination of Axial Viscoelasticity of Braided Steel Cables Through the Design of a Special Purpose Machine." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11919.

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Abstract Braided steel cables have the potential for improving the mechanisms providing them several advantages in comparison with rigid elements. Nevertheless, a limitation in the use of cable mechanism is that due to the inherent flexibility, the problem of vibration arises. In this research, we investigate the axial viscoelastic behavior of 1/32″ braided steel cables. The essential idea is to determine the parameters of elasticity (k) and viscosity (b) as a function of the length of the cable in its axial direction. It was achieved through the design and construction of a test bench and the design of an experiment. The test bench is a free vibration particular design machine. One end of the cable is fixed to the structure, and in the other end, a load is attached. Then, the load is released, and the free vibration of the cable in the axial direction is registered. The factor of the experiment is the length of the cable. There are six levels, and these were repeated four times. We demonstrated that the braided steel cables have a viscoelastic behavior like a Kelvin-Voigt. Also, we found a relation between the effective length of the cables and the parameters of elasticity and viscosity.
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Meyer, Stephen P. "Sources of Uncertainty in a Fire Probabilistic Safety Assessment." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75360.

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Probability Safety Assessments (PSA) by their nature are approximations of the actual risk and consequences of an accident at a nuclear power plant. Today the PSA models are becoming more complex as the computers and PSA software are faster and PSA modeling techniques are improved. Many PSAs now integrate into a single model internal initiators, internal floods, and internal fires. Each of these initiator types has some uncertainties in common and some that are primarily associated with a specific initiator type. This paper discusses some of those uncertainties found in Fire PSAs. Uncertainties in Fire PSAs arise from the broad categories of phenomenological modeling and assumptions, PSA model development and assumptions, data, and human failure events (HFEs). Phenomenological development and assumptions would include the heat release rates, fire durations, zones of influence, damage criteria, fire propagation, and the impact of smoke on equipment. Aside from the model development and assumptions in the traditional internal events PSA, the inclusion or exclusion of mitigating systems into a Fire PSA model generally has greater impact on the results than in the internal events PSA model. Most plants do not have readily available cable information for non-safety related cables. The cost to determine cable routing for non-safety related cable can be very high and, therefore, most Fire PSAs do not include non-safety mitigating systems except where needed. This increases the level of uncertainty and can skew the results. Data uncertainty arises from ignition frequency determinations, fuel available to a fire, the probability of success/failure of fire suppression systems, and the probability of hot shorts and consequential spurious operation. In addition to the HFEs included in an internal events PSA, there are other HFEs specific to fires. These include new human error probabilities (HEPs) for those HFEs that are part of the internal events PSA model due to the fact that there is a fire occurring and added stress and instrumentation failure may result. There are also HFEs associated directly with the fire such as fire detection and suppression. New HFEs will be needed to be modeled for Control Room evacuation. PSAs are being used more and more in the decision making processes of operating nuclear power plants. It is often required that initiators other than the traditional “internal events” be included in these processes. Understanding the uncertainties that are part of the Fire PSA is needed to make an informed decision. This paper addresses each of these in greater detail and provides techniques in understanding the impacts of the uncertainties.
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Cope, Cam. "Battery Disconnect Devices Related to Vehicle Safety." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-69106.

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In many vehicles, the largest electrical cable, located between the battery and the starter/alternator, is not fused and has limited mechanical protection. Being generally located in the front of the engine compartment, this cable poses a serious fire risk in cases of a crash, collision, or rollover. Vehicle deformation during a collision or rollover can damage the insulation of electrical cables and ground the wires. The high current caused by short circuits can produce elevated temperatures as well as electrical sparks or arcing that can ignite the cable’s insulation, ignite released flammable liquids or vapors, and can ignite nearby plastic components inside the engine compartment. Circuit protection devices are designed to disconnect the main power supply (battery) to cables and other electrical components, thereby reducing the occurrence of such fires. This paper reviews these devices and reports on the test results of a pyrotechnically driven safety switch engineered by Delphi.
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Nailos, Mary Ann, Dan Stein, and Victor G. Hernandez. "System Failures Due to Contamination Outgassing." In ISTFA 2005. ASM International, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2005p0465.

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Abstract Contamination out gassing is the release of volatile compounds from a solid or liquid, often with the addition of heat. These compounds may condense as thin films on surfaces and cause oxidation, corrosion or contact resistance. Out gassing is more likely to be problematic in system environments in which the temperature is elevated and available oxygen is limited. Moisture in the environment may also be a contributing factor. The paper includes an investigation of three case studies of different types of contamination out gassing that led to system failures. The analytical tools and methods used to determine root cause will be discussed in each case. The first case study examines bridging conductive copper dendrites on a system cable used in a PC system related to the cable shipping materials. The second failure to be discussed is the corrosion of Ag conductor traces in a display panel due to out gassing of sulfur compounds from nearby foam cushioning pads. The third case will explore a DC motor failure due to siloxane out gassing from an adjacent foam pad. Prevention of out gassing can be controlled by material selection and supply chain management. There are also standard test methods that can be used to detect out gassing in suspect material. These methods can be used in conjunction with the specification as requirements for qualification of new materials. Two ASTM test methods, ASTM E-595-77/84 and ASTM E1559-03 pertain to contamination out gassing. This paper includes a discussion of both methods and their advantages and disadvantages as part of a test plan.
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