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1
Zaborski, Andrzej. "Manufacturing preparation using CAD and CAD/CAM software." Mechanik 91, no. 7 (July 9, 2018): 567–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2018.7.86.
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A possibility of using contemporary CAD and CAD/CAM systems for computer-integrated developing the processes of preparation products manufacturing is presented. On the example of the modernization of the lock lever of the head of the sewing machine in article discussed design process and production preparation using numerically controlled machines.
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Corney, J., C. Hayes, V. Sundararajan, and P. Wright. "The CAD/CAM Interface: A 25-Year Retrospective." Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering 5, no. 3 (July 19, 2005): 188–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2033009.
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The vision of fully automated manufacturing processes was conceived when computers were first used to control industrial equipment. But realizing this goal has not been easy; the difficulties of generating manufacturing information directly from computer aided design (CAD) data continued to challenge researchers for over 25 years. Although the extraction of coordinate geometry has always been straightforward, identifying the semantic structures (i.e., features) needed for reasoning about a component’s function and manufacturability has proved much more difficult. Consequently the programming of computer controlled manufacturing processes such as milling, cutting, turning and even the various lamination systems (e.g., SLA, SLS) has remained largely computer aided rather than entirely automated. This paper summarizes generic difficulties inherent in the development of feature based CAD/CAM (computer aided manufacturing) interfaces and presents two alternative perspectives on developments in manufacturing integration research that have occurred over the last 25 years. The first perspective presents developments in terms of technology drivers including progress in computational algorithms, enhanced design environments and faster computers. The second perspective describes challenges that arise in specific manufacturing applications including multiaxis machining, laminates, and sheet metal parts. The paper concludes by identifying possible directions for future research in this area.
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Carrabine, Laura. "Merging CAD with IT." Mechanical Engineering 120, no. 07 (July 1, 1998): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1998-jul-1.
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This article highlights the various processes involved in shipbuilding such as design, production planning, material sourcing, and outfitting. Since the program’s inception, Newport News Shipbuilding (NNS), has leveraged its computer-aided- design, -manufacturing, and –engineering (CAD/CAM/CAE) system and IT infrastructure to successfully revitalize its engineering environment and remain profitable in a rapidly changing marketplace. NNS engineers perform all of their ship product modeling using a proprietary program called VIVID, a design system that enables users to concurrently design structures in a multidisciplinary environment. As part of the continuing effort to develop its IT infrastructure and automate production processes, NNS has invested $60 million in upgrading its engineering design systems and automating manufacturing facilities with advanced material-handling systems, robotic cutting work cells, and robotic welding work cells. NNS is also transitioning its product-modeling systems from a Unix workstation environment to Windows NT platforms based on Microsoft’s ActiveX and COM technologies.
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Tagowski, Michał, and Andrzej Zaborski. "Computer aided preparation of technological equipment manufacturing using CAD/CAM systems." Mechanik 90, no. 7 (July 10, 2017): 578–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2017.7.78.
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Article presents the possibility of using modern CAD/CAM systems for computer-integrated development processes of design, construction and manufacture of technological equipment used in quality control process. In the presented case CNC machines were used. Described the example of manufacturing preparation of fixturing system for CMM, using NX system.
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Kamble, Suresh, Ajit Jankar, Pratiksha Somwanshi, Shirish Pawar, and Vidya Vaybase. "REJUVENATING EDENTULISM USING CAD-CAM TECHNOLOGY: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): 1233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11780.
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Edentulism has been a severe public health problem in industrialized countries due to aging and poor oral care. Design and fabrication of the complete dentures are mainly using conventional methods involving an enormous series of clinical and laboratory procedures. Edentulous patients have to make several visits to the clinic for the traditional fabrication of denture. Now the unceasing developments occur over several years. Present-day technological innovations allow the use of various systems with computer‑aided design/computer‑aided manufacture (CAD/CAM) technology to produce complete dentures has seen exponential growth. There are different manufacturing techniques of CAD-CAM complete denture like AvaDent, Wieland digital denture, Baltic denture, DENTC system. CAD-CAM technology requires only two appointments for the patient to get their complete removable denture. A reduction in clinical chair time also shortens the cost of care. The improved fit of the denture was because of fewer processing errors. It simplifies the re-manufacturing of lost/broken prostheses due to the digital storage of denture data. The pre-polymerized acrylic resin used by manufacturers for the fabrication of a denture base delivers excellent fit and strength when compared to conventionally processed bases. It doesnt show any polymerization shrinkage as there is a less residual monomer. Hence, it reduces the potential infections as fewer candida albicans attach to the denture bases. The motive of this article is to highlights the benefits of CAD-CAM technology over conventional denture fabrication.
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Milano, Joel, Ben Kassel, and Douglas Mauk. "Development of a Welding Protocol for Automated Shipyard Manufacturing Systems." Journal of Ship Production 13, no. 01 (February 1, 1997): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.1997.13.1.48.
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Robotic manufacturing systems have provided improvements in productivity and quality in the automotive and semiconductor industries. Shipbuilding, however, is a one-of-a-kind manufacturing process and as such embodies a completely different set of problems than the mass production environment. The planning for robotics applications in shipbuilding must be done for each unique component and, therefore, must be done efficiently to achieve the benefits of automation. This will require a close relationship between computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM), and the manufacturing systems used on the waterfront. One of the major efforts to be performed is the integration of these processes through the timely presentation of information. One of the tools that can be used to integrate these processes is the Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data (STEP). This paper will identify the relevant components of a STEP applications protocol (AP) for welding which can be applied to shipbuilding and outline the efforts required to bring it into existence.
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Ben-Izhack, Gil, Asaf Shely, Omer Koton, Avi Meirowitz, Shifra Levartovsky, and Eran Dolev. "(In-Vitro Comparison between Closed Versus Open CAD/CAM Systems) Comparison between Closed and Open CAD/CAM Systems by Evaluating the Marginal Fit of Zirconia-Reinforced Lithium Silicate Ceramic Crowns." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 16, 2021): 4534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104534.
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Background: This study compared the marginal gap (MG) and absolute marginal discrepancy (AMD) of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD–CAM) used in open systems (OSs) and closed systems (CSs) for producing monolithic zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) ceramic crowns. Methods: 60 ZLS ceramic crowns were cemented to abutment acrylic teeth; thirty crowns were designed and milled by an OS, and thirty by a CS. All crowns were sectioned for evaluating the marginal gap by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). To compare the marginal gap between CS and OS techniques, data were analyzed using the independent-samples Mann–Whitney U Test (α = 0.05). Results: AMD was found to be significantly better for the closed system (p < 0.05). Mean AMD values for the CS were 148 µm, and for the OS it was 196 µm. MG was found to be significantly better for the OS (p < 0.05). Mean MG values for the CS were 55 µm, and for the OS they were 38 µm. Conclusions: The marginal gap in relation to AMD was significantly better for CS. However, the marginal gap in relation to MG was significantly better for OS. Both techniques showed clinically acceptable MG values (<120 µm).
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Scholz-Reiter, Bernd, Matthias Kleiner, and Günter Spur. "Integrated Simulation of Manufacturing Processes in CAD Systems – ideas and Concepts." CIRP Annals 45, no. 1 (1996): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-8506(07)63037-6.
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Mohole, A., P. Wright, and C. Séquin. "WebCAD: A computer aided design tool constrained with explicit ‘design for manufacturability’ rules for computer numerical control milling." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 216, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 879–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440502320193003.
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A key element in the overall efficiency of a manufacturing enterprise is the compatibility between the features that have been created in a newly designed part, and the capabilities of the downstream manufacturing processes. With this in mind, a process-aware computer aided design (CAD) system called WebCAD has been developed. The system restricts the freedom of the designer in such a way that the designed parts can be manufactured on a three-axis computer numerical control milling machine. This paper discusses the vision of WebCAD and explains the rationale for its development in comparison with commercial CAD/CAM (computer aided design/manufacture) systems. The paper then goes on to describe the implementation issues that enforce the manufacturability rules. Finally, certain design tools are described that aid a user during the design process. Some examples are given of the parts designed and manufactured with WebCAD.
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Allen, Dell K., and W. Van Twelves. "CAD in the CIM Environment: Where Do We Go From Here?" Applied Mechanics Reviews 39, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 1345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3149524.
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The importance of computer-aided design (CAD) has not been fully appreciated as it relates to computer integrated manufacturing (CIM). The CAD product definition model can provide essential information for many down-stream production, estimating, tooling, and quality assurance functions in the CIM environment. However, the product definition model may be inaccurate or incomplete, thus causing incomplete communication with possible scrap, re-work, and missed production deadlines. Other problems are related to the fact that many of our expert designers are retiring and taking their expertise with them. Merely being able to make 2D or 3D drawings on a CAD workstation does not make its operator a designer. A knowledge of production processes, tolerances, surface finish, and material selection is needed to supplement a designers knowledge of user needs, product functional requirements, operating conditions, cost, quality, and reliability targets. One of the most promising methods for providing timely and accurate information to the designer on an “as-needed” basis is through the use of expert design systems. Such systems promise to bridge the knowledge gap between CAD and CAM and help to incorporate these functions into the overall CIM environment.
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Ando, Sonken, Ryo Ikeda, Hideki Aoyama, and Norihito Hiruma. "Development of CAD System Based on Function Features." Key Engineering Materials 447-448 (September 2010): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.447-448.442.
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Three-dimensional CAD systems contribute considerably to the detailed design processes of products. They are applied to the construction of 3D design models which are also utilized for design evaluation using a CAE system and for NC data generation using a CAM system. Since the functions of 3D CAD systems for constructing 3D models are increasingly being enhanced, they enable designers to easily construct 3D product models without design expertise. In detailed design work, designers are required not only to exactly define product shapes but also to assign attribute information such as dimensional tolerance, geometrical tolerance, roughness, machining process to be performed etc., which are essential for the manufacturing process. However, inexperienced designers often find it extremely hard to determine optimum attribute values and design values. In addition, it is more difficult to construct the required die/mold from the desired product shape taking into account forming errors caused by shrinkage during plastic injection and springback during press forming. This paper proposes a method to automatically assign required attribute information to each part of a designed product, to assist the model construction of a die/mold from a product shape, and to provide design support information on each part of a designed product to a designer. The proposed method is realized by assigning a Function Feature to each part; all the function features proposed in this paper are original. A CAD system based on the proposed method for injection molding and press forming was developed, and results of simple design experiments confirmed the usefulness of the CAD system and function features
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Grabowik, Cezary, Krzysztof Kalinowski, Wojciech M. Kempa, and Iwona Paprocka. "A Survey on Capp Systems Development Methods." Advanced Materials Research 837 (November 2013): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.837.387.
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Process planning is one of the most important links in planning of the manufacturing system functioning, it coordinates and integrates processes planners, designers and economists intentions. The main goal to reach during the process planning phase is to determine the process plan structure it is manufacturing operations and cuts which have to be applied in order to transform given semifinished product into a product with the strict determined design and properties. Simultaneously process planers strive for working out such a process plan which satisfies criteria of the lowest manufacturing cost and labour consumption taking into account current accessibility of manufacturing resources. Process planning is still one of the most difficult, complex and time consuming process planner activities. Traditionally the process plan is designed with so-called manual method. During process planning with this method a process planner is forced to analyse the sequence of manufacturing cuts and operations in the process plan structure and also to analyse alternative processes taking into consideration achieving as low as possible unit manufacturing cost. In this case the process plan quality in principle depends exclusively on process planner knowledge and skills. Taking into account above the methods of process planning functions automation are searched. This goal can be reached by application of computer tools. Computer methods of process planning went through the long evolution process and their development is characterized by the following features: decreasing of process planner participation in the planning of the base structure of process plan, broad application of technological databases, broad application of technological knowledge bases, and possibilities of cooperation with commercial CAD/CAM/CAE systems [1,. In this paper the detailed information on methods of computer aided process planning are given. The variant, semi generative and generative methods are discussed. The main merits and drawbacks for each method are shown.
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Mleczko, Janusz. "Integration of CAD/PDM and ERP Systems in Practice." Applied Mechanics and Materials 791 (September 2015): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.791.26.
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One of the key elements of the implementation of enterprise management systems is to provide a suitably efficient and comprehensive data acquisition from the design phase of products. What the manufacturing requires from the design phase are a bill of materials, routes of manufacturing processes, and manufacturing documentation. Very often the creation of process documentation and the time of its formation are its major limitations. This article describes methods for integrating CAD/PDM and ERP systems. It presents their advantages and disadvantages, while the main objectives and tasks involved in their implementation in engineering organizations are analyzed.
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Soori, Mohsen, and Mohammed Asmael. "Classification of research and applications of the computer aided process planning in manufacturing systems." Independent Journal of Management & Production 12, no. 5 (August 1, 2021): 1250–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v12i5.1397.
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The Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP) systems are recently developed in manufacturing engineering to provide links between Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) systems. The CAPP systems are developed by considering the different issues of computer applications in production engineering. Optimization techniques can be applied to the CAPP to increase efficiency in part production processes. The energy consumption of part production process can be analyzed and optimized using the CAPP systems in order to increase added value in the part manufacturing process. Also, artificial neural networks as well as cloud manufacturing systems can be applied to the CAPP systems to share advantages of the different CAPP systems in different industry applications. Flexible process planning systems are developed using dynamic CAPP in order to cope with product varieties in process of part production. To develop potential energy saving strategies during product design and process planning stages, the advanced CAPP systems can be used. In this paper, a review of Computer Process Planning systems (CAPP) is presented and future research works are also suggested. It has been observed that the research filed can be moved forward by reviewing and analyzing recent achievements in the published papers.
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Son, Keunbada, and Kyu-Bok Lee. "Marginal and Internal Fit of Ceramic Prostheses Fabricated from Different Chairside CAD/CAM Systems: An In Vitro Study." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020857.
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The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate marginal and internal fits of ceramic crowns fabricated with chairside computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems. An experimental model based on ISO 12836:2015 was digitally scanned with different intraoral scanners (Omnicam (CEREC), EZIS PO (DDS), and CS3500 (Carestream)). Ceramic crowns were fabricated using the CAD/CAM process recommended by each system (CEREC, EZIS, and Carestream systems; N = 15). The 3-dimensional (3D) marginal and internal fit of each ceramic crown was measured using a 3D inspection software (Geomagic control X). Differences among the systems and various measurements were evaluated using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Statistically significant differences were validated using pairwise comparisons (α = 0.05). Occlusal gaps in the CEREC, EZIS, and Carestream groups were 113.0, 161.3, and 438.2 µm, respectively (p < 0.001). The axial gaps were 83.4, 78.0, and 107.9 µm, respectively. The marginal gaps were 77.8, 99.3, and 60.6 µm, respectively, and the whole gaps were 85.9, 107.3, and 214.0 µm, respectively. Significant differences were observed with the EZIS system compared with the other two systems in terms of the marginal gap sizes. The CEREC system showed no significant differences among the four measured regions. However, the EZIS and Carestream systems did show a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). All three systems were judged to be capable of fabricating clinically acceptable prostheses, because the marginal gap, which is the most important factor in the marginal fit of prostheses, was recorded to be below 100 µm in all three systems.
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Mitsuishi, Mamoru. "Special Issue on on Biomanufacturing." International Journal of Automation Technology 3, no. 5 (September 5, 2009): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2009.p0493.
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The creation of innovative medical and welfare machines is indispensable to assuring the health, comfort, safety and security of citizens. In the biomedical area, manufacturing and automation technologies are essential in making these new technologies affordable, and there are many application areas where these technologies can contribute. Such application areas include medical processes, biomedical systems and human-machine interfaces. Papers were collected on these areas to organize this special issue on biomanufacturing. The first paper relates to dental treatment using a laser, the second paper discusses a droplet system using a magnetically-driven microtool and the third paper describes artificial bone manufacturing using 3D inkjet printing. These three papers relate to processes and the subsequent papers are related to systems. These systems-oriented papers include a medical CAD/CAM system for minimally invasive surgery and an irradiation therapy system. In addition, papers related to blood pressure simulation and the technologizing and digitalization of medical skills are included. These are all useful in the design of medical systems. Finally, papers for rehabilitation systems using ER and MR fluids, and a paper on mental stress in manufacturing assembly workers are presented. I would like to express my sincere thanks to all of the authors and reviewers of these papers.
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Dharmawardhana, Mahanama, Asanga Ratnaweera, and Gheorghe Oancea. "STEP-NC Compliant Intelligent CNC Milling Machine with an Open Architecture Controller." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (July 5, 2021): 6223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11136223.
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A STEP-NC or ISO 14649 compliant machine controller is developed, using Open Architecture Control technology for a three-axis Computer Numerical Control milling machine in this research. The controller is developed on a Raspberry Pi single-board computer, using C++ language. This new development is proposed as a low-cost alternative to ISO6983 standard, ensuring continuous integration in the CAD/CAM/CNC chain in machining; thus, it broadens the spectrum of problems handled by conventional CNC systems. The new machine controller is intelligent enough to extract geometrical and manufacturing parameters, cutting tool data, and material data from the STEP-NC file. Accordingly, tool paths for machining can be generated in the controller itself. The shop floor level modification of parameters and the possibility of regeneration of new toolpaths is an added advantage of this new controller. The modified or improved version of the STEP-NC file can be sent back to the CAD/CAM system to close the CAD/CAM/CNC chain. Machine condition monitoring can be achieved by connecting sensors through an available slave I/O board. In the present development, the current drawn by each servo motor is fed back to the controller for cutting condition monitoring. A laboratory scale three-axis CNC milling machine is developed to test the performance of the newly developed controller. The accuracy of positioning, perpendicularity of axes and linearity of this machine are experimentally verified through standard tests. The STEP-NC compliance of the controller is tested and verified, using a STEP-NC program derived based on a sample program given in ISO 14649 standard.
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Madden, S., H. H. Vanderveldt, and J. Jones. "Intelligent Automated Welding for Shipyard Applications." Journal of Ship Production 8, no. 02 (May 1, 1992): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.1992.8.2.77.
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Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP) integrated with Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) will form the basis of engineering/planning systems of the future. These systems will have the capability to operate in a paperless environment and provide highly optimized process operation plans. The WELDEXCELL System is a prototype of such a system for welding in shipyards. The paper discusses three significant computer technology advances which have been in into the WELDEXCELL prototype. First is a computerized system for allowing multiple knowledge sources (expert systems, humans, data systems, etc.) to work together to solve a common problem (the weld plan). This system is called a "blackboard." The second is a methodology for the blackboard to communicate to the human user. This interface includes full interactive graphics fully integrated to CAD as well as data searches and automatic completion of routine engineering tasks. The third is artificial neural networks (ANS's), which are based on biological neural networks (such as the human brain) and which can do neural reasoning tasks about difficult problems. ANS's offer the opportunity to model highly complex multivariable and nonlinear processes (for example, welding) and provide a means for an engineer to quantitatively assess the process and its operation.
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Miura, Kenjiro T., and A. M. M. Sharif Ullah. "Special Issue on Digital Engineering for Complex Shapes." International Journal of Automation Technology 10, no. 2 (March 4, 2016): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2016.p0131.
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Shape dominantly determines function. The performance of engineering products heavily depends on their shapes. Since CAD technology has advanced enough, we can create digital models of complex shapes. To manufacture products, the goal of digital engineering is not just to generate and visualize the shapes, but also to perform other value adding activities, i.e., scientific analysis, rapid prototyping, finished parts making and simulation. Sometimes the nature of the shape (self-similarity), the origin of the shape (shapes found in living organisms), the appearances of the shape (aesthetic value), and the nature of the underlying materials (softness, porosity) challenge the modeling building processes. At the same time, the constraints of other systems (e.g., CAE, CAM, Additive Manufacturing Systems [e.g., 3D Printer] and Virtual Reality Systems) dictate what must be done while creating the digital models so that the models do not make any problems in the downstream. In this special issue fifteen technical papers propose solutions and strategies to various problems related to digital engineering. Some of them deal with CAD and its philosophical background. Others describe methods to register and reconstruct complex shapes from point clouds in the macroscopic and microscopic spaces. Simulation to identify mechanical and electrical properties are discussed in several papers. The shape of grain texture is very complicated and two papers challenge how to generate it on products’ surfaces. Additive manufacturing is very promising and two papers propose new fabrication methods for complex shapes based on it. The editors deeply appreciate all the authors and anonymous reviewers for their excellent work to make this special issue very unique. We hope that further researches on digital engineering for complex shapes initiated by this special issue will advance our society as well as digital engineering in the future.
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Muñoz, J. A., and R. Perez-Fernandez. "Adopting Industry 4.0 Technologies in Shipbuilding Through CAD Systems." International Journal of Maritime Engineering 163, A1 (April 7, 2021): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/ijme.v163ia1.4.
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Technologies are evolving faster than our capability to develop applications that bring us the value we can get from them. The potential is clear and the opportunity will be for those who identify the right application for each technology. One of the foundations of the fourth industrial revolution is the ability to handle huge amounts of data that is everywhere and available to anyone, thanks to the evolution in communication technologies. However, data is not information; it is necessary to have the capability to analyse, then extract conclusions and to learn from both. Technologies, such as Big Data (BD), Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), give the capability to do this, but what really matters is how it is applied. Those who are able to recognise the value of analysing data correctly, to transform it into information and apply it to the improvement of the design, manufacturing, operation and maintenance processes will be successful in the industrial transformation that is taking place. This skill requires practitioners to make the best decisions and ultimately optimise the life cycle of the industrial products. Some of the fields of application of these technologies are already evident. It is possible to imagine how these technologies can enable ship design by applying rules, which will facilitate the design significantly. Equally, by integrating the validation of the structural models by the Classification Societies and much of the design through cloud based applications. The adoption proposed in this article is based on the evolution of CAD applications towards a central data model and with the aim of achieving a true Digital Twin. With a real and effective synchronization between what is designed, manufactured and what is operated, making it possible to cover the complete life cycle of the product. In this process, it is also very important to consider peoples experiences. It is necessary to understand how the new generations are immersed in a technological world, which is in a constant and rapid evolution. This interaction with this ecosystem will determine how the new rules should be defined for the CAD/CAM/CIM Systems. This paper examines some practical use cases in the design phase of shipbuilding as an example of what new technologies could provide ship design and shipbuilding in the near future.
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Hu, Ya Hui, Xiao Min Hu, Qing Chun Zheng, and Hui Jvan Lv. "Implementation of Management Model for Manufacturing Information Based to PDM." Key Engineering Materials 458 (December 2010): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.458.258.
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Product development is becoming more complex. Product design is desired to be undertaken together with the considerations of downstream processes such as manufacturing and assembling. The product data exchange between CAD and PDM systems is a crucial issue for the integration of product development systems. To solve this, this paper focuses on a flexible, unified data model based on PDM that integrates information and models from different engineering domains. Some key technologies, such as type of data organization and data exchange between PDM and CAD, are researched based on the case of Smarteam. This approach has been experimented within a company environment that designs and produces families of the hydraulic press parts.
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Kyratsis, Panagiotis, and Athanasios Manavis. "CAD Based Drilling Simulations for Al7075." Applied Mechanics and Materials 760 (May 2015): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.760.87.
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Drilling is considered to be one of the mostly used processes for holemaking. Researchers have followed three different approaches for its simulation i.e. analytic, experimental and numerical. Nowadays the direct access of scientists to the Application Programming Interface (API) of several CAD systems led to an increased number of finite element simulations based on CAD 3D models of drilling tools. The present paper uses a CAD system and via its API a kinematic model is created. Different tool parameters and cutting conditions are introduced; a series of 3D solid models for the tool, the workpieces and the undeformed chips are created and the resulted thrust forces are predicted in both the main edges and the chisel edge. The proposed methodology is experimentally verified using Al7075 for the workpiece and HSS for the tool material. In addition, it provides the basis for a series of new applications in other manufacturing processes based on CAD created geometries.
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Sugimura, Nobuhiro, Koji Iwamura, and Tomohiko Maeda. "Special Issue on Production Planning and Scheduling." International Journal of Automation Technology 9, no. 3 (May 5, 2015): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2015.p0209.
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This issue focuses on production planning and scheduling for production system and the related problems that have arisen in these areas in the last half century as digital computer systems developed. These problems relate to production management, production planning, shop floor control, product design and process planning. In the first stage of production planning and scheduling systems R&D, optimization is a key issue that has been widely discussed and many theories and optimization algorithms proposed. Rule-based methods are discussed as potential solutions to these problems. With rapid advances in computer and information processing technologies and performance, tremendous progress has been made in the areas of production systems such as production planning, production scheduling, advances production systems (APS), enterprise resource planning (ERP), just-in time (JIT) processes, the theory of constraint (TOC), product data management (PDM) and computer-aided design / manufacturing / engineering (CAD/CAM/CAE). This special issue addresses the latest research advances, applications, and case studies in production planning and scheduling covering such as decentralized and autonomous production systems, distributed simulation models, robust capacity planning models, wireless sensor networks for production systems and applications to automotive component and steel production. We hope that learning about these advances will enable readers to share their own experience and knowledge in technology, new developments and the potential applications of production planning and scheduling methods and solutions.
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Hsu, Yung Yuan. "A Golf Head CAD/KBE Optimization Design System." Advanced Materials Research 338 (September 2011): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.338.304.
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The purpose of this study was to construct a knowledge-based CAD/KBE system for the optimal design of golf heads. The inability of conventional CAD systems to identify existing knowledge during design and manufacturing processes is a current development bottleneck. Therefore, this study attempted to effectively introduce and integrate KBE technology into a CAD system, so as to achieve the objective of knowledge driven automation (KDA). This study selected golf iron heads with a complex-design surface as the research subject, adopted commercial CAD software (UG/NX) and its secondary development environment as a platform and applied perturbation vectors in the control of NURBS free-form surfaces. We changed the CAD’s entity shapes and physical properties, integrated the optimal principle of design with a CAD solid model, to automatically drive the CAD solid model of golf iron heads according to the design objectives, and constructed a knowledge-based optimal CAD design technology.
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ISHIGURO, Eiki, Tohru ISHIDA, Masahiko KITA, Keiichi NAKAMOTO, and Yoshimi TAKEUCHI. "A11 Development of CAD/CAM System for Cross Section's Changing Hole Electrical Discharge Machining : Formulation of Post Processor(Digital design and digital manufacturing (CAD/CAM))." Proceedings of International Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing in 21st century : LEM21 2009.5 (2009): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmelem.2009.5.251.
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Chaffin, Don B. "Digital Human Modeling for Workspace Design." Reviews of Human Factors and Ergonomics 4, no. 1 (October 2008): 41–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/155723408x342844.
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Digital human modeling (DHM) technology offers human factors/ergonomics specialists the promise of an efficient means to simulate a large variety of ergonomics issues early in the design of products and manufacturing workstations. It rests on the premise that most products and manufacturing work settings are specified and designed by using sophisticated computer-aided design (CAD) systems. By integrating a computer-rendered avatar (or hominoid) and the CAD-rendered graphics of a prospective workspace, one can simulate issues regarding who can fit, reach, see, manipulate, and so on. In this chapter, I briefly describe the development of various DHM methods to improve CAD systems. Past concerns about early DHM methods are discussed, followed by a description of some of the recent major developments that represent attempts by various groups to address the early concerns. In this latter context, methods are described for using anthropometric databases to ensure that population shape and size are well modeled. Efforts to integrate various biomechanical models into DHM systems also are described, followed by a section that outlines how human motions are being modeled in different DHM systems. In a final section, I discuss recent work to merge cognitive models of human performance with DHM models of manual tasks. Much has been accomplished in recent years to make digital human models more useful and effective in resolving ergonomics issues during the design of products and manufacturing processes, but much remains to be learned and applied in this rapidly evolving aspect of ergonomics.
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Yacob, Filmon, Daniel Semere, and Nabil Anwer. "Variation propagation modeling in multistage machining processes considering form errors and N-2-1 fixture layouts." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 116, no. 1-2 (June 21, 2021): 507–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07195-z.
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AbstractVariation propagation modeling of multistage machining processes enables variation reduction by making an accurate prediction on the quality of a part. Part quality prediction through variation propagation models, such as stream of variation and Jacobian-Torsor models, often focus on a 3-2-1 fixture layout and do not consider form errors. This paper derives a mathematical model based on dual quaternion for part quality prediction given parts with form errors and fixtures with N-2-1 (N>3) layout. The method uses techniques of Skin Model Shapes and dual quaternions for a virtual assembling of a part on a fixture, as well as conducting machining and measurement. To validate the method, a part with form errors produced in a two-stationed machining process with a 12-2-1 fixture layout was considered. The prediction made following the proposed method was within 0.4% of the prediction made using a CAD/CAM simulation when form errors were not considered. These results validate the method when form errors are neglected and partially validated when considered.
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Yusof, Yusri, and Chen Wong Keong. "A Design of New Product Database System for Supporting Step-Compliant Total Integration Applications." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 18, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.18.1.113.
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Computer technology has become a very important element in an advanced manufacturing system. The good and systematic data model for the exchange of manufacturing information between different stages of development of product life cycle is paramount to ensure the product is manufactured and delivered to the market successfully. As a result, ISO 10303, an international standard, or well known as Standard for Exchange of Product Model Data (STEP) is not just for providing a neutral data format within the heterogenous CAD systems, its functionality has extended to the whole life cycle of product. STEP Part 21 is the first implementation method from EXPRESS modelling language and implemented successfully as neutral product data to integrate heterogeneous CAD platform. However, this CAD STEP Part21 text file is hardly to be applied in manufacturing processes since it consists of purely geometrical and topological data. In this research, a nonprocedural approach is presented to translate the EXPRESS language model of STEP CAD data into a new product database system model. A new nonprocedural approach of data enrichment and automated machining feature recognition is proposed and implemented on this newly developed product database system and provide a solution for the interrelated tasks of automated machining feature recognition: (1) extraction of geometrical feature from STEP CAD model data of the part (2) formation of part representation suitable for form feature identification (3) matching of form features. This paper proves the validity of this newly developed product database system by translating STEP Part21 file from a commercial CAD system to database system format, data enrichment, performing automated machining feature recognition and lastly generating STEP standard data according to AP224 for supporting STEP based process planning and manufacturing applications.
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Rautray, Priyabrata, and Boris Eisenbart. "ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING – ENABLING DIGITAL ARTISANS." Proceedings of the Design Society 1 (July 27, 2021): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2021.33.
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AbstractNew technologies have always been disruptive for established systems and processes. Additive Manufacturing (AM) is proving to be one such process which has the potential to disrupt handicraft and its manufacturing processes. AM is customisable, adopt multiple materials and is not restricted by the manufacturing process. Our research discusses this global phenomenon with case studies to highlights the growth of a new kind of professionals known as ‘Digital Artisans’. These artisans will assimilate the latest technologies with the cultural practices of the societies to create a new genre of products. The evolution of such artisans will be majorly led by people who have an equal inclination towards art and science and can act as the bridge between the handicrafts and technology. The development of such artisans will be supported by academics that will serve as a cradle and expose them to AM, design and handicraft. Its will also help in paving the growth of contemporary artisans who will utilise the strength of algorithms, artificial intelligence, CAD software and traditional aesthetics to create handicrafts of the future.
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Fischer, A., and K. K. Wang. "A Method for Extracting and Thickening a Mid-Surface of a 3D Thin Object Represented in NURBS." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 119, no. 4B (November 1, 1997): 706–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2836813.
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In analyses of manufacturing processes such as injection molding of plastics or die casting of metals, the geometry of a typical 3D thin-walled structure is usually represented by an aggregation of mid-surfaces. This geometric simplification associated with assigned part thicknesses significantly reduces the computational complexity in engineering analysis (e.g., flow and solidification simulations). On the other hand, it complicates data transfer from and back to any CAD/CAM system in which objects are not represented by their mid-surfaces. As a part of an overall effort to develop a feature-based system for concurrent design and manufacturing of complex thin parts, a new algorithm has been developed for representing both the objects and their mid-surfaces. This algorithm can extract a mid-surface representation from a complex 3D thin object and then reconstruct the object from the modified mid-surface according to the analysis results. The objects consist of sculptured features with tubular topology and are represented by NURBS. The proposed method is based on offsetting techniques and deals directly with the control polygons of the object boundaries and of the mid-surfaces. The algorithms are based on offsetting techniques since there is a high correlation between medial surfaces and offset surfaces. In the case of swept features, simplification is achieved by using 2D rather than 3D techniques.
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Zhu, Carlos Ye, J. Norberto Pires, and Amin Azar. "A novel multi-brand robotic software interface for industrial additive manufacturing cells." Industrial Robot: the international journal of robotics research and application 47, no. 4 (April 13, 2020): 581–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-11-2019-0237.
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Purpose This study aims to report the development of a provisional robotic cell for additive manufacturing (AM) of metallic parts. To this end, the paper discusses cross-disciplinary concepts related to the development of the robotic cell and the associated command and control system such as the Computer-Aided Design (CAD) interface, the slicing software and the path planning for the robot manipulator toward printing the selected workpiece. This study also reports the development of a virtual production cell that simulates the AM toolpath generated for the desired workpiece, the adaptation of the simulation environments to enable AM and the development of a user application to setup, command and control the AM processes. If a digital twin setup is efficiently built, with a good correlation between the simulation environment and the real systems, developers may explore this functionality to significantly reduce the development cycle, which can be very long in AM applications where metallurgic properties, part distortion and other properties need to be monitored and controlled. Design/methodology/approach To generate the robot manipulator path, several simulation programs were considered, resulting in different solutions to program and control the robot of choice [in this study, Kuka and Asea Brown Boveri (ABB) robots were considered]. By integrating the solutions from Slic3r, Inventor, Kuka.Sim, Kuka.Officelite, RobotStudio and Visual Studio software packages, this study aims to develop a functional simulation system capable of producing a given workpiece. For this purpose, a graphical user interface (GUI) was designed to provide the user with a higher level of control over the entire process toward simplifying the programming and implementation events. Findings The presented solutions are compatible with the simulation environments of specific robot manufacturers, namely, ABB and Kuka, meaning that the authors aim to align the developments with most of the currently realized AM processing cells. In the long-term, the authors aim to build an AM system that implements a produce-from-CAD strategy i.e. that can be commanded directly from the CAD package used to design the part the authors are interested in. Research limitations/implications This study attempts to shed light on the industrial AM, a field that is being constantly evolved. Arguably, one of the most important aspects of an AM system is path planning for the AM operation, which must be independent of the robotic system used. This study depicts a generic implementation that can be used with several robot control systems. The paper demonstrates the principle with ABB and Kuka robots, exploiting in detail simulation environments that can be used to create digital twins of the real AM systems. This is very important in actual industrial setups, as a good correlation between the digital twins (simulation environment and real system) will enable developers to explore the AM system in not only a more efficient manner, greatly reducing the development cycle but also as a way to fully develop new solutions without stopping the real setup. In this research, a systematic review of robot systems through simulation environments was presented, aiming to emulate the logic that is, used in the production cell development, disregarding the system brand. The adopted digital twin strategy enables the authors to fully simulate, both operationally and functionality, the real AM system. For this purpose, different solutions were explored using robots from two different manufacturers and related simulation environments, illustrating a generic solution that is not bound to a certain brand. Practical implications Using specific programming tools, fully functional virtual production cells were conceived that can receive the instructions for the movements of the robot, using a transmission control protocol/internet protocol. Conversion of the CAD information into the robot path instructions for the robot was the main research question in this study. With the different simulation systems, a program that translates the CAD data into an acceptable format brings the robot closer to the automatic path planning based on CAD data. Both ABB and Kuka systems can access the CAD data, converting it to the correct robot instructions that are executed. Eventually, a functional and intuitive GUI application capable of commanding the simulation for the execution of the AM was implemented. The user can set the desired object and run a completely automatic AM process through the designated GUI. Comparing ABB simulation with the Kuka system, an important distinction can be found, namely, in the exportation of the programs. As the Kuka program runs with add-ons, the solution will not be exported while maintaining its functionality, whereas the ABB program can be integrated with a real controller because it is completely integrated with modules of the virtual controller. Originality/value To conclude, with the solutions exploited, this study reports a step forward into the development of a fully functional generic AM cell. The final objective is to implement an AM system that is, independent of any robot manufacturer brand and uses a produce-from-CAD strategy (c.f. digital manufacturing). In other words, the authors presented a system that is fully automatic, can be explored from a CAD package and, consequently, can be used by any CAD designer, without specific knowledge of robotics, materials and AM systems.
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Futáš, Peter, Alena Pribulová, Gabriel Fedorko, Vieroslav Molnár, and Nikoleta Mikušová. "Computer simulation of railway wagon brake disc casting." MATEC Web of Conferences 235 (2018): 00026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823500026.
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CAD systems serving as the model for real industrial processes are almost an inseparable part of manufacturing in many industry branches. The use of simulation programs in the foundry industry is perceived as a tool for the visualization of the processes involved in the production of castings. They are also used to resolve possible issues and imperfections before the production begins. Consequently, it enhances the quality and reduces product-manufacturing-related financial costs. The paper tackles the issue of how to resolve the occurrence of defects – shrinkages in the railway wagon disc casting while using a simulation program. The 3D model of the casting and of the system of gates was constructed in the CATIA CAD system. The mere simulation of the casting and solidification process was done in the NovaFlow&Solid program. After evaluating the results of the simulation, the correction of the casting and gates was made in order at once to enhance the quality of the casting and reduce the production costs in the manufacturing of this casting. In the production of the brake disk casting, the main issues are little usage of molten metal during casting and the considerable occurrence of shrinkages, which causes the increased economic costs of its production.
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Qu, Li Gang, Jian Hui Li, and Hang Gao. "Computer-Aided Static and Dynamic Properties Design of the Frame of Electrical Slag Founding Furnace." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 2261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.2261.
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The double-vertical-column frame component, 8780mm high, is the key structure of Electrical Slag Founding Furnace (ESFF). Due to its structural complexity and crucial functional role in the entire equipment, the frame structure is actually the most sensitive part of cost-effective manufacturing. Properties design, in which both static and dynamic properties are analyzed in order to meet the functionality requirement, is widely believed as important as other production processes, such as requirement identification, conceptualization, DFM and so on. And its deterministic role in cost effective manufacturing has been discussed in many historical literatures. Finite Element Analysis (FEA), one of most powerful engineering tool, has long been employed in designing of the frame component aiming to reduce computational time and improve computational precision, either in presence of separated tool or as an integrated utility in CAD systems, for a long time. However seamless integration FEM into Computer-Aided-Design is still a challenging topic and one of the bottlenecks of cost-effective design recognized by scientists in the past. Based on a 3D solid model created with the CAD-system-compatible software SolidWorks, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of the Furnace frame structure was carried out, which provided easily utilized data for the successive manufacturing processes as well as near-instantaneous feedbacks to designing process.
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Eladawi, A. E., E. S. Gadelmawla, I. M. Elewa, and A. A. Abdel-Shafy. "An application of computer vision for programming computer numerical control machines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 217, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 1315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440503322420241.
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Generation of the part programs, or tool paths, for products to be manufactured by computer numerical control (CNC) machines is very important. Many methods have been used to produce part programs, ranging from manual calculations to computer aided design/ manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems. This work introduces a new technique for generating the part programs of existing products using the latest technology of computer vision. The proposed vision system is applicable for two-dimensional vertical milling CNC machines and is calibrated to produce both metric and imperial dimensions. Two steps are used to generate the part program. In the first step, the vision system is used to capture an image for the product to be manufactured. In the second step, the image is processed and analysed by software specially written for this purpose. The software CNCVision is fully written (in lab) using Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0. It is ready to run on any Windows environment. The CNCVision software processes the captured images and applies computer vision techniques to extract the product dimensions, then generates a suitable part program. All required information for the part program is calculated automatically, such as G-codes, X and Y coordinates of start-points and end-points, radii of arcs and circles and direction of arcs (clockwise or counterclockwise). The generated part program can be displayed on screen, saved to a file or sent to MS Word or MS Excel. In addition, the engineering drawing of the product can be displayed on screen or sent to AutoCAD as a drawing file.
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Jezernik, Anton, and Gorazd Hren. "A solution to integrate computer-aided design (CAD) and virtual reality (VR) databases in design and manufacturing processes." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 22, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2003): 768–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-003-1604-3.
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Medland, A. J., G. Mullineux, C. Butler, and B. E. Jones. "The Integration of Coordinate Measuring Machines within a Design and Manufacturing Environment." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 207, no. 2 (May 1993): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1993_207_067_02.
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The role of the coordinate measuring machine within the inspection process has changed throughout its brief development. With its integration with industrial computer aided design (CAD) systems, its role is to change yet again. This paper presents the difficulties and limitations of current practice and identifies the inputs and decisions that need to be made within an integrated manufacturing environment. A research programme was undertaken to investigate an approach based upon intelligent communications between systems. This led to the creation of a demonstration system that was employed in the measurement of industrial components. A case study, using a standard test block, is included to illustrate the processes undertaken. This includes feature identification, probe calibration and selection strategies and automatic re-routing to minimize changes in probes and orientations. It is proposed that the approach demonstrated can be incorporated within a concurrent engineering environment to provide feedback and information about machine adjustments through a constraint modelling process.
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Chen,, Li, Tingjin Wang, and, and Zhijie Song. "A Web-based Product Structure Manager to Support Collaborative Assembly Modeling1." Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1666894.
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Collaborative CAD systems enabling collaboration in computer-aided design processes among distributed designers are gaining more and more attention. Yet, such systems, especially in support of collaborative assembly modeling, are hardly achievable. In an effort to bridge this gap, we are dedicated to developing a collaborative CAD system with aim at 3D assembly modeling. As part of this effort, this paper addresses one function module of the system, a Web-based Product Structure Manager, which enables the Collaborative Product Structure Management (CPSM) in collaborative assembly modeling. In particular, CPSM facilitates product data sharing among distributed designers and supports collaboration in product structure creation and modification. A bench clamp assembly is used as an example to illustrate the Product Structure Manager for supporting collaborative assembly modeling.
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Kurniadi, Kezia Amanda, and Kwangyeol Ryu. "Development of Multi-Disciplinary Green-BOM to Maintain Sustainability in Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 24, 2021): 9533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179533.
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The reconfigurable manufacturing system (RMS) appears to be eco-friendly while coping with rapidly changing market demands. However, there remains a lack of discussion or research regarding sustainability or environment-friendly functions within RMS. In this study, the reconfiguration planning problem is introduced to represent the core issues within the RMS. Reconfiguration occurs depending on new demands or conditions in the company by reconfiguring machines, such as removing, adding, or changing parts, giving considerable consideration to arrangement of machines, known as configurations in RMS. Therefore, reconfiguration process is always strongly connected to cost, energy consumption, and, more importantly, data management. The complexity of reconfiguration, product variation, and development processes requires tools that are capable of managing multi-disciplinary bill-of-material(BOM) or product data and providing a better collaboration support for data/information tracking while maintaining sustainability. This paper proposes a multi-disciplinary green bill-of-material (MDG-BOM)—an improved Green-BOM concept—with an additional multi-disciplinary feature to minimize emissions and hazardous materials during product development, as well as manage product information across multiple disciplines during the reconfiguration process. A smart spreadsheet for managing MDG-BOM was developed to allow multiple departments to integrate multiple sources of CAD design data and monitor/track changes throughout each step of the process.
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Kuzovkin, A. V., A. P. Suvorov, D. Y. Krokhin, and V. V. Kuts. "Development of the Technology for Manufacturing a Combination EDM Electrode by Rapid Prototyping." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 24, no. 1 (June 23, 2020): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2020-24-1-52-67.
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Purpose of research is to develop a methodology that allows designing EDM electrodes applying advanced computer-aided design (CAD) systems by forming the tool’s working surface with geometry which is inverse equidistant to the geometry of a given workpiece taking into account the EDM gap, working translation or translation-rotational motion of EDM electrodes, the value of the layer of conductive coating based on the technological parameters of the processing procedure. It is also necessary to propose, implement and formulate technological guidelines for manufacturing EDM electrodes from dielectric materials by additive techniques with the subsequent formation of a conductive layer on them; the value of the layer should ensure the flow of working electrical processes in the EDM gap and the necessary tool life. This will make it possible to expand the scope of application of combination EDM electrodes as applied to combined processing techniques which are characterized by a wide variety of working surface shapes, which correspond to the geometry of the workpiece, which is not limited by the degree of curvature, has by far lower cost and high processability when creating a special tool for pilot and single manufacturing.Methods. When carrying out the work, theory of the classical laws of mechanical engineering technology, electrical processing techniques, the known laws of rapid prototyping and additive technologies were used.Results. The theoretical foundations and the technology for manufacturing combination EDM electrodes by rapid prototyping have been developed and a methodology for calculating and designing the working part of EDM electrodes has been proposed taking into account the geometric parameters of the machined surface and a variable EDM gap value.Conclusion. The mechanism of EDM electrode design by means of digital prototyping in modern CAD systems is justified taking into account the features of the workpiece geometry, EDM gap and metallization material.
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Jakovac, Marko, Teodoro Klaser, Borna Radatović, Arijeta Bafti, Željko Skoko, Luka Pavić, and Mark Žic. "Impact of Sandblasting on Morphology, Structure and Conductivity of Zirconia Dental Ceramics Material." Materials 14, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 2834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14112834.
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Over the last decade, zirconia (ZrO2)-based ceramic materials have become more applicable to modern dental medicine due to the sustained development of diverse computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems. However, before the cementation and clinical application, the freshly prepared zirconia material (e.g., crowns) has to be processed by sandblasting in the dental laboratory. In this work, the impact of the sandblasting on the zirconia is monitored as changes in morphology (i.e., grains and cracks), and the presence of impurities might result in a poor adhesive bonding with cement. The sandblasting is conducted by using Al2O3 powder (25, 50, 110 and 125 µm) under various amounts of air-abrasion pressure (0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 MPa). There has been much interest in both the determination of the impact of the sandblasting on the zirconia phase transformations and conductivity. Morphology changes are observed by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), the conductivity is measured by Impedance Spectroscopy (IS), and the phase transformation is observed by using Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD). The results imply that even the application of the lowest amount of air-abrasion pressure and the smallest Al2O3 powder size yields a morphology change, a phase transformation and a material contamination.
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Lian, L. L., Y. H. Chen, and Z. Y. Yang. "Haptic rendering: An approach to tactile property perception in early product design." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 219, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 891–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440505x32869.
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In today's competitive market place, product designers need to elaborate their design with respect to not only the form and function but also the tactile properties, which make the product safe and comfortable to use. Several examples of these tactile properties are stiffness, surface finish, and trigger actuation force. Because of the expensive redesign processes, requirements on these tactile properties should be considered as constraints and should be brought into the product development cycle as early as possible. However, current visual feedback-based computer-aided design (CAD) systems focus mainly on product geometrical properties, such as dimension and appearance. Tactile properties are difficult or even impossible to be perceived in current CAD systems. In this paper, haptic rendering techniques are introduced as an approach to the perception of tactile properties and hand tool design case studies are demonstrated. With the aid of a force feedback device, Phantom(R), designers can perceive the surface roughness of a handle, the stiffness of a toothbrush, and examine the actuation force of a switch button. With these tools, designers can not only design the form of a product but also evaluate some physical properties of a product design in real time before the product is made, thus shortening the product development cycle.
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Fernandes, Fábio A. O., Clauber Marques, Jovani Castelan, Daniel Fritzen, and Ricardo J. Alves de Sousa. "Learning Processes in Mechanics of Structures: Allying Analytical and Numerical Approaches." Education Sciences 10, no. 4 (April 20, 2020): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci10040114.
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This paper reports pedagogical experiences and educational techniques in the field of Mechanics of Structures (Mechanical Engineering degree), resorting to computational tools. Several aspects are addressed, covering CAD (Computer-Aided Design) modelling systems to CAE (Computer-Aided Engineering) solutions, in terms of analysis and validation of mechanical resistance calculations. Therefore, structural mechanics fundamental concepts and mechanics of materials are also addressed. Particular focus is given on the development of curricula components related to Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing. Doing so, three-dimensional structural modelling is applied to study the behaviour in selected simple case-studies where an external load is applied and the corresponding deflections are evaluated. Then, analytical and numerical analyses are performed and compared. During classes, patent aversion to solve analytical problems was clearly observed on the part of the students once calculus knowledge was required. The typical trend in engineering students, skipping the manual analytical methodology to solve a problem in order to go straight to numerical simulations via commercial Finite Element (FE) codes, was observed. The main focus of this work is, therefore, to determine the pedagogical effects of allying the analytical procedures and virtual simulators. It was possible to confirm the beneficial aspects of such methodology, considering that the regular engineering student has already a scientific basis on calculus and analytical process. Such knowledge will support mechanical project decisions, from model development to the analysis, and a sounding background to perform criticism of the results provided by the software.
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Meidow, Jochen, Thomas Usländer, and Karsten Schulz. "Obtaining as-built models of manufacturing plants from point clouds." at - Automatisierungstechnik 66, no. 5 (May 25, 2018): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auto-2017-0133.
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Abstract The capability to adapt a manufacturing plant to changing requirements gains increasing importance in industrial production environments, e. g., triggered by Industrie 4.0 scenarios. A virtual as-built model of a manufacturing plant and its surrounding factory building provides important decision support and relevant information for digital twins, e. g., to trace assets and asset types across their whole lifetime, planning of renovations, plant and machine topology changes, or the simulation-based analysis of production processes. Based on point clouds obtained by terrestrial laser scanning or photogrammetric acquisition, reverse engineering can be applied to extract and to reconstruct relevant objects in a form suitable for CAD programs. In this article, we review approaches to capture a scene by point measurements and to reconstruct the geometry of its components given specific object models. This comprises the discussion of various representation schemes for objects and their relations, strategies for object recognition, and the explication of methods for model instantiation. Furthermore, depending on the requirements for specific tasks, we identify technology gaps and specify the degree of maturity of the related techniques.
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Mierzejewska, Ż. A. "Process Optimization Variables for Direct Metal Laser Sintering." Advances in Materials Science 15, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/adms-2015-0021.
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AbstractManufacturing is crucial to creation of wealth and provision of quality of life. Manufacturing covers numerous aspects from systems design and organization, technology and logistics, operational planning and control. The study of manufacturing technology is usually classified into conventional and non-conventional processes. As it is well known, the term "rapid prototyping" refers to a number of different but related technologies that can be used for building very complex physical models and prototype parts directly from 3D CAD model. Among these technologies are selective laser sintering (SLS) and direct metal laser sintering (DMLS). RP technologies can use wide range of materials which gives possibility for their application in different fields. RP has primary been developed for manufacturing industry in order to speed up the development of new products (prototypes, concept models, form, fit, and function testing, tooling patterns, final products - direct parts). Sintering is a term in the field of powder metallurgy and describes a process which takes place under a certain pressure and temperature over a period of time. During sintering particles of a powder material are bound together in a mold to a solid part. In selective laser sintering the crucial elements pressure and time are obsolete and the powder particles are only heated for a short period of time. SLS uses the fact that every physical system tends to achieve a condition of minimum energy. In the case of powder the partially melted particles aim to minimize their in comparison to a solid block of material enormous surface area through fusing their outer skins. Like all generative manufacturing processes laser sintering gains the geometrical information out of a 3D CAD model. This model is subdivided into slices or layers of a certain layer thickness. Following this is a revolving process which consists of three basic process steps: recoating, exposure, and lowering of the build platform until the part is finished completely.
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Gutierrez, Cassie, Rudy Salas, Gustavo Hernandez, Dan Muse, Richard Olivas, Eric MacDonald, Michael D. Irwin, et al. "CubeSat Fabrication through Additive Manufacturing and Micro-Dispensing." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2011, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 001021–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2011-tha4-paper3.
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Fabricating entire systems with both electrical and mechanical content through on-demand 3D printing is the future for high value manufacturing. In this new paradigm, conformal and complex shapes with a diversity of materials in spatial gradients can be built layer-by-layer using hybrid Additive Manufacturing (AM). A design can be conceived in Computer Aided Design (CAD) and printed on-demand. This new integrated approach enables the fabrication of sophisticated electronics in mechanical structures by avoiding the restrictions of traditional fabrication techniques, which result in stiff, two dimensional printed circuit boards (PCB) fabricated using many disparate and wasteful processes. The integration of Additive Manufacturing (AM) combined with Direct Print (DP) micro-dispensing and robotic pick-and-place for component placement can 1) provide the capability to print-on-demand fabrication, 2) enable the use of micron-resolution cavities for press fitting electronic components and 3) integrate conductive traces for electrical interconnect between components. The fabrication freedom introduced by AM techniques such as stereolithography (SL), ultrasonic consolidation (UC), and fused deposition modeling (FDM) have only recently been explored in the context of electronics integration and 3D packaging. This paper describes a process that provides a novel approach for the fabrication of stiff conformal structures with integrated electronics and describes a prototype demonstration: a volumetrically-efficient sensor and microcontroller subsystem scheduled to launch in a CubeSat designed with the CubeFlow methodology.
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Ayyagari, A., and A. Ray. "A Fiber-Optic-Based Protocol for Manufacturing System Networks: Part I—Conceptual Development and Architecture." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 114, no. 1 (March 1, 1992): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2896492.
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The goal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) is to put together the diverse areas of engineering, design and production processes, material inventory, sales and purchasing, and accounting and administration into a single interactive closed loop control system [1]. Essential to this distributed total manufacturing system is the integrated communications network over which the information leading to process interactions, and plant management and control will flow. Such a network must be capable of handling heterogeneous real-time (e.g., data packets for inter-machine communications at the factory floor) and non-real-time (e.g., Computer Aided Design (CAD) drawings, design specifications, and administrative information) traffic. This sequence of papers in two parts presents the development and analysis of a novel fiber-optic-based medium access control (MAC) protocol for integrated factory and office communications. Its adaptation as the common MAC layer protocol in the fiber-optic-based version of Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP) [2] and Technical and Office Protocols (TOP) [3], will make their specifications identical up to the presentation layer; only the application layer which is user-specific could be different. This first part provides the necessary background for the reported work and details of the protocol which is represented by a finite-state-machine model. Part II [4] presents the performance analysis of the protocol using a statistical model, and a comparison of the simulation and analytical results.
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Marconi, Marco, Alessandra Papetti, Martina Scafà, Marta Rossi, and Michele Germani. "An Innovative Framework for Managing the Customization of Tailor-made Shoes." Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design 1, no. 1 (July 2019): 3821–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.389.
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AbstractProduct customization aims to consider individual customers preferences in the design of new products, in order to directly involve them in the product development process and to maximize their satisfaction. It can be considered a key competitive factor and a “hot topic” in several industrial sectors, including luxury apparel goods and high-end footwear products. However, currently the design and manufacturing of customized shoes are carried out through artisanal and non-standardized processes, based on the individual expertise of operators.The objective of this study is to define an innovative framework to support the different processes affected by customization. This framework is enabled by different digital technologies, as CAD-based tools, virtual/augmented reality systems, etc., opportunely integrated in the product development process. The main benefits related to the framework implementation in real industrial contexts are an increase of flexibility, the repeatability of processes, a higher efficiency in information exchange, a more effective involvement of final customers, and, as a consequence, the reduction of time to market and production costs for tailor-made shoes.
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Kollatsch, Christian, and Philipp Klimant. "Efficient integration process of production data into Augmented Reality based maintenance of machine tools." Production Engineering 15, no. 3-4 (February 17, 2021): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11740-021-01026-6.
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AbstractWith the increasing requirements on machine tools such as higher complexity, individuality and digitization, their maintenance becomes also more complex, which increases time consumption and demands special knowledge. The maintenance engineer can be supported in this process using the Augmented Reality (AR) technology, mobile devices and suitable production data. This requires the integration and adaptation of the maintenance documentation as well as further production systems and their data such as the CAD system, product data management (PDM) system, manufacturing execution system (MES) and CNC. For this purpose, a method is developed that allows an efficient integration process of various production data into an AR supported maintenance documentation. This includes concepts for the integration process of different production systems and data into an AR maintenance system as well as the design of the AR maintenance system architecture. Basis is the analysis of the required production and AR systems, data and processes. The aim of the method is to reduce the high expenditure of the overall planning process and the necessary expertise of the maintenance planner of the AR technology. The developed method is verified with different maintenance scenarios, production systems and data as well as machine tools and AR devices.
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Hsiang Loh, Giselle, Eujin Pei, Joamin Gonzalez-Gutierrez, and Mario Monzón. "An Overview of Material Extrusion Troubleshooting." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (July 11, 2020): 4776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144776.
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Material extrusion (ME) systems offer end-users with a more affordable and accessible additive manufacturing (AM) technology compared to other processes in the market. ME is often used to quickly produce low-cost prototyping with the freedom of scalability where parts can be produced in different geometries, quantities and sizes. As the use of desktop ME machines has gained widespread adoption, this review paper discusses the key design strategies and considerations to produce high quality ME parts, as well as providing actional advice to aid end-users in quickly identifying and efficiently troubleshooting issues since current information is often fragmented and incomplete. The systemic issues and solutions concerning desktop ME processes discussed are not machine-specific, covering categories according to printer-associated, deposition-associated and print quality problems. The findings show that the majority of issues are associated with incorrect printer calibration and parameters, hardware, material, Computer Aided Design (CAD) model and/or slicing settings. A chart for an overview of ME troubleshooting is presented allowing designers and engineers to straightforwardly determine the possible contributing factors to a particular problem.
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Spöcker, Gunter, Thorsten Schreiner, Tobias Huwer, and Kristian Arntz. "Programming of adaptive repair process chains using repair features and function blocks." Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 3, no. 1 (July 2, 2015): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcde.2015.06.012.
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Abstract The current trends of product customization and repair of high value parts with individual defects demand automation and a high degree of flexibility of the involved manufacturing process chains. To determine the corresponding requirements this paper gives an overview of manufacturing process chains by distinguishing between horizontal and vertical process chains. The established way of modeling and programming processes with CAx systems and existing approaches is shown. Furthermore, the different types of possible adaptions of a manufacturing process chain are shown and considered as a cascaded control loop. Following this it is discussed which key requirements of repair process chains are unresolved by existing approaches. To overcome the deficits this paper introduces repair features which comprise the idea of geometric features and defines analytical auxiliary geometries based on the measurement input data. This meets challenges normally caused by working directly on reconstructed geometries in the form of triangulated surfaces which are prone to artifacts. Embedded into function blocks, this allows the use of traditional approaches for manufacturing process chains to be applied to adaptive repair process chains. Highlights Definition of adaptive repair process chains as cascaded control loops. Introduction of repair features as a bridge between measurement input and analytical CAD data for manufacturing. Dynamic determination and adjustment of repair features and CAx repair process chain execution based on function blocks. Use case study of repairing worn-out turbine blades with repair features and function blocks.