Books: 'CAD Features'

1

Jones, Peter F. CAD/CAM, features, applications and management. London: Macmillan, 1992.

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2

Jones, Peter F. CAD/CAM: Features, Applications and Management. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22141-7.

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3

Elsas, Peter Alexander van. Free-form displacement features in conceptual shape design. Delft, The Netherlands: Delft University Press, 1997.

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4

Leach, James A. AutoCAD 2004 instructor: A student guide to complete coverage of AutoCAD's commands and features. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2004.

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5

Spear, Chris. SystemVerilog for Verification: A Guide to Learning the Testbench Language Features. 3rd ed. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012.

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6

service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Innovation in product design: From CAD to virtual prototyping. London: Springer, 2011.

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7

1955-, Mäntylä Martti, ed. Parametric and feature-based CAD/CAM: Concepts, techniques, and applications. New York: Wiley, 1995.

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8

Kachan, Natal'ya, and Svetlana Novosel'ceva. Features of accounting in trade and public catering. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1048801.

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The textbook deals with the main issues of setting up accounting of commodity transactions in wholesale and retail organizations, public catering enterprises, including the system of consumer cooperation. This takes into account the features of the organization of inventory accounting in the book and magazine form. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education. Recommended for students of the specialty Economics and accounting (by industry)" to study the discipline "Features of accounting in organizations of various types of activity". It can be useful for practitioners of trade and public catering."

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9

Bogg, Edmund. Higher Wharfeland: The dale of romance : from Ormscliffe to Cam Fell : being a description of its picturesque features, history, antiquities, rare architecture, tradition, old world story and also its flora. Burton Salmon: Old Hall Press, 1989.

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10

Taurog, Norman, Douglas Laurence, and Phillip Shuken. Speedway. Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2007.

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11

Poliziano, Angelo. Coniurationis commentarium / Commentario della congiura dei Pazzi. Edited by Leandro Perini. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-119-5.

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The Pazzi Consipracy by Angelo Poliziano is the only historical work in the vast production of the famous humanist. He was an eye-witness of the tragic episode that took place in Florence in 1478 in which Giuliano de' Medici was killed and his brother Lorenzo il Magnifico wounded. This was one episode in a conflict between rival banking houses during what Fernand Braudel has defined as "the first crisis of capitalism". Behind the veil of a highly cultured form of appropriation of the classical tradition (Sallust's De Catilinae coniuratione), we can discern a ruthless realism which, in its spare style, anticipates the mood of early cinema. The Pactianae coniurationis commentarium clearly reveals the traces of a time that was neither happy nor brilliant, as in the illusory images of the Renaissance that have come down to us, but rather bubbled with bloodshed and also featured phenomena such as gambling which are typical of times of crisis. Following Alessandro Perosa's by now impossible to get hold of edition, Poliziano's work is presented here in a historic perspective updated with the most recent historical reconstructions, with a series of appendices and a thorough chronology that help to focus the meanings and bring to the fore the features of the period in their potential entirety.

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12

Claris CAD: New features. Santa Clara, Calif: Claris Corporation, 1990.

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13

Elsas, P. A. Van, and Peter Alexander Van Elsas. Free-Form Displacement Features in Conceptual Shape Design: The Use of a Computer-Aided Conceptual Design Tool. Coronet Books, 1997.

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14

Spear, Chris, and Greg Tumbush. SystemVerilog for Verification: A Guide to Learning the Testbench Language Features. Springer, 2012.

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15

Bordegoni, Monica, and Caterina Rizzi. Innovation in Product Design: From CAD to Virtual Prototyping. Springer, 2011.

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16

Bordegoni, Monica, and Caterina Rizzi. Innovation in Product Design: From CAD to Virtual Prototyping. Springer, 2014.

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17

R, Soenen, Olling G, and International Federation for Information Processing., eds. Advanced CAD/CAM systems: State-of-the-art and future trends in feature technology. London: Published by Chapman & Hall on behalf of the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP), 1995.

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18

(Editor), René Soenen, and Gustav J. Olling (Editor), eds. Advanced CAD/CAM Systems: State-of-the-Art and Future Trends in Feature Technology (IFIP International Federation for Information Processing). Springer, 1994.

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19

J, Shah Jami, Mäntylä Martti 1955-, and Nau Dana S, eds. Advances in feature based manufacturing. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1994.

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20

Khan, Muhammad Asim. Clinical features. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0011.

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The leading chronic progressive inflammatory disease of the sacroiliac joints and the spinal column, traditionally known as ankylosing spondylitis (AS), is a relatively common but insidious rheumatic disease that can cause progressive limitation of physical function. It is a prototype of related forms of arthritis, grouped under the term spondyloarthritis that is subdivided into predominantly axial and predominantly peripheral forms. This chapter details the clinical features of axial spondyloarthritis, a term that encompasses ankylosing spondylitis. There is a predilection for the inflammation to affect sites where the tendons and ligaments attach to the bones (entheses) and can result in gradual and progressive spinal ankylosis, with resultant physical deformity. The disease may present with a wide spectrum of clinical features, both articular and extra-articular, and can be difficult to diagnose in early stages.

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21

Lam, Raymond W. Clinical features and diagnosis. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199692736.003.0004.

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• Depression is associated with a number of physical, emotional, and cognitive symptoms.• Sub-typing of major depressive disorder has implications for treatment choice and selection.• The differential diagnosis of depression includes bereavement, bipolar disorder, and other medical or substance-induced conditions.Depression is associated with many different types of symptoms which can result to a variable presentation in any given person. The features of depression can be physical (sleep, energy, appetite, libido), emotional (low mood, anxiety, crying) or cognitive (guilt, pessimism, suicidal thoughts). ...

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22

Algom, Daniel, Ami Eidels, Robert X. D. Hawkins, Brett Jefferson, and James T. Townsend. Features of Response Times. Edited by Jerome R. Busemeyer, Zheng Wang, James T. Townsend, and Ami Eidels. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199957996.013.4.

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Psychology is one of the most recent sciences to issue from the mother-tree of philosophy. One of the greatest challenges is that of formulating theories and methodologies that move the field toward theoretical structures that are not only sufficient to explain and predict phenomena but, in some vital sense, necessary for those purposes. Mathematical modeling is perhaps the most promising general strategy, but even under that aegis, the physical sciences have labored toward that end. The present chapter begins by outlining the roots of our approach in 19th century physics, physiology, and psychology. Then, we witness the renaissance of goals in the 1960s, which were envisioned but not usually realizable in 19th century science and methodology. It could be contended that it is impossible to know the full story of what can be learned through scientific method in the absence of what cannot be known. This precept brings us into the slough of model mimicry, wherein even diametrically opposed physical or psychological concepts can be mathematically equivalent within specified observational theatres! Discussion of examples from close to half a century of research illustrate what we conceive of as unfortunate missteps from the psychological literature as well as what has been learned through careful application of the attendant principles. We conclude with a statement concerning ongoing expansion of our body of approaches and what we might expect in the future.

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23

Bowman, Simon, John Hamburger, Elizabeth Price, and Saaeha Rauz. Sjögren’s syndrome—clinical features. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0127_update_001.

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Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic, immune-mediated, condition of unknown aetiology characterized by focal lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands associated with dry mouth and eyes. It occurs in its own right (primary Sjögren’s syndrome, pSS), or as a late feature of other rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus or scleroderma (secondary Sjögren’s syndrome). There is a strong female bias. pSS typically affects women in their middle years with an estimated prevalence of 0.1–0.6%. 75% of patients have anti-Ro and/or anti-La antibodies, often with raised immunoglobulin levels (hypergammaglobulinaemia). In patients without these antibodies the diagnosis can be confirmed by salivary gland biopsy. Treatment is generally symptomatic using artificial tears, saliva replacements/stimulants and good dental hygiene. Three-quarters of patients with pSS report significant fatigue with a negative impact on quality of life. This can be the most disabling symptom. Approximately 20% of patients develop systemic features including persistent salivary gland swelling, cutaneous vasculitis, peripheral neuropathy, interstitial lung disease, autoimmune cytopenias or renal tubular acidosis. Hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids are the most widely used therapies for systemic features. There is a 44fold increased risk of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) B-cell lymphoma in pSS, typically affecting the salivary glands. On account of abnormalities in the B-cell system in pSS there is current interest in the use of anti-B-cell directed monoclonal antibodies to treat pSS and a number of clinical trials are in progress. This approach is already successfully in use for treating MALT lymphoma in pSS.

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Bowman, Simon, John Hamburger, Elizabeth Price, and Saaeha Rauz. Sjögren’s syndrome—clinical features. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0127.

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Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic, immune-mediated, condition of unknown aetiology characterized by focal lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands associated with dry mouth and eyes. It occurs in its own right (primary Sjögren's syndrome, pSS), or as a late feature of other rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus or scleroderma (secondary Sjögren's syndrome). There is a strong female bias. pSS typically affects women in their middle years with an estimated prevalence of 0.1–0.6%. 75% of patients have anti-Ro and/or anti-La antibodies, often with raised immunoglobulin levels (hypergammaglobulinaemia). In patients without these antibodies the diagnosis can be confirmed by salivary gland biopsy. Treatment is generally symptomatic using artificial tears, saliva replacements/stimulants and good dental hygiene. Three-quarters of patients with pSS report significant fatigue with a negative impact on quality of life. This can be the most disabling symptom. Approximately 20% of patients develop systemic features including persistent salivary gland swelling, cutaneous vasculitis, peripheral neuropathy, interstitial lung disease, autoimmune cytopenias or renal tubular acidosis. Hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids are the most widely used therapies for systemic features. There is a 44fold increased risk of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) B-cell lymphoma in pSS, typically affecting the salivary glands. On account of abnormalities in the B-cell system in pSS there is current interest in the use of anti-B-cell directed monoclonal antibodies to treat pSS and a number of clinical trials are in progress. This approach is already successfully in use for treating MALT lymphoma in pSS.

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25

Dalbeth, Nicola. Clinical features of gout. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748311.003.0005.

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About 60% of the variance in serum urate levels can be explained by inherited genetic factors, but the extent of the contribution of genetic factors to gout in the presence of hyperuricaemia is not known. Genome-wide association studies in Europeans have identified 28 loci controlling serum urate levels, although the molecular basis of the majority of these genetic associations is currently unknown. The SLC2A9 and ABCG2 renal and gut uric acid transporters have very strong effects on urate levels and the risk of gout. Other uric acid transporters (e.g. SLC22A11/OAT478, SLC22A12/URAT1) and a glycolysis gene (GCKR) are associated with urate levels. Environmental exposures such as sugar-sweetened beverages and alcohol interact with urate-associated genetic variants in an unpredictable fashion. Very little is known about the genetic control of gout in the presence of hyperuricaemia, formation of monosodium urate crystals, and the immune response.

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26

Feist, Eugen, and Gerd-R. Burmester. Rheumatoid arthritis—clinical features. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0111.

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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) presents with variable clinical features, making this most frequent chronic systemic autoimmune disease with characteristic joint involvement a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. This chapter describes in detail the different clinical, laboratory and imaging findings in patients with RA. In addition to the characteristic arthritic involvement, which can lead to severe joint changes with progressive destruction and loss of function, other systemic disease manifestations as well as an increased risk for cardiovascular events and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with relevance for patients' prognosis are described. Recent approaches to early diagnosis and stratification of patients by predictive factors for a severe course of disease are discussed. These patient profiles include increased inflammatory markers, the presence of autoantibodies, and erosive changes at the time of diagnosis. The novel classification criteria for RA and the significance of autoantibody status, namely seropositivity for antibodies against citrullinated antigens as highly specific diagnostic markers, are highlighted to further promote early differentiation of RA from other arthritic disease entities.

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27

Tansley, Sarah L., and Neil J. McHugh. Laboratory features—enzymes and biomarkers. Edited by Hector Chinoy and Robert Cooper. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754121.003.0012.

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This chapter describes the laboratory tests useful in diagnosing and monitoring patients with myositis. It describes creatinine kinase, it’s different isoforms and explains why this muscle enzyme is helpful in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with inflammatory muscle disease. It also describes other skeletal muscle enzymes that are often elevated in both adult and juvenile onset disease and examines the specificity of troponins for cardiac muscle involvement. The prevalence and clinical utility of myositis specific and associated autoantibodies is explored, and we report the clinical features associated with different autoantibody subgroups, demonstrating how such autoantibodies can divide patients into clinically homogenous subgroups. Finally, evidence for the potential use of other novel biomarkers including cytokines is also explored.

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28

Samvelian, Pollet. Specific Features of Persian Syntax. Edited by Anousha Sedighi and Pouneh Shabani-Jadidi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736745.013.9.

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This chapter is devoted to three specific features of Persian syntax, namely, the Ezafe construction, differential object marking with the enclitic rā, and complex predicates, which have received a great deal of attention for more than thirty years. Each of these phenomena involves language-specific challenging facts which need to be accurately described and accounted for. At the same time, each constitutes a topic of cross-linguistic investigation for which the Persian data can be of crucial interest. The chapter is divided into three sections. Each section provides an overview of empirical facts and the way various theoretical studies have tried to account for them. While it was impossible to do justice to all influential studies because of the impressive amount of work on each topic, the article is nevertheless intended to be as exhaustive as possible and to maintain the balance between different theoretical approaches.

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29

Morgan, Joe P. Radiology of Veterinary Orthopedics: Features of Diagnosis. Blackwell Publishing Professional, 2000.

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30

Gordon, Caroline. Systemic lupus erythematosus—clinical features and aetiopathogenesis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0117.

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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus) is a multisystem, autoimmune disease associated with the formation of autoantibodies that form pathological immune complexes and activate a number of inflammatory pathways. The disease is characterized by remissions and relapses (flares) that can present with a variety of clinical manifestations. The symptoms and signs may range from mild features that can be treated easily to organ and even life threatening manifestations requiring potent immunosuppression. This chapter will review the epidemiology and pathology of lupus, then the clinical features including differential diagnosis and investigation of adult patients with SLE. Finally the classification, diagnosis, monitoring and outcome of lupus patients will be discussed.

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31

Abhishek, Abhishek, and Michael Doherty. Clinical features of calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0050.

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Calcium pyrophosphate deposition (CPPD) occurs in the elderly, and is commonly asymptomatic. However, it can cause acute calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystal arthritis, chronic CPP crystal inflammatory arthritis, and is frequently present in joints with osteoarthritis (OA). Acute CPP crystal arthritis presents with rapid onset of acute synovitis, which frequently affects the knees, wrists, shoulders, and elbows. It can mimic sepsis in the elderly, and may require hospital admission. Patients with CPPD plus OA may have more inflammatory signs and symptoms (e.g. joint swelling, stiffness) than those with OA alone. Additionally, patients with CPPD plus OA may also have intermittent attacks of acute CPP crystal arthritis. Some patients with CPPD may have more chronic inflammatory joint involvement and are classified as chronic CPP crystal inflammatory arthritis. This chapter describes the clinical features and differential diagnosis of common clinical manifestations of CPPD and outlines some of its rarer manifestations.

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32

Misbah, Siraj. Clinical features and diagnosis of immunological disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0294.

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Immunological disease can be broadly defined as a spectrum of problems ranging from failure of the immune system (primary or secondary immunodeficiency) to the clinical consequences of an overzealous immune system, manifesting clinically as autoimmunity, allergy, or, rarely, as an autoinflammatory syndrome. This chapter addresses the clinical features and diagnosis of immunological disease.

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Bjartell, Anders, and David Ulmert. Clinical features, assessment, and imaging of prostate cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0063.

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In contemporary practice, most patients with prostate cancer are diagnosed following a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test and are asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. Although serum PSA has a low specificity for prostate cancer, it can be used to single out patients with advanced disease. While most men do not have a palpable tumour at digital rectal examination (DRE), those with palpable or an elevated PSA test require transrectal ultrasonography-guided prostate biopsy in order to make a diagnosis of cancer. Tumours are staged clinically as localized, locally advanced, or metastatic. The urologist and the patient need the correct staging information for decision-making. A combination of several parameters (PSA value, Gleason grade and tumour extent on biopsy, and DRE findings) can be used in a variety of tools to predict the extent of the disease and treatment outcomes.

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34

Kaufmann, Philipp A., and Oliver Gaemperli. Hybrid Cardiac Imaging. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0028.

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Assessment of both coronary anatomy and myocardial perfusion are equally important for the appropriate treatment of patients with stable coronary artery disease. Cardiac hybrid imaging allows integration of coronary anatomy and perfusion in one all-in-one image, thereby avoiding mental integration of findings. In selected subgroups of patients, cardiac hybrid imaging has demonstrated superior diagnostic accuracy compared to single modalities. The combination of coronary anatomy and function provides incremental prognostic information and improves risk stratification of patients with suspected or known CAD. Aside from CT coronary angiography, coronary artery calcium score (CACS) scans obtained from native ECG-triggered CT are used for hybrid imaging. They are used either for attenuation correction, or can be combined with radionuclide information to improve CAD detection and risk stratification. A large number of integrated hybrid scanners are commercially available and offer advantages for cardiac hybrid imaging. However, these devices are not mandatory, and hybrid imaging is perfectly feasible from two separate datasets using appropriate image fusion software. Cardiac magnetic resonance has entered the arena of hybrid imaging and several integrated PET/MRI devices are already commercially available. Its advantages include the lack of ionizing radiation and a high spatial resolution, particularly for soft tissue structures. In research, hybrid imaging moves beyond its conventional borders of perfusion imaging to target specific molecular or biological pathways that underlie cardiac disease, a concept known as molecular imaging. The combination of radionuclide imaging with CT or MRI offers attractive features to co-localize biological signals from radiolabeled targeted compounds with microanatomical structures.

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Wyngaerd, Guido Vanden. The Feature Structure of Pronouns. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876746.003.0011.

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This paper examines multidimensional paradigms, i.e. paradigms involving more than one feature dimension. I examine the concrete case of pronominal paradigms, which involve (at least) the dimensions of person and number. The problem that arises in such paradigms is that syncretisms may be observed in each dimension, i.e. they may occur both vertically (cross-person) and horizontally (cross-number). While classical nanosyntax embodies a theory of syncretism that can account for one dimension, it requires an extension to account for syncretisms in the other dimension(s). I discuss two such extensions, one making use of pointers, and another in terms of a revision of the Superset Principle. I show that both approaches make subtly different empirical predictions.

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36

Treue, Stefan. Object- and Feature-Based Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.008.

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The allocation of selective visual attention to a particular region of visual space has been attention’s most-studied variant. But attention can also be allocated to features, such as a particular colour or direction of motion. Studies from the visual cortex of rhesus monkeys have revealed a gain modulation across visual space that enhances the response of neurons that show a preference for the attended feature and a reduced responsiveness of those neurons tuned to the opposite feature. Such studies have also provided evidence for object-based attention, where the attentional enhancement of a neural representation affects the complex amalgamation of features that make up an object. All these forms of visual attention together create an integrated saliency map or priority map, that is, an integrated representation of relative stimulus strength and behavioural relevance across visual space that underlies our perception of the environment.

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Jónsson, Jóhannes Gísli, and Thórhallur Eythórsson, eds. Syntactic Features and the Limits of Syntactic Change. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832584.001.0001.

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This volume brings together the latest diachronic research on syntactic features and their role in restricting syntactic change. The chapters address a central theoretical issue in diachronic syntax: whether syntactic variation can always be attributed to differences in the features of items in the lexicon, as the Borer-Chomsky conjecture proposes. In answering this question, all the chapters develop analyses of syntactic change couched within a formalist framework in which rich hierarchical structures and abstract features of various kinds play an important role. The first three parts of the volume explore the different domains of the clause, namely the C-domain, the T-domain and the ν‎P/VP-domain respectively, while chapters in the final part are concerned with establishing methodology in diachronic syntax and modelling linguistic correspondences. The contributors draw on extensive data from a large number of languages and dialects, including several that have received little attention in the literature on diachronic syntax, such as Romeyka, a Greek variety spoken in Turkey, and Middle Low German, previously spoken in northern Germany. Other languages are explored from a fresh theoretical perspective, including Hungarian, Icelandic, and Austronesian languages. The volume sheds light not only on specific syntactic changes from a cross-linguistic perspective but also on broader issues in language change and linguistic theory.

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Zakhary, Lisa, Hilary Weingarden, Alexandra Sullivan, and Sabine Wilhelm. Clinical Features, Assessment, and Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0049.

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This chapter describes the clinical features of BDD and provides tools for effective assessment and diagnosis; in addition, it reviews treatments for BDD, with focus on medication and cognitive behavioral therapy. Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a common and disabling disorder characterized by a preoccupation with an imagined or slight defect in appearance. Its symptomatology and treatment resemble those of OCD in some respects and it is classified in DSM-5 as an OCD-related disorder, but BDD is distinct in a number of key ways. It can lead to significant psychosocial dysfunction, poor quality of life, and suicidality. Although much is known about its clinical presentation and demographic characteristics, large gaps in treatment knowledge remain. Hopefully, research will provide answers to guide more effective treatment of this disabling illness.

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Broome, John. Reason Fundamentalism and What Is Wrong With It. Edited by Daniel Star. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199657889.013.14.

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Is there a fundamental feature of normativity, to which other features can be reduced? One defensible view is that the fundamental feature is the relation that holds between a person and F-ing when the person has reason to F. (“F” stands for any verb phrase, such as “run for the bus” or “hope for relief” or “believe Kampala is in Ghana.”) Another defensible view is that the fundamental feature is the relation that holds between a person and F-ing when the person ought to F. The popular view that the fundamental feature of normativity is the property of being a reason is not defensible, since that property can be reduced to either of the two relations I described. I argue that the second of these views—“ought fundamentalism”—is more credible that the first—“reason fundamentalism”—because it is more faithful to our ordinary normative concepts.

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Lu, Zhong-Lin, and George Sperling. Attention-Generated Apparent Motion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0072.

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This chapter explores attention-generated apparent motion. A flickering display can seem to appear to move in opposite directions depending on which feature the observer attends to in the display. The illusory motion, generated by attention, demonstrates the mechanism of the third-order motion system: a dynamic salience map of the locations of the most salient stimulus features is determined jointly by stimulus strength (bottom-up) and by selective attention (top-down). Motion is computed directly and automatically from the salience map. Concepts covered in this chapter include apparent motion, first-order motion and second-order motion, feature tracking, salience maps, bottom-up processing, and top-down processing.

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Metcalf, Michael, John Reid, and Malcolm Cohen. Fortran 2018 enhancements to interoperability with C. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811893.003.0021.

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Some Fortran features were not available when interoperating with C; in particular, • optional dummy arguments, • assumed-length character dummy arguments, • assumed-shape arrays, • allocatable dummy arguments, and •pointer dummy arguments. Also, the frequent need to pass C pointers for low-level operations can lead to ugly code that is difficult to understand. Fortran 2018 addresses all of these issues. For optional arguments there are already widespread C programming idioms that can be followed, and so this is the simplest deficiency to correct. For all the other advanced Fortran features, the necessary information that needs to be passed to/from the C functions is passed with a C descriptor, and there are mechanisms provided for the C functions to use such descriptors. For more convenient low-level C interoperability, assumed-type dummy arguments are available. Additionally, the new assumed-rank feature can also be used in interoperable procedures.

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42

Marková, Ivana. From Imagination to Well-Controlled Images. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190468712.003.0015.

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Imagination is one of the basic mental capacities that define humans as a species. Throughout history, the capacities of imagination and of liberated thought have always constituted threats to political and religious powers. Using the example of two dictatorships in the 20th century, Nazism and Stalinism, this chapter shows that these regimes used the capacity to imagine by enforcing the development of images that served their totalitarian purposes. Negative features of social imaginaries, like technicization and bureaucratization, also infiltrated nontotalitarian systems and modern democracies. Imagination is intertwined with other features of the dialogical mind and, therefore, can be understood only if explored in a holistic manner as a feature of thinking, in relation to language and other symbolic capacities and in their sociocultural contexts.

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Vanzo, Alberto. Kant and Abstractionism about Concept Formation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190608040.003.0014.

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This chapter outlines Kant’s account of empirical concept formation and discusses two objections that have been advanced against it. Kant holds that we form empirical concepts, such as color concepts, by comparing sensory representations of individuals, identifying shared features, and abstracting from the differences between them. According to the first objection, we cannot acquire color concepts in this way because there is no feature that all and only the instances of a given color share, and because the boundary between colors is conventional. According to the second objection, assuming that all instances of a given color share certain features, we can identify them only if we already possess a concept of that color. Neither of the objections is convincing as it stands. Kant can offer replies to both objections that are consistent with his views and with empirical evidence concerning the perception and representation of colors.

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Scolari, Miranda, Edward F. Ester, and John T. Serences. Feature- and Object-Based Attentional Modulation in the Human Visual System. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.009.

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To increase efficiency, sensory systems process only a subset of available inputs in accord with the behavioural goals of the observer. The mechanisms that support the prioritization of relevant over irrelevant stimuli, referred to collectively as selective attention, can operate on the basis of spatial location (space-based attention), low-level visual features (e.g. orientation or colour; feature-based attention), or holistic objects (object-based attention). This chapter reviews human behavioural, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging data pertaining to the effects and control of the latter two mechanisms. Based on an increasingly rich literature spanning several decades, the authors argue that even though feature- and object-based attention are often treated as independent mechanisms, they should instead be described along a single continuum in which the information selected for prioritized processing (whether it be a single feature or a holistic object representation) is flexibly dictated by task demands.

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Gutzmann, Daniel. The Grammar of Expressivity. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812128.001.0001.

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While the expressive function of natural language has received much attention in recent years, the role grammar plays in the interpretation of expressive items has mainly been neglected in the semantic and pragmatic literature. On the other hand, while there have been syntactic studies of some expressive phenomena they do not explicitly connect to recent developments in semantics. This book bridges this gap, showing that semantics and pragmatics alone cannot capture all grammatical particularities of expressive items and that expressivity has strong syntactic reflexes that interact with the semantic interpretation and account for the mismatches between the syntax and semantics of these phenomena. The main thesis he argues for—the hypothesis of expressive syntax—is that expressivity is a syntactic feature, on a par with other established syntactic features like tense or gender. Evidence for this claim is drawn from three detailed case studies of expressive phenomena: expressive adjectives, expressive intensifiers, and expressive vocatives. These expressions exhibit some puzzling properties and by developing an account of them employing minimalist approaches to syntactic features and agreement, the author shows that expressivity, as a syntactic feature, can partake in agreement operations, trigger movement, and syntactically be selected for. This not only provides indirect evidence for the hypothesis of expressive syntax and extends the usefulness of operations on syntactic features operation beyond their traditional domains, but also highlights the hidden role grammar may play for phenomena that are often considered to be solely semantic in nature.

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Montgomery, Erwin B. Oscillator Basics. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259600.003.0016.

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This chapter uses metaphors to help programmers picture the basic concepts of oscillators. At the least, DBS can be considered as oscillatory stimulation of the nervous system and increasingly, it is likely that the nervous system operates on the bases of neuronal and neural oscillators. Thus, a fundamental understanding of oscillators, particularly their features, is important. The defining feature of oscillatory activity is the recurrence or repetition of a phenomenon, such as the repetitive flashing of a light at a railroad crossing. This chapter uses the metaphor of a racecar circling on a racetrack that become increasing more complicated. The metaphors provide an appreciation of the features and properties of oscillators, such as amplitude, frequency, phase, period, and reasonance. The metaphors also provide an intuitive understanding of the methods used to decompose and analyze complex oscillators such as the Fourier Transform.

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Gale, William G., and David C. John. State-sponsored Retirement Savings Plans. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827443.003.0011.

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Our chapter evaluates models and features used in emerging state-sponsored retirement saving plans such as Auto IRAs, open multiple employer plans, and marketplaces. These, we show, have enormous potential to raise the number of Americans with access to payroll-deduction retirement saving plans. Plans that can most enhance coverage rates will feature two characteristics: required provision of retirement saving plans by firms, and automatic enrollment of eligible workers. Yet under current legal and regulatory conditions, the Secure Choice option is the only model that enables states to require that employers provide a plan.

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Cohen, Jeffrey A., Justin J. Mowchun, Victoria H. Lawson, and Nathaniel M. Robbins. A 48-Year-Old with Progressive Weakness and Pain. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190491901.003.0005.

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Guillain-Barré syndrome may present in several ways, although predominant proximal weakness is a common feature of the disease to recognize. The differential diagnosis may be extensive and can include infection, vasculitis, toxin exposure, and malignancy. A lumbar puncture must be done with minimal delay to evaluate for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) albuminocytological dissociation, however results may be normal early in the course of the disease. EMG/NCS are helpful to support the diagnosis, and early treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is essential. This chapter discusses the clinical features and diagnostic considerations of this important condition.

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Siebert, Stefan, Sengupta Raj, and Alexander Tsoukas. Peripheral musculoskeletal involvement in axial spondyloarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755296.003.0007.

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In addition to the axial diseases that characterizes axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), many patients also develop peripheral musculoskeletal involvement. This can include peripheral joint synovitis, enthesitis, and dactylitis. Peripheral musculoskeletal involvement is an important component of the disease with significant impact on function and quality of life. Many of the features may also be subtle and overlooked, unless specifically evaluated and examined. In particular, hip disease is a bad prognostic feature and, if present, may require more aggressive therapy or surgical intervention. On occasion, further imaging may be required to detect enthesitis or subtle joint inflammation in order to inform treatment decisions.

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Eland, John H. D., and Raimund Feifel. Atomic xenon, Xe. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788980.003.0002.

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This chapter shows, using atomic xenon as a prototype, how coincidence maps and double photionisation spectra are created from the raw electron timing data, and how direct and indirect photoionisation pathways can be distinguished in the maps. A minor feature in the maps is recognised as coming from electron-impact single ionisation, which can be studied by the same technique. The chapter also explains how a simple formula can be used, with constants calibrated by measuring electrons of known energy, to convert the times of flight into kinetic energies. This introductory chapter concludes with a summary of some basic features of double photoionisation and of the spectra presented in this book, exemplified by Xe, including times of flight, energy resolution, ionisation, and Auger decay.

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