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Journal articles on the topic 'Caddoan Indians'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Perttula, Timothy K. "A Compendium of Radiocarbon and Oxidizable Carbon Ratio Dates from Archaeological Sites in East Texas, with A Discussion of the Age and Dating of Select Components and Phases." Radiocarbon 39, no. 3 (1997): 305–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200053297.

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This paper presents a compilation of the >520 radiocarbon and oxidizable carbon ratio dates obtained since the early 1950s from archaeological sites in East Texas. Many of the dates are from difficult-to-obtain sources, such as archaeological sites investigated during the course of cultural resource management projects. An analysis of the age ranges in the dates indicate that most pertain to prehistoric and protohistoric Caddoan Indian occupations, particularly the Early (ad 1000–1200) and Middle Caddoan (ad 1200–1400) periods when prehistoric Caddoan settlements were widely distributed thr

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2

Tanner, Helen Hornbeck, and Cecile Elkins Carter. "Caddo Indians: Where We Come From." Journal of American History 83, no. 2 (1996): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2944961.

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3

Sabo, George, and Cecile Elkins Carter. "Caddo Indians: Where We Come From." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 55, no. 3 (1996): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40030984.

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4

Rollings, Willard Hughes, and Cecile Elkins Carter. "Caddo Indians: Where We Come From." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 56, no. 1 (1997): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40031007.

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5

Green, Michael D., F. Todd Smith, and Cecile Elkins Carter. "The Caddo Indians: Tribes at the Convergence of Empires, 1542-1854." Journal of the Early Republic 16, no. 1 (1996): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3124292.

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6

Kessell, John L., and F. Todd Smith. "The Caddo Indians: Tribes at the Convergence of Empires, 1542-1854." Hispanic American Historical Review 76, no. 4 (1996): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2517970.

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7

Vere, David La, and F. Todd Smith. "The Caddo Indians: Tribes at the Convergence of Empires, 1542-1854." Journal of Southern History 62, no. 3 (1996): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2211503.

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8

Carter, Cecile, and F. Todd Smith. "The Caddo Indians: Tribes at the Convergence of Empires, 1542-1854." Journal of American History 82, no. 4 (1996): 1548. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2945325.

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9

Moses, L. G., F. Todd Smith, and Cecile Elkins Carter. "The Caddo Indians: Tribes at the Convergence of Empires, 1542-1854." Western Historical Quarterly 27, no. 3 (1996): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/970155.

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10

Green, Thomas J., and John R. Swanton. "Source Material on the History and Ethnology of the Caddo Indians." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 56, no. 4 (1997): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40027900.

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11

Dowd, Gregory Evans, and F. Todd Smith. "The Caddo Indians: Tribes at the Convergence of Empires, 1542-1854." American Historical Review 102, no. 1 (1997): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2171393.

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12

Perttula, Timothy K., and F. Todd Smith. "The Caddo Indians: Tribes at the Convergence of Empires, 1542-1854." Ethnohistory 44, no. 1 (1997): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/482913.

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13

Kessell, John L. "The Caddo Indians: Tribes at the Convergence of Empires, 1542-1854." Hispanic American Historical Review 76, no. 4 (1996): 775–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-76.4.775.

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14

Singer, Eliot A. "American Indian Narrative:Traditions of the Arapaho.;Traditions of the Caddo." Anthropology Education Quarterly 30, no. 2 (1999): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aeq.1999.30.2.251.

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15

Sabo, George. "Dancing into the Past: Colonial Legacies in Modern Caddo Indian Ceremony." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 62, no. 4 (2003): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40023083.

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16

Kelly, Lawrence C., Herbert Eugene Bolton, and Russell M. Magnaghi. "The Hasinais: Southern Caddoans as Seen by the Earliest Europeans. The Civilization of the American Indian Series, Vol. 182." Journal of Southern History 54, no. 4 (1988): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2209206.

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17

Immerry, Tienn, and Femmy Dahlan. "MAN AND NATURE IN THREE FOLKLORES." Jurnal Kata 1 (May 21, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22216/kata.v1i0.5065.

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<em>Folklore (folktale) expresses the culture shared by a particular community. Comparing different folktales from different countries means viewing literature and culture comprehensively.The purpose of this study is to reveal the local wisdom about man and nature from three different countries by taking advantage of local and foreign folktales as teaching media for literature and culture. The three folktales used are from Japan, Indonesia, and America.The four functions of folklore offered by Bascom are chosen as one of the approaches used to analyze the three folklores from three diffe

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18

Adele, Nancy, and Timothy K. Perttula. ""Historical Processes and the Political Organization of the Hasinai Caddo Indians": A Reply." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1996.1.12.

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In a recent volume of the Caddoan Archeology Newsletter, Daniel Hickerson argues that Apache aggression across the Southern Plains, Apache trade in horses and other European goods, and European-introduced diseases dramatically affected Caddo an populations by encouraging their migration south to the upper Neches/Angelina river basins area traditionally occupied by one segment of the Caddo, the Hasinai groups. In his opinion, the Hasinai confederacy was a nascent chiefdom that developed as a direct result of this mid to late-seventeenth century southern migration. As has been pointed out by Cad

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Hickerson, Daniel A. "Historical Processes and the Political Organization of the Hasinai Caddo Indians." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1995.1.21.

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Recent archaeological and ethnohistoric research has begun to reveal the extent of the depopulation that took place among Native American societies as a result of epidemic diseases that were introduced, in some cases, even before direct continuous interaction with Europeans. The research of Henry Dobyns on native demographic trends in Florida has been particularly influential on recent views of Native American demographic decline. While somewhat controversial, the findings of Dobyns and others have stimulated further research focusing on other areas of North America, including the Caddoan regi

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Perttula, Timothy K. "Caddoan Archeological and Historical Workshop for the Caddo Tribe of Oklahoma in Support of Their Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act Grant." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1995.1.13.

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As part of the Native American Graves Protection Act (NAGPRA) grant recently received by the Caddo Indian Tribe of Oklahoma, the Caddo Tribe of Oklahoma requested that a professional archeologist (Timothy K. Perttula) conduct an ambitious three-day hands-on archeological and historical training session for tribal members, particularly members of the Caddo Repatriation Committee, in February 1995. The focus of the training session is to familiarize members of the Caddo Tribe in the identification of Caddo material culture (ceramics and lithics, as well as other types of artifacts found on habit

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21

Blaine, Jay C. "Problems in the Preservation and Study of Archaeological Metals in East Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1993.1.16.

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Dee Ann Story recently pointed out how little really is known about the archaeology of Texas Caddoan sites. Specifically, she notes how very few Caddoan sites have been systematically excavated and analyzed in Texas. There has been some substantial effort in this direction recently as witnessed by the renewed investigations at the Sam Kaufman (Roitsch) site by the Texas Archeological Society and the Texas Historical Commission. However, it seems evident to some of us that while investigations of the prehistoric Caddoan archaeological data base has been less than adequate, our understanding of

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22

Speir, Thomas E. "Caddoan Reburial." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1993.1.9.

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On February 7, 1993 in eastern Texas, the remains of a prehistoric Caddoan Indian were reburied in the original grave. A small ceremony was held to mark the occasion. Representatives of the Caddo Tribe from Oklahoma and Louisiana were in attendance, as were members of the Nonheast Texas Archeological Society (NETAS). This report deals with one case of recently excavated human remains.

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23

Bagur, Jacques. "The Caddo Indian Village." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1992.1.10.

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The Kadohadacho, or Great Chiefs, of the Caddo Nation left their home in the Great Bend of the Red River in Arkansas in 1790 because of disease and Osage depredations and moved south, joining a related tribe, the Petit Caddo, on the floodplain of the Red River above present-day Shreveport. In 1800, when the Great Raft began to affect the area, the Caddos moved to higher ground on Sodo Lake (a complex of five lakes that later came to be called Caddo, Clear, Cross, Shifttail, and Soda). They lived there until the early 1840s, when they sold their land to the United States and moved to a reservat

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Perttula, Timothy K. "Analysis of Ceramic Sherds from the Mid-18th Century Gilbert Site on Lake Fork Creek, Rains County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2012.1.25.

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The Gilbert site (41RA13) is an important mid-18th century American Indian site on an alluvial terrace along Lake Fork Creek, adjacent to the upper part of Lake Fork Reservoir in Rains County, Texas. The site was first investigated in 1962 by the Dallas Archeological Society, and based on the findings from that work, the Texas Archeological Society (TAS) had a field school at the site in June and July 1962. There are several notable features of the Gilbert site. First, it contains 21 midden mounds about 6-9 m in diameter and ca. 1 m in height spread out over ca. 50 aces of the alluvial terrace

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Early, Ann M., and Mary B. Trubitt. "The Caddo Indian Burial Ground (3MN386), Norman, Arkansas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2003.1.21.

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Human burials were exposed accidentally during construction of a city sewer treatment plant in Norman, Arkansas, in October 1988. Archeological salvage excavations in the days following, directed by Ann Early of the Arkansas Archeological Survey’s Henderson Research Station, identified two burials, a small cluster of residential features, and artifacts dating from the Archaic through Caddo periods. After discussions between the various agencies and groups involved, a new location was found for the sewer treatment plant. The human bone and associated grave goods were returned to the Caddo Tribe

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Perttula, Timothy K., and Bo Nelson. "Construction Damages a Prehistoric Caddo Indian Archaeological Site at the City of Gilmer's proposed Lake Gilmer, Upshur County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1997.1.30.

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In March 1996, the archaeological work being conducted at the proposed Lake Gilmer was called to a halt by the archaeological contractor (Horizon Environmental Services of Austin, Texas) and the City of Gilmer long before the required archaeological mitigation of important prehistoric Caddo sites had been completed. The reasons are still somewhat obscure. After a delay of more than 1.5 years in the completion of the archaeological investigations at the proposed Lake Gilmer, a federal and state-permitted reservoir in Northeast Texas, the Division of Antiquities Protection at the Texas Historica

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27

Perttula, Timothy K. "Radiocarbon and Oxidizable Carbon Ratio Dates from Archaeological Sites in East Texas, Part II." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1998.1.40.

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This paper presents a second compilation of recently obtained radiocarbon and oxidizable carbon ratio dates obtained from archaeological sites in East Texas. An analysis of the age ranges in the more than 585 dates from East Texas archaeological sites indicate that most pertain to prehistoric and protohistoric Caddoan Indian occupations, particularly the Early (A.D. 1000-1200) and Middle Caddoan (A.D. 1200-1400) periods when prehistoric Caddoan settlements were widely distributed throughout the region.

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Carter, Mary C. "Archaeology, the Caddo Indian Tribe, and the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1993.1.28.

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Caddo leadership has a long history of working cooperatively with foreign governments. In the seventeenth century, they cooperated with Spanish officials and missionaries who wanted to establish themselves among the southern branch of Caddo tribes--the Hasinai in Northeast Texas. In the eighteenth century, they cooperated with the French who wanted to establish trading posts on the Red River among the Natchitoches and Kadohadacho. In the nineteenth century they cooperated with Americans to establish peaceful relationships with unfriendly tribe. For Caddos, the result of these cooperative effor

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Perttula, Timothy K., Bo Nelson, and LeeAnna Schniebs. "Titus Phase Archeology at the S. Stockade Site (41TT865) on Tankersley Creek, Titus County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2003.1.24.

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The S. Stockade site was discovered on a small rise (330 feet amsl) in the Tankersley Creek floodplain during a recent archeological survey for the Texas Department of Transportation. Tankersley Creek is a southward-flowing tributary to Big Cypress Creek, and enters that creek’s floodplain a few miles below the Lake Bob Sandlin dam. There is a dense concentration of prehistoric archeological sites throughout the Tankersley Creek valley, particularly post-A.D. 800 Caddo Indian sites. This paper discusses the archeology of the S. Stockade site, a Late Caddoan Titus phase settlement. The rise at

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Cruse, J. Brett, and Timothy K. Perttula. "The Caddoan Oak Hill Village Site." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1996.1.9.

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Rarely do prehistoric archeologists in North America have the opportunity to completely excavate and study an entire Native American community or village. To be able to expose a Native American village in its entirety provides a unique, and unprecedented, view of the past community and social arrangements that existed among Native American societies before contact with Europeans. Recently, in northeast Texas, the Oak Hill Village site (41RK214), a large village occupied by prehistoric horticultural-agricultural Caddo peoples between about A.O. 1050 and 1450, was fully uncovered under the direc

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Eubanks, Paul N. "The Effects of Horses and Raiding on the Salt Industry in Northwest Louisiana." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2018.1.14.

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When French explorers first arrived in northwest Louisiana, the local Caddo Indians had already earned a reputation for being important players in the salt trade. Likewise, many western Caddo groups living near the southern Plains were known for their involvement in the horse trade. In the first part of this paper, the relationship between the local salt industry and the introduction of the horse is considered. It is suggested that at least some of the salt made in northwest Louisiana was being fed to horses and other livestock acquired either directly or indirectly from the Spanish. In additi

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Perttula, Timothy K., Bill Young, and P. Shawn Marceaux. "Caddo Ceramics from an Early 18th Century Spanish Mission in East Texas: Mission San Jose de los Nasonis (41RK200)." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2009.1.33.

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Mission San Jose de los Nasonis (4JRK200) and two contemporaneous Nasoni Caddo sites (41RK191 and 41RK197) were located by Mr. Bill Young more than 25 years ago in the southern part of Rusk County, Texas after the general area of the site had been cleared of timber. The mission site covers ca. 6.6 acres of an upland ridge along a small tributary to the Angelina River; the ridge projects into the Angelina River floodplain. The topographic setting of Mission San Jose conforms in all particulars to the settings of other known mission sites established among the Caddo: small hills adjacent to a fl

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Perttula, Timothy K., and Robert Cast. "Reaping the Whirlwind: The Caddo after Europeans." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2016.1.91.

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The De Soto chronicles introduce us to the Caddo Indian peoples of East Texas in what we can arbitrarily call “historic times.” The Gentleman of Elvas had this to say when the Spaniards reached the Caddo province of Naguatex on the Red River in the Great Bend area of southwestern Arkansas in August of 1542. The cacique [of Naguatex], on beholding the damage that his land was receiving [from the Spanish forces], sent six of his principal men and three Indians with them as guides who knew the language of the region ahead where the governor [Luis de Moscoso] was about to go. He immediately left N

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34

Loveland, Carol J. "Rowland Clark and Dan Holdeman Site Human Skeletal Remains." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1994.1.9.

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The Rowland Clark site was occupied by Caddoan Indian groups from approximately A.D. 1300-1600+. Twenty one of the 39 burials recovered during the Museum of the Red River excavations were assigned to the earliest McCurtain phase occupation (ca. A.D. 1300-1450); 14 burials were ascribed to a later McCurtain occupation between ca. A.D. 1450 and 1600; four burials belonged to the final McCurtain occupation (ca. A.D. 1600+) of the site. Since infants and children were buried under house floors rather than in the cemetery area associated with each time period, their interment does not necessarily f

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35

"Caddo Indians: where we come from." Choice Reviews Online 33, no. 07 (1996): 33–4111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.33-4111.

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36

Girard, Jeffery S. "Recent Investigations at the Mounds Plantation Site (16CD12), Caddo Parish, Louisiana." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2012.1.12.

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Dr. Montroville Wilson Dickeson, born in Philadelphia in 1810, was a medical doctor, taxidermist and avid collector of fossils. Between 1837 and 1844 he pursued another interest—excavating Indian burial mounds in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys. He claimed to have “opened up” more than a thousand mounds and collected more than 40,000 objects. He also made drawings of the mounds and later provided these to an artist by the name of John J. Egan, who, about 1850, converted the drawings into a series of large paintings on huge canvases. Dickeson toured the country in 1852 allowing the publi

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37

Todd, Jesse. "Preliminary Comments on Dog Interments from Archeological Sites in Northeast Texas: Folklore and Archeology." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2013.1.17.

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Dogs have been associated with humans for thousands of years, and dog interments—either associated with human interments or as separate interments—also have an antiquity of thousands of years. This brief paper will summarize dog burials in a worldwide context, and then focus on the folklore, ethnology, and archeology of dogs among the Caddo. The information for the dog in Caddo culture will be summarized from George A. Dorsey’s Traditions of the Caddo and John R. Swanton’s Source Material on the History and Ethnology of the Caddo Indians. Then, dog interments from northeast Texas will be liste

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Marceaux, Paul S. "Caddo Archives and Economies." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2005.1.14.

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This article is a discussion of archival research on contact through historic period (ca. A.D. 1519 to 18th century) Caddo groups in eastern Texas and west central Louisiana. First, I describe general objectives for current and long-term research on the Caddo Indians, followed by the central issues the article will address. A brief summary of protohistoric and historic events, actors, and sources will be followed by methodological considerations, as well as a discussion of Caddo economies, concluding with some reflections on Caddo archives and economies. This article explores the complex and i

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39

Hardey, Jim, and Claude McCrocklin. "Preliminary Report on an Archeological Survey of Stormy Point." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1991.1.14.

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This is a report on an archaeological survey of the point of land that extends south into Caddo Lake opposite Mooringsport, Louisiana. The nineteenth century name for this area was Stormy Point, and the area into which Stormy Point extends was called Ferry Lake in 1839. The primary purpose of the survey was to find eighteenth century and early nineteenth century Caddo Indian sites, with the focal point of the survey being the thirty acre southwest tip of the point; other areas were looked at but not thoroughly investigated. Prehistoric Indian and early Anglo-American sites found while surveyin

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Perttula, Timothy K. "The Problem of Site Looting in East Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1993.1.18.

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It is likely that looting by treasure hunters and grave robbers has destroyed thousands of sites in East Texas. In the last 5 to 10 years, the vandalism and looting of archeological sites by commercial looters on private, state, and federal property has reached epidemic proportions. Undisturbed Caddoan Indian habitation sites and cemeteries, thought to date from about 1200 to 200 years B.P., are very vulnerable to disturbance and destruction by commercial collectors and looters. These folks are. destroying forever irreplaceable evidence about Texas' cultural heritage. The looting and vandalism

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Trubitt, Mary Beth. "A Preliminary Comparison of Two Caddo Mound Sites in Southwest Arkansas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/ita.2019.1.2.

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Previous Arkansas Archeological Survey excavations at the Hedges site in the Ouachita River valley and the Hughes site in the Saline River valley uncovered evidence of burned structures adjacent to the mounds. An overview of the artifact analyses indicates that the sites were roughly contemporaneous, with intensive use by ancestral Caddo Indians during the Late Caddo period, between the AD 1400s and 1600s. This presentation summarizes the research findings to emphasize comparisons in timing, activities, and community plans.

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Perttula, Timothy K., Kevin Stingley, and Mark Walters. "Historic Caddo Archaeological Sites in Cherokee County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2016.1.54.

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The historic archaeology of the Caddo Indian peoples in East Texas has been the subject of considerable interest by Caddo archaeologists for a number of years. Much of that interest has been focused on the investigation of the effects of European contact on Caddo cultural traditions and practices, particularly the impact of introduced European epidemic diseases, and the impact of Spanish, French, and American colonization efforts. In recent years, another focus of Historic Caddo archaeological investigations has been on characterizing the material culture record of the different clusters of Ca

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Perttula, Timothy K. "Archaeological Evidence of the Use of the Horse by Caddo Indian Peoples." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2016.1.59.

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The introduction of the horse to the Americas by Europeans, particularly the Spanish, after 1492 played a very important role in Native American history and societal change. As Peter Mitchell has commented in his book Horse Nations: “the horse was so very widely introduced to population across the world after 1492. It can thus provide a constant against which to evaluate the many changes that those populations experienced after European contact, while highlighting the ‘radically different meanings and impacts in distinctive cultures’ that its arrival heralded.” Among the Caddo Indian peoples,

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44

Perttula, Timothy K. "Book Reviews: The Hasinais: Southern Caddoans As Seen by the Earliest Europeans." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2003.1.18.

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The writing and eventual publication of The Hasinais by Herbert Eugene Bolton, the founder of Spanish borderlands studies, has had a long and storied journey that is well-laid out in an introduction by Russell Magnaghi, the editor of the original 1987 hardback and 2002 paperback editions of the book. Bolton became interested in the Hasinai Caddo peoples of East Texas shortly after he arrived at The University of Texas at Austin in 1901, as he became aware “that American history had always involved the Indians and that, as he began to study southwestern history, he also had to study the ethnolo

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Perttula, Timothy K. "Three Mid-1800s Caddo Vessels from the Brazos Reserve." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2001.1.33.

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Although a considerable body of historic archival and documentary information is available on the Caddo Indian peoples that lived in Texas between ca. 1836 and 1859 -- the removal period -- not much archaeological evidence has been uncovered for their settlements. By the late 1830s and early 1840s, most of the Caddo groups had been removed from Northeast Texas as their traditional homelands were taken and settled by Anglo-American farmers and planters. Instead, they took up residence in Oklahoma, or settled with other affiliated groups (such as the Delaware, Cherokee, and others) on the Brazos

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Perttula, Timothy. "The Ancestral Caddo Cemetery at the H. R. Taylor (41HS3) Site, Harrison County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/ita.2018.1.26.

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The H. R. Taylor site (41HS3) is an ancestral Caddo community cemetery in the lower reaches of the Big Cypress Creek basin in East Texas. The cemetery was used by Caddo peoples affiliated with the Late Caddo period Titus phase (ca. A.D. 1430-1680), probably between ca. A.D. 1600-1680, an archaeological construct. Its affiliation with a specific named Caddo group or tribe is not known, and by the early 18th century much of the Big Cypress Creek basin was not inhabited by Caddo peoples, or peoples of any other American Indian group. The H. R. Taylor site is one of more than 146 Titus phase cemet

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Perttula, Timothy K., and Bo Nelson. "Certain Caddo Sites in the Ouachita Mountains of Southwestern Arkansas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2004.1.21.

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In the last few years, we have had the opportunity to study a number of prehistoric Caddo Indian sites in the Ouachita Mountains of southwestern Arkansas through conducting archeological surveys of more than 2700 acres at three lakes constructed and managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg District. The three lakes are DeGray Lake on the Caddo River, Lake Ouachita on the Ouachita River, and Lake Greeson on the Little Missouri River. Our purpose in this article is to summarize the archeological character of the prehistoric Caddo sites in these three different parts of the Ouachita

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Casr, Robert. "Peyoteism and the Origins of Caddo Religious Thought." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2014.1.17.

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The Caddo Indians practiced a vibrant peyote religion long before John Wilson (Moonhead) or Quanah Parker re-ignited the Native American Church. Moreover, research has show the importance of the peyote plant to the Caddo long before any European contact. The peyote religion at the time of the Spanish mission in Texas was full of songs and dances in honor of one known today as (Aah-hi-u kuu-i'-ha) or Father Above, translated to mean home where God lives. Although Swanton proposes that the Hasinai medicine men used peyote "at the beginning of the eighteenth century" (a reference to Friar Hidalgo

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Perttula, Timothy K. "Book Review: Before the Line. Vol I, II, and III." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2014.1.16.

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This three volume set written and compiled by Dr. Jim Tiller of Sam Houston State University (Huntsville, Texas) represents a significant body of work concerning the history of East Texas-Northwest Louisiana between 1803-1842. His study area includes what is now Caddo Parish in Louisiana and Harrison and Panola counties in Texas. Tiller's interest in the history of the Caddo Indian in this area is also shown by a series of articles he has written about them in recent years.

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Trubitt, Mary B., and Linda Evans. "Revisiting a Historic Manuscript: Vere Huddleston’s Report on East Place (3CL21) Excavations." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2015.1.15.

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Vere L. Huddleston was one of several amateur archaeologists who excavated Caddo sites in Clark County, Arkansas, during the 1930s and 1940s. Huddleston took better notes about the sites and contexts of his finds than many of his contemporaries. His large collection of artifacts is now part of the Joint Educational Consortium’s Hodges Collection in Arkadelphia. A manuscript on his excavations at the East Place – the largest Caddo mound group in Clark County – is presented here with new vessel documentation and grave lot information. Since many of these artifacts have appeared in previous publi

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