Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cacaoyer'
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Sossou-Dangou, Justine. "Etude des modifications biochimiques de l'albumen des graines de cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L. ) au cours de leur développement. Application à l'amélioration de l'embryogénèse somatique." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20040.
Full textAguilar, Vega Maria Elena. "Le microbouturage du cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L. ) : identification et étude de quelques facteurs limitants de la réactivité des explants." Toulouse, INPT, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPT003A.
Full textCLAEYS, CROUZILLAT FLORENCE. "Contribution à la transformation génétique du cacaoyer Theobroma cacao L." Rennes 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999REN10127.
Full textCHATELET, PHILIPPE. "Contribution a l'etude de l'embryogenese somatique chez le cacaoyer (theobroma cacao l. )." Paris 11, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA112131.
Full textLAURENT, VALERIE. "Etude de la diversite genetique du cacaoyer a l'aide des marqueurs rflp." Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA112110.
Full textClément, Didier. "Cartographie de qtl controlant des caracteres d'interet chez le cacaoyer (theobroma cacao l. )." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INAP0021.
Full textEfombagn, Mousseni Ives Bruno. "Diversité génétique et sélection du cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L. ) au Cameroun : approches participative, phénotypique et moléculaire." Rennes, Agrocampus, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NSARA057.
Full textGénétic diversity of cacao (Theobroma cacao L. ) accessions in farmers’ field and genebanks in Cameroon was studied with 12 microsatellite markers and several phenotypic traits of agronomic interest. Knowledge of farmers on their planting material was collected within the framework of a participatory selection programme, and subsequently compared with molecular and phenotypic data. The molecular assessment of the arm accessions are closely related. GA beong to three main genetic groups of the cacao species : Upper Amazon Forastero (UA), Lower Amazon Forastero (LA) and Trinitario (Tr). The genetic diversity among FA could be largely explained by the contribution of six reference genomes (Amelonado, Criollo, Iquitos Mixed Calabacillo, Nanay, Parinari and Scavina) supposed to be at the origin of cultivated cacao populations in Cameroon. The genes from the Amelonado group predominated in the FA whereas those from Scavina and Criollo were less represented. The large molecular and phenotypic diversity and the presence of private alleles among FA show the potential for selection of this material. This potential was further demonstrated by the identification of several resistant genotypes among FA tested for resistance to Phytophtora pod rot (Ppr), the major cacao production constraint in the country. The results from Ppr evaluations suggest also that farmers’ knowledge on the field resistance of individual cacao trees might be exploited efficiently in the participatory breeding programme
Falque, Matthieu. "Fécondation et développement des fruits et des graines chez le cacaoyer (Theobroma Cacao L. ). Influence de l'irradiation du pollen et de l'intensité de la pollinisation." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT020A.
Full textSoupi, Nkeutcha Marietta Solange. "Implication des arabinogalactanes protéines dans le développement des embryons chez Theobroma cacao L." Limoges, 2013. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/faf4039e-ff63-48ee-87e0-8bc90908d5bd/blobholder:0/2013LIMO4007.pdf.
Full textThree genotypes of Theobroma cacao L. , selected according to their degree of embryogenesis were used to investigate the involvement of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) during embryogenesis. Morphological, histological and biochemical criteria were used to identify developmental stages for a comparative analysis of somatic and zygotic embryogenesis. Glycosylated proteins showed differential expression according to developmental stages and genotype. The AGPs were highlight for the first time in cocoa with the β-D-glucosyl Yariv reagent and specific antibodies against AGPs without developmental stages or genotype effect. The AGPs isolated from cocoa embryos using β-D-glucosyl Yariv reagent, were purified according to their polarity and molecular weight. They are mostly glycosylated. The monosaccharide composition is different in somatic and zygotic embryos from the culture medium. Separation by SEC after proteins calibration of the column allowed us to define the apparent molecular weight of cocoa AGPs. Three fractions were detected, from 7 kDa to 180 kDa; 180-670 kDa and greater than 670 kDa. The combination of UV detection at 215 nm and proteins fluorescence at Ex/Em: 221/350 nm can detect the diversity of AGPs and has been used to monitor AGPs during embryos development. The fraction eluted between 9 and 11 ml has been identified as being heavily involved in the embryogenesis of cocoa tree
Boulay, Michel. "Étude de la phénologie de différents hybrides de cacaoyer associés a six espèces d'arbre d'ombrage." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ38034.pdf.
Full textMfegue, Crescence Virginie. "Origine et mécanismes de dispersion des populations de Phytophthora megakarya, pathogène du cacaoyer au Cameroun." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NSAM0015/document.
Full textThe introduction of exotic species in a new environment is at the origin of most of the biological invasions. Black pod disease of cacao is an emerging disease caused by Phytophthora megakarya, since the introduction of the cacao in Africa. P. megakarya is endemic in Africa and had most likely emerged on cacao following a host jump from an African native plant. In order to achieve a population study and to identify the center of origin of this pathogen, we selected 12 novel microsatellite markers. A total of 727 strains from all the cacao production zones in Africa (Cameroon, Gabon, Sao-Tomé, Nigeria, Togo, Ghana and Ivory Coast) were analyzed. A clonal mode of reproduction was detected. Structuring and assignment analysis allowed us to identify 5 genetic groups: 3 groups in Central Africa (AC1, AC2 and AC3), one group western Africa (AO) and a hybrid group (MC) in Cameroon. The 5 groups were represented in Cameroon, suggesting a Cameroonian origin of P. megakarya. Three zones in Cameroon showed a strong genetic diversity, but the West would be the potential zone of origin and diversification of P. megakarya. The second chapter of the thesis concerned the spatiotemporal dynamics of P. megakarya in the field, in order to bring additional biological information on the survival and the dispersal of the pathogen. We conducted an epidemiological survey during 2 consecutive years in 2 agroécological zones in Cameroon (savanna and forest). The results showed a significant decrease of the incidence of the desease between 2 years, in relation certainly with a climatic variable. A overdispersion of the incidence of the disease was detected at the end of each campaign in the 2 zones, but the analysis of semivariogrammes throughout 2 production campaigns enlighted a spatial dependence of infected trees in the forest zone only. Infection hot spots were detected through the analysis of disease maps (GéoStat-R). The genetic variability of soil and infected pods isolates was assessed. A higher genetic diversity was found in the soil, suggesting that soil is the primary inoculums sources of P. megakarya. Key-words : Black pod disease, Phytophthora megakarya, emerging disease, center of origin, microsatellite markers, assignation analysis, clonal reproduction, spatiotemporal dynamics, infection hot spots
Kohi, N'Goran Jeanne Andi. "Contribution à l'étude génétique du cacaoyer par les marqueurs moléculaires : diversité génétique et recherche de QTLs." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20159.
Full textAmetowoglo, Klusse. "Les filières du cacao : des planteurs africains aux consommateurs européens." Bordeaux 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR30024.
Full textFarm product growing in the south tropical under-developed countries, cocoa is essentially transformed and consumed in the north developed countries. To secure the international circulation of cocoa beans, several channels have been constituted. Originally small organisations (family business, trading posts) little structurated in the colonial period, these channels have been gradually developed and are nowadays very important financial societies which control the international market of cocoa beans and its derivatives. In the producing countries, agreed intermediary agents and libanan business men control the national buying channels beside the planters; national commercialisation offices as cocoa boards assure the cocoa exportation. On the international level big trading companies (wich really insure the fluidity of cocoa trade) provide the industries with cocoa. The problems of quality concerning the cocoa beans exported, worldwide overproduction and low prices are the principal aspects of the cocoa crisis
Lanaud, Claire. "Nouvelles données sur la biologie du cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L. ) : diversité des populations, système d'incompatibilité, haploides spontanés : leurs conséquences pour l'amélioration génétique de cette espèce." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112294.
Full textSome aspects of the biology of cocoa tree were studied for their breeding implications. Isozymes electrophoresis was developed to obtain new genetic markers. 9 polymorphic loci and 31 alleles were identified. Studies on the diversity between wild and cultivated populations from various origins revealed large species variability, particularly among Upper Amazon populations. A study on the mechanisms of incompatibility showed different levels of expression when a mixture of incompatible and compatible pollen was used, a partial inhibition of incompatibility, due to their interactions, was observed. The degree of inhibition depended both on the genetic constitution and on the relative proportions of compatible and incompatible pollen mixed on the flowers. In hybrid seeds gardens, where mixed pollinations were frequent, the use of isozymes demonstrated a high level of self-fertilized seeds in progenitors usually incompatible when only pollinated with their own pollen. The origin of spontaneous haploids depended partially on semigamy. Probably due to hamozygosity, depressive effects appeared in many characteristics for doubled haploids, but this was not transmitted in progeny. Different doubled haploid were obtained from a heterozygous genotype thus allowing the opportunity to choose better progenitors than the parent. Meanwhile the use of haploids in a breeding program was limited by a lack of efficiency to obtain them. Results obtained gave information to design new breeding schemes and to assure the multiplication of selected seeds. They emphasize the small part of the genetic diversity of cocoa tree used hitherto. Because of the originality of incompatibility system and in order to valorize cocoa breeding a rigorous control in biclonal seeds gardens must be applied. A better knowledge of population genetics was obtained and consequences for genetic resources management for this species were discussed
Gidoin, Cynthia. "Relations entre structure du peuplement végétal et bioagresseurs dans les agroforêts à cacaoyers. Application à trois bioagresseurs du cacaoyer : la moniliose au Costa Rica, la pourriture brune et les mirides au Cameroun." Phd thesis, Ecole nationale superieure agronomique de montpellier - AGRO M, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01015863.
Full textHAGEN, LYNDA. "Analyse du genome du cacao swollen shoot virus et mise au point d'une methode d'infection du cacaoyer." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066590.
Full textOrtiz, Garcia Carlos Fredy. "Etude de la diversité génétique de populations de Phytophthora pathogènes du cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L) et du cocotier (Cocos nucifera L)." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30046.
Full textPugh, Moreno Tatiana. "Etude des déséquilibres de liaison dans une collection de cacaoyers (Theobroma cacao L. ) appartenant au groupe criollo/trinitario et application au marquage génétique des caractères d'intérête." Montpellier, ENSA, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSA0005.
Full textBock, Digne Marie-S. "Architecture et société : un mode de lecture de la formation et de l'intégration de l'espace cacaoyer équatorien (1890-1920)." Toulouse 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU20027.
Full textArgout, Xavier. "Le génome du cacaoyer : du décodage de sa séquence jusqu'à l'étude des gènes impliqués dans des caractères agronomiques d'intérêt." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSAM0006/document.
Full textFor several years, cocoa research programs have focused on studying the genetic basis of agronomic traits of interest, especially for disease resistance and quality of cocoa beans, two important attributes for cocoa farmers and chocolate production. This work presents, by exploring the transcriptome and cocoa genome, the constitution of molecular resources and the analysis of biosynthesis pathways involved in several of these agronomical traits. The transcriptome study allowed the identification of several tens of thousands of genes expressed in various organs and for different environmental conditions and provided numerous molecular markers, used to produce high-density genetic maps. The information provided by this work led to the genome sequencing of a cocoa Criollo variety. Its analysis and annotation have provided a set of crucial biological information, from the catalog of genes and transposable elements to evolutionary aspects, which revealed a close evolutionary relationship to the eudicot putative ancestor, showing a limited number of recombination between ancestral chromosomes. Subsequently, the work we carried out to improve the complete sequence led to a considerable reduction of the chromosomal fragmentation observed in the first version. In addition, 97% of the assembled sequence and 99% of the genes are now anchored on the cocoa chromosomes. To exploit this new sequence of the genome, we conducted a QTL study from a progeny between Trinitario clones established in French Guiana, allowing to identify genomic regions involved in color trait variation observed in cocoa beans. Based on the improved version of the Criollo genome, we identified two genes potentially involved in the biosynthesis pathway of anthocyanins and flavonoids in the main genomic region concerned. One of the two genes is located nearby the QTL peak and encoding a chalcone synthase, appears to be a promising candidate gene. The comparative study of its structure in the Criollo genome (white bean) and in the Amelonado genome (purple bean) revealed several variations that could be responsible for functional modifications. The results presented in this thesis provide a variety of knowledge and tools useful to conduct multiple integrated approaches to studying cocoa tree genetics
Blaha, Georges. "Données sur la diversité physiologique des populations de Phytophthora megakarya et de P. Palmivora responsables de la pourriture brune des cabosses du cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L. )." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT008A.
Full textFLAMENT, MARIE-HENRIETTE. "Cartographie genetique de facteurs impliques dans la resistance du cacaoyer (theobroma cacao l. ) a phytophthora megakarya et a phytophthora palmivora." Montpellier, ENSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ENSA0030.
Full textNyassé, Salomon. "Etude de la diversité de Phytophthora megakarya et caractérisation de la résistance du cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L. ) à cet agent pathogène." Toulouse, INPT, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPT012A.
Full textPakora, Gilles Alex. "Biocontrôle de la pourriture brune du cacaoyer par trois isolats de Trichoderma, étude des métabolites secondaires actifs et de leur biotransformation." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066255.
Full textThe pod rot of cocoa caused by Phytophthora species is responsible for over 40% of cocoa losses in the world. Chemical control has its limitations, therefore the researches has been directed towards the biocontrol of the disease. In Côte-d'Ivoire, the first world cocoa producer, studies allowed to select and identify three isolates of Trichoderma (T. Virens T7, T. Harzianum and T. Asperellum T54 T40) as antagonists of the growth of Phytophthora palmivora. The chemical study of these three Trichoderma isolates led to the isolation and production of fourteen molecules. Among them one has a unique structure, trichoderonic acid C, and two others, viridin and gliovirin produced in large quantities, exhibit inhibitory activity against P. Palmivora. Viridin shows inhibitory activity against germinating zoospores of P. Palmivora strains and gliovirin is active against the mycelial growth of Phytophthora strains. The biotransformation studies of viridin showed its detoxification by its reduction into viridiol by many microorganisms. However, this product is phytotoxic and its formation may be a limit to the implementation of the biocontrol using isolates of Trichoderma. Finally, among the reducing strains, the bacterium Rhodococcus globerolus convert viridin in a non-selective manner to give viridiol and 3-epi-viridiol
Faÿ, Elisabeth de. "La rythmicité de croissance cambiale et ses rapports avec la rythmicité de croissance apicale chez trois espèces d'arbres tropicaux, Hevea brasiliensis, Theobroma cacao et Terminalia superba, cultivées en conditions naturelles. Du cambium à l'arbre entier et de la cytologie à la morphogénèse : description des rythmes et approche du déterminisme et des mécanismes." Nancy 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN10084.
Full textJagoret, Patrick. "Analyse et évaluation de systèmes agroforestiers complexes sur le long terme : application aux systèmes de culture à base de cacaoyer au Centre Cameroun." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSAM0012.
Full textCocoa cultivation is generally considered as one of the main deforestation factors in the Tropics. Indeed, in many countries it is based on a low-sustainability technical model of intensive monocrops with shifting production zones. Cocoa agroforests, which are often neglected by research due to their low fermented dried cocoa yields, now appear to be a credible alternative for taking up the new challenges facing world cocoa production. In Centre-South Cameroon, cocoa cultivation is largely based on old cocoa agroforests, which suggests that a sustainable cocoa growing model based on agroforestry systems is possible. Our aim was to more effectively understand how these cocoa agroforests function, through their characteristics, their evolution and their determinants, along with the conditions for their long-term fermented dried cocoa production. Our approach consisted of an evaluation of cocoa agroforests on a plot scale and a comprehensive analysis of technical practices over the long term. The thesis is based on an experimental design set up in the Centre region, in three growing zones that could be differentiated through their pedo climatic conditions (Bokito, Zima and Ngomedzap). A large-scale survey was undertaken (1,171 farms grouping 1,638 cocoa plantations) completed by specific observations collected in a network of 61 cocoa agroforests managed by 40 farmers. Results. (1) Our survey results, completed by specific observations, confirmed the sustainability of the cocoa agroforestry systems from an agro ecological and socio-economic viewpoint. (2) In the forest-savannah transition zone, which is considered sub-optimum for cocoa cultivation, we confirmed that the technical model adopted by the farmers enabled them to set up cocoa agroforests on savannah that were viable over the long term. (3) In the network, a participatory method applied to quantify the use value given to the species by the farmers confirmed the multi-functionality of cocoa agroforests and measured the place occupied in it by cocoa. (4) The evaluation of the cocoa tree stands, achieved by adapting the regional agronomic diagnosis method to complex systems, revealed the factors limiting cocoa yield. It was proved that cocoa yield is closely linked to the structure of the cocoa tree stand and that of the intercropped stands. (5) Lastly, a comprehensive analysis of farmer practices over the long term, in association with the evolution of the technical management of the cocoa tree stands, confirmed the flexibility of cocoa agroforestry systems. This flexibility was reflected in the evolution pathways for specific practices and structures. This work provides a new methodological basis to assess the performance of complex agroforestry systems. All the results and knowledge produced by this work make it possible to draw up proposals for developing a new technical model for cocoa growing
Andrieu, Aurélie. "Explorer les voies de l’ARN interférence par initiation in planta pour dévoiler la fonction des gènes chez le riz (Oryza sativa L. ) et le cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L. )." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20174.
Full textDiomande, Gbe Gondo Didier. "Contribution des méthodes spectroscopiques et isotopiques à la caractérisation géographique et phénotypique du cacao." Nantes, 2014. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=fd4e7f5d-6094-444e-b12a-043f6c632eb5.
Full textThe cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao L. ) is a plant of the family Sterculiaceae. The fruit, called the pod, contains beans that are used in the manufacture of chocolate. Fraudulent production practices are making consumers increasingly suspicious both of the sanitary quality of foodstuffs and of the origin of production (organic, GM, etc. ). Faced with this problem, the new European legal ruling 178/2002, effective since 1 January 2005, imposes traceability for foodstuffs. This thesis is positioned within this context. The analysis of the multi-isotope content (15N, 13C) of 61 samples of cocoa obtained from 22 countries, of which 37 samples are from the Ivory Coast, has been carried out. By statistical analysis of the data, it is shown that the isotopic parameters δ15N and δ13C for the whole cocoa beans, and those from different parts of the bean, are responsible for the discrimination found between samples from different continents, from three villages in the Ivory Coast, and between the varieties Forastero and Trinitario. Fermentation of cocoa is the process that most influences the quality of the beans. A study of the influence of fermentation on the isotopic composition in δ15N and δ13C showed either enrichment or impoverishment for the bean and for different parts of the bean, with the exception of theobromine, for which no isotopic fractionation was found. As a result, theobromine was used in isotopic quantitative 13C NMR as molecular probe for the characterization of the geographical origin of cocoa. A methodology has been developed which allows the measurement of the intramolecular 13C distribution in theobromine with sufficient accuracy, subsequent to its transformation into caffeine. New parameters were obtained which not only allowed confirmation of the distinct geographical origins of different cocoa samples, but also to differentiate cocoa from products containing caffeine (tea and coffee). An exploratory study was also carried out measuring the 18O content of theobromine by irm-MS, with the same objective in mind. Finally, cocoa butter, which is one of the most important matrices in the beans, was analyzed by 13C NMR in the framework of the methodology “metabolomics”, notably targeting the glycerol
Lanaud, Claire. "Nouvelles données sur la biologie du cacaoyer, Theobroma cacao L. diversité des populations, système d'incompatibilité, haploïdes spontanés, leurs conséquences pour l'amélioration génétique de cette espèce /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376070362.
Full textSoussou, Tatongueba. "Dynamique forestière dans la plaine du Litimé sous pression anthropique au Togo." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX30049.
Full textThe present study falls under the general dynamics of the tropical forests. It integrates the results of the space, phytoecological and socio-economic analyses of the forest regression of the plain of Litime. The space study based on the acquisition of the satellite images Spot made it possible to establish a diachronic cartography of the vegetation of the zone of study in order to appreciate the evolution of the changes of occupation of the ground which have occurred between 1986 and 2001 in this zone. In this study, "urbanized" spaces just as those assigned to the cultures move with the detriment of the covered surfaces. The analysis of the biological and phytogeographical spectra on the whole of Litime highlighted not only the Guinean character of the vegetation, but also showed the progression of the savannas taxa in particular in the mediums open under the human action. Lastly, the socio-economic study based on the ethnobotanic investigations highlighted the importance of the forest for the local populations through the socio-economic, cultural and ecological uses that it gets for these populations
Ndoumbe, Nkeng Michel. "Incidence des facteurs agro-écologiques sur l'épidémiologie de la pourriture brune des fruits du cacaoyer au Cameroun : contribution à la mise en place d'un modèle d'avertissements agricoles." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INAP0038.
Full textOro, Zokou-Franck. "Analyse des dynamiques spatiales et épidémiologie moléculaire de de la maladie du swollen shoot du cacaoyer au Togo : étude de diffusion à partir des systèmes d'information géographiques." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSAM0050/document.
Full textCacao swollen shoot virus 'CSSV ' is a virus transmitted by mealybugs, insects of the Pseudococcidae family. The disease occurs in all the main cocoa-growing areas of Western Africa. It induces swellings on shoots and roots and mosaic and chlorosis on the leaves and has caused very serious crop losses in Ghana, Nigeria and more recently, Togo and Côte d'Ivoire. The cocoa production in Western Africa, representing about 72 % of the worldwide production is particularly important for the economic equilibrium of these countries. The actual progress of the CSSV epidemic in the large production areas in Togo like ‘Litimé' and ‘Kloto' and in Côte d'Ivoire (Issia, Bouaflé, Sinfra) requires to understand and forecast its spread in time. The discovery of these new focuses of the disease raises questions about the origin of the isolates and the mechanisms involved in the epidemiological spread of the disease at field scale and across territories.These scientific questions are addressed in this study at three levels: i) the spatial and temporal distribution of disease across the plots with statistical methods (Ripley and analysis of the number of links) and geographical information systems (GIS) to map the dynamics of evolution, ii) the molecular diversity of CSSV isolates related to their geographical distribution in order to establish a distribution map in the two regions of production (Kloto and Litimé) and try to understand the history of the virus spread, iii) the mapping of cocoa area in Litimé, the mapping of disead cocoa in comparison with healthy cocoa at the territories scale by combining satellite data with SPOT5 2.5 m spatial resolution and landscape motifs field surveys.The spatial analysis with Ripley's method and analysis of the number of links have shown that the different states of health (healthy, disead, dead) of cocoa trees are aggregated indicating a spread by patch at plot level. The analysis of the number of links indicates a process of contamination from plant to plant in the plots. Studies of the dynamics of evolution from Sig showed through density maps that disead cocoa trees and dead cocoa tree are grouped into clusters in the plots and the size of these aggregates increases significantly between the two years observation (2008 and 2009). The dynamics of change have detected a similar progression of the disease in plots 2 and 3 speedy than Parcel 1. This difference of the disease progress on the three plots can be explained by better maintenance of Parcel 1. The characterization of virus isolates on cocoa plots in Togo has shown the existence of three groups with groups A and B only in the Litimé, and group C only in the Kloto, indicating strong geographical differentiation. The correlation coefficients of Pearson and Spearman indicate a link between genetic distance and geographical distance of the isolates of group A, which implies a contamination step by step for this group at territories scale. Given the marked differentiation between the groups of Kloto and Litimé, we can conclude that the cocoa tree of Litimé were not contaminated with material from the Kloto but more likely from plots located in Ghana and previously infected then spread in the Litimé. The study with the satellite images showed that there was no simple relationship between the health patterns of cocoa trees and their radiometry because of the high heterogeneity of the agroforestry system of Litimé. The combination of landscape motifs and radiometry, however, possible to distinguish areas with dominant "cocoa", areas dominated by "crops", areas dominated by "forest". Among the areas to be dominant "cocoa", we have distinguished the cocoa denuded areas that correspond to potential disease areas and cocoa shade. These various studies indicate that disease progression is slow and works gradually. Emergences observed in new areas probably come from human movements
Babin, Régis. "Contribution à l'amélioration de la lutte contre le miride du cacaoyer Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. (Hemiptera : Miridae). Influence des facteurs agro-écologiques sur la dynamique des populations du ravageur." Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00871800.
Full textBabin, Régis. "Contribution à l'amélioration de la lutte contre le miride du cacaoyer Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. (Hemiptera : Miridae). Influence des facteurs agro-écologiques sur la dynamique des populations du ravageur." Phd thesis, Montpellier 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON30047.
Full textThis work aims at better understanding the mecanisms and agro-ecological factors involved in the Sahlbergella singularis population dynamics in farm. Life table analysis conducted on a rearing population showed that S. Singularis is a slow growing species. This result could explain the low densities of S. Singularis populations in cocoa farms. The study of S. Singularis demographic parameters showed that fecundity is a key-parameter of the seasonal variations of natural populations. Indeed, the high reproductive potential of females, due to optimal food supply and climatic conditions, may largely explain the growth of natural populations. Our work revealed that the density of S. Singularis populations in farms depends on agro-ecological conditions of cocoa production. Among cultural practices, spraying of insecticides, shade management and resort to hybrid varieties were the main factors influencing mirid density. The study of the impact of shade on mirid spatial distribution showed that mirids were aggregated in those areas where sunlight was highest. The infested areas, identified as mirid pockets, could be an infestation source for the surrounding farms. Our results also showed that large forest trees had a tendency to homogenize exposure to sunlight in plots and then to limit the development of mirid pockets. Overall, our study revealed that chemical control and shade management recommendations for cocoa mirids were seldom applied by farmers. Therefore, we discussed our results to fit recommendations to current cocoa production context in Cameroon
Takam, Soh Patrice. "Estimation de la loi de la durée de séjour en présence d'une censure post-évènement d'intérêt. : Application à la croissance des fruits du cacaoyer et modélisation du risque d'attaque par la pourriture brune au Cameroun." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20163/document.
Full textWe are interested in this study in estimating the lifetime distribution by taking into consideration individuals on which the interest event and the censorship can occur in the same intervaland both events were then observed. We proposed two nonparametric approaches based on an asymptotic approximation when the lengthbetween two consecutive observation days tends to 0. The first one was based on an integral relationship and the second one on a lifetime restoration. We used theses approaches to build a fruitgrowth model depending on climatic variables. We also estimated the susceptibility (success probability of attack by a spore on a fruit) of the fruit depending of its developmental stage and theinfectious potential of the disease over time.This infectious potential could help to build a model of infectious potential depending on infected fruits. The knowledge of the infectious potential depending on infected fruits, the estimation of the susceptibility of the fruit and the model of growth will allow to built a dynamic model of infectious potential to predict the evolution risk of disease progression
Angue, Abane Monique. "Biodynamique des humus et cycles biogéochimiques des éléments dans des sites forestiers et des sites cultivés en cacaoyers du centre-sud Cameroun (réfion d'Akongo)." Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10246.
Full textAcebo, Guerrero Yanelis. "Selection of fluorescent pseudomonas strains with antagonistic activity against phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) in theobroma cacao L." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209034.
Full textLa pourriture brune de la cabosse de Theobroma cacao L. induite par Phytophthora palmivora est un maladie qui à l’échelle mondiale, cause de sérieuses pertes dans les plantations de cacao. L'utilisation de fongicides est coûteuse et est nuisible pour l'environnement. L'utilisation de micro-organismes est une alternative écologique
attractive pour les producteurs. L’objectif de ce travail est d’isoler et de caractériser des rhizobactéries de T. cacao avec une activité antagoniste contre Phytophthora palmivora, l'agent causal de la pourriture des cabosses. Parmi les 127 rhizobactéries isolés, trois isolats CP07, CP24 et CP30, identifiées comme Pseudomonas chlororaphis, ont montré une activité
antagoniste in vitro et in vivo contre P. palmivora.
La production d'enzymes lytiques, de sidérophores, de biosurfactants et d’HCN, ainsi que la détection de gènes codant pour des antibiotiques, la formation de biofilm et la mobilité des bactéries ont également été évalués pour les trois souches de rhizobactérie.
Le séquençage du génome de CP07 a confirmé la présence de gènes codant pour trois types de sidérophores, d’HCN, de phénazines et de biosurfactants de la famille de la viscosine, notamment. Un mutant de CP07 déficient dans la production viscosine a été généré et les études effectuées sur ce mutant indiquent que ce bio-tensioactif particulier est essentiel à la fois pour la mobilité bactérienne et pour la formation de biofilm, mais pas pour l'antagonisme in vitro contre Phytophthora, bien qu'il puisse contribuer à la bioprotection de T. cacao.
Cette étude fournit une base théorique pour l'utilisation potentielle de P. chlororaphis
CP07 comme un agent de lutte biologique pour la protection des plantes de cacao contre l'infection par P. palmivora.
Abstract
The black pod rot in Theobroma cacao L. is a major problem worldwide and in Cuba, is
one of the most important diseases. The use of chemical fungicides is expensive and
harmful to the environment. The use of microorganisms is an environmentally
attractive alternative for producers. In this work, fluorescent Pseudomonas strains were
isolated from cocoa rhizosphère. The in vitro antagonistic activity and bioprotection
against Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) was evaluated. Three strains with in vitro
antagonistic activity and bioprotection, CP07, CP24 and CP30, belonging to the species Pseudomonas chlororaphis, were obtained. P. chlororaphis CP07 was highlighted for the best behavior in vitro and in vivo. P. chlororaphis CP07 produces siderophores, HCN,
biosurfactants, exoproteases, lipases and motility (swarming and twitching). Genome
sequencing confirmed the presence of genes encoding three types of siderophores, HCN, phenazines, the biosurfactant viscosin, and exoproteases, among others. A mutant impaired in biosurfactant production was constructed. When the mutant was characterized, it was evident that the biosurfactant was not involved in the antagonistic effect in vitro against P. palmivora Mab1, although it is crucial to the motility and the ability to form biofilms. P. chlororaphis CP07 was selected as a potential biological control agent against Phytophthora.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Valentini, Simiane Grégoire. "Évaluation de la séquestration du carbone dans des plantations agroforestières et des jachères issues d'une agriculture migratoire dans les territoires autochtones de Talamanca, au Costa Rica." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18894.
Full textEteme, Evariste. "Etude de l'économie cacaoyère et caféière au Cameroun." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INAP0009.
Full textAffou, Yapi Simplice. "Quel devenir pour les systèmes productifs à base de cacaoyers er de cafeiers en Côte d'Ivoire ?" Montpellier 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON10048.
Full textRey, de Arce Maria. "Diagnostic des systèmes de production cacaoyers dans une vallée productrice de coca : l'Alto Huallaga, au Pérou /." Montpellier : CIHEAM-IAMM, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41244898h.
Full textCIHEAM = Centre international des hautes études agronomiques méditerranéennes. IAMM = Institut agronomique méditerranéen de Montpellier. En appendice, choix de documents. Bibliogr. p. 113-114. Webliogr. p. 115. Résumé en français et en anglais.
Da, Silva Gomes Andrea. "Dynamique du système agraire de la région cacaoyère de l'Etat de Bahia, Brésil." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AGPT0007.
Full textThe cocoa growing region of Bahia State, Brazil has been experiencing important transformations in its agrarian system as a consequence of a grave socioecomical crisis. Initiated in the last 80s years, this crisis was principally caused by the decline of cocoa cultivation, the dominant economic activity in the region until the 90s. Some of the resulting transformations occurring in the region are: the exodus of rural labor force to the nearest cities, increased rural and urban poverty, the appearance of new forms of work organization and agricultural production systems, technological innovations and increased deforestation. In light of this regional scenario, our research aimed to contribute to the understanding of the agricultural system dynamic of the studied region, with an economic and social approach. A dynamic pattern system was created based on field research performed in a cocoa growing micro-region, in the municipalities of Itajuípe and Coaraci. The model shows relations between agricultural investments in cocoa farms, agricultural employment generation, land tenure, labor force employment (sharecroppers or wage-workers), agrarian structure and productive unit typology. This last factor is related to the adoption of different cropping and animal raising systems in addition to different types of workers. From the interaction of the distinct sub-models, a regional development model was constructed. Several scenarios for the regional agrarian system were shown and public policy proposals that promote agricultural development intervention were made
Neves, Ramos Alba Regina. "Problèmes de l'éducation et le milieu rural micro-région cacaoyère, état de Bahia." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37600000c.
Full textDa, Silva Gomes Andréa. "Dynamique du systÈme agraire de la rÉgion cacaoyÈre de l´État de bahia, brÉsil." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004595.
Full textMOTAMAYOR, ARIAS JUAN CARLOS. "Etude de la diversite genetique et de la domestication des cacaoyers criollo (theobroma cacao l. ) a l'aide de marqueurs moleculaires." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112171.
Full textTano, Maxime Assi. "Crise cacaoyère et stratégies des producteurs de la sous-préfécture de Meadji au sud-ouest ivoirien." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00713662.
Full textTano, Assi Maxime. "Crise cacaoyère et stratégies des producteurs de la sous-préfécture de Meadji au sud-ouest ivoirien." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU20015/document.
Full textThe cocoa crisis of the late 1970s greatly affected the survival strategies of producers. It manifests in the scarcity of production (land, labour), the decrease in production and revenue, the transformation of the ecological milieu and the decrease in rainfall. In order to overcome these constraints, producers have adopted various strategies that either aim at diversifying their sources of revenue or reduce family responsibilities. The main result of this study is the observation that, the most efficient of these strategies were those shaped while taking into consideration social relationships. They include strategies to diversify revenue, credit, mobilisation of the labour factor, the respect of guidance rules. The diversification of revenue which was based on solidarity and cooperation constitute an important element of the producers’ survival strategies because they have ensured an ineligible first degree security in cocoa crisis
Deheuvels, Olivier. "Compromis entre productivité et biodiversité sur un gradient d'intensité de gestion de systèmes agroforestiers à base de cacaoyers de Talamanca, Costa Rica." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSAM0026/document.
Full textCacao (Theobroma cacao, L.) is cultivated in the humid tropics of Latin America, Africa and Asia. Cocoa-based agroforestry systems are the main source of income for smallholders' families and provide numerous ecological services and contribute to biodiversity conservation. These systems associate trees with crops simultaneously, in a wide and poorly described range of botanical and structural plant diversity. The current knowledge about their productivity is restricted to controlled trials with a low numer of associated plant species. Our work tests the hypothesis of a trade-off relationship between the level of cocoa productivity and the level of biodiversity hosted in cocoa-based agroforests. We characterize these trade-offs on a gradient of production situations, based on the vertical structure, the management intensity of the vegetal component and the bio-physical context of cocoa-based agroforests. On the base of a 36 on farm cocoa plots network located in Talamanca, Costa Rica, we show that significant variations in the vegetation vertical structure reflect farmer's management strategies and affect the cocoa yield per tree (295 to 667g/tree/year) but neither the cocoa yield per plot (136 kg/ha/year), nor the global plant volume (400 m3/ha). The variations in vegetation structure poorly affected the α-diversity of 7 plant and animal taxa, but their β-diversity gave contrasted and significant responses to habitat variations. Finally, the trade-offs relationships we display between dry cocoa productivity per hectare or per tree and the observed biodiversity levels showed contrasted forms (cubic, quadratic, linear) and tendances (positive, negative) according to the taxa considered and question results from recent publications. Our work also revealed optimal trade-off situations which offer positive prospects for the ecological intensification of tropical agroforestry systems
Angue, Abane Monique. "Biodynamique des humus et cycles biogéochimiques des éléments dans des sites forestiers et des sites cultivés en cacaoyers du centre-sud Cameroun, région d'Akongo." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37611302b.
Full textPanduro, Alegría Juan Carlos. "Instalación De Un Módulo De Proceso De Panela Granulada (Azúcar Orgánica) Y Evaluación De Rendimiento En La Cooperativa Agraria Cacaotera ACOPAGRO." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Ricardo Palma. Programa Cybertesis PERÚ, 2007. http://cybertesis.urp.edu.pe/urp/2007/panduro_jc/html/index-frames.html.
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