Journal articles: 'Caddo Lake (La. and Tex.)'

1

Gardner, Joel, Thad Sitton, and James H. Conrad. "Every Sun That Rises: Wyatt Moore of Caddo Lake, including "Building the Last Caddo Bateau"." Journal of American Folklore 100, no. 396 (1987): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/540938.

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Klimas, Charles V. "Baldcypress response to increased water levels, Caddo Lake, Louisiana-Texas." Wetlands 7, no. 1 (1987): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03160800.

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Chumchal, Matthew M., and K. David Hambright. "ECOLOGICAL FACTORS REGULATING MERCURY CONTAMINATION OF FISH FROM CADDO LAKE, TEXAS, USA." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 28, no. 5 (2009): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/08-197.1.

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Keeland, Bobby D., and P. Joy Young. "Long-term growth trends of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) at Caddo Lake, Texas." Wetlands 17, no. 4 (1997): 559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03161522.

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Almquist, Gerald L., Robert G. Forrest, and Charles A. Gazda. "A CASE HISTORY ILLUSTRATION OF EPA'S REGION 6 SPILL PREVENTION, CONTROL AND COUNTERMEASURES PROGRAM." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, no. 1 (1985): 585–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-585.

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ABSTRACT An inspection program addressing oil spills and spill prevention was conducted in the environmentally sensitive Caddo Lake area of Texas and Louisiana. Eighty oil storage leases were inspected in this area, and 82.5 percent of these leases were found to be out of compliance. Through EPA's Region 6 oil spill prevention program, which includes working to promote compliance with the Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasures (SPCC) regulations by the facility, all but one of the leases achieved compliance.

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Chumchal, Matthew M., Ray W. Drenner, David R. Cross, and K. David Hambright. "Factors influencing mercury accumulation in three species of forage fish from Caddo Lake, Texas, USA." Journal of Environmental Sciences 22, no. 8 (2010): 1158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(09)60232-1.

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Gann, Gretchen L., Cleveland H. Powell, Matthew M. Chumchal, and Ray W. Drenner. "Hg-contaminated terrestrial spiders pose a potential risk to songbirds at Caddo Lake (Texas/Louisiana, USA)." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 34, no. 2 (2015): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.2796.

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Chumchal, Matthew M., Thomas R. Rainwater, Steven C. Osborn, et al. "Mercury speciation and biomagnification in the food web of Caddo Lake, Texas and Louisiana, USA, a subtropical freshwater ecosystem." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 30, no. 5 (2011): 1153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.477.

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Faulkner, Melinda S., Melanie L. Ertons, and Joseph W. Watkins. "Geochemical Characterization of Base Metals in Stream Water and Sediments in the Caddo Lake Watershed, Cass, Harrison and Marion Counties, Texas." Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 08, no. 09 (2020): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/gep.2020.89001.

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McCrocklin, Claude. "An Intermediate Report on the James Bayou Survey, Marion County, Texas: A Search for Caddo Village." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1991.1.9.

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This is a brief report on an archeological survey of James Bayou in East Texas that was organized to find the site of a large Historic Caddo Indian village that was reported to be in the area. Much is known about the village people. They were Kadohadacho Caddo from the Great Bend region of the Red River in Southwest Arkansas who had migrated to the area now known as James Bayou about 1800. The population of the village they established was reported to be near 500 people, and they stayed in the East Texas and Northwest Louisiana area into the early 1840s. However, none of the early contemporary writers who provide this information reported the exact location of the village, and thus the site's location was unknown when the survey was initiated. As of this report, we have surveyed both sides of James Bayou from the Louisiana line to near Stratford Lake. This was our target area since the lower Louisiana part of the Bayou had been surveyed in 1986-1987 under my direction by Shreveport members of the Louisiana Archaeological Society. In all of this vast area the only sites found on both surveys old enough to be components of the Caddo village were in a four mile area along the 200-250 foot contour on the north and east sides of James Bayou. The ten sites found and tested seemed to have a date range of 1790 to, the 1840s, which is the same as the occupation range of the Caddo village. These sites could well be components of the village since no records that we can find report anyone else in that part of Spanish East Texas through the entire period.

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Perttula, Timothy K., Daniel J. Prikryl, Bo Nelson, and Sergio A. Iruegas. "Caddo Lake Archaeology: Phase I of Archaeological Investigations Along Harrison Bayou, Harrison County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1998.1.34.

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An important part of the mission of the Caddo Lake Institute, Inc. and its Caddo Lake Scholars Program is the preservation and protection of the unique and irreplaceable cultural heritage of Caddo Lake and its bioregion, the Big Cypress Bayou watershed. The archaeology team of the Scholars Program is meeting these objectives with the initiation of the Harrison Bayou project by: (a) offering archaeological education and training of teachers, students, and potential mentors, (b) through fieldwork and research, identifying, assessing, and designating archaeological, historical, and cultural resources of the Caddo Lake bioregion, and ( c) formulating and implementing strategies for protecting the bioregion's significant cultural resources.

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Perttula, Timothy K. "Ceramic Pipes from Lake Sam Rayburn Caddo Sites, Angelina River Basin, East Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2016.1.74.

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Ceramic pipes are an important part of the ancestral Caddo material culture in all parts of the Caddo area from as early as ca. A.D. 800, and there are also ceramic pipes known from Woodland period sites in the Caddo area. The Caddo pipe forms known include long–stemmed (up to 61 cm in length) Red River pipes, elbow pipes of several varieties, and platform pipes. All three pipe forms are known from Caddo sites at Lake Sam Rayburn in the Angelina River basin in East Texas.

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Perttula, Timothy K., and Bo Nelson. "Certain Caddo Sites in the Ouachita Mountains of Southwestern Arkansas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2004.1.21.

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In the last few years, we have had the opportunity to study a number of prehistoric Caddo Indian sites in the Ouachita Mountains of southwestern Arkansas through conducting archeological surveys of more than 2700 acres at three lakes constructed and managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg District. The three lakes are DeGray Lake on the Caddo River, Lake Ouachita on the Ouachita River, and Lake Greeson on the Little Missouri River. Our purpose in this article is to summarize the archeological character of the prehistoric Caddo sites in these three different parts of the Ouachita Mountains. We focus in particular on the material culture record of these prehistoric Caddo settlements—especially on the ceramic sherds found on them—and discuss when these sites may have been occupied by Caddo peoples.

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Perttula, Timothy K. "Caddoan Archeological and Historical Workshop for the Caddo Tribe of Oklahoma in Support of Their Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act Grant." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1995.1.13.

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As part of the Native American Graves Protection Act (NAGPRA) grant recently received by the Caddo Indian Tribe of Oklahoma, the Caddo Tribe of Oklahoma requested that a professional archeologist (Timothy K. Perttula) conduct an ambitious three-day hands-on archeological and historical training session for tribal members, particularly members of the Caddo Repatriation Committee, in February 1995. The focus of the training session is to familiarize members of the Caddo Tribe in the identification of Caddo material culture (ceramics and lithics, as well as other types of artifacts found on habitation sites and in burial contexts), in learning the locations and distributions of prehistoric Caddo sites within the Caddoan Archeological Area, and establishing an understanding of the known locations of historic Caddo sites from archeological, historical, and archival sources. I have been involved in Caddoan archeological and historical research for about 20 years, and completed a Ph.D. dissertation on Caddoan archeology in 1989. I have also worked with members of the Caddo Tribe on various archeological projects in Texas, most recently as part of the Caddo Lake Scholarship program established by the Caddo Lake Institute.

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Perttula, Timothy. "The Historic Caddo Component at the Roseborough Lake Site (41BW5) on the Red River in Bowie County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State 2017, no. 1 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/ita.2017.1.33.

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The Roseborough Lake site (41BW5) is on an old meander of the Red River “that was cut off in 1872 and named Roseborough Lake." It lies a few miles west of other important Late Caddo and Historic Caddo period sites, and a few miles west of Texarkana in Bowie County. The Roseborough Lake site is a large historic Caddo village occupied from the late 17th century until the late 18th century, with habitation features and cemeteries. It also is the location of a Nassonite post established by the French in the 1720s, known by the Spanish as San Luis de Cadohadacho. In this article I focus on the analysis of the historic Caddo archaeological material remains, in particular the Caddo ceramic vessel sherds, from the Roseborough Lake site in the Lawrence Head collection. These material remains were collected almost exclusively in 1990 and 1991 after a natural flood of the site by the Red River and then later in 1991 after the machine leveling of much of the site area for bean cultivation.

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Perttula, Timothy K., Bo Nelson, and Claude McCrocklin. "Archaeological Investigations Along James Bayou in Marion County, Texas and Caddo Parish, Louisiana." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2010.1.29.

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This is a report on archaeological investigations conducted along James Bayou in Marion County, Texas, and Caddo Parish, Louisiana, between 1991- 1993. This work was done primarily by Claude McCrocklin (Shreveport, Louisiana) and a large group of volunteers, some from the Northeast Texas Archeological Society and others from the Northwest Chapter of the Louisiana Archaeological Society, assisted by Perttula and Nelson on occasion. With the permission of McCrocklin, we analyzed the recovered artifacts and available notes/records/ site reports to prepare this article summarizing the archaeological findings of the project. James Bayou, also known as Coushatta Jim’s Bayou, Jim’s Bayou, and Jeems Bayou, is an eastward and southward-flowing tributary to Big Cypress Bayou and Caddo Lake. “On an upper portion of this bayou there was a small, deep lake formed by stream scour between bluffs that later came to be known as Monterey Lake. Before the 1800s, this was the only permanent lake in the region." Caddo Lake at its maximum extent may have reached elevations (although fluctuating) between 173-180 feet amsl, based on historic maps, studies of lacustrine deposits on the lake bed, and relict shorelines. The main purpose of the archaeological investigations was to identify the location or locations of the early 19th century Caddo Indian village known to have been situated in the vicinity of James Bayou, at the upper end of what was then Caddo Lake. The archaeological investigations reported on herein began in the Monterey Lake area of James Bayou. During the course of these archaeological investigations, a number of archaeological sites were located along James Bayou, and the findings from these sites are discussed below. “Several possible components of the [Caddo] village were located, but for one reason or another, no conclusive identifications could be made." McCrocklin, however, continued to periodically conduct archaeological survey and metal detecting investigations along James Bayou, and in 1998, he located several areas of an early 19th century Caddo archaeological site (41MR211) on the south side of James Bayou. The location and character of this site is consistent with the historical and archival sources concerning the James Bayou Caddo village, that being “on a bayou or creek… which is navigable for pirogues only, within about six miles of their village, and that only in the rainy season." This site in the recent archaeological literature has been identifi ed as the site of Timber Hill or Sha’chahdinnih, although other locations for that village south of Caddo Lake have been proposed by Tiller. The Texas Historical Commission conducted excavations at one area (Area 3) of 41MR211 in 1999.

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Perttula, Timothy K., and Mark Walters. "Incised–Punctated Utility Ware Sherds from Lake Sam Rayburn Ancestral Caddo Sites." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2016.1.78.

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One of the more distinctive of the decorative methods represented in the ancestral Caddo ceramic assemblages from Lake Sam Rayburn sites is sherds and vessels with incised–punctated decorative elements. This diversity in the range and character of sherds and vessels with incised–punctated decorative elements is also the case in ancestral Caddo sites on the Sabine River and tributaries in the Toledo Bend Reservoir area of East Texas and Northwest Louisiana. Jelks included the incised–punctated vessels and sherds from the Lake Sam Rayburn sites in a newly defined type: Pineland Punctated–Incised. Pineland Punctated– Incised is a grog and/or bone–tempered utility ware, and occurs primarily as beaker–shaped jars as well as ollas and deep bowls. The vessels have concentric, triangular, rectangular, and curvilinear incised zones on the rim filled with tool punctation. Ollas and bowls have design elements on the vessel bodies. At Lake Sam Rayburn sites, Pineland Punctated–Incised sherds and vessels occur in both Middle Caddo (ca. A.D. 1200–1400/1450) and Late Caddo (ca. A.D. 1400/1450–1680) contexts. Based on the analyses discussed below, incised–punctated utility wares are most abundant in later Middle Caddo period components estimated to date from ca. A.D. 1300–1400/1450, and least common in post–A.D. 1400/1450 Late Caddo period components.

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Perttula, Timothy K. "Lake Naconiche Archaeology And Caddo Origins Issues." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2009.1.24.

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Sometime around ca. A.D. 800, Lake Naconiche sites were no longer occupied by Woodland period groups of the Mossy Grove culture solely making sandy paste pottery or living as mobile hunting-gathering foragers. At this time, from ca. A.D. 750-800 to around A.D. 900, colder and drier conditions began to dominate the local weather. After ca. A.D. 800, were the aboriginal groups Caddo peoples or acculturated Mossy Grove folks? Some findings from the Lake Naconiche archaeological investigations at the Boyette site (41NA285) are relevant to this issue of ethnic affiliations and local, but nevertheless regional momentous, cultural changes. Putting that in context, as best as can be discerned in the archaeological records of the Woodland period occupations at the Naconiche Creek (41NA236) and Boyette sites, if there is any evidence of increasing sedentism, it is only apparent after ca. A.D. 400 or perhaps even as late as ca. A.D. 650, during the latter part of the period. Even so, these occupations were not sedentary in the sense of them being year-round occupations (as with the Caddo settlement history at Lake Naconiche) or even multiseasonal occupations. The sites do not have accumulations of midden deposits, there is no evidence for the construction of sturdy wood structures, and there are only a very modest assortment of burned rock, pit, or post hole features at the Woodland period sites. It is hard to disagree with Story’s characterization of Woodland period settlements in the general area that they reflect “intermittent encampments by a relatively small group or groups over a considerable period of time.” Woodland period sites are widely distributed on many different kinds of landforms, implying the generalized use of a wide variety of habitats for settlements as well as foraging pursuits. Without a more fine-grained Woodland period chronology for Mossy Grove culture sites in East Texas, which we are a long way from achieving, it is not possible to evaluate suggestions by Corbin that there were subtle shifts on the landscape of peoples that may have been a response to changes in subsistence (i.e., the possible growing of cultivated plants). The absence of cultigens other than squash from Woodland contexts in the Lake Naconiche paleobotanical record casts some doubt on the assertion that horticultural economies were developed during this time locally, although the number of flotation and fine-screen samples from pre-A.D. 800 contexts is still miniscule. Thus, the virtual absence of cultigens from Woodland times does not yet constitute a robust evaluation of Corbin’s suggestion. The development of sedentary life along Naconiche Creek appears to have taken place after ca. A.D. 800 by successful hunter-gatherer foragers and pottery makers, specifically amongst the earliest Caddo residents of the valley. Neither the adoption of pottery or the adoption of horticultural subsistence strategies (i.e., the cultivation of maize) appear to have been triggering events that led to the ability of these people to maintain multi-seasonal residences in the same places.

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Perttula, Timothy K., and Bo Nelson. "Archeological Investigations at the Harrison Bayou Site (41HS240) in Harrison County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2000.1.15.

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We recently completed archeological investigations on approximately 1400 acres of land on Harrison Bayou, Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant, Harrison County, Texas, leased by the Caddo Lake Institute, Inc. (Perttula and Nelson 1999). The Caddo Lake Institute, Inc. leased this portion of the Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant (LHAAP) for 30 years under a September 1996 Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) with the Department of the Army. These archeological investigations were completed under Archeological Resources Protection Permit DACA63-4- 97-0580 issued September 1, 1997, by the Real Estate Division of the Department of the Army, Fort Worth District, Corps of Engineers to the Caddo Lake Institute, Inc. During these investigations, intensive shovel testing and a limited amount of hand excavations were completed at the Harrison Bayou site (41HS240), one of the earliest reported Caddoan sites in Northeast Texas (Ford 1936), but still one of the more poorly known sites in the region. In this paper, we discuss the work we conducted at the Harrison Bayou site, and summarize the archeological findings from this important Middle Caddoan period occupation at Caddo Lake.

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Skiles, Bob. "Archeological Investigations of the Caddo Lake Scholars Program at Caddo lake State Park, Harrison County, Texas, 1993-1995." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State 1995, no. 1 (1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/ita.1995.1.11.

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Perttula, Timothy, and Rodney Nelson. "The Barkman Site (41BW693) in the Red River Valley in Northeast Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/ita.2019.1.43.

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The Barkman site (41BW693) is an ancestral Caddo settlement on a natural alluvial rise in the Red River floodplain in Bowie County, Texas (Figure 1). The rise is on the north side of Clear Lake, an old river channel and now an oxbow lake, about 140 meters northwest of the large platform mound at the Hatchel site (41BW3, see Perttula 2014, 2015, 2018). The Hatchel site is a major ancestral Caddo village and mound center on a natural levee deposit in the floodplain of the Red River in Bowie County, Texas, just a few kilometers west of the Arkansas state line, and on the south side of Clear Lake. The platform mound and the main part of the associated village overlooks two channel lakes of the river; these likely were part of the channel of the river when the site was occupied by the Caddo. The Hatchel site was occupied by the Caddo from at least A.D. 1040 to the late 17th century, and the Barkman site appears to have been occupied contemporaneously much of the time with this ancestral Caddo village and mound center.

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Perttula, Timothy K., and Mark Walters. "Caddo Ceramic Vessels from Lake Sam Rayburn Sites." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2016.1.79.

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The distinctive Caddo ceramic vessels from the lower Neches–Angelina (i.e., Lake Sam Rayburn) and the lower Sabine (i.e., Toledo Bend Reservoir) river basins are not well understood, due to current cultural phase taxonomic difficulties and poorly defined ceramic assemblages. Sites in these areas were included in the Angelina focus by Jelks, which was a “broadly defined unit encompassing the entire Caddoan [sic] sequence in the Lake Sam Rayburn locality; needs reevaluation in light of larger sample of sites which are known in the area." Perttula used the term late Angelina focus to refer to sites in these localities that date after ca. A.D. 1400, but this taxonomic terminology is also not satisfactory. The vessels from the Lake Sam Rayburn Caddo sites warrant restudy, because currently it is difficult to determine what a representative assemblage of ceramic fine ware and utility ware vessels from this part of the Neches–Angelina River basin looks like, and the differing affiliations of local Caddo groups. Few of the vessels recovered from burials at Lake Sam Rayburn have been typologically identified. The rarity of Belcher Ridged sherds in the Lake Sam Rayburn sites when compared to their frequency in Toledo Bend Reservoir sites appears to indicate that the ancestral Caddo groups that once occupied these two areas had distinctly different utility ware traditions. Furthermore, stylistically–related Titus phase and Belcher phase engraved fine wares are absent in the Lake Sam Rayburn sites, much different from the Toledo Bend Reservoir ceramic assemblages, a trend which may be indicative of differing populations of Caddo peoples living in these two locales. The Lake Sam Rayburn ceramic assemblages warrant a thorough reanalysis—paired with radiocarbon dates from organics (and organic residues on sherds and vessels) in the collections—before it will be possible to establish their temporal, stylistic, and compositional character and diversity, and explore their relationship to other ancestral Caddo ceramic traditions in East Texas and Northwest Louisiana. This article summarizes the reanalysis of the Lake Sam Rayburn ceramic vessels. There are 21 vessels in the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin collections from Lake Sam Rayburn archaeological investigations. This includes: 12 vessels from Walter Bell (41SB50); one vessel from Bird Point Islands (41SB71); one vessel from the Sawmill site (41SA89); six vessels from the Wylie Price site (41SA94); and one vessel from the Blount site (41SA123).

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Perttula, TImothy K., and Bo Nelson. "Documentation of a Collection of Archaeological Materials from the Millsey Williamson Site (41RK3), A Historic Nadaco Caddo Settlement." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2007.1.28.

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The Millsey Williamson site (41RK3) is a well known historic 18th century Nadaco Caddo site on Martin Creek in Rusk County, Texas. It is one of a number of 18th and early 19th century Kinsloe phase sites in the middle Sabine River basin apparently affiliated with the Nadaco Caddo settlement of the region. An unknown number of historic Nadaco Caddo burials have been excavated at the site over the years, especially along the western part of the terrace landform above Martin Creek, now marked by the Martin Lake shoreline. There has been intensive collecting activities at Millsey Williamson since Martin Lake was built more than 30 years ago. The collection we document here came from the shoreline in the general area of the other Nadaco Caddo burials reported from Millsey Williamson.

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Hardey, Jim, and Claude McCrocklin. "Preliminary Report on an Archeological Survey of Stormy Point." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1991.1.14.

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This is a report on an archaeological survey of the point of land that extends south into Caddo Lake opposite Mooringsport, Louisiana. The nineteenth century name for this area was Stormy Point, and the area into which Stormy Point extends was called Ferry Lake in 1839. The primary purpose of the survey was to find eighteenth century and early nineteenth century Caddo Indian sites, with the focal point of the survey being the thirty acre southwest tip of the point; other areas were looked at but not thoroughly investigated. Prehistoric Indian and early Anglo-American sites found while surveying for the Historic Caddo sites will also be reported.

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Perttula, Timothy K., and Bob D. Skiles. "Documentation of Late Caddo Period Ceramic Vessels from Sites in the Lake Fork Creek Basin in Wood County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2014.1.25.

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In this article we document 18 ceramic vessels from three ancestral Caddo sites with cemeteries in the Lake Fork Creek basin in Wood County, Texas. Each site has a Late Caddo period Titus phase (ca. A.D. 1430-1680) component.

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Perttula, Timothy K., Bo Nelson, and Patti Haskins. "Additional Lake Bob Sandlin Sites with Documented Collections of Prehistoric Lithic and Ceramic Artifacts." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2012.1.18.

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This is the third in a series of publications that concern the documentation of prehistoric artifact-collections from sites found along the shoreline of Lake Bob Sandlin in the Big Cypress Creek basin of East Texas. These documentation efforts have demonstrated that sites at the lake have diverse temporal and spatial patterns, with an intensive Caddo occupation from the Middle (ca. A.D. 1200-1425) to Late Caddo (ca. A.D. 1430-1680) periods.

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Perttula, Timothy K., and Tom Middlebrook. "Prehistoric Caddo Ceramics from the Henry Lake Site (41CE324), Cherokee County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2009.1.38.

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This article discusses the character of the Caddo ceramics from a single component Frankston phase (ca. A.D. 1400-1650) occupation at the Henry Lake site (41CE324) in northwestern Cherokee County, Texas. This follows a brief discussion of the history of the site, and we conclude this article with a consideration of the temporal and cultural place of the site's Caddo ceramic assemblage within the upper Neches River basin.

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Bagur, Jacques. "The Caddo Indian Village." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1992.1.10.

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The Kadohadacho, or Great Chiefs, of the Caddo Nation left their home in the Great Bend of the Red River in Arkansas in 1790 because of disease and Osage depredations and moved south, joining a related tribe, the Petit Caddo, on the floodplain of the Red River above present-day Shreveport. In 1800, when the Great Raft began to affect the area, the Caddos moved to higher ground on Sodo Lake (a complex of five lakes that later came to be called Caddo, Clear, Cross, Shifttail, and Soda). They lived there until the early 1840s, when they sold their land to the United States and moved to a reservation in Oklahoma.

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Walters, Mark. "The Lake Clear (41SM243) Site and Crotalus horridus atricaudatus." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2006.1.18.

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I fell heir to a collection of prehistoric Caddo sherds from my late Uncle Sam Whiteside and a location on a 7.5’ topographic map labeled Lake Clear. Sam Whiteside during the period from the mid-1950s to the late 1960s was very active in the East Texas area working through the old East Texas Archeological Society headquartered in Tyler, Texas. The name Lake Clear was vaguely familiar but a check of local maps failed to reveal its location. However, an older map jolted my memory. The lake had been built on east Mill Creek west of Winona, Texas, as a club lake. For some reason, the project was abandoned after a short period of time and the lake was drained and turned into pasture. Although I have never even visited the site location, but did record it in 2000, I felt that writing this article was justified in order to (1) describe this interesting collection of Caddo sherds and (2) compare one aspect of the sherds—the engraved rattlesnake motif found on several Lake Clear sherds—to other known examples in the Caddo archeological area. This was not a new idea but had been hashed around in prior years by Tim Perttula, Tom Middlebrook, and the late Jim Corbin, among others. Tim Perttula was especially helpful in sharing his notes. Perhaps the most important part of research is knowing when to stop. I realize that other examples of the rattlesnake motif in Caddo pottery will appear in the future, hopefully spurred on by this article, and if someone else would like to take up the subject where I have left off, I would be pleased.

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Perttula, Timothy K., and Kim Wright. "An Engraved Caddo Vessel from the Quitman Area, Wood County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2014.1.39.

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Pottery vessels from ancestral Caddo sites are widely known across all parts of East Texas, with recognizable vessel forms and decorative styles that have both distinctive temporal and spatial distributions. In this article we put on record an engraved Caddo vessel with a rather unique design from an unknown site in the Quitman area in Wood County. This part of East Texas, specifically the Lake Fork Creek basin in the upper Sabine River drainage, is an area with an extensive record of ancestral Caddo habitation sites and cemeteries. In particular, there are many Late Caddo period, Titus phase, sites and family cemeteries dating from approximately 330 to 580 years ago (A.D. 1430-1680) known in this area. The Caddo vessel described herein is thought to come from an unknown Titus phase cemetery in this area.

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Perttula, Timothy K. "Ceramic Sherd Assemblages from the Hawkins Bluff (41CS2), Snipes (41CS8), and 41CS44 Sites on the lower Sulphur River at Lake Wright Patman, Cass County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2016.1.48.

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Many documented sites on the lower Sulphur River in the East Texas Pineywoods were occupied by Caddo peoples, and there are a number of such sites at Lake Wright Patman, including better known sites such as Knight’s Bluff (41CS14) and Sherwin (41CS26). These sites appear to have been small villages with family cemeteries, occupied between ca. A.D. 1200-1400. In this article, I discuss the ceramic sherd assemblages from three less well-known Middle Caddo period occupations at other sites at Lake Wright Patman.

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Perttula, Timothy K. "The L. L. Winterbauer Site (41WD6), Wood County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2015.1.50.

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The L. L. Winterbauer site (41WD6) is an ancestral Caddo habitation site in the Lake Fork Creek basin in the Post Oak Savannah of East Texas (Figure 1). It is situated along a small tributary stream that flows west into Lake Fork Creek, itself a tributary to the Sabine River, about 1.5 miles west of Quitman, the county seat of Wood County. The recovered artifacts from the investigations of the Winterbauer site indicate that the site was occupied during the Late Caddo period Titus phase, dated generally between ca. A.D. 1430-1680.

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Perttula, Timothy K., and Mark Walters. "Bone Tools from Caddo Sites in the Angelina River Basin in East Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2016.1.73.

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In addition to the use of stone for tools, ancestral Caddo communities in East Texas also relied on organic materials for tools, including animal bones and plant parts (i.e., cane and wood). Bone tools were an important part of the technological system of Caddo groups and their study helps to understand the range of activities that occurred at Caddo sites in particular locations and regions. However, they are often not preserved in habitation deposits and features on East Texas Caddo sites due to bioturbation and erosion of sandy sediments where artifacts came to accumulate during an occupation or series of occupations. Several ancestral Caddo sites in the Lake Sam Rayburn area in the Angelina River basin do have well–preserved animal bone tools, and we consider their function and use in the remainder of this article.

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Tiller, Jim. "The Shreveport Caddo, 1835-1838." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2007.1.22.

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Period records, such as the reports of Many, Bonnell and Riley, clearly make reference to at least four Caddo villages located between the Red River and the United States-Mexico/Texas boundary in the mid-1830s. In the early 1990s, one of these sites, Timber Hill, was located just to the west of Jim's Bayou in Marion County. In this article I will discuss the location and demise of at least four and possible five additional 1830s-era villages located south of Caddo Lake. In the interest of preserving the sites mentioned, the specific locations of the villages discussed in this article are approximate.

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Perttula, Timothy K. "The Pipe Site, a Late Caddo Site at Lake Palestine in Anderson County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2011.1.24.

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Buddy Calvin Jones excavated a Late Caddo cemetery and midden site he called the Lake Palestine site, in Anderson County, Texas, in March 1968. His notes indicate that a total of 21 Caddo burials were excavated at the site, and the burials were situated primarily around a midden of unknown dimensions. Jones' notes do not specify how many of the burials he excavated at the Pipe site, but one photograph in the records suggests he excavated at least three, one burial of which is the focus of this article.

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Sitters, Julian, and Timothy Perttula. "An Ancestral Caddo Site (41CS125) on the Sulphur River at Lake Wright Patman, Cass County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/ita.2019.1.4.

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ln December 2017, AmaTerra Environmental lnc. conducted an intensive archeological survey of 41CS125, a previously reported ancestral Caddo site at Lake Wright Patman in Cass County, Texas. The work was done at the request of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District in advance of a proposed bank stabilization pro}ect. The site was occupied from the Late Paleoindian period through historic times with extensive occupations during the Formative to Early Caddo and Late Caddo periods. Artifacts recovered in the investigations included both arrow and dart points, lithic debitage, bifaces, ground stone, a celt fragment, pitted stone, ceramic sherds, a ceramic bead, charred organic material, unidentified bone fragments, and 19th century historic domestic materials. While the site has been adversely affected through alluvial erosion and looting, survey results indicate that intact components of the site still exist along the northern and western periphery of the landform.

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Perttula, Timothy K. "The Stover Lake Site (41BW8) on the lower Sulphur River, Bowie County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2015.1.34.

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The Stover Lake site (41BW8) is an ancestral Caddo cemetery and habitation site on a natural alluvial rise in the Sulphur River floodplain, about 1.6 km east of the Lake Wright Patman dam. In 1961-1962, several collectors excavated at least 19 Caddo burials at the site and also gathered a collection of sherds from habitation contexts. Notes on the burials and their funerary offerings were provided by the collectors to the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin (TARL), and 390 ceramic sherds and one stone gorget from non-burial contexts were donated to TARL by one of the collectors, Janson L. McVay.

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Perttula, Timothy K. "The A. C. Gibson Site (41WD1), a Middle Caddo Period Component on the Sabine River in Wood County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2015.1.49.

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The A. C. Gibson site (41WD1) is an ancestral Caddo site of probable Middle Caddo period (ca. A.D. 1200-1400) age in the Sabine River basin in the Post Oak Savannah of East Texas (Figure 1). The site is on a natural alluvial knoll in the floodplain of the Sabine River and Cottonwood Creek, just north of Cedar Lake, an old channel of the river. The site has been known since the early 1930s by collectors and site looters, early University of Texas (UT) archeologists, and then by later archaeologists from UT and Southern Methodist University, but it has heretofore not been scrutinized by Caddo archaeologists to any serious degree.

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Cast, Robert. "Documentation of a Native American Church Altar in Caddo County, Oklahoma." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2007.1.21.

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What little research that has been done in Caddo County, Oklahoma (and elsewhere) with Caddo Native American Church altars or "fireplace" locations show that there is a desperate need to document and record these locations for future generations. However, even with the paucity of this research, it is feasible to suggest that these ceremonial altars, their stylistic differences, and the passing of this religion to future generations of traditional practitioners have had a very long history. Others have discussed the ceremonial uses of fire, structures, objects, and mounds in the archaeological record, yet have not addressed the appearance and importance of these uses extending into the historic era and their continued use in present day religious rituals among the Caddo peoples. If, according to these researchers, "the prominent role fire and the central hearth played" are "symbols of life itself," then I suggest that these symbols of life must be manifested in some form in present day ceremonial uses. Some researchers go so far as to suggest "in leaving little to chance, these people [in referring to those living at the Harlan site, 34CK6I combined tangible elements of their material world with performance in acting out an ordered structure of belief." These belief systems, then, become a large part of the physical and archaeological record left behind, but not only this, many of these belief systems of the past have been carried on in the present through the peyotism ceremonies of the Native American Church. In studies of the historic Caddo, it is not unlikely that similar altars could be found in areas such as the Brazos Reserve on the Brazos River in Young County, Texas, Caddo Lake, and Timber HiJI (41MR211), an early 19th century Caddo village near Caddo Lake, as well as other pre-1859 Caddo sites across eastern Texas. Moreover. similar altars may never have been accounted for in the archaeological record of these areas, as archaeologists working in these areas may have been unaware of what was being observed, its particular use, and unknowingly failed to record them as significant in any way. Furthermore, the ceremonial altars themselves could have been a part of the natural landscape, thus making identification of these places extremely difficult.

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Perttula, Timothy K. "The Coker Mound (41CS1) in the Sulphur River Basin of East Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2015.1.35.

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The Coker Mound site (41CS1) in the lower Sulphur River basin in the East Texas Pineywoods is one of the few known earthen mounds constructed by ancestral Caddo peoples in the Sulphur River area. The site was first investigated by the University of Texas (UT) in 1932, then revisited in 1949 by archaeologists surveying the flood pool area for the then proposed Lake Texarkana (now Lake Wright Patman). In the 1990s, collectors began to excavate in a mound at the Coker site (there may be as many as four mounds at the site), where they encountered a number of Caddo burials and associated funerary offerings. Among the funerary offerings was a Haley Engraved bottle, and a single human vertebra from the burial deposit (obtained from one of the collectors) was eventually radiocarbon-dated by Beta Analytic, Inc. The 2 sigma calibrated age range of this sample (Beta-92919) is A.D. 1300-1435, with a calibrated intercept of A.D. 1405. The calibrated radiocarbon date and the Haley Engraved bottle are both indicative of use of the Coker Mound site during the Middle Caddo period.

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Perttula, Timothy K. "Caddo Ceramic Sherd Assemblage from a Hearth Feature at the Cherokee Lake Site (41RK132) in Rusk County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2016.1.83.

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There is a collection of plain and decorated ceramic sherds in the Gregg County Historical Museum from a feature, described as either a fire pit or a hearth, excavated by Buddy Calvin Jones in March 1956 at the Cherokee Lake site (41RK132) on Toawichi Creek in northern Rusk County, Texas. This assemblage is discussed in this article. The Cherokee Lake site is best known for its early 18th century Nadaco Caddo component, but it also has a Middle Caddo period (ca. A.D. 1200–1400) component. In Jones’ discussion of work he conducted at the Cherokee Lake site, he mentions the excavation of an Historic Caddo burial as well as a large “refuse pit” of prehistoric age, both in Area A of the site. The excavation of a fire pit or hearth in any area at the site is not mentioned by Jones, but it seems likely that the “fire pit/hearth” may be the same feature as the aforementioned refuse pit. In any case, this “fire pit/hearth” feature at the Cherokee Lake site contained a considerable number of plain and decorated ceramic sherds, as did the “refuse pit.” According to Jones, the refuse pit had “Hickory Engraved, Dunkin Incised, variant types, unidentified types of punctated and incised wares,” as well as a small Bullard Brushed jar, a fragment of a second Bullard Brushed jar, both from the upper part of the pit, and fragments of a plain bowl from the floor of the pit.

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Perttula, Timothy K. "Titus Phase Ceramics from the Pine Tree Farm Site (41WD51) in the Lake Fork Creek Basin, Wood County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2016.1.28.

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The Pine Tree Farm site, an ancestral Caddo site occupied during the Titus phase (ca. A.D. 1430- 1680), was recorded by Bob D. Skiles in June 1977, on the basis of investigations conducted there by Skiles and James E. Bruseth, then a graduate student at Southern Methodist University, as well as work done by Skiles in 1970. The site is on a flat upland landform (400 ft. amsl) ca. 300 m northeast of Myrtle Springs Branch, a tributary to Dry Creek in the Lake Fork Creek drainage in the East Texas Pineywoods. The Goldsmith site (41WD208) is ca. 0.4 km to the east on Dry Creek, and several kilometers below the dam at Lake Quitman. The Dry Creek drainage basin, as well as the Caney Creek arm of Lake Fork Reservoir, have clusters of Late Caddo period Titus phase sites. The main known feature at the site was a large trash midden or midden mound that was ca. 20 x 22 m in size and approximately 35 cm in thickness. The midden deposits contained many Caddo ceramic vessel sherds, animal bones, mussel shell, charcoal and other charred plant remains (hickory nut shells), and ash deposits. Most of the trash midden was excavated in 1970, but there were intact midden deposits along the western and southern part of the trash midden, and in June 1977, several small units were excavated by Skiles and Bruseth in those areas. The ancestral Caddo ceramics discussed herein come from Units 2-4 in the southern part of the trash midden, but are not all of the sherds that were recovered in that work.

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Perttula, Timothy K., and Mark Walters. "Caddo Sites in the Saline Creek Basin in Northern Smith County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2012.1.28.

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This article concerns the documentation of the artifacts from four prehistoric Caddo sites in the Saline Creek drainage basin in the Post Oak Savannah in northern Smith County, Texas. Saline Creek is a northward-flowing tributary to the Sabine River. The Caddo sites are ca. 10 km south of the confluence of Saline Creek with the Sabine River. Saline Creek enters into the Sabine River about 6 km east (downstream) of the confluence of a major tributary, Lake Fork Creek, with the river.

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Perttula, Timothy K. "Bird Bone Flageolet from the Walter Bell Site (41SB50) at Lake Sam Rayburn, Sabine County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2016.1.76.

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The Walter Bell site (41SB50) at Lake Sam Rayburn in the Neches–Angelina river basins in the deep East Texas Pineywoods was excavated by an National Park Service team in 1957. This was a small prehistoric Caddo farmstead or hamlet with two circular houses, a portion of a third house in the area of House 2, midden deposits, and six burials. Based on the kinds of artifacts found at the site (i.e., clay elbow pipes, a high proportion of brushed utility ware sherds from Broaddus Brushed vessels, and lower proportions of Pineland Punctated–Incised vessel sherds), the Walter Bell site was apparently occupied after ca. A.D. 1450–1500, in the Late Caddo period. Four of the burials (Burials 1–3 and 6) were in close association (either inside the house and underneath the house floor) with House 1, one (Burial 4) was inside House 2, and Burial 5 was in an open area, possibly a courtyard or work area between the two Caddo houses. Funerary offerings placed with the deceased included ceramic vessels, Perdiz arrow points, conch shell beads, deer ulna tools and deer food offerings, mussel shells, and engraved bird bone flageolets.

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Perttula, Timothy, and Bob Skiles. "Caddo Ceramic Vessels from the A. C. Gibson Site (41WD1) in the Sabine River Valley, Wood County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State 2017, no. 1 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/ita.2017.1.28.

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The A. C. Gibson site (41WD1) is an ancestral Caddo site located on a natural knoll at the base of an upland landform, adjacent to the floodplain of the Sabine River and Cedar Lake, an old channel of the river, in southwestern Wood County, in the Post Oak Savannah of East Texas. Two Caddo ceramic vessels are in the collections from the site held by the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin. These vessels are documented in this article.

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Perttula, Timothy K., and Bo Nelson. "Construction Damages a Prehistoric Caddo Indian Archaeological Site at the City of Gilmer's proposed Lake Gilmer, Upshur County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1997.1.30.

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In March 1996, the archaeological work being conducted at the proposed Lake Gilmer was called to a halt by the archaeological contractor (Horizon Environmental Services of Austin, Texas) and the City of Gilmer long before the required archaeological mitigation of important prehistoric Caddo sites had been completed. The reasons are still somewhat obscure. After a delay of more than 1.5 years in the completion of the archaeological investigations at the proposed Lake Gilmer, a federal and state-permitted reservoir in Northeast Texas, the Division of Antiquities Protection at the Texas Historical Commission has taken up the task of completing the archaeological work, following the legal dictates laid down by State Representative Bob Glaze during the last legislative session. This work will apparently concentrate on completing the investigations of 4JUR133, a large Middle (ca. A.D. 1200-1400) and Late Caddoan (ca. A.D. 1400- 1680) period habitation site. While the work at 41UR133 is long over-due, we believe that additional archaeological investigations are warranted at Lake Gilmer evaluation of the research significance of a recently discovered Caddo Indian site within the Lake Gilmer floodpool that has been damaged by reservoir construction-related activities, and evaluation of the research significance of the more than 30 archaeological sites discovered within the reservoir floodpool since 1996 by the Northeast Texas Archaeological Society. All of these sites must be considered by state law to be State Archeological Landmarks since they are on land owned by the City of Gilmer (a political subdivision), and they warrant further consideration. In this paper, we discuss site 41UR210 (the 852 Bridge site), a previously unreported and newly discovered prehistoric Caddo Indian site that has been damaged by construction activities associated with the proposed Lake Gilmer project in Upshur County, Texas. The site is on a small alluvial terrace adjacent to Kelsey Creek, on property owned by the City of Gilmer, and it was not recorded during the archeological survey completed for the project several years ago. Kelsey Creek is a tributary of Little Cypress Creek. This prehistoric Caddo Indian site has been damaged by construction-related activities associated with the construction of a new and higher bridge on FM 852 that will cross over the proposed Lake Gilmer. The site has been damaged by blading and bulldozing activities to obtain sand, and sediments have been removed to an unknown depth over an area more than 2 acres in size. Considerable amounts of prehistoric Caddoan vessel and pipe ceramic sherds have been exposed in this damaged area, and it is considered likely that prehistoric habitation features (middens and structural features)--as well as Caddo burial features--are present at the site, and may have already been damaged.

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Perttula, Timothy K., and Bob D. Skiles. "Ancestral Caddo Ceramic Assemblage from the Spoonbill Site (41WD109) in the Lake Fork Creek Basin, Wood County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2016.1.22.

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Ancestral Caddo habitation sites are common in the upper Sabine River basin in East Texas, as well as along tributaries of the Sabine River, including Lake Fork Creek. In this article we discuss the ceramic vessel sherd assemblages from the Spoonbill site (41WD109) that was investigated in the area in the 1970s. The site is in the Lake Fork Creek basin in the immediate vicinity of Lake Fork Reservoir.

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Perttula, Timothy K. "Kinsloe Focus Artifact Assemblages and Nadaco Caddo." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2007.1.29.

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The Kinsloe focus (now phase) was defined by Jones on the basis of seven sites in Gregg, Harrison, and Rusk counties in East Texas, in the middle reaches of the Sabine River basin. These sites are Ware Acres (41GG31), Kinsloe (4IGG3), Susie Slade (4IHSI3), Brown I (4IHS26I), C. D. Marsh (4IHS269), Millsey Williamson (4IRK3), and Cherokee Lake (41RK132). As currently understood, these historic Caddo sites were most likely occupied by Nadaco Caddo people between ca. A.D. 1680-1800. For our purposes here, my interest is in compiling in one place the characteristic material culture items found in the known Kinsloe phase sites as a whole, even though it is recognized that the seven sites probably were not all contemporaneously occupied and some of them may date as early as the late 17th century and others may date as late as the early 19th century. This compilation will be useful in any basic comparisons that may be made between the archaeology and material culture of the Nadaco Caddo and other historic Caddo groups living in East Texas, particularly in the diverse composition of cemrnic vessel assemblages and the abundance and range of European trade goods obtained by the various Caddo groups from the French, Spanish, and English traders.

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Perttula, Timothy K. "Ceramic Vessel Sherds from the Kah-Hah-Ko-Wha Site (41CE354), an Allen Phase Component in Northwestern Cherokee County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2009.1.34.

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The Kah-hah-ko-wha site (41CE354) is an Historic Caddo Allen phase (ca. A.D. 1650-1800) habitation site situated in an upland saddle landform in the Flat Creek valley in the upper Neches River basin of East Texas. Flat Creek flows west a few kilometers to its confluence with the Neches River, not far downstream of Lake Palestine. The site was found and investigated as part of survey and test excavation investigations for a proposed U.S. Army Corps of Engineers-permitted lake on Flat Creek in northwestem Cherokee County. During those 2006 investigations, a large assemblage of Allen phase Caddo ceramics were recovered from household areas in the North and Alley parts of the site, making it one of the very few upper Neches Historic Caddo Allen phase domestic sites ever studied. As such, a detailed analysis of the domestic ceramics found at the Kah-hah-ko-wha site provides a unique opportunity to document the ceramic practices and traditions of these Caddo peoples. Ceramic vessel sherds are abundant at the Kahhah- ko-wha site, with 474 decorated sherds and 94 plain sherds from at least 36 vessels (based on the number of recovered rim sherds). The density of ceramic vessel sherds is 16.9 per m2 in the North area excavation units (n=213) and 37.0 per m2 in the Alley area (n=314 ). The plain/decorated sherd ratio (P/DR) for the site as a whole is only 0.20, quite comparable with the Allen phase component at the Deshazo site (Story 1995; Fields 1995), where the P/DR is 0.29, and the 18th century Nabedache Azul and Nabedache Blanco sites in the Neches River basin, Houston County; the P/DR ranges from 0.3 1-0.32 at these sites. By area, the P/DR in the North area is 0.31, compared to 0.13 from the Alley area. The lower P/DR from the Alley area suggests this occupation may be slightly younger than the North area occupation, even though the calibrated radiocarbon dates from the site do not suggest this. Table 1 provides comparative sherd assemblage data from nearby Lake Palestine sites on the Neches River and the Lang Pasture site, about five miles southwest from the Kah-hah-ko-wha site. In this particular seriation, the Kah-hah-kowha site falls in Group 1 of the seriation, and is interpreted as the youngest or most recent known Caddo occupation of the Lake Palestine area sites. By the late 17th and 18th centuries other Caddo sites are known in the Neches and Angelina river basins where brushed sherds account for ca. 50-90% of all the decorated sherds, which is consistent with the fact that more than 82% of the sherds at the Kahhah- ko-wha site are brushed.

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Perttula, Timothy K., and Bo Nelson. "The Wa'akas Site (41CP490) at Lake Bob Sandlin, Camp County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2012.1.16.

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The Wa'akas site (meaning Cow in the Caddo language) is located on a small toe slope (330ft. amsl) overlooking a small and unnamed tributary to Big Cypress Creek. The channel of Big Cypress Creek lies about 1 km to the north. The toe slope landform is normally inundated by the waters of Lake Bob Sandlin but became exposed during an episode of lowered water levels (about LO feet below the normal pool elevation of 337ft. amsl) at the lake due to drought conditions from late 2005 to early 2007. A large number of prehistoric artifacts were exposed on the landform over a ca. 2500 square meter area (0.6 acres), according to the site form, among them 490 sherds, several arrow points and dart points, as well as some pieces of lithic debris. The site was then inundated again, but a renewed drought in 20 II re-exposed the site. A moderately-sized collection of artifacts found at the site, primarily Caddo pottery sherds, at that time have been recently documented, and are reported on in this article.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Caddo Lake (La. and Tex.)'

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