Journal articles: 'Cacao – Ghana'

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Abrokwah, Francis, Henry Dzahini-Obiatey, Isaac Galyuon, Francis Osae-Awuku, and Emmanuelle Muller. "Geographical Distribution of Cacao swollen shoot virus Molecular Variability in Ghana." Plant Disease 100, no. 10 (2016): 2011–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-16-0081-re.

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Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) was introduced into West Africa from South America during the nineteenth century. However, cacao swollen shoot disease (CSSD) was first observed in Ghana in 1936 and, later, discovered in Nigeria, Côte d’Ivoire, Togo, and Sierra Leone. The objectives of this work were to assess the genetic diversity and spatial distribution of the Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) in Ghana and investigate the origin and spread of the virus by identifying alternative host plants. Results obtained from polymerase chain reaction amplifications and phylogenetic relationship analyses of infected cacao and alternative host plants collected from the cacao-growing regions in Ghana revealed the existence of nine CSSV groups, A, B, C, E, G, J, K, L and M, with six groups detected for the first time in Ghana. The CSSV groups in Ghana are very divergent and correspond to at least five different putative species, according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses recommendations (A, B-C complex, G, E, and M), with the M species only being detected in the alternate host Ceiba pentandra. The spatial distribution of the different molecular groups in Togo, Côte d’Ivoire, and Ghana makes it difficult to predict a single origin for CSSV among the West African cacao-growing countries.

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Domfeh, O., G. A. Ameyaw, H. K. Dzahini-Obiatey, et al. "Use of Immune Crops as Barrier in the Management of Cacao Swollen Shoot Virus Disease (CSSVD)—Long-Term Assessment." Plant Disease 100, no. 9 (2016): 1889–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-16-0404-re.

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A field trial was conducted at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana from 1992 to 2004 to investigate the prospects of using Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV)-immune crops as a barrier to prevent the spread of the virus from existing outbreaks into newly established cacao plantings. The treatments consisted of four crops—citrus (Citrus spp.), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), kola (Cola nitida Vent.), and cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)—planted as a barrier between cacao trees serving as test plants on one side and as source of CSSV strain 1A infection on the other. Over a 7-year period post CSSV 1A inoculation, the citrus and oil palm barriers were the most effective in protecting test cacao trees from cacao swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD) spread. The two crops gave comparable results (P = 0.9766) in terms of the cumulative number of visibly infected trees (1 and 5 of 522, respectively). The kola barrier, on the other hand, had a significantly (P < 0.000l) higher number of symptomatic trees (89 of 522) than citrus and oil palm. All three crops (citrus, oil palm, and kola) provided better protection than the control (cacao), which had 134 visibly infected trees out of 522. As shown by economic analyses, growing citrus, oil palm, or kola as barrier crops was as profitable as growing cacao. The implications of the results on the management of CSSVD in Ghana are discussed.

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Dogbatse, Jerome A., Alfred Arthur, Godfred K. Awudzi, Amos K. Quaye, Sampson Konlan, and Andrews A. Amaning. "Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth and Nutrient Uptake by Young Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)." International Journal of Agronomy 2021 (March 19, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5516928.

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Sustainable cacao cultivation in Ghana has been seriously hampered by high seedling mortality due to the low soil fertility of lands used for the establishment of new cacao farms. Alleviating the low soil fertility to enhance sustainable cacao cultivation requires the use of fertilizers. A study was therefore conducted at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana to determine the effect of integrated application of poultry manure (PM) and sulphate of ammonia (SOA) fertilizers on survival, growth, and nutrient uptake by cacao seedlings under marginal field conditions. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used to evaluate the effects of six treatments. Traits assessed were percentage survival, height, trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), and nutrient uptake. Results from the study showed no significant differences in soil N and K among the treatments. PM-amended plots had significantly higher soil P than nonamended control and SOA alone. Seedling survival rate ranged from 73.3 to 89.3% with a higher proportion of surviving plants in PM amended soils. The application of PM alone and its combination with SOA improved growth. Cacao trees of T4 (75% recommended dosage of SOA + PM) had the largest TCSA increment, which was significantly different from the other soil treatments. Leaf nutrient concentrations in cacao of T4 were higher than the other soil treatments. It was therefore concluded that T4 could be used during cacao establishment in marginal areas for improved plant survival and growth.

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Sarfo, J. E., C. A. M. Campbell, and D. R. Hall. "Design and placement of synthetic sex pheromone traps for cacao mirids in Ghana." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 38, no. 02 (2018): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758417000340.

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AbstractCacao mirids (Sahlbergella singularis,Distantiella theobromaandBryocoropsis laticollis) were captured in pheromone traps releasing a 2:1 blend of the sex pheromone components of the two first named species in a series of five experiments on cacao (Theobroma cacao) plantations in Ghana. A total of 835 cacao mirids were caught, all male, 95% of which wereS. singularis, 3%D. theobromaand 2%B. laticollis.Two sticky trap and two water trap designs made from locally available materials were as effective for capturingS. singularisand total mirids as the best sticky trap from previously reported studies. Coating the outer surface of a large water trap with sticker increased the catch 4.4×, and 2.7× for a cylindrical sticky trap. Sticker on the outside of the water trap also increased the inside catch ofS. singularisby 76% and total mirids by 71%. The numbers ofS. singularisandD. theobromatrapped increased with increasing trap elevation and were highest around canopy level. Those traps caught an average 12× more mirids than traps at 1.8 m, the height recommended currently. Therefore, large water traps coated with sticker and aligned with the cacao canopy should raise the current capture rates of pheromone traps for cacao mirids about 50×, which may be sufficient for effective pest management by mass trapping without synthetic insecticides.

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Shim, Seung-Bo, Seong-Geun Oh, and Yong-Jin Chun. "The Study of Composition Analysis of Natural Ghana Cacao Powder and Evaluation on its Skin Improvement Effect." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 12, no. 5 (2011): 2434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2011.12.5.2434.

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Ramos-Sobrinho, Roberto, Nomatter Chingandu, Osman A. Gutierrez, Jean-Philippe Marelli, and Judith K. Brown. "A Complex of Badnavirus Species Infecting Cacao Reveals Mixed Infections, Extensive Genomic Variability, and Interspecific Recombination." Viruses 12, no. 4 (2020): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12040443.

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The incidence of cacao swollen shoot disease (CSSD) in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) has increased in West Africa since ~2000. To investigate the genomic and species diversity of the CSSD-badnaviruses infecting cacao in Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana, symptomatic leaves were subjected to high-throughput sequencing. Among the 30 newly determined genomes, three badnaviruses were identified, Cacao swollen shoot Togo B virus (CSSTBV), Cacao swollen shoot CD virus, and Cacao swollen shoot CE virus (CSSCEV). The phylogenetic trees reconstructed for the reverse transcriptase (RT) and ribonuclease H (RNase H) sequences were incongruent with the complete viral genomes, which had the most robust statistical support. Recombination seems to be involved in the CSSD-badnavirus diversification. The genomic diversity varied among different CSSD-badnaviruses, with CSSTBV showing the lowest nucleotide diversity (π = 0.06236), and CSSCEV exhibiting the greatest variability (π = 0.21911). Evidence of strong purifying selection was found in the coding regions of the CSSTBV isolates.

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Buah, J. N. "Retracted: Callus Induction and Somatic Embryogenesis in Five Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) Genotypes in Ghana." Biotechnology(Faisalabad) 9, no. 3 (2010): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/biotech.2010.355.361.

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Amoako-Attah, Ishmael, Ali S. Shahin, M. Catherine Aime, et al. "Identification and Characterization of Fungi Causing Thread Blight Diseases on Cacao in Ghana." Plant Disease 104, no. 11 (2020): 3033–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-20-0565-re.

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Theobroma cacao (chocolate tree) is currently under serious threat from thread blight disease (TBD), which has been attributed to the causal agent Marasmiellus scandens in other regions of the world. TBD in Ghana has similar symptomology but variable signs. This study sought to determine whether TBD in Ghana was caused by a single agent and whether Marasmiellus scandens was a significant agent of TBD. Forty-eight isolates were collected from eight geographical locations in Ghana for morphological and molecular characterization. Disease signs occurred as vegetative rhizomorphs or hyphal aggregates, which were classified into five morphotypes: A, abundant thin, black, “horse hair”-type rhizomorphs; B, scattered brown rhizomorphs; C, whitish to brownish-white; D, faint cream or dull white; and E, aggregates of shiny or silky white hyphae. Sequencing and analyses of three loci—the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal repeat, nuclear large subunit, and mitochondrial small subunit—detected four species, all members of the Marasmiaceae, causing TBD-like disease. These were identified as Marasmius crinis-equi (morphotype A), Marasmius tenuissimus (morphotypes B and C), Marasmiellus palmivorus (morphotype E), and Marasmiellus scandens (morphotype D). Marasmius tenuissimus, the most frequently isolated TBD fungus in this study, is primarily an Asian fungus and not previously associated with diseases of cacao. Marasmiellus palmivorus, the second most frequently isolated fungus, is a pan-tropical pathogen with a broad host range; this is the first report of the fungus causing TBD on cacao. Marasmius crinis-equi also has a broad pan-tropical distribution and host range and causes thread blight on several tropical tree crops. Surprisingly, Marasmiellus scandens, the most frequently cited agent of TBD in cacao, made up only 8% of the isolates.

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Komlaga, Gustav, Arnold Donkor Forkuo, Nadiatu Suleman, Desmond Nkrumah, Reinhard Nketia, and Samuel Oppong Bekoe. "Antimalarial Property and Acute Toxicity of the Leaves of Theobroma cacao L." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (July 13, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2852442.

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The leaf of Theobroma cacao L. is used in traditional medicine in Ghana for the treatment of malaria, yet, with no scientific evidence of its antimalarial property in animals. It was, therefore, studied to validate the antimalarial property in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Infected mice were treated with an aqueous extract of T. cacao leaf at different doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg daily for four days. Parasitaemia was determined before treatment and 24 hours following the last dose of extract. The % reduction in parasitaemia and ED50 and ED90 of the extract were determined. Body weight, rectal temperature, and daily mortality of mice were also recorded. The extract had ED50 and ED90 of 242.20 ± 29.38 and 351.00 ± 29.52 mg/kg/day, respectively. Percentage parasitaemia suppression was significant for all doses. The extract at the maximum dose of 400 mg/kg body weight had the highest % parasitaemia suppression of 79.19%; mean survival time of 24.00 ± 2.19 days and median survival of 23 days; body weight increase of 3.82 ± 0.59; and the lowest body temperature reduction of 0.79 ± 0.11°C. T. cacao leaf extract showed an antimalarial property in P. berghei-infected mice. This reinforces the justification for the use of the plant material in treating malaria in Ghana.

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Acheampong, K., A. J. Daymond, P. Adu-Yeboah, and P. Hadley. "Improving field establishment of cacao (Theobroma cacao) through mulching, irrigation and shading." Experimental Agriculture 55, no. 6 (2019): 898–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479718000479.

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AbstractEstablishment of young cacao trees in West Africa can be severely impeded by the onset of the dry season. To address this issue, a field experiment was conducted in Ghana to examine whether different mulch treatments and irrigation applied during the dry season combined with overhead shade could improve survival, early growth and yield of cacao. The mulch treatments used were polyethylene film and coffee husks placed around the young plants. Irrigation was used as a positive control, and no mulching or irrigation was a negative control. Three shade regimes were provided through different arrangements of Gliricidia sepium and plantains. Four different cacao clones were used in the study in a replicated split-plot design. Early growth of cacao was stimulated under the irrigation and plastic mulch treatments. Higher rates of photosynthesis during the dry season appeared to underlie these increases. Significantly higher early yields were also observed under the irrigation and coffee mulch treatments compared with the control. Plant survival varied significantly between treatments; irrigation was associated with the highest plant survival (94%), followed by the plastic mulch treatment (91%), coffee husk (82%) and the control (70%). There was also an increase in survival when more intense shading was used. Under zero mulch conditions, differences in survival were observed between clones. The clones P 30 [POS] and SCA 6 were more sensitive to drought (in terms of survival) than PA 150 and T 79/501. It is concluded that relatively simple mulching techniques or controlled irrigation in conjunction with appropriate shade management can significantly improve early establishment and cropping of cacao.

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Hendra, Hendra, Arif Wibowo, and Suryanti Suryanti. "Fungal Pathogens Associated with Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) Disease on Cacao in Special Region of Yogyakarta Province." Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 23, no. 1 (2019): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.41512.

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Cacao is one of the pre-eminent crops plantation with high economic value. Indonesia's cacao beans production is the third largest in the world after Ivory Coast and Ghana. Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) is one of the important diseases of cacao which caused a decreased yield either in quantity or quality. The disease is caused by the basidiomycete fungus Ceratobasidium theobromae (syn. Oncobasidium theobromae). Spores are carried by wind to spread, infect young leaves and penetrate through natural openings and colonize xylem vessel which could inhibit the transportation system in the plant tissue. There are several fungal pathogens associated with VSD diseases on cacao. This research aimed to study the fungi associate with VSD diseases on cacao in Special Region of Yogyakarta Province. Survey and sampling were conducted in cacao plantations in regencies of Gunungkidul, Kulon Progo, Bantul and Sleman. The severity of VSD disease in the regencies of Gunungkidul and Kulon Progo were high, while in the regencies of Sleman and Bantul were moderate. Eighty eight fungal isolates were isolated from infected petiole and stem. The in vitro pathogenicity test screened 32 fungal isolates causing necrotic and chlorotic symptoms on young healthy cacao leaves with and without wounding. The first symptoms appeared at 8-12 days after inoculation and fungal mycelium could grow at 1−3 days after inoculation. Those isolates collected showed a high diversity of colony morphology. Lasiodiplodia sp., Fusarium sp., Colletotrichum sp., and Pestalotiopsis sp. had been identified based on conidial morphology.

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Domfeh, O., G. A. Ameyaw, H. K. Dzahini-Obiatey, and L. E. del Río Mendoza. "Spatiotemporal Spread of Cacao Swollen Shoot Virus Severe Strain 1A in Mixed Hybrid Cacao Pre-inoculated With Mild Strain N1." Plant Disease 103, no. 12 (2019): 3244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-18-2175-re.

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The spatiotemporal spread of cocoa swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD), which is caused by cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) severe strain 1A in mixed hybrid cacao pre-inoculated with CSSV mild strain N1 (CSSV-N1), was investigated during a field experiment from 2006 to 2017, at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana. The development of disease epidemics has been described by the use of statistical modeling. Protecting all cacao plants with CSSV-N1 reduced the rate of CSSV-1A symptom appearance by 43% (P = 0.05) compared with the nonprotected control and by 33% compared with plots where cacao plants in the outer three or five rows were protected with CSSV-N1. Similarly, creating the protective outer rings three or five rows deep reduced the rate of CSSV-1A symptoms by 14% (P = 0.05) compared with the nonprotected control. CSSV-1A epidemics increased approximately 18% faster (P = 0.05) in transects oriented from the north and east compared with those oriented from the south and west. During the last 2 years of the study, CSSVD spread decreased significantly (P = 0.05) faster in plots where all test cacao plants were inoculated with CSSV-N1 compared with other treatments. The growth of cacao did not differ significantly among the treatments over the 9-year assessment period. Similarly, differences in the cumulative yield among the treatments over the 8-year assessment period were not significant.

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Opoku, S. Y., R. Bhattacharjee, M. Kolesnikova-Allen, et al. "Genetic Diversity in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Germplasm Collection from Ghana." Journal of Crop Improvement 20, no. 1-2 (2007): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j411v20n01_04.

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Ofori, A., F. K. Padi, A. Akpertey, P. Adu-Gyamfi, M. A. Dadzie, and F. M. Amoah. "Variability of survival and yield traits in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) clones under marginal field conditions in Ghana." Journal of Crop Improvement 31, no. 6 (2017): 847–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2017.1391914.

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Puig, Alina Sandra, Wilber Quintanilla, Tracie Matsumoto, Lisa Keith, Osman Ariel Gutierrez, and Jean-Philippe Marelli. "Phytophthora palmivora Causing Disease on Theobroma cacao in Hawaii." Agriculture 11, no. 5 (2021): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050396.

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Commercial production of cacao in Hawaii has doubled in the past 10 years, and farmers are receiving premium prices for their beans from the expanding local confectionery industry. Black pod, caused by Phytophthora spp., is the only major cacao disease that has been reported in Hawaii but distribution and molecular identification are lacking. To determine the species of Phytophthora affecting Theobroma cacao, a sampling trip was conducted on Hawaii Island and Oahu. Ten isolates of Phytophthora palmivora were obtained from diseased cacao on Hawaii Island, but none from Oahu, despite the presence of symptomatic pods. No other Phytophthora species were found. Laboratory studies showed that all isolates produced lesions on unwounded cacao pods, but they differed in terms of their temperature–growth responses. Fungicide sensitives for a subset of isolates (n = 4) were determined using media amended with a range of fungicide concentrations. The Hawaiian isolates of P. palmivora were more sensitive to mefenoxam, chlorothalonil, and fosetyl-Al, than isolates from Ghana (n = 2) and Mexico (n = 1). This study identifies P. palmivora as a causal agent of black pod in Hawaii based on molecular data and provides valuable preliminary information on fungicide resistance and temperature response that can be used to improve disease management.

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Amoako-Attah, I., E. Kumi-Asare, and Y. Bukari. "A simple method for the extension of shelf life of cultures of Phytophthora species causing black pod disease of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)." Ghana Journal of Science 62, no. 1 (2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjs.v62i1.1.

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Black pod disease of cacao caused by Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora megakarya in Ghana take heavy toll of cacao production in the field. Intensive research has been carried out worldwide on these pathogens. However, viability of the cultures during prolonged storage has remained a major challenge in the research. This paper reports findings of assessment of six storage media viz sterilised distilled water (SDW), sterilised and unsterilized soil suspension (SSS and USS), vegetable 8 juice broth (V8JB), Oat Meal Agar slant under mineral oil (at 4°C) and empty tube. Viability of the cultures was assessed on V8JA and in tetrazolium chloride test. Ability of zoospores of the cultures to infect cacao leaf discs was used to assess growth vigour and pathogenicity. Phytophthora cultures stored in SDW (26 ± 2°C; alternating day light and night) were preserved for 60 days (5 years). Both P. palmivora and P. megakarya performed better on SDW and SSS than on USS due to removal of staling substances in the soil medium by the sterilisation. Vigour of growth and pathogenicity of the stored cultures required re-inoculation of host tissue (cacao pod) in order to maintain potency to continually infect host.

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Asare, EK, O. Domfeh, SW Avicor, P. Pobee, Y. Bukari, and I. Amoako-Attah. "Colletotrichum gloeosporioides s.l. causes an outbreak of anthracnose of cacao in Ghana." South African Journal of Plant and Soil 38, no. 2 (2021): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2020.1863485.

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Antolinez Sandoval, Eduar Yovany, Pedro José Almanza Merchán, Ayda Fernanda Baraona Rodriguez, Eliseo Polanco Díaz, and Pablo Antonio Serrano Cely. "Estado actual de la cacaocultura: una revisión de sus principales limitantes." Ciencia y Agricultura 17, no. 2 (2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/01228420.v17.n2.2020.10729.

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El cultivo del cacao (Theobroma cacao L) ha adquirido gran importancia para Colombia en los últimos años, debido al incremento de las áreas cultivadas y al compromiso con su exportación por parte del Gobierno nacional. Para el año 2018, en el país había aproximadamente 170.000 hectáreas sembradas. Esta especie se cultiva entre los 20° de latitud norte y los 20° de latitud sur, a altitudes comprendidas entre los 0-1200 msnm. Los principales productores de cacao se encuentran ubicados en el continente africano (Ghana y Costa de Marfil), que contribuyen aproximadamente con el 70 % de la producción mundial. En América, la producción se enfoca en cultivos de cacao fino y de aroma, especialmente en países como Ecuador, Perú, Brasil, Colombia, México, entre otros. Los retos que enfrenta este cultivo en la actualidad son diversos: la escasa disponibilidad de mano de obra, la existencia de enfermedades limitantes como las causadas por Moniliophthora roreri y Phythophthora spp., y las restricciones establecidas por los  países consumidores frente a la presencia de ciertos metales pesados que son bioacumulados por el cacao y que pueden generar problemas a la salud humana. Por tanto, el objetivo de esta revisión es analizar las diferentes variables que intervienen en este cultivo, como instrumento de consulta para productores y técnicos interesados en este sistema productivo, con el fin de que se convierta en una herramienta en la toma de decisiones del cultivo y de sus implicaciones de establecimiento.

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ACHEAMPONG, K., P. HADLEY, and A. J. DAYMOND. "PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVITY AND EARLY GROWTH OF FOUR CACAO GENOTYPES AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT SHADE REGIMES UNDER WEST AFRICAN DRY AND WET SEASON CONDITIONS." Experimental Agriculture 49, no. 1 (2012): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479712001007.

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SUMMARYThe physiological performance of four cacao clones was examined under three artificial shade regimes over the course of a year in Ghana. Plants under light shade had significantly higher photosynthetic rates in the rainy seasons whereas in the dry season there was a trend of higher photosynthetic rates under heavy shade. The results imply that during the wet seasons light was the main limiting factor to photosynthesis whereas in the dry season vapour pressure deficit was the major factor limiting photosynthesis through stomatal regulation. Leaf area was generally lower under heavier shade but the difference between shade treatments varied between clones. Such differences in leaf area allocation appeared to underlie genotypic differences in final biomass production in response to shade. The results suggest that shade for young cacao should be provided based on the current ambient environment and genotype.

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Ruf, François. "Libéralisation, cycles politiques et cycles du cacao: le décalage historique Côte-d'Ivoire-Ghana." Cahiers Agricultures 18, no. 4 (2009): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/agr.2009.0317.

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Cilas, C., E. Muller, and E. Mississo. "Occurrence of Cacao swollen shoot virus in Litimé, the Main Cocoa-Producing Area of Togo." Plant Disease 89, no. 8 (2005): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0913b.

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Cacao swollen shoot disease, first described from Ghana on Theobroma cacao in 1922, was identified in Togo in 1955 (4) in Kloto, a minor cocoa-producing area. Litimé is the main production zone in the country. However, its share of production has fallen from approximately 75% of national production in the 1980s to 55% currently because of aging plantations and new swollen shoot foci in this region that had previously been free of the disease. This disease is caused by Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV), of which the first isolate to be studied molecularly (Agoul) came from Kloto (1). Since then, the different cocoa-producing regions have been surveyed on several occasions and swollen shoot foci were detected for the first time in Litimé at the end of the 1990s. During 2000, symptomatic leaves were taken from trees which exhibited characteristic symptoms of the disease including swellings on fan branches and chupons, and red vein banding on young flush leaves. The existence of the virus was confirmed using immunosorbent electron microscopy (2) with a composite polyclonal Banana streak virus/Sugarcane bacilliform virus antiserum supplied by B. Lockhart and using polymerase chain reaction amplification with CSSV-specific primers (3). Degenerate primers for CSSV detection were designed in the 5′ region (the first 350 amino acids) of open reading frame (ORF3) because this region of the CSSV genome was found to be highly conserved among available full-length CSSV sequences. An isolate from the Litimé area (Wobe 12) was sequenced completely (Genbank Accession No. AJ781003), revealing that it shared a nucleotide sequence identity of only 77% with Agou1. Since the initial observations, the disease has spread rapidly and approximately 60% of the plots in Litimé contain infected trees. Hence, there is an urgent need for a program to rogue infected trees and replant with tolerant material. Moreover, this situation is a threat to cocoa plantations in neighboring Ghana, where numerous eradication operations to control this disease have been launched. References: (1) L. Hagen et al. Virology 196:619, 1993. (2) B. E. L. Lockhart et al. Phytopathology 82:691, 1992. (3) E. Muller et al. J. Virol. Methods 93:15, 2001. (4) M. Partiot et al. Café Cacao Thé 22:217, 1978.

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Aneani, Francis, R. Adu-Acheampong, and O. Sakyi-Dawson. "Exploring Opportunities for Enhancing Innovation in Agriculture: The Case of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Production in Ghana." Sustainable Agriculture Research 7, no. 1 (2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v7n1p33.

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An exploratory study was conducted to identify opportunities to enhance innovation in the cocoa sector in Ghana. The specific objectives were to identify the key stakeholders in the cocoa industry, and elicit farmers and other stakeholders’ perceptions on cocoa production and marketing practices, as well as the inherent constraints and opportunities. The study involved literature review of published information and the use of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools such as focus group discussion, problem tree analysis, seasonal calendar, and ranking techniques to elicit information from the respondents and purchasing clerks in the Eastern and Western Regions of Ghana. The problem tree analysis indicated that low cocoa incomes were due to low cocoa yields which were in turn caused by high incidence of pest and diseases such as capsids/black pod/cocoa swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD), declining soil fertility and use of unapproved planting materials. The seasonal calendar analysis indicated that most cocoa farmers were financially constrained, experience high labour availability and cost from May to July during which farm activities are high. Based on the study, researchers recommend that the Ghana Cocoa Board (COCOBOD) intensifies its efforts in implementing the opportunities such as crop/livelihood diversification, provision of crop insurance against risk, etc. identified to enhance farmers’ welfare and the development of the entire cocoa industry. Addressing these constraints requires collaboration among the various stakeholders in the sector, including the government, research and extension as well as smallholder farmers.

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Padi, Francis Kwame, Atta Ofori, and Abraham Akpertey. "Genetic base-broadening of cacao for precocity and cropping efficiency." Plant Genetic Resources 15, no. 6 (2016): 548–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262116000277.

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AbstractIntroduction of clones from genetic groups that are underrepresented in the pedigree of commercial cacao varieties in West Africa represents an important aspect of cacao improvement strategy of broadening the genetic base to overcome current yield stagnation of the crop. The objective of the present study was to determine the combining abilities of more recently introduced cacao clones for yield and cropping efficiency in the early bearing years. Seven recently introduced clones were crossed as males to five clones commonly used in the seed gardens in Ghana using a North Carolina II design. The 35 F1 varieties and one commercial variety were evaluated in the field from June 2010 to March 2015 for four traits: increase in trunk cross-sectional area in the juvenile, and in the pod-bearing phases, bean yield and cropping efficiency. Though both GCA and SCA variances were significant for all traits, the ratios of GCA:SCA were much smaller than unity, indicating the importance of non-additive effects in the control of the traits. Among the set of clones therefore, prediction of F1 variety performance cannot be based on the GCA or per se (average) performance of the clones. Six varieties were more precocious, and eight had higher cropping efficiencies than the standard variety. Bean yields ranged from 0.74 to 1.05 t/ha/year in the fourth and fifth years after planting among the top six varieties. The study provides evidence of the large potential for productivity increase through the use of cacao clones beyond Pound's early introductions into West Africa.

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Ofori, Atta, Francis K. Padi, Frank O. Ansah, Abraham Akpertey, and Gilbert J. Anim-Kwapong. "Genetic variation for vigour and yield of cocoa ( Theobroma cacao L.) clones in Ghana." Scientia Horticulturae 213 (December 2016): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016.11.003.

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Akrofi, Andrews Yaw, Ishmael Amoako-Atta, Michael Assuah, and Eric Kumi Asare. "Black pod disease on cacao (Theobroma cacao, L) in Ghana: Spread of Phytophthora megakarya and role of economic plants in the disease epidemiology." Crop Protection 72 (June 2015): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2015.01.015.

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Nalley, L. Lanier, Bruce L. Dixon, and Jennie Popp. "Necessary Price Premiums to Incentivize Ghanaian Organic Cocoa Production: A Phased, Orchard Management Approach." HortScience 47, no. 11 (2012): 1617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.11.1617.

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Price premiums necessary to incentivize switching from conventional (inorganic) to organic cocoa (Theobroma cacao) production in Ghana are identified. Optimal, phased-replacement models for orchard management are used to determine when switching from conventional to organic is profitable. The decision is a function of orchard growth stage, price premiums, and yield loss. Results indicate that the net present value (NPV) of organic production under current market conditions is 21% lower than the NPV of conventional production. Analysis shows that, generally, the minimum price premium to convert to organic is just slightly lower, in percentage terms, than the yield reduction caused by growing organically.

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F., Aneani, and Ofori-Frimpong K. "An Analysis of Yield Gap and Some Factors of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Yields in Ghana." Sustainable Agriculture Research 2, no. 4 (2013): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v2n4p117.

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Although cocoa productivity has recently been increasing in Ghana, it is still low compared with that of other countries such as Cote d’Ivoire and Malaysia. This situation has been attributed to the low adoption of cocoa production technologies. The study was aimed at analysing the yield gap as well as some cocoa yield factors. Cross-sectional socio-economic survey was conducted in six (6) cocoa growing districts: Nkawie, Goaso, Enchi, Oda, Twifo Praso/Assin Fosu and Hohoe. A structured questionnaire was employed in the collection of data from 300 respondents who were randomly chosen with multi-stage cluster sampling technique. The yield gaps and their proportion to yield potentials were estimated using data from the survey and on-station trials. The findings indicated an experimental yield gap of 1 553.4 kg ha-1, accounting for 82.1% of the experimental yield potential whereas farmer-based yield gap was 1 537.2 kg ha-1, also accounting for 82.0% of the farmer (survey) yield potential. The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression analysis indicated that frequency of spraying fungicides against black pod disease, spraying insecticides against capsids, weeding of cocoa farms, cocoa variety planted by farmer, area of cocoa farm and total cocoa production variables had a significant impact on cocoa yield. It is recommended that the Government should encourage cocoa farmers, through pragmatic measures, to adopt improved technologies for enhancing productivity instead of focusing on excessive land expansion which eventually leads to low productivity.

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Padi, Francis Kwame, and Atta Ofori. "Cacao Seed Purity and Genotype Influence on Seedling Growth under Peasant-Farmer Conditions in Ghana." Journal of Crop Improvement 30, no. 5 (2016): 493–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2016.1185487.

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Anim-Kwapong, Gilbert John, and Kwabena Osei-Bonsu. "Potential of natural and improved fallow using indigenous trees to facilitate cacao replanting in Ghana." Agroforestry Systems 76, no. 3 (2009): 533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-008-9196-4.

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Ahenkorah, Y., B. J. Halm, M. R. Appiah, G. S. Akrofi, and J. E. K. Yirenkyi. "Twenty Years' Results from a Shade and Fertilizer Trial on Amazon Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) in Ghana." Experimental Agriculture 23, no. 1 (1987): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700001101.

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SUMMARYThe effects of three shade densities, NPK fertilizers and fertilizer-pest/disease relationship on Amazon cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) over a 20-year period are reported. Yields equivalent to the mean yield from the unfertilized plots were achieved in about 3, 4 and 6 years in fertilized plots under the no shade (S0), medium shade (S1) and heavy shade (S2) treatments, respectively. There were three growth phases, each characterized by a different yield trend. No appreciable changes in the exchangeable Ca and Mg were observed during the experiments, but K dropped to 68% of its initial value while the available P of the unfertilized and the S0 plots fell by 38%. Fertilizer recommendations for P and K should take account of overhead shade. The effect of N application was often negative. No direct relationship was observed between fertilizer treatment and the incidence of pest/blackpod/swollen shoot virus (SSV) disease of cocoa. SSV infection was greatest under S0. Cocoa farms in Ghana cannot maintain high yields (above 1000 kg dry cocoa ha−1) beyond 15 years of intensive cropping.

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Ahenkorah, Y., B. J. Halm, M. R. Appiah, G. S. Akrofi, and J. E. K. Yirenkyi. "Twenty Years' Results from a Shade and Fertilizer Trial on Amazon Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) in Ghana." Experimental Agriculture 23, no. 1 (1987): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700003380.

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SUMMARYThe effects of three shade densities, NPK fertilizers and fertilizer-pest/disease relationship on Amazon cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) over a 20-year period are reported. Yields equivalent to the mean yield from the unfertilized plots were achieved in about 3, 4 and 6 years in fertilized plots under the no shade (S0), medium shade (S1) and heavy shade (S2) treatments, respectively. There were three growth phases, each characterized by a different yield trend. No appreciable changes in the exchangeable Ca and Mg were observed during the experiments, but K dropped to 68% of its initial value while the available P of the unfertilized and the S0 plots fell by 38%. Fertilizer recommendations for P and K should take account of overhead shade. The effect of N application was often negative. No direct relationship was observed between fertilizer treatment and the incidence of pest/blackpod/swollen shoot virus (SSV) disease of cocoa. SSV infection was greatest under S0. Cocoa farms in Ghana cannot maintain high yields (above 1000 kg dry cocoa ha−1) beyond 15 years of intensive cropping.

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Jemmy, Takrama, Kun Ji, Meinhardt Lyndel, et al. "Verification of genetic identity of introduced cacao germplasm in Ghana using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers." African Journal of Biotechnology 13, no. 21 (2014): 2127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb2013.13331.

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Kouakou, K., B. I. Kébé, N. Kouassi, S. Aké, C. Cilas, and E. Muller. "Geographical Distribution of Cacao swollen shoot virus Molecular Variability in Côte d'Ivoire." Plant Disease 96, no. 10 (2012): 1445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-11-0749-re.

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The discovery of new outbreaks caused by Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) in Côte d'Ivoire in 2003, when this disease seemed to have been eradicated since the end of the 1950s in that country, casts doubt on the sustainability of Ivorian cocoa production. The aims of this study were, first, to carry out a molecular characterization of CSSV isolates from the main outbreaks in Côte d'Ivoire; second, determine their phylogenetic position in relation to isolates already discovered in Togo and Ghana; and, finally, study their geographical distribution to understand the dispersal of the virus. Additionally, this study was intended to enable the implementation and validation of a polyvalent molecular diagnosis assay for CSSV. Sequences analyses, corresponding to a fragment located at the 5′ end of open reading frame (ORF)3 of the CSSV genome, revealed three new CSSV groups (D, E, and F) distinct from the A, B, and C groups already identified in Togo. Only group B was detected in all the outbreaks, whereas groups A and C were not identified in Côte d'Ivoire. In addition, a polymerase chain reaction diagnostic using the ORF3A F/R primer pair was polyvalent, because it enabled the detection of CSSV in 90% of the plots in all the cocoa regions analyzed by this study.

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MOTULO, HIASINTA FJ, MEITY S-SINAGA, GEDE SUASTIKA, HAJRIAL ASWIDINNOOR, and ALEX HARTANA. "KARAKTER MORFOLOGI DAN MOLEKULER ISOLAT Phytophthora palmivora ASAL KELAPA DAN KAKAO." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 13, no. 3 (2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v13n3.2007.111-118.

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ABSTRAK Phytophthora palmivora merupakan patogen penyebab penyakit gugur buah pada tanaman kelapa dan busuk buah pada tanaman kakao. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membedakan isolat P. palmivora asal kelapa dan asal kakao berdasarkan karakter morfologi dan molekuler. Pengambilan sampel penyakit gugur buah kelapa dan busuk buah kakao dilakukan di Kabupaten Banyuwangi dan Jember, Jawa Timur, Kabupaten Minahasa dan Bolaang Mongondow, Sulawesi Utara, dan Kabupaten Gorontalo, Gorontalo. Analisis morfologi, ekstraksi DNA dan amplifikasi DNA dengan PCR dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikologi dan Laboratorium Virologi, Departemen Proteksi Tanaman, Faperta IPB. Analisis perunutan DNA dilakukan di Laboratorium Biologi Molekuler, Balai Besar Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik dan Laboratorium Bioteknologi, LIPI Serpong. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan April 2005 sampai Februari 2007. Berdasarkan karakter morfologi seperti diameter koloni, panjang dan lebar sporangium, tipe koloni, bentuk sporangium, per- bandingan panjang dan lebar sporangium serta runutan DNA ruas ITS menunjukkan bahwa keduapuluh-dua koleksi isolat yang menunjukkan gejala penyakit gugur buah kelapa dan busuk buah kakao adalah P. palmivora. Isolat P. palmivora asal kelapa berbeda dengan isolat P. palmivora asal kakao berdasarkan diameter koloni, panjang dan lebar sporangium serta runutan DNA ruas ITS. Duapuluh-dua isolat P. palmivora asal kelapa dan asal kakao mempunyai sporangium yang mudah lepas dari sporangiospora (caducous), pedikel yang pendek dan papila serta bervariasi dalam bentuk dan ukuran sporangium. Bentuk sporangium terdiri dari 4 tipe yaitu ovoid, limoniform, obturbinate, dan obpyriform. Ukuran sporangium berkisar antara 40 – 62 µm panjang dan 28 – 43 µm lebar. Isolat P. palmivora memiliki tipe koloni rosaceous, stelate dan cottony. Rata-rata diameter koloni isolat asal kelapa 54.8 cm lebih tinggi dari isolat asal kakao 43,4 cm. Hasil perunutan DNA hasil PCR menunjukkan adanya keragaman genetik antar isolat asal kelapa dan kakao di Indonesia. Isolat asal kakao berbeda dengan isolat asal kelapa berdasarkan perunutan DNA ruas ITS. Isolat P. palmivora asal kelapa dan kakao dari Indonesia tidak berada dalam satu kelompok dengan isolat yang berasal dari Thailand, Taiwan, Korea, Puerto Rico, Ghana, dan Cameron. Kata kunci : Kelapa, Cocos nucifera, kakao, Theobroma cacao, penyakit, P. palmivora, morfologi, molekuler, keragaman, runutan DNA-ITS, Jawa Timur, Sulawesi Utara, Gorontalo, Jawa Barat ABSTRACT Morphology and molecular characteristics of P. palmivora isolates from coconut and cacao Phytophthora palmivora, is the pathogen of coconut nutfall and cacao black pod diseases. This study was conducted to differentiate the isolates of P. palmivora from coconut and those from cacao fruit based on morphology and molecular characteristics. Samples of nutfall of coconut and black pod of cacao were collected from Banyuwangi and Jember Districts, East Java, Minahasa and Bolaang Mongondow Districts, North Sulawesi, and Gorontalo District, Gorontalo. Morphological analysis, DNA extraction and amplification of PCR-DNA were conducted in Micology Laboratorium and Virology Laboratorium, Plant Protection Division, Faperta IPB. Sequencing DNA analysis was conducted in Molecular Biology Laboratory, Balai Besar Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik and Biotechnology Laboratory LIPI Serpong. This research was conducted from April 2005 to February 2007. Comparative morphological evaluated i.e. diameter of colony, length and width of sporangium, l/w ratio, type of colony and sequence Internal Transcribed Sequence (ITS)- DNA showed that all isolates of Phytophthora isolated from coconut and cacao in Indonesia were Phytophthora palmivora. Morphology characteristics of pathogen isolates from cacao were smaller and significantly different in length, width, length/width ratio of sporangium and diameter of colony compared to coconut’s isolates. Sporangia of 22 isolates were caducous with short pedicel, but were variable in shape and size. The culture produced ovoid, limoniform, obturbinate, dan obpyriform sporangia, average 40-62 µm in length and 28-43 µm in width. The colony types were stelate, cottony and rossaceous with average diameter of coconut isolates 54.8 cm and cacao isolates 43.4 cm. Specific fragment of 900 bp was successfully amplify from coconut and cacao infected by P. palmivora. The DNA sequence analysis of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region showed that the coconut isolates were not in the same cluster with the cacao isolates. Based on sequence analysis, the P. palmivora isolates from Indonesia showed different cluster from those of Taiwan, Ghana, Puerto Rico and Costa Rica isolates. Key words : Coconut, Cocos nucifera, cacao, Theobroma cacao, diseases, P. palmivora, diversity, morphology, molecular, sequencing ITS-DNA, East Java, North Sulawesi, Gorontalo, West Jav

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S., Konlan, K. Quaye A., Pobee P., et al. "Effect of weed management with glyphosate on growth and early yield of young cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in Ghana." African Journal of Agricultural Research 14, no. 28 (2019): 1229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar2018.13555.

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Appiah, M. R., and Y. Ahenkorah. "Arylsulphatase activity of different latosol soils of Ghana cropped to cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and coffee (Coffea canephora var. robusta)." Biology and Fertility of Soils 7, no. 2 (1989): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00292581.

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Campbell, C. A. M. "The susceptibility of cocoa to mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) and other honeydew-producing Homoptera in Ghana." Bulletin of Entomological Research 80, no. 2 (1990): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300013353.

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Population densities of mealybugs and other honeydew-producing Homoptera were assessed in six cocoa (Theobroma cacao Linnaeus) trials by inspecting trees from ground to eye level, and also by dissecting samples of terminal buds. A total of 68 cocoa progenies was examined, mainly inter-crosses of six clones. Progenies differed in their levels of infestation with total mealybugs, Planococcoides njalensis (Laing), Planococcus citri (Risso), Phenacoccus hargreavesi (Laing), (Pseudococcidae), Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) (Aphididae), and Mesohomotoma tessmanni (Aulmann) (Psyllidae). Crosses with Amelonado or T63/971 were generally more densely infested with mealybugs than those for example of NA34 and T63/967. Trees of T17/524 parentage were sparsely infested with mealybugs. Rankings of progenies by infestation with mealybugs from the two different sampling procedures were positively correlated, but the relative abundances of individual mealybug species on the trunk and in the canopy differed. Several species of mealybug found in buds were either rare or never found by inspecting trees up to eye level. Correlations between rankings of progenies by order of abundance of Planococcoides njalensis and Planococcus citri were positive and statistically significant, as were those between mealybugs and infestation of buds by T. aurantii or M. tessmanni. The above rankings were negatively correlated with those by aphid and psyllid abundance assessed from inspecting trees up to eye level. The two sampling procedures were complementary but, for economy, samples of buds gave the clearest indication of a progeny's suitability for mealybugs.

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Barral, Stéphanie, and Francois Ruf. "Plantations industrielles ou familiales ? Regards croisés sur la production d'huile de palme et de cacao en Indonésie et au Ghana." Autrepart 62, no. 3 (2012): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/autr.062.0075.

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Sarfo, Joseph E., Colin A. M. Campbell, and David R. Hall. "Effect of lure age and blend on sex pheromone trap catches of the mirid Sahlbergella singularis on cacao in Ghana." Crop Protection 138 (December 2020): 105344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2020.105344.

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Campbell, C. A. M. "Homoptera associated with the ants Crematogaster clariventris, Pheidole megacephala and Tetramorium aculeatum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on cocoa in Ghana." Bulletin of Entomological Research 84, no. 3 (1994): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300032429.

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AbstractPopulation densities of honeydew-producing Homoptera were assessed on mature upper-Amazon cocoa (Theobroma cacao) (Sterculiaceae) trees with combinations of the ants Crematogaster clariventris Mayr, Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius) and Tetramorium aculeatum (Mayr). Interactions were found between combinations of the three ant species and the abundance of Homoptera attended for honeydew. Crematogaster clariventris primarily attended Stictococcus sjostedti Cockerell (Stictococcidae), and less frequently Waxiella sp. nr zonata (Newstead) (Coccidae). Pheidole megacephala attended mealybugs, mainly Planococcoides njalensis (Laing), and Planococcus citri (Risso) (both Pseudococcidae). Tetramorium aculeatum was negatively associated with honeydew-producing Homoptera only when it was the sole dominant ant. Where T. aculeatum co-existed with either one, or both, of the other ant species, it had little influence on the abundance of the honeydew-producing Homoptera they attended, including the mealybug vectors of cocoa swollen shoot virus. Ant-attended Homoptera were more numerous on trees solely dominated by their attendant ants than on trees where two or all three ant species co-occurred. By contrast, the non-ant-attended psyllid Mesohomotoma tessmanni (Aulmann) was least common on trees with a single dominant ant species, and was most abundant on trees foraged by all three ant species.

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PADI, F. K., A. OFORI, and A. ARTHUR. "Genetic variation and combining abilities for vigour and yield in a recurrent selection programme for cacao." Journal of Agricultural Science 155, no. 3 (2016): 444–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859616000459.

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SUMMARYThe low genetic diversity of cacao germplasm collections in West Africa is often cited as a limitation to further yield improvement of the crop in its major production countries. Twelve clones obtained from first cycle selection for yield and clones available in international genebanks were tested for their combining ability for key agronomic traits by using these as males in crosses with five female clones available in the Seed Gardens in Ghana. Progenies obtained from a North Carolina II (NC II) mating design and standard varieties were planted at two sites that contrast in terms of soil fertility, rainfall total and distribution. Fifty-eight progenies obtained from the 5 × 12 incomplete NC II mating design and six other progenies, of which two were standard varieties, were evaluated at the more favourable location. At the less favourable location, 44 progenies of the NC II mating design and 20 other progenies, including the two standard varieties, were planted. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used at both locations. Progenies with PA 7 as female parent had better seedling survival at the location with poorer production conditions. Low levels of genetic diversity among female clones at 86 single nucleotide polymorphism loci was reflected in larger standard errors for the additive variance due to female parents relative to that due to male parents. Non-additive genetic effects were much larger than the corresponding additive variance components for all traits at each of the two locations. Average yields over the fourth and fifth years after planting ranged from 0·23 to 1·29 t/ha/year. The standard varieties were not among the best progenies for seedling vigour, yield or yield efficiency (yield per unit trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) per year). Narrow-sense heritability estimates were higher for three estimates of tree vigour (estimated as increase in TCSA) than for yield traits. Heritability for yield efficiency was a moderate of h2 = 0·5 ± 0·23. The study indicates that further yield increments are attainable by selecting and crossing among the early cacao introductions into West Africa.

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Ofori, A., F. K. Padi, K. Acheampong, and S. Lowor. "Genetic variation and relationship of traits related to drought tolerance in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) under shade and no-shade conditions in Ghana." Euphytica 201, no. 3 (2014): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-014-1228-8.

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Perrot, Claude-Hélène. "La Renaissance de l'histoire eotile dans les années soixante." History in Africa 15 (1988): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171875.

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Dans le Sud-Est de la Côte d'Ivoire le début des années soixante est marqué par la tentative de sécession du Sanwi et ses retombées. Le roi du Sanwi, décidant de se détacher de l'Etat ivoirien qui vient d'accéder à l'independance, est allé avec ses partisans s'établir au Ghana où il a formé un gouvernement provisoire. II donne légitimité à ce mouvement en faisant référence au traité d'alliance qu'un de ses prédécesseurs Amon Ndiffou avait signé avec la France, représentée par Fleuriot de Langle, le 4 Juillet 1843.L'érection du Sanwi en Etat indépendant est le signal d'une sévère politique de répression qui s'abat sur les Anyi de la région. A Aboisso régne le sous-préfet Haccandie qui met en place un réseau d'agents de renseignements dans un pays où les villages et les families sont profondément divisées par ce qu'on commence à appeler “I'affaire du Sanwi”. En outre les crédits affectés à la région sont drastiquement réduits. Or antérieurement le Sanwi avait été le premier pôle de développement de la Colonie, dotée d'un important réseau routier pour l'écoulement des “produits” (café, cacao) et d'équipements sanitaires et scolaires. Et brusquement ce pays, d'où était issue une élite de lettrés et de fonctionnaires, se trouve déiaissé, voire sacxifie, au bénéfice d'autres parties de la Côte d'Ivoire.

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Kumah, Patrick, Gideon Boateng Gyamfi, and Nicholas Teye. "Assessment of Some Production Practices on the Quality of Cocoa Beans (Theobroma cacao): A Case Study of Forest Savanna Transition and Semi-Deciduous Rainforest Zones of Ghana." Asian Journal of Agricultural and Horticultural Research 2, no. 3 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajahr/2018/43025.

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Lyon, Sarah. "The GoodGuide to “Good” Coffee." Gastronomica 14, no. 4 (2014): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2014.14.4.60.

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Political empowerment, social justice, and environmental resilience are increasingly upheld alongside flavor and quality as criteria of “good” foods. However, these criteria cannot be simply assessed through taste tests—one cannot determine from a bite of chocolate whether the cacao it contains was tended by child slaves in the Ivory Coast or fairtrade farmers in Ghana. In order to reinvent these global commodities, to rediscover the small farmers hidden behind bulk purchasing and corporate branding, consumers today increasingly rely on a variety of twenty-first-century tools, technologies, and labels. This article explores one of these instruments, questioning the relative merits of the product rating system provided by GoodGuide, an internet-based tool designed to help consumers with product research, and comparing it to the fairtrade labels that are more familiar to most coffee drinkers. GoodGuide’s greatest strength is how it assesses a product from crop to cup, capturing multiple and diverse factors within global supply chains. However, in comparison to fairtrade labeling, GoodGuide employs quantitative metrics and opaque rating criteria that inadequately capture the complexity of smallholder coffee production in places like Guatemala. It also fails to promote food citizenship in a meaningful way. One key part of reinventing foods is intentionally placing people at the heart of the provisioning system. Therefore, it is important to question the extent to which new tools and technologies for assessing the relative “goodness” of foods promote food citizenship and food-related behaviors that support, rather than threaten, the development of a democratic, economically just, and environmentally sustainable food system.

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"CACAO: Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana." Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series 57, no. 9 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2020.09742.x.

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"Cacao swollen shoot badnavirus. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 1) (August 1, 2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20066500799.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Cacao swollen shoot badnavirus Viruses: Caulimoviridae: Badnavirus Hosts: Cocoa (Theobroma cacao), Ceiba pentandra and Cola spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Indonesia, Sumatra, Sri Lanka, AFRICA, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Trinidad and Tobago.

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"Phomopsis folliculicola. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 1) (August 1, 1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20056500680.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Phomopsis folliculicola Punith. Hosts: cacao (Theobroma cacao). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Ghana, Malawi, Mauritius, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, ASIA, Peninsular Malaysia, Malaysia, Sabah, E. Malaysia, India, Kerala, Assam, Karnataka, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Panua, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, EUROPE, UK, England, CENTRAL AMERICA, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica St., Lucia, West Indies, SOUTH AMERICA, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador.

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"Phytophthora megakarya. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 1) (August 1, 1996). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20056500721.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Phytophthora megakarya Brasier & M.J. Griffin. Hosts: Cocoa (Theobroma cacao). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Togo.

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"Trachysphaera fructigena. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 4) (August 1, 1988). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20046500249.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Trachysphaera fructigena Tabor & Bunting. Hosts: Cocoa (Theobroma cacao), banana (Musa spp., coffee (Coffea liberica). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, Cameroon, Congo Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Nigeria, Sierra Leone.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cacao – Ghana'

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