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Narasipuram, Archana. "IMPACT OF CADAVERIC OATH ON FIRST MBBS STUDENTS." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 08 (August 31, 2022): 733–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15228.
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The transformation of a medical student to a practitioner with professional principles, attitude and conduct should begin from the first day of a medical college and it should be continued throughout. First year M.B.B.S curriculum includes the basic subjects of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry. Cadaveric dissection is a traditional method of teaching structural details of human body to medical students. Because of the problems related to the availablity of human cadavers,a shift towards greater use of alternative modalities including virtual anatomy, plastination models, computer based imaging and non cadaveric models is in progress. Cadaveric dissection enables the students to appreciate the feel of human tissues. It also gives the three dimensional view of human structure. Cadaveric oath was first started in 2016 with the objective of sensitising the new medical students to respect cadaver as their first teacher. Medical students and physicians must demonstrate sensitivity, respect, compassion ,emotional support and empathy at all times to patients and their families. Hence cadavers are to be treated with respect and regarded as a first silent teacher of a medical student. So, to appreciate the altruistic behaviour of a cadaveric donor, taking cadaveric oath becomes essential. A cadaveric oath is a pledge which students recite on the opening day to respect the dignity and integrity of the human remains that they are about to work on. Undertaking an oath prior to cadaver dissection is one of the ways by which the basic elements of ethics can be introduced to the first year medical students. Cadaveric oath conveys us to appreciate the mortality of the cadaver. So, a study is done to know the impact of cadaveric oath on first MBBS students. Methods The present study was conducted in the department of anatomy at Apollo Medical College, Hyderabad. A Questionnaire related to importance and impact of cadaveric oath was prepared and distributed to 100 students in the first year (2019) who took Cadaveric Oath and to (100 students) who were not exposed to Cadaveric Oath. The results obtained were compared. Results: It is observed that those students who have taken cadaveric oath have shown great respect & change in the attitude towards Cadaver and started treating Cadaver as a first silent teacher. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the relevance and importance of Cadaveric Oath as a part of installing bioethics in today’s age of medical technology.
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Siwa, Benard, Walter Adero, Willis Oyieko, Domnic Marera, and Kevin Ongeti. "Determinants of cadaver acquisition at Human Anatomy Learning Institutions in Kenya." Anatomy Journal of Africa 12, no. 3 (October 9, 2023): 2540–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/aja.v12i3.11.
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Background: Human anatomy instruction in Kenya is based on dissection of cadavers during practical sessions. Institutions get these cadavers using procedures available to them. However, the processes used are not standardized, and several problems are likely to develop during the cadaver acquisition process. Several factors appear to have an impact on the source, availability, and cadaver collection techniques. Some of the issues affecting cadaver acquisition may not be sufficiently addressed by current anatomy practice guidelines. This study evaluated the determinants of cadaver acquisition at human anatomy learning institutions in Kenya.
Methodology: Anatomists and anatomy laboratory personnel handling cadavers in Kenya were interviewed for the study. A cross-sectional study design was used, as well as a purposive sampling strategy. The self-administered surveys were completed by 68 study participants. The data was tallied, loaded into SPSS version 26 for analysis, then plotted into graphs and tables for interpretation.
Results: Cadavers were mostly acquired from unclaimed bodies (100%). In most situations (80.9%), anatomy laboratory technicians oversee cadaver collection. A cadaver acquisition delay of more than two weeks was reported by 80.88% of respondents. According to 44.12% of respondents, the biggest reason for cadaver collecting delays was the need for financial compensation. Most cadavers (98.5%) are obtained through lobbying at the source. According to 92.6% of responders, defaced or damaged cadavers are mostly rejected. According to 94.2% of respondents, the Kenya Anatomy Act has no instructions on how to obtain cadavers.
Conclusion: The efficiency of cadaver acquisition is affected by several factors that affect both the procedure and the people in charge of procuring the cadavers. Institutions in Kenya lack a comprehensive cadaver acquisition policy that describes the procedure and personnel in charge of procuring cadavers. There is no specified documented protocol or guideline for cadaver acquisition in the Kenya anatomy act.
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Oyewopo, A. A., O. S. Adeleke, O. S. Tokunbo, B. A. Falana, and O. Johnson. "Plastination: a novel approach to cadavar scarcity in Nigeria." Anatomy Journal of Africa 7, no. 1 (February 11, 2018): 1175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/aja.v7i1.169491.
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Cadaveric dissection has always been an integral part of medical education being used for teaching Anatomy, Surgery, Pathology, Radiology, Medical and Biomedical Research in Nigeria higher institutions of learning. However, it is undeniable that Nigeria Universities had been facing a lot of challenges in acquiring cadavers. In view of this scarcity of bodies, organs and tissues for studies, teaching and research, newer techniques of preserving biological tissues for long duration such as plastination is important. Thus, this review elaborates and identifies problems in cadaver acquisition in Nigeria, suggests better preservative technique of cadaver and identifies possible limitations to the practice of the suggested technique and proper possible solutions to the limitations.Keywords: Plastination, Cadaver, Anatomy, Preservative
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Mabrouk, M., S. Mahgoub, A. Vashisht, and R. Seracchioli. "Innovative Cadaveric Technique: Utilising n-Butyl Cyanoacrylate (n-BCA) for Deep Endometriosis Excision Simulation in Minimal Invasive Surgery Training." Facts, Views and Vision in ObGyn 16, no. 1 (March 2024): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.52054/fvvo.16.1.002.
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Background: Our study aimed to create a novel technique using n-butyl cyanoacrylate (n-BCA) for minimal access simulation training on cadavers in deep endometriosis excision. Objectives: A step-by-step video demonstration of using n-BCA in cadavers to simulate deep endometriosis. This technique is integrated into training sessions using cadavers aimed at enhancing surgical proficiency for deep endometriosis procedures. Material and Methods: Video article describing using n-BCA in cadavers as a simulation model. Result: This technique has been used in a hands-on cadaveric training course, and positive feedback supports the recommendation to incorporate this technique. Conclusion: Utilizing a human cadaver model proves beneficial for enhancing understanding of deep pelvic innervation. Implementing n-BCA in these cadaver dissections demonstrates both reproducibility and safety. This approach significantly contributes to refining surgical expertise in the excision of deep infiltrating endometriosis.
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Rothstein, Josh, Jennifer Gullo, Lee Cuningham, Peter Murphy, and Mark Sochor. "Training Emergency Medicine Residents—the Skill of Endotracheal Intubation: Comparison of Human Cadavers vs Mannequins." Panamerican Journal of Trauma, Critical Care & Emergency Surgery 3, no. 1 (2014): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10030-1078.
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ABSTRACT Introduction and objectives There are multiple approaches to teach residents the skill of endotracheal intubation, including classroom teaching, cadaveric specimens, and simulation mannequins. The hypothesis of our study is training in the technique of intubation is equally mastered (resident confidence and competency) in training on human cadavers or simulation mannequins. Materials and methods Emergency medicine interns were asked to voluntarily enroll in the study prior to the beginning of intern year and randomized into two groups. The first group practiced intubation using mannequins. The second group practiced intubation using human cadavers. Both groups were given the same brief introductory lecture on the basics of endotracheal intubation. One week later, all the interns returned and attempted to intubate cadavers and mannequins. Competency assessment was based on the number of successful intubations, number of attempts, and use of adjunctive techniques. Interns were also surveyed after their anesthesia rotation with a Likert scale on confidence of being able to perform intubation. Results The overall average number of attempts was 1.67 in the mannequin group and 1.85 in the cadaver group. Mannequin trained interns had a total of 24 poor techniques noted over the 2 years. The cadaver trained group had a total of 35 poor techniques over the 2 years. Adjunct use was nearly identical in the two groups. Intubation success rate during anesthesia rotation and preparation ratings were nearly identical in the two groups. However, the cadaver-trained group reported feeling slightly more confident. Conclusion Overall, mannequins require fewer attempts to intubate and being mannequin trained results in fewer attempts. Adjunct use is independent of training type. The mannequintrained group had less episodes of poor technique than the cadaver-trained group. A mannequin training appears to be equivalent or better than cadaveric training for securing an airway, although cadaver trained interns reported slightly more confidence. How to cite this article Rothstein J, Gullo J, Cuningham L, Murphy P, Sochor M. Training Emergency Medicine Residents— the Skill of Endotracheal Intubation: Comparison of Human Cadavers vs Mannequins. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2014;3(1):8-10.
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Frithioff, Andreas, Martin Frendø, Kenneth Weiss, Søren Foghsgaard, David Bue Pedersen, Mads Sølvsten Sørensen, and Steven Arild Wuyts Andersen. "Effect of 3D-Printed Models on Cadaveric Dissection in Temporal Bone Training." OTO Open 5, no. 4 (October 2021): 2473974X2110650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473974x211065012.
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Objective Mastoidectomy is a cornerstone in the surgical management of middle and inner ear diseases. Unfortunately, training is challenged by insufficient access to human cadavers. Three-dimensional (3D) printing of temporal bones could alleviate this problem, but evidence on their educational effectiveness is lacking. It is largely unknown whether training on 3D-printed temporal bones improves mastoidectomy performance, including on cadavers, and how this training compares with virtual reality (VR) simulation. To address this knowledge gap, this study investigated whether training on 3D-printed temporal bones improves cadaveric dissection performance, and it compared this training with the already-established VR simulation. Study Design Prospective cohort study of an educational intervention. Setting Tertiary university hospital, cadaver dissection laboratory, and simulation center in Copenhagen, Denmark. Methods Eighteen otorhinolaryngology residents (intervention) attending the national temporal bone dissection course received 3 hours of mastoidectomy training on 3D-printed temporal bones. Posttraining cadaver mastoidectomy performances were rated by 3 experts using a validated assessment tool and compared with those of 66 previous course participants (control) who had received time-equivalent VR training prior to dissection. Results The intervention cohort outperformed the controls during cadaver dissection by 29% ( P < .001); their performances were largely similar across training modalities but remained at a modest level (~50% of the maximum score). Conclusion Mastoidectomy skills improved from training on 3D-printed temporal bone and seemingly more so than on time-equivalent VR simulation. Importantly, these skills transferred to cadaveric dissection. Training on 3D-printed temporal bones can effectively supplement cadaver training when learning mastoidectomy.
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Sawyer, A. J., M. E. Ramos, T. J. Poprawski, R. S. Soper, and R. I. Carruthers. "SEASONAL PATTERNS OF CADAVER PERSISTENCE AND SPORULATION BY THE FUNGAL PATHOGEN ENTOMOPHAGA GRYLLI (FRESENIUS) BATKO (ENTOMOPHTHORALES: ENTOMOPHTHORACEAE) INFECTING CAMNULA PELLUCIDA (SCUDDER) (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 129, S171 (1997): 355–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm129171355-1.
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AbstractEntomophaga grylli (Fresenius) Batko (North American pathotype 1) is a fungal pathogen of the clearwinged grasshopper, Camnula pellucida (Scudder). We present results from a field experiment conducted in Arizona in 1984, designed to investigate factors associated with seasonal patterns of cadaver persistence and sporulation by E. grylli. Rangeland plots at two sites were monitored daily for 8 weeks for the appearance of new cadavers of diseased grasshoppers during a natural epizootic. Cadavers were individually marked and revisited on subsequent days, when it was noted whether or not conidial sporulation was underway. Environmental variables were recorded by electronic data loggers. Daily probabilities of cadaver disappearance and fungal sporulation were analysed in relation to site, date, and various measures of cadaver status, sporulation history, and environmental variables by logistic regression analysis. The average daily rate of cadaver disappearance was 0.22, yielding an expected time to 50% disappearance of 2.8 days. The environmental factor most significantly associated with cadaver disappearance was rainfall, and the most important host factor was age of the cadaver. The probability that conidia would be discharged from a cadaver over the next 24 h was most dependent on whether or not conidial sporulation was underway already. This probably reflects a state of readiness for sporulation on the part of the fungus. Although the probability of sporulation declined with increasing age of a cadaver, high rates of sporulation were predicted under conditions of prolonged leaf wetness and high humidity at night, regardless of age of the cadaver. These results, together with the observation that in some cadavers sequences of sporulation were interspersed with periods of no sporulation, suggest that E. grylli may undergo cycles of dehydration and rehydration, in which conidial production is interrupted and then resumes in response to changing environmental conditions.
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Balekuduru, Avinash Bhat, Amit Kumar Dutta, and Satyaprakash Bonthala Subbaraj. "Endoscopy on a Human Cadaver: A Feasibility Study as a Training Tool." Journal of Digestive Endoscopy 09, no. 03 (July 2018): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jde.jde_13_18.
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Background: Simulation device and porcine models are increasingly being used for training in gastrointestinal endoscopy. However reports on the use of human cadaver for training in diagnostic or therapeutic endoscopy are limited. Method: Human cadavers were preserved at our center in a customized non formalin based solution which retains organoleptic properties (preserves the colour, feel, inflation of gut). We studied the feasibility of using these cadavers for training in endoscopy. Endoscopy was performed using PENTAX/ EP 2940 with a light source processor PENTAX/EPM 3500. Participants performed endoscopy and submucosal injection on cadaver as well as simulator. Before and after simulator and cadaver training, attendees completed a questionnaire on intubation, manoeuvring esophagus, stomach and duodenum for diagnostic endoscopy and scope positioning, needle out, submucosal injection and elevation of mucosa and needle in. The steps of ESD- marking, precut and submucosal dissection were attempted on the stomach of human cadaver. Results: Ten participants with very little prior experience of endoscopy felt the cadaver based training more beneficial in obtaining the sub mucosal plane and positioning the needle for four quadrant injection as compared to the endoscopic simulator (ES). The attendees felt that while ES has the advantage of providing feedback for the procedure, training on cadaver gave more realistic tactile experience and feel of the elasticity of the gut wall. Overall, diagnostic endoscopy was comparable in both cadaver and simulator except for difficulty in intubation in the former due to supine cadaver position. The steps of ESD were done only in the cadaver with limited success. Conclusion: This study shows the feasibility of using human cadaver for simulation-based training programs in gastrointestinal encoscopy.
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Yoganandan, Narayan, Alok Shah, Jamie Baisden, Brian Stemper, Mary Otterson, Lewis Somberg, Cameron Bass, et al. "Matched-pair hybrid test paradigm for behind armor blunt trauma using an experimental animal model." Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open 9, no. 1 (June 2024): e001194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tsaco-2023-001194.
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BackgroundThe current behind armor blunt trauma (BABT) injury criterion uses a single penetration limit of 44 mm in Roma Plastilina clay and is not specific to thoracoabdominal regions. However, different regions in the human body have different injury tolerances. This manuscript presents a matched-pair hybrid test paradigm with different experimental models and candidate metrics to develop regional human injury criteria.MethodsLive and cadaver swine were used as matched pair experimental models. An impactor simulating backface deformation profiles produced by body armor from military-relevant ballistics was used to deliver BABT loading to liver and lung regions in cadaver and live swine. Impact loading was characterized using peak accelerations and energy. For live swine, physiological parameters were monitored for 6 hours, animals were euthanized, and a detailed necropsy was done to identify injuries to skeletal structures, organs and soft tissues. A similar process was used to identify injuries to the cadaver swine for targeted thoracoabdominal regions.ResultsTwo cadavers and one live swine were subjected to BABT impacts to the liver. One cadaver and one live swine were subjected to BABT impacts to the left lung. Injuries to both regions were similar at similar energies between the cadaver and live models.ConclusionsSwine is an established animal for thoracoabdominal impact studies in automotive standards, although at lower insult levels. Similarities in BABT responses between cadaver and live swine allow for extending testing protocols to human cadavers and for the development of scaling relationships between animal and human cadavers, acting as a hybrid protocol between species and live and cadaver models. Injury tolerances and injury risk curves from live animals can be converted to human tolerances via structural scaling using these outcomes. The present experimental paradigm can be used to develop region-based BABT injury criteria, which are not currently available.
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Fleischmann, Kenneth R. "Cadaver Use and Coping Mechanisms in a Biomechanics Laboratory." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 46, no. 2 (March 2003): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/caeu-u3vv-0vmr-mh8q.
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Although many studies have focused on emotional anxiety related to cadaver use in medical school gross anatomy laboratories and disaster relief settings, this study breaks new ground by investigating coping mechanisms employed by members of a research laboratory where cadaver use is common. This setting differs from those of other studies insofar as cadaver use is a common occurrence over an extended period of time, the laboratory is composed of engineers and computer programmers as well as medically trained individuals, and cadaver parts, rather than whole cadavers, are used in the studies. In this article, coping mechanisms are qualitatively described and then related to differences between this laboratory setting and the settings of previous studies on coping mechanisms related to cadaver use.
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Surajit Kundu, Anil R Sherke, and Richa Gurudiwan. "Cadaver as the first silent medical teacher: Exploring bioethical perceptions of department of anatomy." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 13, no. 5 (May 3, 2022): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v13i5.39305.
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Background: Department of Anatomy with its time honored and integral essence, human cadaveric dissection has been trying to serve the medical profession since the inception of medicine. Every human cadaver who goes under the knife of medical student during anatomical dissection deserves special treatment and utmost respect. But unfortunately, probably the hidden curriculum of bioethical sentiments of the body donor and the human cadaver have been noted to become extinct from medical profession, until recently with the introduction of the new competency based medical education in India. Aims and Objectives: The present study attempts to dig out the noble practices followed in various medical schools to ensure the human cadaver gets the rightful respect and dignity. Our literature review reflects the practice of students’ conduct and habits on the 1st day of dissection. We emphasize guidelines that may be sincerely recommended to medical schools to ensure respectful humanity and honor towards the human cadavers. Materials and Methods: The psycho-social attitudes of MBBS students has been attempted to learn by distributing questionnaire to the 2019 batch MBBS students (n=60) of Late Shri Lakhiram Agrawal Memorial Government Medical College Raigarh (CG) during the foundation course (first 1 month of 1st year curriculum) and on their first encounter with the cadaver. Results: About 95.4% and 57.5% of students showed positive and negative perceptions. The religious beliefs and emotional attachments with the cadaver were noted to be as 23.33% and 76.11%, respectively. The sentiments included cognitive, affective, moral, and behavioral. Conclusion: The article attempts to focus the noble endeavor of the Cadaver as the first silent medical teacher who wishes to enlighten the pure minds of medical students with knowledge and empathy to be shown towards the patients. Based on the emotional observations made from the medical students on their first encounter with the cadaver, the present study anastomoses science and humanity with care, compassion, and dignity.
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Gadomski, Benjamin C., Snehal S. Shetye, Bradley J. Hindman, Franklin Dexter, Brandon G. Santoni, Michael M. Todd, Vincent C. Traynelis, Robert P. From, Ricardo B. Fontes, and Christian M. Puttlitz. "Intubation biomechanics: validation of a finite element model of cervical spine motion during endotracheal intubation in intact and injured conditions." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 28, no. 1 (January 2018): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2017.5.spine17189.
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OBJECTIVEBecause of limitations inherent to cadaver models of endotracheal intubation, the authors’ group developed a finite element (FE) model of the human cervical spine and spinal cord. Their aims were to 1) compare FE model predictions of intervertebral motion during intubation with intervertebral motion measured in patients with intact cervical spines and in cadavers with spine injuries at C-2 and C3–4 and 2) estimate spinal cord strains during intubation under these conditions.METHODSThe FE model was designed to replicate the properties of an intact (stable) spine in patients, C-2 injury (Type II odontoid fracture), and a severe C3–4 distractive-flexion injury from prior cadaver studies. The authors recorded the laryngoscope force values from 2 different laryngoscopes (Macintosh, high intubation force; Airtraq, low intubation force) used during the patient and cadaver intubation studies. FE-modeled motion was compared with experimentally measured motion, and corresponding cord strain values were calculated.RESULTSFE model predictions of intact intervertebral motions were comparable to motions measured in patients and in cadavers at occiput–C2. In intact subaxial segments, the FE model more closely predicted patient intervertebral motions than did cadavers. With C-2 injury, FE-predicted motions did not differ from cadaver measurements. With C3–4 injury, however, the FE model predicted greater motions than were measured in cadavers. FE model cord strains during intubation were greater for the Macintosh laryngoscope than the Airtraq laryngoscope but were comparable among the 3 conditions (intact, C-2 injury, and C3–4 injury).CONCLUSIONSThe FE model is comparable to patients and cadaver models in estimating occiput–C2 motion during intubation in both intact and injured conditions. The FE model may be superior to cadavers in predicting motions of subaxial segments in intact and injured conditions.
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Kurniasari, Vina Alexandra, Yunia Hastami, and Siti Munawaroh. "The Effectiveness of Cadavers Compared with Mannequins on Understanding Anatomy of the Nervous System of Medical Students." Ahmad Dahlan Medical Journal 3, no. 1 (May 31, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/admj.v3i1.6207.
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Anatomy of the nervous system is one of the basic materials of medicine that is quite difficult for students to understand. One method used for learning anatomy is a practicum in the laboratory by using various media, such as cadavers and mannequins. Both of these learning media has advantages and disadvantages of each in helping students to understand anatomy material. This study aims to compare cadavers and mannequins as a medium to assist students' understanding of the anatomy of the nervous system. This research is quasi-experimental research. Sampling using cluster random sampling method amounted to 4 SGD groups of first semester students of Sebelas Maret University medical study program which were then divided into 2 groups for each given material using cadaver and mannequins. Data collection was carried out by pretest and posttest conducted before and after the material was given using cadaver or mannequins. Data analysis using the t-independent test. This study shows that there is no significant difference between the use of cadavers and mannequins in the learning process of the anatomy of the nervous system, with t-independent test values obtained significance values of more than 0.05 (significance = 0.558). We can conclude that cadavers and mannequins are equally effective for use as a tool for learning the anatomy of the nervous system. ABSTRAK Anatomi sistem saraf merupakan salah satu materi dasar kedokteran yang dinilai cukup sulit bagi mahasiswa untuk dipahami. Salah satu metode pembelajaran anatomi, yaitu dengan praktikum di laboratorium dengan menggunakan berbagai media seperti, cadaver dan manekin. Kedua media pembelajaran ini masing-masing memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangan dalam membantu proses pemahaman anatomi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan cadaver dan manekin sebagai media untuk membantu pemahaman anatomi sistem saraf. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian quasi-eksperimental. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode cluster random sampling berjumlah 4 kelompok SGD mahasiswa semester satu program studi kedokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret yang kemudian dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok untuk masing-masing materi diberikan menggunakan cadaver dan manekin. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan pretest sebelum pemberian materi dan posttest setelah pemberian materi, baik menggunakan cadaver maupun manekin. Analisis data menggunakan uji t-independen. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara penggunaan cadaver atau manekin dalam pembelajaran anatomi sistem saraf, dengan hasil signifikasi pada uji t-independen didapatkan lebih dari 0.05 (signifikasi = 0.558). Dapat kami simpulkan bahwa cadaver dan manekin sama efektifnya untuk digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran anatomi sistem saraf.
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Romi, Muhammad Mansyur, Nur Arfian, and Dwi Cahyani Ratna Sari. "IS CADAVER STILL NEEDED IN MEDICAL EDUCATION?" Jurnal Pendidikan Kedokteran Indonesia: The Indonesian Journal of Medical Education 8, no. 3 (November 25, 2019): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpki.46690.
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Background: Medical education has been developing very rapidly. Cadavers, which can serve as very important learning resources, need special concern for their availability and utility.Methods: This narrative review is based on related articles freely downloaded which discuss the role and availability of cadavers worldwide. The recent Indonesian condition with Universitas Gadjah Mada as a case will be described.Results: Cadavers play important roles in several aspects, from bioethics and behavioral development until clinical skills, in basic education and especially in postgraduate and advance clinical training. The availability of cadavers has declined significantly, and as a result, the impacts must be considered. Most cadavers are unidentified bodies, eventhough presently a body donation program is recommended as the alternative source.Conclusion: Currently in Indonesia, timely participation is needed from various stakeholders to support effective and efficient cadaver availability and utility. Additional learning resources are needed to be developed in order to assure quality improvement of medical education.Keywords: cadaver, medical education, bioethics, unidentified bodies, body donation.
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Nayak, B., P. Shetty, S. Sirasanagandla, N. Kumar, and A. Aithal. "Histo-morphological study of a giant Meckel's diverticulum with gastric type of mucosa." Journal of Morphological Sciences 33, no. 02 (April 2016): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.098015.
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Abstract Introduction: Meckel's diverticulum or ileal diverticulum is one of the common congenital anomalies of the digestive system. It may not cause any problems in many, but may form serious life threatening complications in a few. Materials and Methods: We conducted a histo-morphological study of a giant Meckel's diverticulum found during cadaveric dissections of a South Indian adult male cadaver. The diverticulum was 7.5 cm long and had a circumference of 1.5 cm. Results: Gross anatomical and histological observations revealed healthy nature of the diverticulum without any inflammation. However, the mucosa had gastric type of glands with plenty of parietal cells. This incidence of Meckel's diverticulum was noted in only one cadaver among more than 100 cadavers dissected in the past twenty years. Conclusion: Knowledge of its morphological features may be very useful to surgeons, radiologists and gastroenterologists. We discuss the clinical importance of the diverticulum and review the relevant literature in this manuscript.
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Tamayo-Arango, Lynda, and Anderson Garzón-Alzate. "Preservation of Animal Cadavers with a Formaldehyde-free Solution for Gross Anatomy." Journal of Morphological Sciences 35, no. 02 (June 2018): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1669434.
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AbstractMotivated by the current health safety regulations at Universidad de Antioquia, our laboratory changed the animal cadavers preserving solution based on formaldehyde, methanol, glycerin and phenol to a formula based on 85% ethanol, 10% glycerin, and 5% benzalkonium chloride. A total of 33 donated cadavers were preserved with this formula so far: 4 goats, 16 dogs, 3 cats and 10 bovine fetuses. Red and blue latex dyes were injected into the vascular systems. Small cadavers were first injected with latex, followed by muscular and intracavitary injection with the preservation fluid and immersion in 96% ethanol. Large cadavers were vascularly injected, wrapped in plastic bags and vascularly repleted with latex during the next 8 days. Samples were taken for microbiological analysis from 3 cadavers: 1 cadaver wrapped with plastic for 2 months, 1 cadaver immersed for 4 months, and 1 cadaver after 15 days of perfusion. The first way to preserve cadavers was more time-consuming, but it rendered cadavers with a more thorough distribution of latex on small arteries and veins. An enhanced flexibility of joints and tissues promoted an easier dissection process, even of the most distal regions, allowing the movement of tendons along their sheaths. Also, a better color preservation was observed in spite of a darkening after the tissues were exposed to the air. There was no gross evidence of decay from bacterial or fungal growth, and the cultures were negative. The most important advantage of this formula is its lower toxicity and cost.
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Robbins, Brent Dean, Ashley Tomaka, Cara Innus, Joel Patterson, and Gary Styn. "Lessons from the Dead: The Experiences of Undergraduates Working with Cadavers." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 58, no. 3 (May 2009): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om.58.3.b.
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Dissection of a human cadaver is a time-honored tradition for teaching anatomy in medical education. However, in recent years, for a variety of reasons, including costs and ethical concerns, some medical programs have ceased cadaver dissection in exchange for virtual dissection of cadavers in cyberspace. Past research suggests that students find work on a cadaver to be distressing, but also rewarding. This study analyzed journal entries from 21 undergraduate students working with a cadaver in a gross anatomy course. An empirical, phenomenological analysis of the data identified 19 common themes among the participant's journal entries. In addition, the analysis disclosed how participants usually felt a need to justify the act of dissection. Finally, the analysis identified how students differed in the varied ways they coped with the ambiguous status of the cadaver, which was sometimes viewed as a deceased person while at other times experienced as a fascinating machine. Based on the findings, the researchers offer recommendations for helping students to better cope with the experience of cadaver dissection and to use the experience pedagogically to better prepare students for the stress of the medical world, especially issues surrounding death and dying.
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Stogicza, A., A. M. Trescot, E. Racz, L. Lollo, L. Magyar, and E. Keller. "Inferior Hypogastric Plexus Block Affects Sacral Nerves and the Superior Hypogastric Plexus." ISRN Anesthesiology 2012 (September 29, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/686082.
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Background. The inferior hypogastric plexus mediates pain sensation through the sympathetic chain for the lower abdominal and pelvic viscera and is thought to be a major structure involved in numerous pelvic and perineal pain syndromes and conditions. Objectives. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the structures affected by an inferior hypogastric plexus blockade utilizing the transsacral approach. Study Design. This is an observational study of fresh cadaver subjects. Setting. The cadaver injections and dissections were performed at the Department of Forensic Sciences and Insurance Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary after obtaining institutional review board approval. Methods. 5 fresh cadavers underwent inferior hypogastric plexus blockade with radiographic contrast and methylene blue dye injection by the transsacral fluoroscopic technique described by Schultz followed by dissection of the pelvic and perineal structures to localize distribution of the indicator dye. Radiographs demonstrating correct needle localization by contrast spread in the specific tissue plane and photographs of the dye distribution after cadaver dissection were recorded for each subject. Results. In all cadavers the dye spread to the posterior surface of the rectum and the superior hypogastric plexus. The dye also demonstrated distribution to the anterior sacral nerve roots of S1, 2, and 3 with bilateral spread in 3 cadavers and ipsilateral spread in 2 of them. Limitations. The small number of cadaver specimens in this study limits the results and generalization of their clinical significance. Conclusions. Inferior hypogastric plexus blockade by a transsacral approach results in distribution of dye to the anterior sacral nerve roots and superior hypogastric plexus as demonstrated by dye spread in freshly dissected cadavers and not by local anesthetic spread to other pelvic and perineal viscera.
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Cochran, Brigitte Cochran, Tamryn Van Der Horn, Savita Arya, and Shiv Dhiman. "Dermatopathological Analysis of Common Skin Lesions Encountered in Cadavers." International Journal of Cadaveric Studies and Anatomical Variations 5, no. 1 (June 28, 2024): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.61797/ijcsav.v5i1.299.
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This study served as a purpose for medical students to gain experience in both dermatology and pathology, which is a common barrier that prevents first and second year medical students from refining skills that are not later taught until residency. This prompted a study to develop gross differential diagnostic skills and how to analyze histopathology slides to diagnose common skin lesions to refine skills in both clinical and histology presentation. A cadaveric case series was designed to examine multiple shave biopsies on all abnormal skin lesions observed from nine cadavers used for the first year medical students gross anatomy lab during the year 2022-2023. Biopsies were stained using hematoxylin and eosin. Histopathology slides, though initially viewed by medical students, were confirmed by a pathologist at a later time. 25 samples were taken from the 9 cadavers. The most commonly encountered lesion was macular seborrheic keratosis, with nine of the 25 (32%). Seven of the sample lesions (26.9%) were melanocytic nevus. Two sample lesions (8.0%) from the same cadaver were a superficial cutaneous cyst and one sample lesion (3.8%) from a separate cadaver indicated verruca vulgaris. Common dermatological lesions were identified among the nine cadavers used for analysis. This provided opportunities to develop and refine skills in dermatopathology. A further increase in sample size is needed to gain exposure to a larger variety of lesions and to identify common dermatological lesions grossly based on differing race, age, and gender.
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Macluskey, Michaelina, Angela S. Anderson, Mark Gribben, and Simon D. Shepherd. "An Educational Evaluation of Thiel Cadavers as a Model for Teaching Suturing Skills to Dental Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Dentistry Journal 10, no. 7 (July 4, 2022): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj10070125.
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Suturing is an essential skill in dentistry and not one easily acquired. The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a change to the use of Thiel cadavers and online resources with the aim of improving skill acquisition using the best model available. This study investigated the utility of the Thiel cadaver for teaching suturing skills and the potential impact of the lockdown. Fifty-seven year 4 students attended a teaching session. Student views on this teaching were explored via a questionnaire survey and qualitative data collected from a focus group. Data were analysed using an inductive approach. The response rate was 53% (30 students) for the questionnaire with 9 students participating in the focus group. Independent feedback was provided by two members of the teaching staff. Online video resources were very well received by the students with 97% agreeing that it was useful preparation. Ninety percent (90%) thought that the cadaveric model was suitable for this teaching and realistic. Positive emergent themes from the focus group centred on the use of the cadaveric model and the positive and relaxed teaching and learning environment. Staff perceived this model as superior to previously used models. There were no reported negative pandemic impacts and the cadaver model was well received.
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Lavrukova, O. S., E. L. Kazakova, and A. Yu Polyakov. "Postmortem tissue changes and dynamics of their impedance parameters: a preclinical experimental study." Kuban Scientific Medical Bulletin 30, no. 5 (October 26, 2023): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.25207/1608-6228-2023-30-5-77-86.
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Background. Establishing regularities in postmortem intervals comprises one of the main tasks of the forensic science of death and cadaveric phenomena. The knowledge of these regularities is directly related to reconstructing the postmortem conditions and, consequently, to determining the postmortem interval. Objective. To analyze postmortem changes in cadaver tissues and dynamics of their impedance parameters under the conditions of natural biocenosis. Methods. The study involved the cadavers of model biological objects – eight pigs, aged one to two months, weighing up to 10 kg. Experimental studies of cadaver decomposition were carried out under natural biocenosis conditions, daily for 28 days with two replications. Changes in cadaver tissues during decomposition were recorded and analyzed. The subject of biophysical studies was the tissue impedance parameters of three diagnostic zones of the biological object: the musculocutaneous flap, the cartilaginous part of the third rib and the calcaneal tendon. Impedance measurements for each postmortem interval were performed at five studied current frequencies: 100 and 120 Hz, 1, 10 and 100 kHz. A total of 2,400 readings were taken. Statistical analysis of the study results was carried out by means of Statistica 8.0 (StatSoft Inc., USA). Results. Postmortem biological changes in cadaver tissues correlate with the nature of their impedance dynamics. The study of impedance under conditions of natural biocenosis established its identical dependence on the postmortem interval for all current frequencies of the study of all diagnostic zones of model biological objects: in the initial interval of 0–4 days, the impedance gives a “surge” followed by a smoother decrease. Cadaver tissues were recorded to indicate the presence of impedance dispersion in general in the studied frequency range and the absence of dispersion directly for high frequencies. Conclusion. Understanding the causes and essence of postmortem processes contributes to assessing and substantiating changes in any characteristics of tissues measured quantitatively, including impedance indicators, as well as to predicting the prospects of their use for specific practical purposes, in particular, for determining the postmortem interval.
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Shah, Ashish, Harshadkumar Patel, Martim Pinto, Nicholas Dahlgren, Eildar Abyar, Robert Stibolt, Eva ehtonen, Michael Johnson, and Sameer Naranje. "Syndesmotic Fixation With Suture Button. Neurovascular Structures at Risk. A Cadaver Study." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 2473011418S0042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011418s00424.
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Category: Trauma Introduction/Purpose: Damage to distal tibiofibular syndesmosis occurs in 25% of operative ankle fractures. Syndesmotic stabilization is crucial to prevent significant pain, instability and degeneration of the joint. One operative method is insertion of suture buttons. Though effective, this method can result in entrapment and damage of the saphenous neurovasculature of the medial tibia. The purpose of this study was to describe the anatomic risk of direct injury to the saphenous nerve and greater saphenous vein during syndesmotic suture button fixation. Methods: This study was performed on 10 below knee cadaveric leg specimens. Under fluoroscopic guidance, syndesmotic suture buttons were placed from lateral to medial at 1cm, 2cm, and 3cm above the tibial plafond at an anterior angle of 30 degrees to the coronal plane. Dissection was performed through medial tibial incision to record the distance and position of each button from the greater saphenous vein and saphenous nerve. Statistical measurement and analysis was performed with SPSS. Results: The mean age of cadavers was 78.2 ± 6.9 years and mean BMI was 21.6 ± 2.2. The mean distance of the saphenous nerve to the suture buttons at 1cm, 2cm, and 3cm were 7.1 ± 5.6mm, 6.5 ± 4.6mm, and 6.1 ± 4.2mm, respectively. The saphenous nerve was compressed in 2 cadavers (20%) at 1cm, 2 cadavers (20%) at 2cm and 1 cadaver (10%) at 3cm by suture buttons. Mean distance of the greater saphenous vein from the suture buttons at 1cm, 2cm and 3cm were 8.6 ± 7.1, 9.1 ± 5.3, and 7.9 ± 4.9mm respectively. The great saphenous vein was compressed in 2 cadavers (20%) at 1cm, 1 cadaver (10%) at 2cm and 1 cadaver (10%) at 3cm by suture buttons. Conclusion: There was at least one case of injury to both the saphenous vein and nerve at every level of button insertion at a rate of 10-20%. The close proximity of the suture button to neurovasculature combined with significant anatomic variation in saphenous nerve anatomy suggest that neurovascular injury may be best avoided by direct visualization prior to suture button placement. Great care should be taken to avoid injury to saphenous neurovascular structures during suture button insertion. Keeping an eye on close proximity of neurovasculatures, we recommend medial incision for during syndesmotic suture button fixation.
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Prodanovic, Srdjan, and Stefan Stenfelt. "Review of Whole Head Experimental Cochlear Promontory Vibration with Bone Conduction Stimulation and Investigation of Experimental Setup Effects." Trends in Hearing 25 (January 2021): 233121652110527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23312165211052764.
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Bone conduction sound transmission in humans has been extensively studied using cochlear promontory vibrations. These studies use vibration data collected from measurements in live humans, whole cadavers, and severed cadaver heads, with stimulation applied either at an implant in the skull bone or directly on the skin. Experimental protocols, methods, and preparation of cadavers or cadaver heads vary among the studies, and it is currently unknown to what extent the aforementioned variables affect the outcome of those studies. The current study has two aims. The first aim is to review and compare available experimental data and assess the effects of the experimental protocol and methods. The second aim is to investigate similarities and differences found between the experimental studies based on simulations in a finite element model, the LiUHead. With implant stimulation, the average cochlear promontory vibration levels were within 10 dB, independent of the experimental setup and preparations of the cadavers or cadaver heads. With on-skin stimulation, the results were consistent between cadaver heads and living humans. Partial or complete replacement of the brain with air does not affect the cochlear promontory vibration, whereas replacing the brain with liquid reduces the vibration level by up to 5 dB. An intact head–neck connection affects the vibration of the head at frequencies below 300–400 Hz with a significant vibration reduction at frequencies below 200 Hz. Removing all soft tissue, brain tissue, and intracranial fluid from the head increases the overall cochlear promontory vibration level by around 5 dB.
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Pudjiastuti, Yulia, Erfansyah Erfansyah, and Siti Herlinda. "Keefektivan Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. isolat Indigenous pagaralam sumatera selatan pada media beras terhadap larva Plutella xylostella Linn. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae)." Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 3, no. 1 (February 23, 2017): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5994/jei.3.1.30.
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The objective of study was to investigate the effectiveness of Beauveria bassiana isolate cultured in half-ripe rice media against third-instar larvae of Plutella xylostella. The research used 10 isolates consisted of 4 isolates that were originnally collected from Pagaralam i.e. PD1 (isolated from P. xylostella cadaver), PD2, PD8, PD9B (from Crysodeixis chalcites cadaver), and 6 isolates from other areas as comparison, i.e. CCW3 (from Crysodeixis chalcites cadaver), BBL (from Hypothenemus hampei cadaver), CH (from Conomorpha cramerella cadaver), CPJW (from H. hampei cadavi), WC (from Nilaparvata lugens cadaver), and WSJT (from Leptocorixa acuta cadaver). The parameters that were measured were mortality of larvae, time of death and behaviour of larvae after application. Result of the test showed that B. bassiana isolated from L. acuta (WSJT isolate) caused the highest mortality i.e. 73.34 %, with the highest spore density 5.6x107 spore ml-1 (in half-rice media) and 3.0x107 spore ml-1 (GYA media). The lowest LT50 was 19.27 hours, and was obtained from the application of PD9B. After application of B. bassiana, the behaviour of larvae was slightly change from a healthy one to less in consuming of food and then die.
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Nalbant, Asrın, Ebru Turhan, and Özden Bedre Duygu. "Attitudes of students who study in different departments against body donation." Medical Science and Discovery 10, no. 8 (August 7, 2023): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36472/msd.v10i8.1005.
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Objective: As technology continues to advance, alternative methods of cadaver education have emerged in anatomy lessons. However, cadaver dissection remains a fundamental component of medical education curricula worldwide. Material and Methods: This research was conducted among students enrolled in health sciences and other disciplines at İzmir Bakırçay University. A total of five hundred and eighty-four students took part in the study. The survey aimed to gather information on students' sociodemographic attributes and their perspectives regarding the potential donation of their and their family members' bodies for use as cadavers after their passing. Resuts: The analysis of the study's data revealed that students in both groups expressed a reluctance to donate their own bodies or those of their family members. Nonetheless, a majority of students emphasized the significance of cadaveric education, indicating that the willingness to donate cadavers could potentially rise with increased exposure to informative advertisements and comprehensive awareness campaigns. Conclusion: Despite the prevalent Islamic faith in Turkish society, survey findings indicate that religious beliefs do not significantly impede body donation. The study reveals that the primary deterrent to body donation in Turkey is the perceived lack of professionalism within the institutions accepting such donations. To enhance body donation rates in the country, a promising strategy involves launching comprehensive body donation campaigns through mass media, effectively showcasing the competence and professionalism of the parties involved in these initiatives.
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Hananouchi, Takehito, Soshi Uchida, Yusuke Hashimoto, Funakoshi Noboru, and Stephen K. Aoki. "Comparison of Labrum Resistance Force while Pull-Probing In Vivo and Cadaveric Hips." Biomimetics 6, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics6020035.
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Cadaver tissue has been identified as the highest-fidelity anatomical representation in terms of the training for orthopedic surgery, including for arthroscopy of a damaged hip labrum. However, hip labrum stiffness in vivo and in cadavers has not been directly compared. The purpose of this study was to compare in vivo and cadaveric hip labrum stiffness during pull-probing with a force sensor. We measured the resistance force of the hip labrum in ten patients during hip arthroscopy (i.e., in vivo) and compared it with ten cadavers, both intact and detached from the acetabulum, using a surgical knife. We confirmed a partial labral tear (i.e., not detached fully from the rim) at an antero-superior potion in all of the patients. The mean highest resistance levels for the hip labrum in the patients (4.7 N) were significantly lower than the intact cadaveric labrum (8.3 N), and slightly higher than the detached labrum (4.2 N). In this study, the stiffness of the cadaveric labrum tissue was similar to that of the in-vivo hip labrum.
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Knight, G. S., A. H. Beddoe, S. J. Streat, and G. L. Hill. "Body composition of two human cadavers by neutron activation and chemical analysis." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 250, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): E179—E185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1986.250.2.e179.
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In vivo neutron activation analysis (NAA) is currently used to measure body composition in metabolic and nutritional studies in many clinical situations, but has not previously been validated by comparison with chemical analysis of human cadavers. Total body nitrogen (TBN) and chlorine (TBCl) were measured in two human cadavers by NAA before homogenization and chemical analysis (CHEM) after (cadaver 1: TBN, 1.47 NAA, 1.51 CHEM; TBCl, 0.144 NAA, 0.147 CHEM; cadaver 2: TBN, 0.576 NAA, 0.572 CHEM; TBCl, 0.0227 NAA, 0.0250 CHEM). The homogenates were also analyzed by NAA, and no significant differences were found, indicating that the effects of elemental inhomogeneity on the measurement of TBN and TBCl are insignificant. Total body water, fat, protein, minerals, and carbohydrates were measured chemically for each cadaver and compared with estimates for these compartments obtained from a body composition model, which when used in vivo involves NAA and tritium dilution. The agreement found justifies the use of the model for the measurement of changes in total body protein, water, and fat in sequential studies in groups of patients.
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Meacham, Ryan K., John D. Boughter, and Merry E. Sebelik. "Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration of the Tongue Base." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 147, no. 5 (May 2, 2012): 864–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599812446677.
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Objective The authors hypothesize that floor-of-mouth and tongue base anatomy can be visualized with ultrasound and that ultrasound can be used to accurately guide needle placement and dye injection into the tongue base, serving as a surrogate for fine-needle aspiration. Study Design Observation of experimental intervention. Setting Medical school cadaver anatomy laboratory. Subjects and Methods Ultrasound imaging was performed on human cadaveric specimens to visualize the anatomy of the floor of mouth and base of tongue in a midline transcervical approach. Methylene blue dye was injected under ultrasound guidance into the base of tongue. Specimens were dissected, and results were counted and analyzed. Results Twenty-five of 32 (78%) cadaver specimens were found to have correct placement of dye within the posterior genioglossus and intrinsic tongue musculature. Seven cadavers did not have correct placement of dye. Of these, 3 had dye staining the walls of the oropharynx and epiglottis. Two specimens had dye injected erroneously into the geniohyoid muscles. One patient was found to have had a partial glossectomy. Difference in neck circumference was not significant between those with correct (mean, 37.9 cm) and incorrect (mean, 37.4 cm) dye placement ( P = .75). Conclusion Anatomy of the floor of mouth and tongue base can be readily depicted with ultrasonography. After reasonable success of injecting dye into cadaver tongue bases, the authors conclude that there appears to be a future clinical role for ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of the tongue base for tongue base lesions.
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Shrestha, Sunil, Saru Bhattarai, Samyog Mahat, Manisha Jha, and Kapil Amgain. "Embalming – History to its Recent Advancements." Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences 1, no. 1 (December 12, 2019): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.46405/ejms.v1i1.15.
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Embalming as art and science of preserving dead bodies with postponing decomposition using embalming fluid. The method of preservation of cadavers is natural and non-natural. This study involves an extensive search of journal articles to access the trend of development of embalming technique that was developed after many trials and errors. In this paper, we have briefly discussed about the past, present and upcoming future technique of cadaver preservation with recent advances and modification. We also would like to recommend that new internationally recognized standard on embalming technique should be developed so that cadavers were excellently preserved and color remains natural. Keywords: Embalming, Embalming Fluid, Cadaver preservation, Plastination, Recent Advances in Embalming, Formalin
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Shah, Ashish, Zachary Littlefield, Sean M. Young, Thomas Sanchez, Turner Sankey, Alexander K. Mihas, Matthew Young, and Chad B. Willis. "Anterior Structures at Risk During Antegrade Subtalar Fusion: A Cadaver Study." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 7, no. 4 (October 2022): 2473011421S0092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011421s00929.
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Category: Hindfoot Introduction/Purpose: Talocalcaneal arthrodesis is the gold standard treatment for severe arthritis and has a wide range of techniques that have been described to achieve fusion. However, there is a lack of the complications associated with guide wire placement for the screw construct described in the literature. The aim of this study was to assess the proximity and structural damage to the various structures of the anterior foot resulting from guide wire placement in a top down subtalar arthrodesis procedure. Methods: Seven fresh-frozen below-the-knee cadaver specimens were randomly assigned to receive either a percutaneous or mini open approach for an antegrade subtalar screw placement. Blunt dissection was performed after each screw placement to determine the proximity of the anatomical structures of interest [superficial peroneal nerve (SPN), deep peroneal nerve (DPN), dorsalis pedis artery (DPA), dorsalis pedis vein (DPV), extensor hallucis longus (EHL), and the tibialis anterior (TA)] to the inserted hardware. The mean, standard deviation, and range for distances were calculated for all structures. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine statistical significance. Results: Antegrade subtalar screw placement was performed percutaneously in four specimens and via a mini-open approach in three specimens. The guidewire was touching an anatomic structure of interest in the three specimens in the percutaneous groups and one specimen in the mini-open group. For the mini-open approach, the DPN, DPA, DPV, and EHL were uninjured but touching the guidewire on one cadaver. For the percutaneous approach, the DPN was uninjured but touching the guidewire on two cadavers, the DPA was uninjured but touching the guidewire on one cadaver and penetrated on a different cadaver, the DPV was uninjured but touching the guidewire on two cadavers and penetrated on a different cadaver, and the EHL was uninjured but touching the guidewire on one cadaver and penetrated on a different cadaver. Distance from each structure of interest to the screw head can be found in Table 1. Conclusion: This study shows the potential risks to anterior structures when placing an antegrade subtalar screw during fusion. We suggest that orthopedic surgeons exercise caution when performing critical steps of the procedure to minimize avoidable injury to structures of importance that may increase the morbidity of the patient.
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Pedigo, Ryan, Juliana Tolles, Daena Watcha, Amy Kaji, Roger Lewis, Elena Stark, and Jaime Jordan. "Teaching Endotracheal Intubation Using a Cadaver Versus a Manikin-based Model: a Randomized Controlled Trial." Western Journal of Emergency Medicine 21, no. 1 (December 9, 2019): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2019.10.44522.
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Introduction: The optimal method to train novice learners to perform endotracheal intubation (ETI) is unknown. The study objective was to compare two models: unembalmed cadaver vs simulation manikin. Methods: Fourth-year medical students, stratified by baseline ETI experience, were randomized 1:1 to train on a cadaver or simulation manikin. Students were tested and video recorded on a separate cadaver; two reviewers, blinded to the intervention, assessed the videos. Primary outcome was time to successful ETI, analyzed with a Cox proportional hazards model. Authors also compared percentage of glottic opening (POGO), number of ETI attempts, learner confidence, and satisfaction. Results: Of 97 students randomized, 78 were included in the final analysis. Median time to ETI did not differ significantly (hazard ratio [HR] 1.1; 95% CI [confidence interval], 0.7-1.8): cadaver group = 34.5 seconds (interquartile ratio [IQR]: 23.3-55.8) vs manikin group = 35.5 seconds (IQR: 23.8-80.5), with no difference in first-pass success (odds ratio [OR] = 1; 95% CI, 0.1-7.5) or median POGO: 80% cadaver vs 90% manikin (95% CI, -14-34%). Satisfaction was higher for cadavers (median difference = 0.5; p = 0.002; 95% CI, 0-1) as was change in student confidence (median difference = 0.5; p = 0.03; 95% CI, 0-1). Students rating their confidence a 5 (“extremely confident”) demonstrated decreased time to ETI (HR = 4.2; 95% CI, 1.0-17.2). Conclusion: Manikin and cadaver training models for ETI produced similar time to ETI, POGO, and first-pass success. Cadaver training was associated with increased student satisfaction and confidence; subjects with the highest confidence level demonstrated decreased time to ETI.
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Hachabizwa, Caswell, Mickey Banda, Joseph Hainza, Sikhanyiso Mutemwa, Krikor Erzingastian, and Elliot Kafumukache. "Cadaveric embalming using a modified Thiel method as an alternative to the formalin method." Anatomy Journal of Africa 9, no. 2 (September 22, 2020): 1797–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/aja.v9i2.199945.
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Formalin embalming method is cheaper and commonly used. Thiel method is said to be complex, expensive, not commonly used but offers better cadavers for student teaching. The study aimed at exploring the effects of two embalming methods; modified Thiel and formalin methods on cadavers in terms of muscle softness, joint flexibility, tissue colour, formalin smell and the ease with which structures can be identified. This was an experimental study design done over the period of three months where four adult male cadavers were embalmed (two under each method) and the outcome was compared. Using gravity about Ten Litres of arterial and five Litres venous Thiel fluids was slowly infused into each Thiel cadaver through the carotid artery and femoral vein respectively and cadavers remained overnight. Thiel cadavers were submerged in the tank containing about 300L of Thiel fluid, covered with a blanket and left for eight weeks. Each formalin cadaver was infused with about 15Litres of 10% formalin using the carotid artery and then wrapped in transparent plastics. Thereafter, cadavers were codified and placed in different rooms where participants examined and dissected some regions starting with Thiel cadavers and crossing over to the formalin cadavers after twenty-four hours. Thiel cadavers were softer than formalin (mean = 4.89 ± 0.53 Thiel and 2.1 ± 1.26 for formalin). For joint flexibility, at least 75% of participants strongly agreed for Thiel and at least 75% of the participants strongly disagreed for formalin (mean = 4.81 ± 0.86 Thiel and 1.71 ± 1.13 formalin). Tissue colour was closer to natural in Thiel compared to the formalin cadavers (mean = 4.82 ± 0.55 Thiel and 1.77 ± 1.07 formalin). There were no complaints due to irritant formalin smell in Thiel cadavers as opposed to the formalin ones (mean = 1.15 ± 0.55 Thiel and 4.56 ± 1.15 formalin). At least 75% agreed that it was easy to identify structures in the Thiel cadavers than formalin (mean = 4.67 ± 0.61 and 2.61 ± 1.14 formalin). Thiel embalming method offers good quality cadavers that are soft, flexible; tissue colour closer to natural state and without is strong formalin smell and structures can easily be identified.
Key words: Cadaveric embalming, modified Thiel, formalin methods
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Brits, Desiré M., Brendon K. Billings, Beverley Kramer, and Erin F. Hutchinson. "The altered profile of a donated cadaver population: challenges for teaching and research?" European Journal of Anatomy 24, no. 6 (November 2020): 475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.52083/rxro1732.
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Efforts by anatomists over the recent past, have converted the cadaver population in a South Afri-can institution from a predominantly unclaimed population into one purely derived from donors. Concurrent with this transformation were noticea-ble changes in cadaver demographics, which raised concerns for aspects of teaching and re-search. The aim of this study was therefore to ex-plore the effects of donation on the demographics and anatomical integrity of the Schools 2017 ca-daver population. The provenance, ancestry, sex and age of 74 cadavers were investigated. Dis-sected cadavers were studied to ascertain the general condition of their anatomy. Variations in tissue integrity, morphology and overt pathologies were surveyed. Cadavers represented only one population group with slightly more females (54%). The majority of the cohort (62%) was aged be-tween 71 and 90 years. With regards to anatomical integrity, 60% of the cadavers presented with ad-hering fascia, but no significant differences in the quantity of fat were found across the sample. High levels of muscle tearing and atrophy (76%) oc-curred and variations in visceral anatomy were noted. Various surgical interventions and overt pathologies were also observed. The donated ca-daver population differed from previous unclaimed cadaver populations in that they consisted of only White, older individuals. Variations, surgical inter-ventions and pathologies offer staff in anatomy an opportunity to engage with more clinically-oriented teaching, as well as introducing students to the discipline of gerontology.
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Brits, Desiré M., Brendon K. Billings, Beverley Kramer, and Erin F. Hutchinson. "The altered profile of a donated cadaver population: challenges for teaching and research?" European Journal of Anatomy 24, no. 6 (November 2020): 475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.52083/rxro1732.
Full textAbstract:
Efforts by anatomists over the recent past, have converted the cadaver population in a South Afri-can institution from a predominantly unclaimed population into one purely derived from donors. Concurrent with this transformation were noticea-ble changes in cadaver demographics, which raised concerns for aspects of teaching and re-search. The aim of this study was therefore to ex-plore the effects of donation on the demographics and anatomical integrity of the Schools 2017 ca-daver population. The provenance, ancestry, sex and age of 74 cadavers were investigated. Dis-sected cadavers were studied to ascertain the general condition of their anatomy. Variations in tissue integrity, morphology and overt pathologies were surveyed. Cadavers represented only one population group with slightly more females (54%). The majority of the cohort (62%) was aged be-tween 71 and 90 years. With regards to anatomical integrity, 60% of the cadavers presented with ad-hering fascia, but no significant differences in the quantity of fat were found across the sample. High levels of muscle tearing and atrophy (76%) oc-curred and variations in visceral anatomy were noted. Various surgical interventions and overt pathologies were also observed. The donated ca-daver population differed from previous unclaimed cadaver populations in that they consisted of only White, older individuals. Variations, surgical inter-ventions and pathologies offer staff in anatomy an opportunity to engage with more clinically-oriented teaching, as well as introducing students to the discipline of gerontology.
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Elsharkawy, Hesham, Sree Kolli, Loran Mounir Soliman, John Seif, Richard L. Drake, Edward R. Mariano, and Kariem El-Boghdadly. "The External Oblique Intercostal Block: Anatomic Evaluation and Case Series." Pain Medicine 22, no. 11 (October 9, 2021): 2436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnab296.
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Abstract Study Objective We report a modified block technique aimed at obtaining upper midline and lateral abdominal wall analgesia: the external oblique intercostal (EOI) block. Design A cadaveric study and retrospective cohort study assessing the potential analgesic effect of the EOI block. Setting Cadaver lab and operating room. Patients Two unembalmed cadavers and 22 patients. Interventions Bilateral ultrasound-guided EOI blocks on cadavers with 29 mL of bupivacaine 0.25% with 1 mL of India ink; single-injection or continuous EOI blocks in patients. Measurements Dye spread in cadavers and loss of cutaneous sensation in patients. Main Results In the cadaveric specimens, we identified consistent staining of both lateral and anterior branches of intercostal nerves from T7 to T10. We also found consistent dermatomal sensory blockade of T6–T10 at the anterior axillary line and T6–T9 at the midline in patients receiving the EOI block. Conclusions We demonstrate the potential mechanism of this technique with a cadaveric study that shows consistent staining of both lateral and anterior branches of intercostal nerves T7–T10. Patients who received this block exhibited consistent dermatomal sensory blockade of T6–T10 at the anterior axillary line and T6–T9 at the midline. This block can be used in multiple clinical settings for upper abdominal wall analgesia.
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Akin, Ella E., Anna K. Johnson, Cassandra Jass, Jason W. Ross, Suzanne T. Millman, John Stinn, and Kenneth J. Stalder. "PSII-13 Providing on-farm handling tools to move grow-finish pig cadavers." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.408.
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Abstract During the grow-finish phase of production some pigs become non-ambulatory and/or die requiring the need to provide caretakers with handling tools to move them safely. The goal of this study was to identify handling tools suitable for moving non-ambulatory grow-finish pig cadavers. Five caretakers on a commercial grow-finish site were asked to move three commercial crossbred (PIC) genetic line pig cadavers (59 kg, 91 kg and 98 kg), using three handling tools (sked - SKED; deer sled - SLED; modified deer sled - MDS). Outcomes included latency to move cadaver from home-pen to hospital pen, differences in caretaker heart rate (bpm) and oxygen saturation (%), and caretakers’ subjective effort score (1 = very difficult to 5 = very easy). Data were analyzed using mixed model methods for parametric data with fixed effects of caretaker, cadaver and handling tool. PDIFF was used to separate means. Caretakers differed for latency, heart rate and oxygen saturation difference (P < 0.01). The smallest cadaver was associated with shortest latency (P < 0.01) and least caretaker oxygen saturation difference (P < 0.001). The MDS was associated with shortest latency (P < 0.01), and lower heart rate differences than the SKED (P = 0.01). Oxygen saturation did not differ for handling tool. Interestingly, caretakers scored SKED and SLED as easiest for moving all cadavers. In conclusion, the MDS did not have any restraints, so when moving the cadavers they would slide off, and legs and heads became impeded in the alley gates preventing smooth transition. Therefore, the SKED and SLED would be recommended as practical handling tools to move grow-finish pig cadavers on-farm.
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de Oliveira, Marcelo Magaldi Ribeiro, Carlos Eduardo Ferrarez, Taise Mosso Ramos, Jose Augusto Malheiros, Arthur Nicolato, Carla Jorge Machado, Mauro Tostes Ferreira, et al. "Learning brain aneurysm microsurgical skills in a human placenta model: predictive validity." Journal of Neurosurgery 128, no. 3 (March 2018): 846–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.10.jns162083.
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OBJECTIVESurgery for brain aneurysms is technically demanding. In recent years, the process to learn the technical skills necessary for these challenging procedures has been affected by a decrease in the number of surgical cases available and progressive restrictions on resident training hours. To overcome these limitations, surgical simulators such as cadaver heads and human placenta models have been developed. However, the effectiveness of these models in improving technical skills is unknown. This study assessed concurrent and predictive validity of brain aneurysm surgery simulation in a human placenta model compared with a “live” human brain cadaveric model.METHODSTwo human cadaver heads and 30 human placentas were used. Twelve neurosurgeons participated in the concurrent validity part of this study, each operating on 1 human cadaver head aneurysm model and 1 human placenta model. Simulators were evaluated regarding their ability to simulate different surgical steps encountered during real surgery. The time to complete the entire aneurysm task in each simulator was analyzed. The predictive validity component of the study involved 9 neurosurgical residents divided into 3 groups to perform simulation exercises, each lasting 6 weeks. The training for the 3 groups consisted of educational video only (3 residents), human cadaver only (3 residents), and human placenta only (3 residents). All residents had equivalent microsurgical experience with superficial brain tumor surgery. After completing their practice training, residents in each of the 3 simulation groups performed surgery for an unruptured middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysm, and their performance was assessed by an experienced vascular neurosurgeon who watched the operative videos.RESULTSAll human cadaver heads and human placentas were suitable to simulate brain aneurysm surgery. In the concurrent validity portion of the experiment, the placenta model required a longer time (p < 0.001) than cadavers to complete the task. The placenta model was considered more effective than the cadaver model in simulating sylvian fissure splitting, bipolar coagulation of oozing microvessels, and aneurysm neck and dome dissection. Both models were equally effective in simulating neck aneurysm clipping, while the cadaver model was considered superior for simulation of intraoperative rupture and for reproduction of real anatomy during simulation. In the predictive validity portion of the experiment, residents were evaluated for 4 tasks: sylvian fissure dissection, microvessel bipolar coagulation, aneurysm dissection, and aneurysm clipping. Residents trained in the human placenta simulator consistently had the highest overall performance scores when compared with those who had trained in the cadaver model and those who had simply watched operative videos (p < 0.001).CONCLUSIONSThe human placenta biological simulator provides excellent simulation for some critical tasks of aneurysm surgery such as splitting of the sylvian fissure, dissection of the aneurysm neck and dome, and bipolar coagulation of surrounding microvessels. When performing surgery for an unruptured MCA aneurysm, residents who had trained in the human placenta model performed better than residents trained with other simulation scenarios/models. In this age of reduced exposure to aneurysm surgery and restrictions on resident working hours, the placenta model is a valid simulation for microneurosurgery with striking similarities with real surgery.
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Kocbek, Lidija, and Mateja Rakuša. "Thiel's embalming method: review of the literature and our institute's experience." Acta Medico-Biotechnica 10, no. 2 (November 29, 2021): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/actabiomed.152.
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Purpose: We aimed to present one of the best researched methods of cadaver preservation, Thiel's method, and share our own 9–year experience in comparison with that of the literature.
Methods: Thiel's embalming method uses intravascular injection of a solution combined of several chemicals, such as water–based mixtures of monopropylene glycol, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, sodium sulfite, boric acid, chlorocresol, formaldehyde, ethanol, and morpholine. Initial perfusion via the carotid and femoral arteries is followed by immersion in a cadaver storage basin in embalming solution for at least 4–6 months. After this, cadavers are stored in plastic bags in refrigerators and are used for months to years.
Results: Since 2008, we have successfully embalmed 16 cadavers using Thiel's method. Due to the beneficial characteristics of this method, Thiel's embalmed cadavers have become an important part of our education and research. Despite initial technical difficulties, we managed to upgrade the method and assure better long–lasting preservation.
Conclusions: Thiel embalmed cadavers resemble realistic living bodies and serve as an appropriate model for teaching and research.
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Rubab, Syeda Shabeeh, Warisha Iftikhar, Raafea Tafweez Kuraishi, and Saira Salman. "Gross Anatomical Variations of Cystic Duct: A Cadaveric Study." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 7 (July 26, 2021): 1523–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211571523.
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Aim: To determine the frequency of anatomical variations of cystic duct. Study design: Descriptive Case Study Place and duration of study: Anatomy Department of King Edward Medical University Lahore and duration of study was from August 2018 to December 2019. Methodology: The dissection of 43 cadavers was done and extra hepatic biliary tract was explored. The length of cystic duct and site of insertion of cystic duct in common hepatic duct was noted. The length of cystic duct <1 cm was taken as short cystic duct and >4cm as long cystic duct. The insertion of cystic duct near porta hepatis is high insertion and near duodenum is low insertion. Results: The mean length of cystic duct was 2.67±0.71 cm. Out of 43 cadavers 2(4.7%) of cadavers had short cystic duct. 41(95.3%) of cadavers had normal length of cystic duct. There was no cadaver observed with long cystic duct. Out of 43 cadavers 39(90.7%) of cadavers had mid insertion of cystic duct, 4(9.3%) of cadavers with high insertion of cystic duct and no cadaver with low insertion. Conclusion: The most common anatomical variation of cystic duct is high insertion of cystic duct 9.3%. Keywords: Anatomical variations, cystic duct, cholecystectomy.
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Halmaciu, Ioana, Bogdan Andrei Suciu, Cristian Trambitas, Vlad Vunvulea, Adrian Ivanescu, Adriana Clipa, Petru Adascalitei, Klara Brinzaniuc, and Decebal Fodor. "It is Useful to Use Plastic Anatomical Models in Teaching Human Anatomy ?" Materiale Plastice 55, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 414–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.18.3.5040.
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The classical method of teaching human anatomy to students is based on the dissection of human cadavers. Nowadays, there are many ethical controversy regarding the use of human cadavers during anatomy courses. In our study we tried to get undergraduate students� opinion about some different techniques of teaching human anatomy, including the utility of plastic models. We introduced in this study 163 students in the first year of their study at the Faculty of General Medicine from the University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tirgu Mures. The respondents were asked to fill in a 12-item anonymous questionnaire. Based on the answers provided in the questionnaires we divided the 163 respondents into 2 groups: group A comprising 113 (69.32%) respondents who found that the best method of teaching anatomy is cadaver dissection and group B comprising 50 (30.67%) respondents who found that the best method of teaching is not cadaver dissection. Thus, 20 (12.26%) respondents considered that the best method of teaching anatomy is the use of previously dissected and preserved preparations, 4 (2.45%) indicated the use of plastic models as the best method, 24 (14.72%) would prefer 3D techniques of image reconstruction and 2 (1.22%) respondents found that the best method of teaching anatomy is by Microsoft Office PowerPoint presentations. Even though there are still controversial opinions regarding the use of cadaver dissection in teaching and learning human anatomy, especially ethical and psychological ones, cadaver dissection remains the best method of teaching anatomy to undergraduate students in medical schools.
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Yoganandan, N., A. Sances, and F. Pintar. "Biomechanical Evaluation of the Axial Compressive Responses of the Human Cadaveric and Manikin Necks." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 111, no. 3 (August 1, 1989): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3168374.
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Cervical spine injuries such as wedge, burst, and tear drop fractures are often associated with compressive axial loads delivered to the human head-neck complex. Understanding the injury mechanisms, the kinematics of the anatomic structure, and the tissue tolerances can improve clinical prognosis and facilitate a better design for anthropomorphic devices. The axial compressive response of human cadaveric preparations was compared with the 50th percentile anthropomorphic Hybrid III manikin under various loading rates. Ten fresh human cadavers were used in the study. Intact cadaver torsos, head-cervical spines, and ligamentous cervical columns were tested. The head-neck structure and the neck (without head) of the Hybrid III manikin were also tested. Responses of the human cadaveric preparations and manikin structures were nonlinear at all rates of loading. However, axial stiffness, a measure of the ability of the structure to withstand external force, was higher under all rates of loading for manikin preparations when compared with the human cadaveric tissues.
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Milutinović, Barbara, Christina Höfling, Momir Futo, Jörn P. Scharsack, and Joachim Kurtz. "Infection of Tribolium castaneum with Bacillus thuringiensis: Quantification of Bacterial Replication within Cadavers, Transmission via Cannibalism, and Inhibition of Spore Germination." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 23 (September 18, 2015): 8135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02051-15.
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ABSTRACTReproduction within a host and transmission to the next host are crucial for the virulence and fitness of pathogens. Nevertheless, basic knowledge about such parameters is often missing from the literature, even for well-studied bacteria, such asBacillus thuringiensis, an endospore-forming insect pathogen, which infects its hosts via the oral route. To characterize bacterial replication success, we made use of an experimental oral infection system for the red flour beetleTribolium castaneumand developed a flow cytometric assay for the quantification of both spore ingestion by the individual beetle larvae and the resulting spore load after bacterial replication and resporulation within cadavers. On average, spore numbers increased 460-fold, showing thatBacillus thuringiensisgrows and replicates successfully in insect cadavers. By inoculating cadaver-derived spores and spores from bacterial stock cultures into nutrient medium, we next investigated outgrowth characteristics of vegetative cells and found that cadaver-derived bacteria showed reduced growth compared to bacteria from the stock cultures. Interestingly, this reduced growth was a consequence of inhibited spore germination, probably originating from the host and resulting in reduced host mortality in subsequent infections by cadaver-derived spores. Nevertheless, we further showed thatBacillus thuringiensistransmission was possible via larval cannibalism when no other food was offered. These results contribute to our understanding of the ecology ofBacillus thuringiensisas an insect pathogen.
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Karas, Chris S. "Cadaver." JAMA 298, no. 9 (September 5, 2007): 960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.9.960.
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Kapadia, Mustafa, Precious Eunice R. Grullo, and Muaaz Tarabichi. "Comparison of short nozzle and long nozzle spray in sinonasal drug delivery: a cadaveric study." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 98, no. 7 (May 7, 2019): E97—E103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145561319846830.
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The aim of this study is to compare the delivery site of topical drugs using the short nozzle and the long nozzle. Fourteen fresh frozen cadaver heads were obtained. All cadaver specimens underwent bilateral endoscopic wide maxillary antrostomy, frontal sinusotomy, and complete sphenoethmoidectomy. The right nasal cavity of each cadaver was sprayed with radiolabeled saline using the short nozzle (short nozzle group), while the left nasal cavity was sprayed using the long nozzle (long nozzle group). The distribution of radioactive saline within the sinus cavities was determined using single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography. The distribution of the radiolabeled saline in reference with the maxillary line, vestibule, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, and frontal sinus was compared between the 2 groups using Fisher exact test. The number of specimens that demonstrated radioactivity above the maxillary line is higher in the long nozzle group (14 cadavers, 100%) compared to short nozzle group (9 cadavers, 64.3%; p = .02). There are fewer specimens that demonstrated deposition of radioactive saline in the vestibule in the long nozzle group (6 cadavers, 42.86%) compared to short nozzle group (13 cadavers, 92.86%; P = .006). Compared to short nozzle group, there are more specimens demonstrating radioactivity in the maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, and frontal sinus in the long nozzle group, but the differences were not statistically significant ( p = 0.241, 0.347, 0.126, 0.5). Compared to short nozzle, long nozzle more frequently delivers intranasal drugs beyond the maxillary line and less frequently in the vestibule. These findings support the hypothesis that the use of long and narrow nozzle, instead of the conventional short nozzle, can improve sinonasal drug delivery in post-endoscopic sinus surgery nose.
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Balakrishnan, T. M., Aishwarya Vadakencherry Lakshmi Narayanan, and J. Jaganmohan. "Saphenous Artery Perforator/Propeller Flap in the Reconstruction of Perigenual Soft Tissue Defects." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 52, no. 03 (September 2019): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3400354.
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Abstract Introduction In this article, we investigate the saphenous artery perforator propeller flap for the reconstruction of perigenual defects. We describe the anatomy of the saphenous artery and the method of raising a perforator propeller flap based on our study and early clinical experience. Aim To assess the effectiveness of the saphenous artery perforator propeller flap in the reconstruction of perigenual defects. Materials and Methods A preliminary cadaver dissection and injection study was conducted to discern the anatomical details of the perforator system of the saphenous vessel in 35 cadaveric specimens in 18 fresh cadavers. From March 2016 to March 2018, 16 clinical cases (5 females and 11 males, in the average age group of 33.5 years) with perigenual defects were reconstructed with saphenous artery perforator propeller flap. They were followed up for an average period of 12.5 months. Results Cadaver study established anterior sartorial perforators as the dominant system of the saphenous vessel and brought to the forefront the type 2 blood supply of the saphenous nerve. All patients had well-settled flaps at the end of the follow-up period, with good return of knee function. Conclusion Saphenous artery perforator propeller flap is a viable option for the reconstruction of defects around the knee joint. Level of Evidence Type V, therapeutic study.
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Kampitak, Wirinaree. "The Novel Costotransverse Foramen Block Technique: Distribution Characteristics of Injectate Compared with Erector Spinae Plane Block." Pain Physician 3;23, no. 6;3 (June 14, 2020): E305—E314. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2020/23/e305.
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Background: The costotransverse foramen (CTF) is a space continuous with the paravertebral space. We hypothesized that injections passing through the CTF will result in a successful injectate spread to the paravertebral space. Objectives: We investigated patterns of dye spread to assess characteristics of neural blockade following ultrasound-guided CTF and erector spinae plane (ESP) injection in an anatomic and clinical study. Study Design: Prospective cadaveric study, and case studies. Setting: University hospital. Methods: Six soft cadavers were studied. The boundaries of the CTF and the needle pathway of CTF injection were identified in the first cadaver. The CTF and ESP injections were performed on either the left or right sides of the T4 vertebral level in cadavers 2 to 6. Fifteen milliliters of 0.2% methylene blue was injected in each block, and the spread of dye was assessed by anatomic dissection. We also report 2 case studies of CTF and ESP blocks. Results: Cadaver studies of CTF injection demonstrate that with injection to the inferior aspect of the base of the transverse process, the dye mainly passes anteriorly through the CTF into the paravertebral space, with minimal track-back to the deep back muscles. Consistent sensory blockade was achieved in 2 case studies. With the ESP injection, the spread of dye was observed cephalocaudad to the fascia of the erector spinae muscle, with no dye spreading within the paravertebral space in all cadavers. Limitations: Prospective case series. Conclusions: CTF block was consistently associated with a mainly anterior spread of injectate into the paravertebral space that involved the thoracic spinal nerves, and minimal posterior spread of injectate to the deep back muscles. Key words: Thoracic vertebrae, rib cage, paraspinal muscle, nerve block, joints
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Chung, Christine S., and Lisa Soleymani Lehmann. "Informed Consent and the Process of Cadaver Donation." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 126, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 964–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2002-126-0964-icatpo.
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Abstract Context.—Informed consent entails more than signing a document. Ideally, it should involve a process in which individuals are given sufficient information to make a voluntary decision. Little is known about the process of informed consent for cadaver donation. Objective.—To assess existing consent procedures for cadaver donation in a sample of US medical schools. Design.—Cross-sectional survey and content analysis of informational brochures and consent forms given to potential cadaver donors. Setting and Participants.—The 22 largest medical schools in the United States, as ranked by the number of medical students in the Association of American Medical Colleges Institutional Profile System Annual Report 1995–1996. Main Outcome Measures.—Description of dissection procedure, information provided about dissection, and the process for obtaining consent. Results.—Of the 22 schools studied, 18 schools (82%) mentioned the altruistic nature of cadaver donation. Twenty-one schools (96%) specified that bodies would be used to teach students, and 16 schools (73%) specified that bodies would be used for research. One school (4%) noted that organs could be permanently preserved for teaching purposes. Only 2 schools (9%) provided any description of the dissection procedures to be performed on the cadavers. Seven schools (32%) used the term dissect at least once. None of the schools offered to provide a complete account of the dissection procedure. Conclusions.—The existing consent procedures for cadaver donations at US medical schools do not provide sufficient information to potential donors to constitute a fully informed consent.
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Jansen, Marloes M., Constantijn E. V. B. Hazenberg, Quirina M. B. de Ruiter, Robbert W. van Hamersvelt, Ronald L. A. W. Bleys, and Joost A. van Herwaarden. "Feasibility of fresh frozen human cadavers as a research and training model for endovascular image guided interventions." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): e0242596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242596.
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Objective To describe the feasibility of a fresh frozen human cadaver model for research and training of endovascular image guided procedures in the aorta and lower extremity. Methods The cadaver model was constructed in fresh frozen human cadaver torsos and lower extremities. Endovascular access was acquired by inserting a sheath in the femoral artery. The arterial segment of the specimen was restricted by ligation of collateral arteries and, in the torsos, clamping of the contralateral femoral artery and balloon occlusion of the supratruncal aorta. Tap water was administered through the sheath to create sufficient intraluminal pressure to manipulate devices and acquire digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Endovascular cannulation tasks of the visceral arteries (torso) or the peripheral arteries (lower extremities) were performed to assess the vascular patency of the model. Feasibility of this model is based on our institute’s experiences throughout the use of six fresh frozen human cadaver torsos and 22 lower extremities. Results Endovascular simulation in the aortic and peripheral vasculature was achieved using this human cadaver model. Acquisition of DSA images was feasible in both the torsos and the lower extremities. Approximately 84 of the 90 target vessels (93.3%) were patent, the remaining six vessels showed signs of calcified steno-occlusive disease. Conclusions Fresh frozen human cadavers provide a feasible simulation model for aortic and peripheral endovascular interventions, and can potentially reduce the need for animal experimentation. This model is suitable for the evaluation of new endovascular devices and techniques or to master endovascular skills.
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Adhikari, Srikar, Wesley Zeger, Michael Wadman, Richard Walker, and Carol Lomneth. "Assessment of a Human Cadaver Model for Training Emergency Medicine Residents in the Ultrasound Diagnosis of Pneumothorax." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/724050.
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Objectives. To assess a human cadaver model for training emergency medicine residents in the ultrasound diagnosis of pneumothorax.Methods. Single-blinded observational study using a human cadaveric model at an academic medical center. Three lightly embalmed cadavers were used to create three “normal lungs” and three lungs modeling a “pneumothorax.” The residents were blinded to the side and number of pneumothoraces, as well as to each other’s findings. Each resident performed an ultrasound examination on all six lung models during ventilation of cadavers. They were evaluated on their ability to identify the presence or absence of the sliding-lung sign and seashore sign.Results. A total of 84 ultrasound examinations (42-“normal lung,” 42-“pneumothorax”) were performed. A sliding-lung sign was accurately identified in 39 scans, and the seashore sign was accurately identified in 34 scans. The sensitivity and specificity for the sliding-lung sign were 93% (95% CI, 85–100%) and 90% (95% CI, 81–99%), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for the seashore sign were 80% (95% CI, 68–92%) and 83% (95% CI, 72–94%), respectively.Conclusions. Lightly embalmed human cadavers may provide an excellent model for mimicking the sonographic appearance of pneumothorax.
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Lee, Sang Chul. "Ultrasound-Guided Injection of the Adductor Longus and Pectineus in a Cadaver Model." Pain Physician 6;18, no. 6;11 (November 14, 2015): E1111—E1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2015/18/e1111.
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Background: The close anatomic and functional relationship between the proximal parts of the adductor longus and pectineus muscles produce considerable overlap in symptoms and signs in the inguinal region. To our knowledge, there have been no publications of ultrasound (US)-guided injection techniques into the 2 muscles. Objective: This study sought to describe US-guided injection techniques in the proximal part of the adductor longus and pectineus muscles and to validate whether these techniques deliver injections appropriately to their target muscles in unembalmed cadavers. Study Design: Cadaveric study. Methods: A preliminary trial with 2 unembalmed cadavers provided information on the target sonographic structures of proximal adductor longus and pectineus muscles. Bilateral US-guided intramuscular injections in the proximal adductor longus and pectineus were performed using the remaining 5 unembalmed male cadavers. To avoid confusion of dye location, we did not inject into both the adductor longus and pectineus muscle in the same side. After injections, each specimen was dissected to evaluate the accuracy of injection. Results: Ten injections (5 for the adductor longus muscle and 5 for the pectineus muscle) were performed targeting the proximal parts of muscles in 5 cadaveric specimens. All injections were successful and blue dye was injected accurately at the target area within the adductor longus and the pectineus muscles. No other muscles were injected unintentionally. There were no accidental penetrations and/or injuries at adjacent neurovascular structures as well. Limitation: Despite successful injection of the proximal parts of adductor longus and pectineus, this study did not verify the usefulness of this technique in clinical practice. Conclusions: The results of this study may play a role in the diagnosis and management of patients presenting with chronic pelvic pain syndrome and sports hernia. Key words: Inguinal, injections, ultrasonography, pain, cadaver, pectineus, adductor, pelvis