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1
Zhang, Jia Qing, Bo Si Zhang, Ming Hao Fan, Liu Fang Wang, Xiang Jun Guo, and Deng Yang Yu. "Effects of External Heat Radiation on Combustion and Toxic Gas Release of Flame Retardant Cables." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 2392–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.2392.
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The effects of external heat radiation on combustion and toxic gas release characteristics of flame retardant cables, which were XLPE insulated, flame retardant PVC sheathed and steel armoured cables, were investigated. The combustion characteristics of the level A and the level C flame retardant cables were explored by the cone calorimeter. For the level C cables, heat release rate (HRR) and CO concentration in cable fires increased and the ignition time decreased with increase of the external radiation heat flux. For level A cables, the HRR and CO concentration showed two-stage variations with the external radiation heat flux. When the external radiation heat flux was smaller than 35 kW/m2, the cable self-extinguished quickly after the ignition. When the external radiation heat flux was larger than 50 kW/m2, the cables showed continuous burning phenomena after the ignition. The level A cable had smaller HRRs compared with that of the level C cable under the same external radiation heat flux. However, the CO concentration of level A cable was remarkably higher than that of the level C cable in the present study. The high CO release rate of cable with well flame retardant ability under large external radiation heat flux requires more caution in the cable fires.
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Huang, Xianjia, He Zhu, Lan Peng, Zihui Zheng, Wuyong Zeng, Chihonn Cheng, and Wanki Chow. "An improved model for estimating heat release rate in horizontal cable tray fires in open space." Journal of Fire Sciences 36, no. 3 (April 15, 2018): 275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904118769810.
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Electric cable fires in nuclear power plants could be disastrous and have to be studied carefully for safety and economic considerations. Based on the results of previous work on large-scale and bench-scale cable fire testing, the Flame Spread over Horizontal Cable Trays model was modified and improved to estimate the heat release rate of large-scale cable fires using bench-scale measured data. The heat release rate per unit area measured in the cone calorimeter experiment is taken as the input, to avoid introducing any prediction uncertainties caused by inconsistent values of the heat of combustion and char yield of the cable. Cable fire experiments with vertical stacks of trays with one to three layers of cables were conducted in open space to assess the accuracy of the improved model. In comparing with the experimental results, predictions using the improved model are encouraging. The local error of prediction is less than 15% and the global error lies between 19.2% and 35.7%. In addition, three cable tray fire experiments with data available in the literature were used to validate the improved model. It is shown that the improved model had good predictions for these cable tray fires.
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Martinka, Jozef, Peter Rantuch, Marek Rolinec, Jiri Pokorny, Karol Balog, Petr Kucera, Marek Rybakowski, and Janka Sulova. "A New Approach to the Assessment of the Reduction in Visibility Caused by Fires of Electrical Cables." Safety 5, no. 3 (July 9, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety5030044.
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Electricity is the most important form of household energy and one of the most important forms of energy for industry and transport. Electrical distribution in construction and transport is almost exclusively implemented using electrical cables. One of the unresolved problems associated with electrical cables is the release of smoke and the resulting reduction of visibility in case of fire in the area. In this study, a new approach was developed to assess the reduction of visibility in an area affected by an electrical cable fire. This approach is based on the determination of the critical ratio of smoke volume (in the smoke layer and exhausted from the fire compartment) to the length of the burning cable, through which the visibility of reflective and illuminated signs was reduced to a lower limit value (a standard of 10 m). The input data for this approach was the extinction area of the smoke released from one meter of burning cable and the length of the cables in the area. This approach was used to test two power cables (CHKE-V J3x1.5 and CHKE-R J3x1.5) and one signal cable J-H(St)H 1 × 2 × 0.8 with the B2ca, s1, d1, a1 fire reaction class. The smoke extinction area of the examined cables was determined using a cone calorimeter at a heat flux of 50 kW/m2. The obtained data showed that in order to maintain a visibility of 10 m for reflective signs, the critical ratio of smoke volume to length of burning cable was 7.5 m3/m. For illuminated signs, the critical ratio was 2.8 m3/m. The relationship between burning length and visibility allows the calculation of visibility in the fire compartment affected by cable fire only from cables length.
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Lee, Seok-Hui, Min-Ho Kim, Sangkyu Lee, Ju-Eun Lee, and Min-Chul Lee. "Analysis of Combustion and Smoke Characteristics According to the Aging of Class 1E Cables in Nuclear Power Plants." Fire Science and Engineering 35, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.970c894b.
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In this study, combustion and smoke characteristics according to the aging of class 1E cables in nuclear power plants were analyzed through a cone calorimeter test. In the case of combustion characteristics, during the early period, which was the first peak of the heat release rate, the peak value of the non-aged cable was higher by approximately 20-50 kW/m<sup>2</sup> than that of aged cables. However, in the mid-late periods, which was the second peak, the value of the aged cables were higher than the non-aged cable due to the decrease in flame retardant performance with aging deterioration. In addition, the duration of the char layer of the aged cables was shortened by 200 s than that of the non-aged cables due to the unstable formation of char layer. The total heat release measured was approximately 1.4 times higher in the aged cables than in the non-aged cables. In the case of smoke characteristics, the smoke production rate and total smoke release show a similar trend with the heat release rate and total heat release. The total smoke release of the aged cables was measured to be higher than that of the non-aged cables. The tendency of the smoke factor increased with aging deterioration, and the values of the smoke factor in the aged cables beyond 4 years were approximately 1.76-2.0 times different from those in the non-aged cables. Consequently, the smoke risk increased with aging deterioration. Therefore, the risk of heat and smoke release increased as aging progressed.
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Martinka, Jozef, Peter Rantuch, Igor Wachter, and Karol Balog. "Fire Risk of Halogen-Free Electrical Cable." Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 26, no. 42 (June 1, 2018): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rput-2018-0002.
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Abstract This paper deals with the fire risk of a selected halogen-free electrical cable. The research was objected to a three-core power electric cable for a fixed installation CHKE J3x1.5 (cross section of each copper core was 1.5 mm2) with a declared class of reaction to fire B2ca, s1, d1, a1. The electrical cable was manufactured and supplied by VUKI, a. s., Slovakia. The fire risk of the electric cable was evaluated based on the heat release rate, total heat release, smoke release rate, total smoke release and effective heat of combustion. These parameters were measured using a cone calorimeter at 50 kW m−2 (specimens and cone emitter were placed horizontally during the test). The measured electrical cable showed a maximum heat release rate of nearly 150 kW m−2, a maximum average heat emission rate of almost 100 kW m−2, a total heat release of almost 130 MJ m−2, a maximum smoke release rate of almost 2.5 s−1, a total smoke release of more than 800 m2 m−2, an effective heat of combustion (cable as a whole) of nearly 9 MJ kg−1 and an effective heat of emission (polymeric parts of the cable) of 26.5 MJ kg−1.
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Kaczorek-Chrobak and Fangrat. "Influence of Constructional-Material Parameters on the Fire Properties of Electric Cables." Energies 12, no. 23 (November 29, 2019): 4569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234569.
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The significant number of cables of different materials and construction used extensively in building objects increases their fire load and, therefore, strongly influences safety in the case of fire. The purpose of the study was to identify relevant factors related to the construction of electrical cables, and perform a qualitative and quantitative assessment of their influence on specific fire properties, such as heat release and smoke production. Fifteen cables of different construction and materials were studied using the EN 50399 standard test. The analysis was focused on cable constructional-material parameters related to the chemical composition of non-metallic elements and the number and shape of conductors in the cable, as well as the concentric barrier as armor or the copper concentric conductor. The conclusions drawn from the experiments were: (1) Construction, the number of conductors, and the presence of armor or concentric metallic conductors improve the fire properties by forming a barrier against flame penetration through the cable; (2) the use of copper conductors resulted in a decrease of fire parameters compared to cables with aluminum conductors (peakHRRav parameter even four times lower for copper cable); (3) construction material based on non-plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) significantly reduced the fire properties of cables more than halogen-free materials (LS0H) (peakHRRav parameter more than 17 times higher for the fully halogenated cable), which is due to the decomposition process of the material; and (4) no clear relationship between the fire parameters and the cable parameter, χ, was found.
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Kim, Min Ho, Seok Hui Lee, Sang Kyu Lee, Ju Eun Lee, and Min Chul Lee. "Effect of Radiation Deterioration on Class 1E Cable Fire." Fire Science and Engineering 34, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.3f6529d5.
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In this study, the effect of radiation deterioration on cable fire for a type of class 1E cable for a nuclear power plant was investigated. Combustion and smoke characteristics were compared via a cone calorimeter test (ISO 5660-1), and the toxicity index of the toxic gas emitted during combustion was analyzed by following the NES 713 standard. The peak heat release rate of the irradiated cable was measured to be approximately 38 kW/m<sup>2</sup> higher than that of the non-irradiated cable. Additionally, the heat release rate of the irradiated cable temporarily increased during a certain period. This can be ascribed to the continuous pyrolysis and heat penetration as a result of the unstable formation of the char layer. The total heat release of the irradiated cable was measured to be approximately 2.2 times higher than that of the non-irradiated cable. A corresponding increase of ~2.8% in the total mass loss was observed. In the case of smoke characteristics, the irradiated cable was measured to be 2.3 times higher in the smoke parameter and 3.8 times higher in the smoke factor compared to the non-irradiated cable. For the toxicity index, only CO was detected above the critical factor in the non-irradiated cable, whereas both CO and HBr were detected above their critical factors in the irradiated cable.
8
Li, Jin Mei, Jia Qing Zhang, Qiang Li, and Zi Dong Guo. "Thermal Aging Effects on Fire Performance of the Cross-Linked Polyethylene Insulated Cable." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 2399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.2399.
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To evaluate the fire performance of the cable in service, the ignition time, heat release rate and insulation failure parameters of the accelerated thermal aging cable on stimulated fire condition were studied. The results show that, the extended ignition time and decreasing peak of heat release rate of the cable in the early stage of aging are the addictive including the lubricant, plasticizer and anti-oxygen. In the aggravating of thermal aging, labile materials with low heating value will be exhausted, while the thermal stability of insulation sheath material decreases, its corresponding ignition time will start to shorten and initial peak of heat release rate will start to rise. The insulation failure temperature of the cable is related with the decomposition temperature of insulation materials of the cable by heating. In each aging stage, the decomposition temperatures of insulation materials by heating are all lower than the insulation failure temperature of the cable for about 10°C. The reason for the insulation failure of the cable is that the ambient heat , gives rise to the decomposition by heating of internal insulation materials of the cable through sheath materials finally under the thermal transmission effect.
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Kaczorek-Chrobak, Katarzyna, and Jadwiga Fangrat. "Combustible Material Content vs. Fire Properties of Electric Cables." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 24, 2020): 6172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236172.
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The fire load of buildings is significantly increased by means of electric cables, usually creating a long combustible base for fire to spread and in this way decreasing the fire safety of buildings. The aim of the study was to evaluate a relationship between the construction of the cables and their fire properties, especially the mass loss influence on other fire properties of cables. Six cables of different core numbers were tested by means of the standard test method EN 50399. Additionally, thermogravimetric analysis and Attenuated Total Reflection—Fourier Transform Infrared analysis were performed on the separate outer sheath, bedding, and core insulations in order to determine the similarity of the materials’ chemical structures. It was found that: (1) the construction of the cable strongly influences the fire behavior due to the creation of a barrier for flame penetration and emission of combustion effluents though inside the closed agglomeration of non-combustible metallic cores (conductors), and the intumescent structures formed from aluminum trihydrate/zinc borate fillers and fire retardants in outer sheath material during the self-sustained combustion process after ignition of cables; (2) the inhomogeneous distribution of non-combustible inorganic fillers or different contents of fillers and flame retardants within the polymer fraction cause an unobvious fire behaviors of cables; and (3) the use of bedding in multicore cable construction results in lower values of combustion parameters (maximum average heat release rate, total heat release, maximum average smoke production rate, total smoke production), e.g., better fire properties of cables.
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Kim, Min Ho, Hyun Jeong Seo, Sang Kyu Lee, and Min Chul Lee. "Influence of Thermal Aging on the Combustion Characteristics of Cables in Nuclear Power Plants." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 5, 2021): 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14072003.
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In this study, the combustion characteristics and emission of toxic gases of a non-class 1E cable in a nuclear power plant were investigated with respect to the aging period. A thermal accelerated aging method was applied using the Arrhenius equation with the activation energy of the cables and the aging periods of the cables set to zero, 10, 20, 30 and 40 years old by considering the lifetime of a nuclear power plant. According to ISO 5660-1 and ISO 19702, the cone calorimeter Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy test was performed to analyze the combustion characteristics and emission toxicity. In addition, scanning electron microscopy and an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer were used to examine the change in the surface of the sheath and insulation of the cables according to the aging periods. To compare quantitative fire risks at an early period, the fire performance index (FPI) and fire growth index (FGI) are derived from the test results of the ignition time, peak heat release rate (PHRR) and time to PHRR (tPHRR). When comparing FPI and FGI, the fire risks decreased as the aging period increased, which means that early fire risks may be alleviated through the devolatilization of both the sheath and insulation of the cables. However, when comparing heat release and mass loss, which represent the fire risk at the mid and late period, fire intensity and severity increased with the aging period. The emission of toxic gases coincided with the results obtained from the heat release rate, which confirms that the toxicity of non-aged cables is higher than that of aged cables. From the results, it can be concluded that the aging period significantly affects both the combustion characteristics and toxicity of the emission gas. Therefore, cable degradation with aging should be considered when setting up reinforced safety codes and standards for cables and planning proper operation procedures for nuclear power plants.
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Lin, Jonqlan, and Cheng-Kai Chiang. "Motion control of a cable-suspended robot using image recognition with coordinate transformation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 235, no. 1 (July 10, 2020): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959651820932760.
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This study will concern the implementation of a vision-based controller for cable-suspended robots, and especially for the pick-and-place function. This work will develop a novel algorithm that combines cable-suspended robot coordinate transformation with image recognition to manipulate the suspended gripper to the desired position for material-handling tasks. Two webcams sense the position of the end-effector; one will be used to calculate the horizontal planar coordinate of the target, and the other will be used to determine the vertical height of the target. Accordingly, the two-dimensional spatial image can be converted into three-dimensional image coordinates. Based on the sensed information, the robot can convert the position of the target to required cable lengths and then drive the servomotor to retract (or release) the cables to move the suspended gripper to the desired position. Various experiments will be conducted to verify the proposed methodology. The framework that is developed herein is easily implemented for real-time control and is suitable for inclusion in mechatronic kits in a university control course. The large variety of ideas that are addressed in this work apply to cranes, aerostats, and other large-scale manufacturing equipment that requires cable-driven robots.
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Weinschenk, Craig, Daniel Madrzykowski, and Paul Courtney. "Impact of Flashover Fire Conditions on Exposed Energized Electrical Cords/Cables." Fire Technology 56, no. 3 (October 29, 2019): 959–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-019-00915-8.
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Abstract There has been prior research exploring the exposure of common electrical cords and cables to fire, but that has traditionally been at the lab scale and under near steady-state exposures. The goal of these experiments was to expose six types of cords and cables in a room-scale compartment with a fuel load sufficient to drive the compartment through flashover. The basic test design was to expose the cords and cables on the floor of a compartment to a growing fire to determine the conditions under which the cord/cable would trip the circuit protection device. All of the cords were energized and installed on a non-combustible surface. The six cables and cords were protected by three different circuit protection devices which were remote from the thermal exposure. This configuration resulted in 18 exposures per experiment. The room fires experiments consisted of three replicate fires with two sofas as the main fuel source, two replicate fires with one sofa as the main fuel source and one fire with two sofas and vinyl-covered MDF paneling on three walls in the room. Each fuel package was sufficient to support flashover conditions in the room. The average peak heat release rate of the sofa fueled compartment fires with gypsum board ceiling and walls prior to suppression was 6.8 MW. The addition of vinyl covered MDF wall paneling on three of the compartment walls increased the pre-suppression peak heat release rate to 12 MW. In each experiment during post flashover exposure, the insulation on the cords and cables ignited and burned through, exposing bare wire. During this period, the circuits faulted. Assessments of both the thermal exposure and physical damage to the cords did not reveal any correlation between the thermal exposure, cord/cable damage, and trip type.
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Ming, Zhu, Zhang Peng, and Zhu Changming. "Dynamic response analysis of offshore wind turbine installation suspended by a floating crane." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 14 (March 22, 2016): 2650–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216639074.
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In this paper, a dynamic model for the offshore wind turbine installation is proposed. And this model is coupled by the wind turbine and the floating crane considering 6-DOF floating crane, 5-DOF wind turbine and elastic stretch of the hoisting cable. And when the wind turbine lands on the supporting structure, the displacement constraint is applied at the wind turbine. During the process, the relaxation of the hoisting cable is considered. In addition, the nonlinear hydrostatic force, environmental force, hoisting cable force and mooring force are considered as the external force. The motions of wind turbine and the floating crane are studied. From the numerical analysis, it is found that the release velocity, the release height and wave condition have a great effect on the motion of wind turbine.
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Gao, Qiao Mei, and Yu Lin Qi. "Power Cable Fault Locator Based on Synchronization Principle of Sound and Magnetic." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 2337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.2337.
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The synchronization method based on the sound and magnetic makes power cable precise positioning more intuitive in this paper,which based on the pre-positioning of the cable fault an accurate fault location method.First the pulse generator discharges pulse applied to the cable, the fault point will release the sound signal and an electromagnetic signal. But the electromagnetic signal propagation speeds approaching the speed of light instantaneously reaches the point of failure.when the electromagnetic signal is detected , the microcontroller timer T1 is informed. T1 starts counting until up to the sound signal is detected. the LCD will display the counting result, and along the cable to we will find the minimum point of the time value ,which is the location of the fault point.
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Wang, Qiming, Peng Jiang, and Xu Kong. "The Effects of Structural Parameter Variation on Cable Force of Fast Cable-Net Structure." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (January 1, 2014): 912158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/912158.
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Five-hundred-meter aperture spherical radio telescope (FAST) is supported by a cable-net structure, which enables its surface to form a real-time paraboloid by active control. FAST project is currently in the construction and implementation stage. However, there are always a considerable amount of errors that existed in practice which may result in the deviation of the structure from its ideal model or design. Therefore, structural parameter sensitivity analysis was discussed, which is indispensable. However, such deformation operation would lead to about 500 MPa of fatigue stress variation amplitude in the cable-net structure. Optimized deformation strategy is proposed to release the fatigue stress of the cable-net structure, which would be of advantage to improve the reliability of the cable-net structure. In the paper, the variation ranges of structural parameters were rationally determined. Based on local sensitivity analysis and global sensitivity analysis method, finite element model was used to study the effect of different structural parameters on the static behavior. It can be concluded that the effect of several key design parameters such as the cutting length and the elastic modulus of cable on the cable force is significant. The global sensitivity analysis indicates that the cable force range of the cable-net is −19% to 27%.
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Palin, Rombolà, Milanesio, and Boccaleri. "The Use of POSS-Based Nanoadditives for Cable-Grade PVC: Effects on its Thermal Stability." Polymers 11, no. 7 (June 29, 2019): 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11071105.
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Plasticized–Poly(vinyl chloride) (P-PVC) for cables and insulation requires performances related to outdoor, indoor and submarine contexts and reduction of noxious release of HCl-containing fumes in case of thermal degradation or fire. Introducing suitable nanomaterials in polymer-based nanocomposites can be an answer to this clue. In this work, an industry-compliant cable-grade P-PVC formulation was added with nanostructured materials belonging to the family of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS). The effects of the nanomaterials, alone and in synergy with HCl scavenging agents as zeolites and hydrotalcites, on the thermal stability and HCl evolution of P-PVC were deeply investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and reference ASTM methods. Moreover, hardness and mechanical properties were studied in order to highlight the effects of these additives in the perspective of final industrial uses. The data demonstrated relevant improvements in the thermal stability of the samples added with nanomaterials, already with concentrations of POSS down to 0.31 phr and interesting additive effects of POSS with zeolites and hydrotalcites for HCl release reduction without losing mechanical performances.
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Wang, Yong. "Research on the Capability and Application of Flame Retardant Cable." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 631–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.631.
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This paper, analyzes some parameters with the help of Cone Calorimeter (CONE) for the time to ignition, smoke extinction area, heat release rate, carbon monoxide yield and mass loss rate. The results show that the fire retardant agents affect KVV’s flame retardant property. Such as TTI ( time to ignition ) is prolonged to nearly two times, and the average HRR ( heat release rate ) reduces about 18% compared with the ordinary one and the maximum HRR down about 33%of its counterpart.
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Mohammadian, Behrouz, Mehdi Sarayloo, Ahmed Abdelaal, Asif Raiyan, Douglas K. Nims, and Hossein Sojoudi. "Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Wet Snow Accumulation on Inclined Cylindrical Surfaces." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2020 (February 20, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9594685.
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Wet snow accumulation on bridge cables and its shedding due to external phenomena such as rise in temperature, wind, and gravity is a serious threat to the safety of cars and pedestrians crossing the bridge. Commonly the accumulated snow on bridge cables is removed by external means such as mechanical removal or heat treatment which are expensive, time-consuming, and high-risk processes and are conducted based on little or no information available regarding the actual size and shape of the accumulated snow. In addition, cleaning of cables using the mechanical methods can potentially lead to erosion of cable materials when applied over years, resulting in enhanced surface roughness and potentially increased wet snow/ice accumulation during future precipitation events, and sometimes might require replacement of cable stays, which is an extremely costly and complicated task. Optimizing the number of mechanical cleaning procedures such as chain release through predicting the shape and thickness of the accumulated snow on the cable stays reduces the cost, time, and risk associated with the process. In this study, wet snow accumulation on torsionally rigid inclined cylinders of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) has been studied experimentally and numerically. A 2-D numerical model has been developed utilizing weather data to predict the thickness and the shape of the accumulated wet snow on inclined cylindrical surfaces. Outdoor experiments were also conducted to measure the density and thickness of accumulated snow, while monitoring the weather data real time. Overall, snow density was found to be linearly increasing with an increase in wind velocity, during snow precipitation. The maximum thickness and shape of the accumulated snow on cables obtained from the numerical model were found to be in good agreement with the outdoor experimental data. This work aims to provide a mean for prediction of snow accumulation on surfaces for optimizing the efficiency of the costly and high-risk snow removal procedures.
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Auvinen, Ari, Riitta Zilliacus, and Jorma Jokiniemi. "Chlorine Release from Hypalon Cable Insulation during Severe Nuclear Reactor Accidents." Nuclear Technology 149, no. 2 (February 2005): 232–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nt05-a3592.
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Crook, D. A., B. J. Adair, and L. J. Hetherington. "Low-cost device for retrieval of moorings deployed with underwater remote release systems." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 3 (2018): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17189.
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Underwater acoustic and timed-release systems are commonly deployed with sensors and other equipment for ecological and oceanographic research in aquatic environments. These systems allow equipment deployed at depth to be remotely released from their moorings for retrieval. However, a current limitation is that most systems do not incorporate mechanisms for retrieval of the mooring anchor and attachments (e.g. shackles, cable). Herein we provide a detailed description and evaluation of a ‘retrieval pod’ that can be attached directly to remotely released underwater devices to facilitate mooring retrieval. The system was tested using acoustic release telemetry receivers under field conditions in a large estuary in the Northern Territory, Australia. Six receivers fitted with pods were retrieved from the field after two consecutive 6-month deployments (12 retrievals in total) with no failed mooring retrievals. Although our tests were confined to shallow depths (<8m), it should be straightforward to modify the system for use in deeper water by increasing the spool capacity. The retrieval pods are reusable, require minimal construction skills and can be assembled from basic equipment available at most hardware or boating stores, making them a convenient and low-cost option for the retrieval of moorings deployed with remote release systems.
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Chen, Wei, Gary Aistrup, J. Andrew Wasserstrom, and Yohannes Shiferaw. "A mathematical model of spontaneous calcium release in cardiac myocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 300, no. 5 (May 2011): H1794—H1805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01121.2010.
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In cardiac myocytes, calcium (Ca) can be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum independently of Ca influx from voltage-dependent membrane channels. This efflux of Ca, referred to as spontaneous Ca release (SCR), is due to Ryanodine receptor fluctuations, which can induce spontaneous Ca sparks, which propagate to form Ca waves. This release of Ca can then induce delayed after-depolarizations (DADs), which can lead to arrhythmogenic-triggered activity in the heart. However, despite its importance, to date there is no mathematical model of SCR that accounts for experimentally observed features of subcellular Ca. In this article, we present an experimentally based model of SCR that reproduces the timing distribution of spontaneous Ca sparks and key features of the propagation of Ca waves emanating from these spontaneous sparks. We have coupled this model to an ionic model for the rabbit ventricular action potential to simulate SCR within several thousand cells in cardiac tissue. We implement this model to study the formation of an ectopic beat on a cable of cells that exhibit SCR-induced DADs.
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Bhattarai, Shankar, Hongrae Kim, Sung-Hoon Jung, and Hyun-Ung Oh. "Development of Pogo Pin-Based Holding and Release Mechanism for Deployable Solar Panel of CubeSat." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2019 (May 5, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2580865.
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CubeSats are revolutionary to the space industry and are transforming space exploration which enables the next generation of scientists and engineers to complete all phases of space missions. Deployable solar panels have been widely used for the generation of enough power in CubeSats due to their limited volume area for solar cell integration. In general, the cable cutting release mechanism have been used in 1U-3U small satellites because of its simplicity and low cost. However, this mechanism has a low constraint force and is unable to apply constraints along the in-plane and out-of-plane directions. In this study, for the improvement of the conventional cable cutting mechanism, a spring-loaded pogo pin-based nichrome burn wire holding and release mechanism (HRM) was proposed and fabricated. The pogo pin constitutes an immensely attractive function for the holding and release mechanism of solar panels because it works as an electrical interface to provide power, a separation spring to initiate the reaction force to deploy the panels, and a status switch to determine deployments. In addition, the proposed mechanism guarantees the loading capability along the in-plane and out-of-plane directions of solar panels, the synchronous release of multiple panels, and a handling simplicity that differentiates it from the conventional mechanism. The design feasibility, structural safety, and reliability of the mechanism were verified through functionality tests and launch and on-orbit environmental tests. The proposed pogo pin-based holding and release mechanism would be equally applicable for other CubeSat deployable appendages.
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Borukaev, T. A., and R. M. Martazanova. "Thermophysical and physical-mechanical properties of the modernized industrial PVC-plastic compound." Voprosy Materialovedeniya, no. 1(105) (April 14, 2021): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2021-105-1-84-93.
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Compounds based on PVC-plasticate of I40-13A grade, zinc borate, antimony and chalk oxide have been obtained. The thermal stability, thermophysical and operational properties of the obtained compounds have been investigated. It was found that the modernized compounds have high thermal stability values that meet the requirements for insulating materials. It is shown that the obtained compounds have low values of heat release, heat of combustion, smoke formation and release of hydrogen chloride. It was found that the operational characteristics of the modernized PVC cable compounds are improved.
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van Haren, Hans, Martin Laan, Sander Asjes, and Bas Denissen. "Deep Caller for Ocean Acoustic Releases." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 37, no. 6 (June 2020): 1135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-20-0025.1.
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AbstractWe relate about the custom-made modification of a Benthos deep-ocean acoustic release into a “deep caller,” an acoustic transducer for calling and releasing ocean acoustic transponding releases that cannot be reached from a standard deck unit. The self-contained deep caller can be lowered down to 12 km on any nonconducting winch cable. It may prove useful to retrieve subsurface instrumentation like a seafloor lander hidden behind large rocks or in a narrow canyon, or moorings in very deep topographic depressions. We used it to retrieve a 7-km-long mooring from 10 910-m depth in the Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench, that a standard deck unit could not reach.
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Seitaj, Dorina, Regina Schauer, Fatimah Sulu-Gambari, Silvia Hidalgo-Martinez, Sairah Y. Malkin, Laurine D. W. Burdorf, Caroline P. Slomp, and Filip J. R. Meysman. "Cable bacteria generate a firewall against euxinia in seasonally hypoxic basins." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 43 (October 7, 2015): 13278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510152112.
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Seasonal oxygen depletion (hypoxia) in coastal bottom waters can lead to the release and persistence of free sulfide (euxinia), which is highly detrimental to marine life. Although coastal hypoxia is relatively common, reports of euxinia are less frequent, which suggests that certain environmental controls can delay the onset of euxinia. However, these controls and their prevalence are poorly understood. Here we present field observations from a seasonally hypoxic marine basin (Grevelingen, The Netherlands), which suggest that the activity of cable bacteria, a recently discovered group of sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms inducing long-distance electron transport, can delay the onset of euxinia in coastal waters. Our results reveal a remarkable seasonal succession of sulfur cycling pathways, which was observed over multiple years. Cable bacteria dominate the sediment geochemistry in winter, whereas, after the summer hypoxia,Beggiatoaceaemats colonize the sediment. The specific electrogenic metabolism of cable bacteria generates a large buffer of sedimentary iron oxides before the onset of summer hypoxia, which captures free sulfide in the surface sediment, thus likely preventing the development of bottom water euxinia. As cable bacteria are present in many seasonally hypoxic systems, this euxinia-preventing firewall mechanism could be widely active, and may explain why euxinia is relatively infrequently observed in the coastal ocean.
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Zau Beu, Maria Margareta, and I. Putu Andhi Indira Kusuma. "INVESTIGASI NUMERIK VIV (VORTEX INDUCED VIBRATION) PADA DIAMETER KABEL HYDROPHONE 0.04 M SISTEM AKUSTIK BAWAH AIR." ROTOR 10, no. 2 (November 1, 2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/rotor.v10i2.6387.
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The 2D numerical simulation of an underwater acoustic system undergoing VIV (Vortex Induced Vibration) which is in position parallel to 5 m distance with variation of hydrophone cable position. The diameter of the hydrophone cable in use is 0.04 m, with Reynold numbers (Re) variations of 13000, 15000, 17000, 19000, 21000, 23000, 25000, 27000 and 30000. Position variations are used to determine the flow pattern characteristics that occur behind the cylinder as well the maximum value of drag coefficient (CD) and lift coefficient (CL). The simulation results show that the characteristic flow pattern around a cylinder at each Re value indicates the release of the vortex behind the cylinder with different drag and lift coefficient values.
Keywords: Vortex Shedding, Hydrophone, Acoustic System
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Macleod, G. T., L. Farnell, W. G. Gibson, and M. R. Bennett. "Quantal Secretion and Nerve-Terminal Cable Properties at Neuromuscular Junctions in an Amphibian (Bufo marinus)." Journal of Neurophysiology 81, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 1135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.81.3.1135.
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Quantal secretion and nerve-terminal cable properties at neuromuscular junctions in an amphibian ( Bufo marinus). The effect of a conditioning depolarizing current pulse (80–200 μs) on quantal secretion evoked by a similar test pulse at another site was examined in visualized motor-nerve terminal branches of amphibian endplates ( Bufo marinus). Tetrodotoxin (200 nM) and cadmium (50 μM) were used to block voltage-dependent sodium and calcium conductances. Quantal release at the test electrode was depressed at different distances (28–135 μm) from the conditioning electrode when the conditioning and test pulses were delivered simultaneously. This depression decreased when the interval between conditioning and test current pulses was increased, until, at an interval of ∼0.25 ms, it was negligible. At no time during several thousand test-conditioning pairs, for electrodes at different distances apart (28–135 μm) on the same or contiguous terminal branches, did the electrotonic effects of quantal release at one electrode produce quantal release at the other. Analytic and numerical solutions were obtained for the distribution of transmembrane potential at different sites along terminal branches of different lengths for current injection at a point on a terminal branch wrapped in Schwann cell, in the absence of active membrane conductances. Solutions were also obtained for the combined effects of two sites of current injection separated by different time delays. This cable model shows that depolarizing current injections of a few hundred microseconds duration produce hyperpolarizations at ∼30 μm beyond the site of current injection, with these becoming larger and occurring at shorter distances the shorter the terminal branch. Thus the effect of a conditioning depolarizing pulse at one site on a subsequent test pulse at another more than ∼30 μm away is to substantially decrease the absolute depolarization produced by the latter, provided the interval between the pulses is less than a few hundred microseconds. It is concluded that the passive cable properties of motor nerve terminal branches are sufficient to explain the effects on quantal secretion by a test electrode depolarization of current injections from a spatially removed conditioning electrode.
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Wang, Yong, Zhi Jiang Yuan, and Ming Xu. "Vessel Anchor Dragging early Warning System Based on Cable Vibration Frequency Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 568-570 (June 2014): 1757–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.568-570.1757.
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Anchor dragging threatens vessel anchoring security directly, so how to find and predict anchor drgging is an important issue of navigation fields. Most existing judgement methods depend on distinguishing feature of dragging vessel from normal anchoring, so vessels usually have moved a certain distance when duty officers find anchor dragging. Thus it is necessary to develop a practical anchor dragging early warning techonology. Based on the special change of anchor cables. Vibration frequency while anchor dragging, a new anchor dragging early warning system (ADEWS) was designed. The system was composed of two main facilities: acceleration sensor and teminal unit. The acceleration sensor was fixed on anchor cables to monitor its vibration frequency, and the teminal unit in the bridge was designed to analyze change characteristic of frequency and release early warnning. For facilitis of this new ADEWS is simple, it is easy to be equipped on vessels. Furthermore, the system can automatically analyze vibration frequency and release early warning, so it has advantages of high feasibility and reliability. These advantages can lessen duty officers work burden and reduce the dependece on duty officers individual experience. Therefore, ADEWS based on Vibration frequency analysis possesses a good application prospect in practical engineering.
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Williamson, P. E., and F. Kroh. "THE ROLE OF AMPLITUDE VERSUS OFFSET TECHNOLOGY IN PROMOTING OFFSHORE PETROLEUM EXPLORATION IN AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 47, no. 1 (2007): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj06009.
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Amplitude versus offset (AVO) technology has proved itself useful in petroleum exploration in various parts of the world, particularly for gas exploration. To determine if modern AVO compliant processing could identify potential anomalies for exploration of open acreage offshore Australia, Geoscience Australia reprocessed parts of four publicly available long cable lines. These lines cover two 2006 acreage release areas on the Exmouth Plateau and in the Browse Basin on the North West Shelf. An earlier study has also been done on two publicly available long cable lines from Geoscience Australia’s Bremer Basin study and cover areas from the 2005 frontier acreage release on the southern margin. The preliminary results from these three reprocessing efforts produced AVO anomalies and were made publicly available to assist companies interested in assessing the acreage. The results of the studies and associated data are available from Geoscience Australia at the cost of transfer.The AVO data from the Exmouth Plateau show AVO anomalies including one that appears to be at the Jurassic level of the reservoir in the Jansz/Io supergiant gas field in adjacent acreage to the north. The AVO data from the Caswell Sub-basin of the Browse Basin show an AVO anomaly at or near the stratigraphic zone of the Brecknock South–1 gas discovery to the north. The geological settings of strata possibly relating to two AVO anomalies in the undrilled Bremer Basin are in the Early Cretaceous section, where lacustrine sandstones are known to occur. The AVO anomalies from the three studies are kilometres in length along the seismic lines.These preliminary results from Geoscience Australiaand other AVO work that has been carried out by industry show promise that AVO compliant processing has value—particularly for gas exploration offshore Australia—and that publicly available long-cable data can be suitable for AVO analysis.
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Zhang, Hongtao, and Yufei Zhao. "Study on Underground Utility Tunnel Fire Characteristics under Sealing and Ventilation Conditions." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (January 9, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9128704.
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With the development of the underground utility tunnel in China, the safety evaluation during facility operation inside tunnels is increasingly important after construction. In contrast to fixed fire source in the traffic tunnel, the fire characteristics of the electric cable compartment of the utility tunnel with different ventilation modes are studied. Firstly, the thermal physical parameters of cable material are determined by experiment and numerical simulation. Different fire sealing and ventilation conditions are established according to the practical utility tunnel engineering in FDS. The maximum temperature and smoke gas concentrations are obtained, as well as the heat release rate. The results show that the utility tunnel fire has obvious differences compared with road tunnel fire, where the maximum ceiling temperature and the distributions of smoke is related to fire sealing and ventilation mode. Some suggestions related to evaluation and firefighting are provided for practical purposes.
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William Coaker, A., Marcelo M. Hirschler, and Craig Shoemaker. "Rate of heat release testing for vinyl wire and cable materials with reduced flammability and smoke—full-scale cable tray tests and small-scale tests." Fire Safety Journal 19, no. 1 (January 1992): 19–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(92)90004-v.
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Karaivanova, M. S. "The Use of Ammonium Salts of Oligosulphonic Acids as Flame Retardants for Polymer Compositions." Polymers and Polymer Composites 11, no. 1 (January 2003): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110301100105.
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The results obtained from a study of both the preparation and application of some oligomeric nitrogen-sulphonic and bromine-nitrogen-containing sulphonic acids as flame retardants in polymer compositions are reported. Flame-retardant poly(chloroprene) compositions with possible applications in cable insulation and conveyor belts, containing an ammonium salt of N-sulphonic acid, antimony trioxide and a chloroparaffin have been obtained. The organic ammonium salt was found to partially replace antimony trioxide, to the extent of 50 to 70 %, in the compositions for conveyor belts. This salt also had a pronounced plasticizing effect, improving the adhesion to the metal cord of the polymer compositions used for making conveyor belts. In addition, heat and smoke release were reduced and the thermal characteristics were improved. Flame-retardant ethylene-propylene copolymer compositions intended for cable insulation were also studied by introducing ammonium salts of bromo – sulphonic and bromo-nitrosulphonic acids and two ammonium salts of N-sulphonic acids. The salts were found to improve the smoke, heat release properties and thermal characteristics, and to exhibit a plasticizing effect. Dynamic thermal analysis showed that the decomposition of the ammonium salts used with antimony trioxide took place in the gaseous phase. The polymer compositions containing ammonium salts of N-sulphonic acids as flame-retardant additives were characterized by improved processability and are environmentally safe.
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Hu, Jie, Zhaohua Li, Félix Darve, and Jili Feng. "Advantages of second-order work as a rational safety factor and stability analysis of a reinforced rock slope." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 57, no. 5 (May 2020): 661–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2019-0092.
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Landslides can be considered as a static–dynamic transition with the sudden release of kinetic energy. The sharp vanishing of the second-order work is also linked to this phenomenon. In this study, the relation between the second-order work and the kinetic energy is reviewed, and five advantages of the normalized global second-order work (D2Wn) as a factor of safety (FOS) are proposed and discussed, comparing this FOS with the one based on the strength reduction method. The D2Wn is considered in the explicit algorithm of the finite difference method, and its mesh-independence is numerically checked by a series of triaxial compression tests. By simulating the excavations of a reinforced rock slope, the stability analyses are performed using the D2Wn and the traditional FOS. The D2Wn is proven completely independent of the convergence criterion and more sensitive to the global failure. Finally, a recently developed energy-absorbing cable is considered for supporting the studied rock slope. Its supporting effect is compared with that of traditional cables.
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Li, Shunkai, Shukai Cheng, Liwu Mo, and Min Deng. "Effects of Steel Slag Powder and Expansive Agent on the Properties of Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC): Based on a Case Study." Materials 13, no. 3 (February 3, 2020): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030683.
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In view of the performance requirements of mass ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) for the Pang Gong bridge steel cable tower in China, the UHPC incorporating of steel slag powder and hybrid expansive agents is optimized and prepared. The effects of steel slag powder and hybrid expansive agents on the hydration characteristics and persistent shrinkage of UHPC are investigated. The results indicate that 15 wt.% steel slag powder and 5 wt.% hybrid expansive agents can effectively reduce the drying shrinkage deformation of UHPC with a slight decrease of strength. Heat flow calorimetry results show that the incorporation of steel slag powder and expansive agents decreases the hydration heat at three days. Moreover, the obtained adiabatic temperature rise of UHPC is 59.5 °C and the total shrinkage value at 180 days is 286 με. The hydration heat release changes of large volume UHPC in the steel-concrete section of cable tower is agreed with the result of adiabatic temperature rise in the laboratory.
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Cornelissen, A. A. "Smoke Release Rates: Modified Smoke Chamber versus Cone Calorimeter-Comparison of Results." Journal of Fire Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 1992): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419201000101.
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In North America, some of the products used in building con struction (e.g., resilient floor coverings, carpets and electrical cable) are regulated using ASTM E 662 Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Den sity of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials. However, technical shortcomings, in this ASTM standard, as symbolized by its many limitations on use, cau tionary statements and caveats, often renders results of E 662 smoke density tests meaningless. In recent years, many leading fire scientists have suggested that the small-scale laboratory test most proficient in illustrating the propen sity of materials to release smoke in larger fires is ASTM E 1354 Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter (cone calorimeter), and as a result this test procedure has been suggested as an alternative to E 662. Modifica tions were made to the smoke chamber and the procedure for reporting the resulting data so that static smoke generation data produced with the smoke chamber could be related to dynamic smoke release rate data from cone calorimeter tests. The values for peak extinction area for smoke released by four flooring materials (Douglas fir plywood, oak lumber, carpet and resilient flooring) as determined using the modified smoke chamber method were ap proximately one-half the values obtained from the cone calorimeter. However, when specified time intervals were considered, the values for specific extinction area were approximately equal by these two procedures. This suggests that values for specific extinction area are independent of the irradiance to which samples were exposed.
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Huang, Xianjia, He Zhu, Le He, Lan Peng, Chihonn Cheng, and Wanki Chow. "Improved model for estimating sidewall effect on the fire heat release rate of horizontal cable tray." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 149 (May 2021): 831–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.03.040.
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Nurhadi, Irfan, Parjiman, and Mochammad Djaohar. "Analisis Partial Discharge Pada Saluran Kabel Tegangan Menengah 20 kV (Studi Assesmen SKTM di PT. PLN (Persero) UP3 Menteng)." Journal of Electrical Vocational Education and Technology 5, no. 1 (April 20, 2020): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jevet.0051.06.
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This study aims to determine the status of the cable condition to the emergence voltage of Partial Discharge, as well as the status of the cable to discharge the Partial Discharge. Measurements were made at PT PLN (Persero) UP3 Menteng on TD 09-PM 4A Segment Goat Feeders. This research uses a descriptive method. This study carried out measurements of the release of charge and voltage at each phase in the segment. After measuring the discharge of a single segment, data analysis is then performed to determine the value of Partial Discharge, then the value is accumulated to conclude the condition of cable failure risk that refers to standards set by PLN.The results showed that the status of the cable to the voltage appears Partial Discharge. PDIV value of 17.3 kV can be interpreted PDIV> Uo. PDEV value of 8 kV, can be interpreted PDEV <U0. So that PDIV> U0 and PDEV <U0 fall into the category of cable status quite poorly with Point 2. Cable Status Against Load Discharge. PD max and PD Level values range below 500 pC. So that the load can be interpreted as below or equal to 500 pC, Y <500 pC or Y = 500 pC in the cable status category either with point 1. If pont 2 and point 1 are added up then the result is point 3. Point 3 can be concluded with dark green . The risk of cable failure in the TD 09 to PM 4A segment is low and the cable status is quite good. The follow up is that within a period of 12 months, this segment must be re-measured to determine the condition of the risk of cable failure.
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk untuk mengetahui status kondisi kabel terhadap tegangan munculnya Partial Discharge, serta status kabel terhadap pelepasan muatan Partial Discharge. Pengukuran dilakukan di PT PLN (Persero) UP3 Menteng pada Penyulang Kambing Segmen TD 09-PM 4A. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif. Penelitian ini dilakukan pengukuran pelepasan muatan dan tegangan pada setiap fasa pada segmen tersebut. Setelah dilakukan pengukuran pelepasan muatan satu segmen maka selanjutnya dilakukan analisis data untuk mengetahui nilai Partial Discharge kemudian nilai tersebut diakumulasikan hingga menjadi kesimpulan kondisi resiko kegagalan kabel yang mengacu pada standar yang telah ditentukan oleh PLN. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa status kabel terhadap tegangan muncul Partial Discharge. Nilai PDIV sebesar 17,3 kV perfasa dapat diartikan PDIV > Uo. Nilai PDEV sebesar 8 kV perfasa, dapat diartikan PDEV < U0. Sehingga PDIV > U0 dan PDEV < U0 masuk kategori status kabel cukup buruk dengan Point 2. Status Kabel Terhadap Besar Pelepasan Muatan. Nilai PD max dan PD Level berkisar dibawah 500 pC. Sehingga dapat diartikan besar muatan dibawah atau sama dengan 500 pC, Y < 500 pC atau Y = 500 pC masuk kategori status kabel baik dengan point 1. Jika pont 2 dan point 1 dijumlahkan maka hasilnya poin 3. Poin 3 dapat disimpulkan dengan warna hijau tua. Resiko kegagalan kabel pada segmen TD 09 to PM 4A adalah rendah dan status kabel tersebut cukup baik. Tindak lanjutnya yaitu dalam jangka waktu 12 bulan, segmen ini harus kembali diukur untuk mengetahui kondisi resiko kegagalan kabel.
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Bennett, C. Brad, and Martin Muschol. "Large Neurohypophysial Varicosities Amplify Action Potentials: Results from Numerical Simulations." Endocrinology 150, no. 6 (February 12, 2009): 2829–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-1636.
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Axons in the neurohypophysis are known for their “beads on a string” morphology, with numerous in-line secretory swellings lined up along the axon cable. A significant fraction of these secretory swellings, called Herring bodies, is large enough to serve as an identifying feature of the neural lobe in histological sections. Little is known about the physiological role such large axonal swellings might play in neuroendocrine physiology. Using numerical simulations, we have investigated whether large in-line varicosities affect the waveform and propagation of action potentials (APs) along neurohypophysial axons. Due to the strong nonlinear dependence of calcium influx on AP waveforms, such modulation would inevitably affect neuroendocrine release. The parameters for our numerical simulations were matched to established properties of voltage-gated ion channels in neurohypophysial swellings. We find that even a single in-line varicosity can severely depress AP waveforms far upstream in the axonal cable. In contrast, AP depolarization within varicosities becomes amplified. Amplification within varicosities varies in a nontrivial manner with varicosity dimensions, and is most pronounced for diameters close to those of Herring bodies. Overall, we find that large axonal varicosities significantly modulate AP waveforms and their propagation, and do so over large distances. Varicosity size is the main determinant for the observed AP amplification, with the kinetics of voltage-gated ion channels playing a noticeable but secondary role. Our results imply that large varicosities are sites of enhanced hormone release, suggesting that small and large varicosities target different neurohypophysial structures.
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Highsmith, M. Jason, Jason T. Kahle, and Robert M. Hoover. "Shuttle lock release modification of a trans-tibial prosthesis with an obese client." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 31, no. 3 (September 2007): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03093640601040293.
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This article describes the procedure taken to modify trans-tibial shuttle lock release mechanisms to decrease standard reach requirements in a case of limited mobility secondary to morbid obesity. The participant was a middle-aged, morbidly obese client with bilateral trans-tibial amputations. The distomedial shuttle lock release buttons were modified to activate with a cable/Dacron pull strap located proximal/lateral. The outcome of the modification was determined by whether or not the client would be able to independently doff the prostheses, if the patient was satisfied with the prostheses and by the condition of the components at the three-month follow-up. The client was independently successful at doffing both prostheses following the modification procedure. The patient expressed satisfaction with operation of the release mechanism but cosmetic covering was an issue. Components were optimally functioning at the three month follow-up. It was concluded that this procedure is a viable option for relocating distomedial release lock buttons more proximally when reach is limited. The procedure is not indicated in every case as gadget tolerance, cosmesis and manufacturer warranty issues must be considered.
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Ulrich, D., and H. R. Luscher. "Miniature excitatory synaptic currents corrected for dendritic cable properties reveal quantal size and variance." Journal of Neurophysiology 69, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): 1769–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.69.5.1769.
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1. Non-NMDA (N-Methyl-D-aspartate) receptor mediated miniature excitatory synaptic currents (mEPSCs) were recorded from motoneurons in organotypic cultures of embryonic rat spinal cord. 2. Amplitude histograms of mEPSCs were unimodal and skewed toward larger events. The mean of the modes of the amplitude histograms was -18 pA with a maximal amplitude range of -4 to -160 pA for individual mEPSCs. 3. Current transients to a short voltage pulse were used to estimate the passive cable parameters of the motoneurons. The mean membrane time constant (tau) and the mean electrotonic length (L) were 20 and 0.96 ms, respectively. 4. The amplitudes of the mEPSCs were corrected for imperfect space and voltage clamp. The resulting amplitude histograms could be fitted by the sum of two Gaussian curves, revealing a mean quantal size of -48 pA with a coefficient of variation (cv) of 0.28. 5. Our data suggest that quantal size and its variance are masked by the cable properties of the neurons and that simultaneous release of elementary quanta occurs occasionally.
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Palani, Saravanan, Darius V. Köster, Tomoyuki Hatano, Anton Kamnev, Taishi Kanamaru, Holly R. Brooker, Juan Ramon Hernandez-Fernaud, et al. "Phosphoregulation of tropomyosin is crucial for actin cable turnover and division site placement." Journal of Cell Biology 218, no. 11 (October 9, 2019): 3548–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201809089.
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Tropomyosin is a coiled-coil actin binding protein key to the stability of actin filaments. In muscle cells, tropomyosin is subject to calcium regulation, but its regulation in nonmuscle cells is not understood. Here, we provide evidence that the fission yeast tropomyosin, Cdc8, is regulated by phosphorylation of a serine residue. Failure of phosphorylation leads to an increased number and stability of actin cables and causes misplacement of the division site in certain genetic backgrounds. Phosphorylation of Cdc8 weakens its interaction with actin filaments. Furthermore, we show through in vitro reconstitution that phosphorylation-mediated release of Cdc8 from actin filaments facilitates access of the actin-severing protein Adf1 and subsequent filament disassembly. These studies establish that phosphorylation may be a key mode of regulation of nonmuscle tropomyosins, which in fission yeast controls actin filament stability and division site placement.
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Qureshi, Bilal. "The War for Nostalgia: Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Padmaavat." Film Quarterly 71, no. 4 (2018): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2018.71.4.46.
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In November 2017, on the eve of his career's biggest release, Bollywood filmmaker Sanjay Leela Bhansali was in hiding under police protection. His magnum opus Padmaavat, originally scheduled to be released across the world on December 1, was postponed indefinitely. The film's lead actress, Deepika Padukone, had a bounty placed on her head. Posters of the film were already burning across India as the country's censor board dissected the film for inflaming “cultural sensitivities.” The furor centered on Bhansali's portrayal of a mythical fourteenth-century Hindu queen named Padmavati, lionized for burning herself alive in the face of a Muslim invasion. Karni Sena, a right-wing Hindu nationalist group, claimed that the (unseen) film showed their revered queen dancing and romancing the film's Muslim villain. The allegation was enough to spark calls for the film to be banned. Violent protesters, political opportunists, and cable news personalities followed suit. Could the increasingly violent threats from Hindu nationalists succeed in silencing Bhansali's life's work? Qureshi discusses how once the film was released and the Karni Sena withdrew its protests about the film, his own struggles with it began.
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Hehnen, Tristan, Lukas Arnold, and Saverio La Mendola. "Numerical Fire Spread Simulation Based on Material Pyrolysis—An Application to the CHRISTIFIRE Phase 1 Horizontal Cable Tray Tests." Fire 3, no. 3 (July 24, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire3030033.
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A general procedure is described to generate material parameter sets to simulate fire propagation in horizontal cable tray installations. Cone Calorimeter test data are processed in an inverse modelling approach. Here, parameter sets are generated procedurally and serve as input for simulations conducted with the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). The simulation responses are compared with the experimental data and ranked based on their fitness. The best fitness was found for a test condition of 50 kW/m2. Low flux conditions 25 kW/m2 and less exhibited difficulties to be accurately simulated. As a validation step, the best parameter sets are then utilised to simulate fire propagation within a horizontal cable tray installation and are compared with experimental data. It is important to note, the inverse modelling process is focused on the Cone Calorimeter and not aware of the actual validation step. Despite this handicap, the general features in the fire development can be reproduced, however not exact. The fire in the tray simulation extinguishes earlier and the total energy release is slightly higher when compared to the experiment. The responses of the material parameter sets are briefly compared with a selection of state of the art procedures.
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Li, Wei Wei, Qiang Shi, and Chi Wu. "Effect of Electrical Aging on the Trap Parameter of HVAC XLPE Cable Insulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 769–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.769.
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The effect of electrical aging on the trap parameter of HVAC XLPE cable insulation was investigated in this work. Thermally Stimulated Current (TSC) was used to measure depolarization current. The variation of trap parameter was calculated by means of start-up method based on the Gaussian fitting curve of TSC data. It was found that, the activation energy and the amount of trap charge obtained from TSC peak at 243K and 348K were increased after electrical aging, which may be benefit to characterize the degree of aging. The amount of trap charge in the two peaks increases as the increase of oxide dipole after electrical aging. And charge trapped described by the TSC peak at melting temperature increased after aging. It is considered that the increase of charge in the TSC peak can be attributed to the release of trap charge in the melt crystallization process, which corresponds to the α relaxation process in XLPE insulation.
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Purser, Michael D., and Terrance W. Cundy. "Changes in Soil Physical Properties due to Cable Yarding and their Hydrologic Implications." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 7, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/7.2.36.
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Abstract This study was performed to measure changes in soil properties due to cable yarding and to estimate the resulting changes in hydrologic response. Soils were sampled before and after a commercial logging operation in the northern Cascade Mountains of Washington. The samples were analyzed for saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), moisture release characteristics, and bulk density (BD). Postlogging Ks values ranged from 1.08 to 497 cm/h and were significantly less than prelogging values, which ranged from 10.8 to 623 cm/h. Postlogging bulk densities ranged from 0.34 to 1.13 g/cm³ and were significantly greater than prelogging values, which ranged from 0.10 to 0.95 g/cm³. Because of the high Ks values it was concluded that Horton overland flow is not a dominant process even after disturbance. A 32.7% reduction in available water storage was found due to decreases in noncapillary porosity and surface horizon thickness. From this, increases in saturation overland flow and/or subsurface flow are predicted on skid trails. Overall impacts on the cutting unit however are considered small. West. J. Appl. For. 7(2):36-39.
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Blum, K. I., and M. A. Idiart. "A theoretical framework for quantal analysis and its application to long-term potentiation." Journal of Neurophysiology 72, no. 3 (September 1, 1994): 1395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.72.3.1395.
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1. We present a new mathematical description of the complete distribution of electrical responses to stochastic synaptic activity (quantal analysis) that is intended as a model of experiments on central neuronal synapses. Unlike previous treatments, this distribution is calculated for each instant after the release of transmitter into the cleft. 2. We follow the traditional description of probabilistic presynaptic vesicle release. On the postsynaptic side, however, we assume that channel fluctuations are important and we take them into account. The probability of finding a given channel open after a certain amount of transmitter is released is calculated from detailed receptor/channel and neurotransmitter clearance kinetics. This approach allows us to naturally include the nonlinear dependence of open probability on the amount of transmitter released, with saturation for large transmitter doses. The distribution of open channels is calculated from this probability. 3. We also allow the possibility that multiple synaptic inputs to a target neuron may be active in a typical experiment. We have not treated cable effects. We explore the implications of multiple synapses for the nonlinearities of the system. The most important of these is that vesicles in different synapses have independent responses, and therefore their effects add linearly. 4. The resulting distributions depend heavily on what region of the nonlinear dose-response curve the synapses are in. Far from saturation, peaks in the distribution are due to vesicles, and close to saturation they are due to active synapses. Peak widths are due to channel fluctuations and instrumental noise, which we introduce to make closer contact with experiments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Vyshedskiy, Andrey, and Jen-Wei Lin. "Study of the Inhibitor of the Crayfish Neuromuscular Junction by Presynaptic Voltage Control." Journal of Neurophysiology 77, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.77.1.103.
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Vyshedskiy, Andrey and Jen-Wei Lin. Study of the inhibitor ofthe crayfish neuromuscular junction by presynaptic voltage control. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 103–115, 1997. The inhibitor of the crayfish opener muscle was investigated by a presynaptic voltage control method. Two microelectrodes were inserted into the inhibitor and the amplitude and duration of presynaptic depolarization were controlled by a voltage-clamp amplifier. The inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) was measured from a muscle fiber located near the presynaptic voltage electrode. Nonlinear summation of IPSP amplitudes was corrected after chloride equilibrium potential was measured. With the use of 5-ms presynaptic pulses, the depolarization-release coupling (D-R) curve constructed from IPSP peak amplitudes (IPSPcor) had a threshold of about −35 mV and reached its maximal level at −5 to −10 mV. Depolarization beyond the maximum led to a suppression of neurotransmitter release. When transmitter release during a presynaptic pulse was completely suppressed, IPSPs activated by tail current could be identified with an average synaptic delay of 2.5 ms. Transmitter secretion triggered by a calcium current activated during the 5-ms pulses (IPSPon) was also measured on the rising phase of an IPSP, at 2.5 ms after the end of the 5-ms pulses. D-R coupling plots measured from IPSPon exhibited a more pronounced suppression than that obtained from IPSPcor. The effect of presynaptic pulse duration on the level of transmitter release was analyzed. Transmitter release increased with increasing duration and was nearly saturated by 20-ms pulses depolarized to 0 mV. The following conditions were identified as necessary to obtain a consistent D-R curve with a clear suppression: 1) small animals, 3.8 cm head to tail, 2) 15°C, 3) 40 mM tetraethylammonium and 1 mM 4-aminopyridine, 4) an extracellular calcium concentration of ≤10 mM. In addition, a consistent correlation was found among the branching pattern of the inhibitor, the placement of the presynaptic electrode, and the characteristics of the D-R curves. An ideal presynaptic electrode configuration involved placing the voltage electrode in a secondary branch, ∼100 μm from the main branch point, and placing the current electrode at the branch point. Postsynaptically, optimal recordings were obtained from muscle fibers innervated by a single branch of the inhibitor that originated from a point near the presynaptic voltage electrode. A cable-release model was constructed to evaluate the relationship between the shape of the D-R coupling curves and the space constants of the presynaptic terminals. A comparison between the model and the D-R coupling curves suggested that the space constant of an inhibitor branch on a muscle fiber is ≥8 times longer than its actual length. Therefore the upper limit estimate of the space constant of a typical preparation is ∼3 mm. Results reported here outline morphological and physiological conditions needed to achieve optimal control of the presynaptic branch of the crayfish inhibitor. The cable-release model quantitatively defines the extent of presynaptic voltage control.
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Coffman, Valerie C., Aaron H. Nile, I.-Ju Lee, Huayang Liu, and Jian-Qiu Wu. "Roles of Formin Nodes and Myosin Motor Activity in Mid1p-dependent Contractile-Ring Assembly during Fission Yeast Cytokinesis." Molecular Biology of the Cell 20, no. 24 (December 15, 2009): 5195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e09-05-0428.
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Two prevailing models have emerged to explain the mechanism of contractile-ring assembly during cytokinesis in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe: the spot/leading cable model and the search, capture, pull, and release (SCPR) model. We tested some of the basic assumptions of the two models. Monte Carlo simulations of the SCPR model require that the formin Cdc12p is present in >30 nodes from which actin filaments are nucleated and captured by myosin-II in neighboring nodes. The force produced by myosin motors pulls the nodes together to form a compact contractile ring. Live microscopy of cells expressing Cdc12p fluorescent fusion proteins shows for the first time that Cdc12p localizes to a broad band of 30–50 dynamic nodes, where actin filaments are nucleated in random directions. The proposed progenitor spot, essential for the spot/leading cable model, usually disappears without nucleating actin filaments. α-Actinin ain1 deletion cells form a normal contractile ring through nodes in the absence of the spot. Myosin motor activity is required to condense the nodes into a contractile ring, based on slower or absent node condensation in myo2-E1 and UCS rng3-65 mutants. Taken together, these data provide strong support for the SCPR model of contractile-ring formation in cytokinesis.
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Rumsey, Clifton C., and L. F. Abbott. "Equalization of Synaptic Efficacy by Activity- and Timing-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 5 (May 2004): 2273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00900.2003.
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In many neurons, synapses increase in strength as a function of distance from the soma in a manner that appears to compensate for dendritic attenuation. This phenomenon requires a cooperative interaction between local factors that control synaptic strength, such as receptor density and vesicle release probability, and global factors that affect synaptic efficacy, such as attenuation and boosting by active membrane conductances. Anti-spiketiming-dependent plasticity, in combination with nonassociative synaptic potentiation, can accomplish this feat even though it acts locally and independently at individual synapses. Analytic computations and computer simulations show that this combination of synaptic plasticity mechanisms equalizes the efficacy of synapses over an extended dendritic cable by adjusting local synaptic strengths to compensate for global attenuation.
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Tao, Haowen, Xiaochun Zhang, Zunmeng Guo, Wuyong Zeng, Xianjia Huang, Zihui Zheng, and Wenbin Xu. "Combustion characteristics and heat release rate of vertical cable fire for sustainable energy system in an analogue underground compartment." Sustainable Cities and Society 45 (February 2019): 406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.12.001.
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